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Q. Aelius Tubero, 35, 115 Campania, 44, 118, 148, 254, 262, 269, 284, accensi, 266 287, 288 C. Acilius, 33, 34 Capena/Capenates, 215, 245, 246, 251, 252 Aeneas, 29, 90 Carandini, A., 1, 41, 44, 101, 105, 109, 161 Aequi, 141, 165, 167, 184, 214–215, 219, 230, L. Cassius Hemina, 34 281, 283 Castor and Pollux, 42 against the Fabii, 145, 152 censors/censorship, 96, 132, 189, 198–207, 231, fourth century, 247 275, 279 ager publicus, 153, 170, 171, 252, 253 association with centuriate assembly, 176, 191, ager Romanus antiquus, 159 204, 206 ager Veientanus, 156, 159, 244–246, 251, 288 association with consular tribunate, 15, 184, agger, 44, 108, 110, 144, 171, 257, 259 185, 195, 227 agriculture, 50, 98–100, 147–149, 154–158, 164, L. Cincius Alimentus, 30, 33 171, 181, 214, 227 Circeii, 223–225, 230, 240 associations, 55, 85 clan(s). See gens/gentes early, 63–67, 103, 133 classis, 114, 172, 175, 177, 200, 203–204 Alba Longa, 58 Claudii, 86, 89, 90, 96, 140, 158, 160, 222, Alban Hills, 48, 49, 53, 67, 223 226, 278 Ampolo, C., 53, 58, 86, 91, 103, 141 App. Claudius Caecus, 30 Ancus Marcius, 60–62, 83 App. Claudius Caudex, 270 Annales Maximi, 14, 26–28, 36–37, 129 App. Claudius Sabinus, 61, 139, 141, 180 Antium, 44, 49, 64, 144, 171, 218, 284–286 Q. Claudius Quadrigarius, 30, 35, 243, 244 colony of, 223–227, 255 client(s), 54–57, 59, 70, 72, 82, 133, 140, 142, 167, Ardea, 48, 53, 67, 103, 105, 108, 156, 171, 276, 287 169, 172, 186, 200, 291 colony of, 224, 226, 227, 229, 230 Etruria, 117 fortiﬁcations, 44, 49, 108, 144, 171, 259 military, 133, 166, 291 war against, 56, 98, 99, 127, 210, 216, 218, 238 colonization, 185, 216, 227, 228, 231, 234, 245, Aricia, 89, 138, 218, 286 248–251, 252, 255, 270 Auditorium Villa, 101, 128, 162 as spoils, 170, 185, 225, 229, 252, 254 Aurunci, 224, 284 early, 219, 220, 221, 223 Aventine, 58, 192, 259 Greek, 220 comitia centuriata/centuriate assembly, 25, 74, Badian, E., 29–35, 112 75–84, 172, 173, 176, 191, 195, 273, Bietti Sestieri, A.M., 23, 47–63, 67, 69–71, 73, 91, 279, 280 92, 102, 103, 149, 264 association with censorship, 203–207 origins of gens, 50, 54 comitia curiata/curiate assembly, 25, 93, 94, 95, Bolae, 216, 228 132, 174, 178, 186, 195, 204 Bolae/Bolani, 215, 216, 219, 226, 228, 229 lex de imperio, 79, 131, 166, 177, 195 Bronze Age, 42, 48, 64, 65, 67, 102, 206, 221 plebeian, 55, 83, 95, 181, 191, 192 comitia tributa/tribal assembly, 25, 80, 81, 178, Caere, 44, 98, 99, 198, 245, 250 180, 186–192, 200, 204–206, 228, 279, 280 L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, 30, 34 condottieri, 51, 61, 70, 85, 86, 93, 144, 225

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-093577 - War and Society in Early Rome: From Warlords to Generals Jeremy Armstrong Index More information

314 Index

consul(s)/consulship, 129, 141, 146, 151, 152, 167, Faliscans, 215, 245, 251 170, 192, 194, 197, 208, 211, 273 C. Fannius, 35 archaic praetor, 27, 62, 97, 132, 145, 173, 176, fasti, 26–28, 173, 175, 186, 193, 209, 234, 282 275, 276 consular, 14, 28, 134, 138, 190, 199, 200, 241 fourth century, 189, 235, 254, 272–279, 293 Ovid, 21 late Republic, 35, 38, 173 triumphal, 28 consular tribune(s)/consular tribunate, 3, 38, 184, Ferentinum, 215, 228, 282 210, 215, 236–242, 247, 272–277, 292, 293 fetiales, 71, 237 origins, 15, 191–203 Ficana, 44, 64, 68, 69, 103, 147 consules suﬀecti, 134, 211 Fidenae, 100, 106, 156, 158, 215, 216, 218, 223, 224, Cora, 224, 227 230, 251 Crustumerium, 107, 156 foedus Cassianum, 141, 227, 231, 240, 242, 281, 282 cuniculi, 66, 156 Fora curiae/curiate, 57, 71, 79, 82, 83, 84, 94, 97, 127, Forum Boarium, 41, 119 134, 172, 176, 177, 178, 190, 201, 202, 205 Forum of Caesar, 49 composition, 55, 82, 84, 85, 194 Forum Romanum, 49, 56, 60, 79, 101, 103, 105, imperium, 63, 132, 135, 166, 174, 186 106, 121, 238 late Republic, 55, 178 fortiﬁcation(s), 6, 19, 49, 164, 171, 216, 256, 258 lictors, 63, 95 Latin, 42–46, 105, 107–110, 144 origins, 55, 59, 75, 83, 96, 107 Rome, 41, 49, 104, 171, 257–260 curio maximus, 55, 133, 178, 190 fossa, 44, 108, 144, 171, 257, 259 curione, 134 M. Furius Camillus, 238, 240, 261, 276

Damastes of Sigeum, 29 Gabii, 19, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 56, 59, 88, 98, 99, 103, De Sanctis, G., 15, 49, 81, 153, 158, 160, 164, 186, 138, 139, 163, 259 209, 228, 274, 287 Gallic sack, 15, 26, 34, 41, 104, 184, 219, 233–248, decemviri, 13, 15, 184, 185, 187 257, 287, 288, 290, 293 Diana (goddess), 58, 281 Gauls, 13, 26, 233, 235–240, 243, 244, 268, 272, dictator/dictatorship/magister populi, 139, 155, 275, 284, 288, 293 172–177, 230, 238, 242, 254, 261, 274, equipment, 260, 262, 264, 265 276, 279 Cn. Gellius, 30, 34 Diodorus Siculus, 20, 28, 30, 112, 115, 116, 250, Gelzer, M., 241, 276, 289 261, 265, 274 gens/gentes, 3, 17, 54, 69–72, 163, 174, 200 Gauls, 235, 238, 240 aristocracy, 7, 11, 56, 57, 68, 70, 84, 101, 134, Ineditum Vaticanum, 113, 114, 115, 117 146, 161, 172, 173, 174, 181, 186 Etruscan, 117, 140 Q. Ennius, 21, 30, 33, 113, 212 integration, 8, 13, 55, 69, 82, 84, 91, 93, 96, 97, equites, 72, 78, 143 128, 134, 148, 157, 158, 160, 166, 181, 187, 189, Etruria, 47, 73, 87, 91, 101, 111, 120, 121, 139, 144, 191, 205, 208, 279, 290, 292 148, 212, 247 land, 71, 86, 158–160, 162, 253 fauna, 64, 65 Latin, 13, 51, 54, 58, 89, 98, 102, 163, 209, 217, settlement, 67, 156, 162, 219 222, 282, 285 Etruscan(s), 13, 48, 87, 95, 100, 105, 106, 118, 221, mobility, 6, 41, 52, 56, 60, 66, 68, 87, 89, 90, 236, 271 97, 100, 130, 137–141, 161, 181, 209 gentes, 140 scholarship, 4, 54, 55, 56, 70 trade, 67, 149 structure, 50, 57, 59, 61, 133, 154, 168, 169, 188 treaties, 127 warfare, 17, 62, 71, 75, 81, 85, 92, 98, 111, 124, warfare, 10, 46, 79, 111, 113, 117, 121, 140, 145, 145, 163, 169, 184, 201, 256 215, 236, 247 grave goods, 40, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 69, 70, 100, 144, 150, 155 Fabii, 112, 137, 145–146, 175, 181, 236 Greek, 10, 44, 68, 69, 93, 100, 115, 131, 149, 207, Veii, 71, 141, 143, 158, 167 217, 220, 233, 258 Q. Fabius Pictor, 18, 27, 30–33, 79, 112, 114, 263 coinage, 99 fabulae, 22, 23, 33 communities, 67, 148, 224 Falerii Veteres, 121, 122, 124 inscription(s), 42

Index 315

literature, 21, 28–33, 36, 38, 39, 112, 113, 114, 116 lex curiata de imperio, 62, 63, 132, 166, 186, 195 warfare, 9, 111, 114, 118, 119, 120, 123, 126, 182, libri lintei, 27 256, 262, 271 Licinio-Sextian rogations, 208, 235, 253, 274, 277 G. Licinius Macer, 30, 35, 115 hastati, 263, 266 livestock, 63, 65, 99, 100, 104, 149, 151, 152, 154, 211 Hellanicus of Lesbos, 29 App. Herdonius, 70, 71, 87, 140 Macstarna, 51, 61, 86–88, 92, 136, 142, 144, 222 Hernici, 153, 170, 215, 225, 228, 252, 277, 282, 287 Magna Graecia, 29, 67, 68, 148 Heurgon, J., 22, 173 Mamilius Octavius, 138 Hieronymus of Cardia, 29, 30, 115, 116 manipular legion, 9, 115, 207, 234, 265, 266 hoplite(s), 9, 79, 86, 111–126, 182, 199, 207, 220, manubiae, 170, 212 234, 256, 265, 267 C. Marcius Coriolanus, 61, 87, 90, 139, 165, 180 hospitium publicum, 245 military equipment, 6, 19, 40, 41, 46, 75, 78, 85, 93, 100, 111, 114, 133, 144, 175, 198, 200, 206, iconography, 6, 16, 41, 46, 94, 111, 116–122, 126, 234, 256, 257, 260–268, 288 207, 260–264 depictions, 119, 122 imperium, 58, 79, 85, 94, 107, 130, 131, 134, 166, Gauls, 265 168–169, 172, 173, 176, 177–178, 184, 186, Greek, 114, 124, 126 207, 211, 275, 276, 277 mortuary deposits, 43, 46, 49, 69, 91, 100, 122, consular tribunes, 192, 194, 195, 272, 277 144, 155, 164 Latin, 71 Mommsen, T., 134, 166, 173, 195, 199, 202, 224 nature of, 57, 135, 195, 206, 291 monarchy (form of government), 129, 130, 131, regal, 60, 63, 72, 80, 94, 127 149, 217 Ineditum Vaticanum, 9, 79, 112–117, 261 Montefortino (helmet), 256, 264, 288 interregnum, 134 P. Mucius Scaevola, 14, 26, 34, 82, 190 interrex/interreges, 62, 134 Q. Mucius Scaevola, 178 municipium/municipia, 249, 250, 252, 255, L. Junius Brutus, 85, 127, 131, 134, 137, 140, 179, 284–289, 293 189, 204, 216 Münzer, F., 3, 6, 187 mutiny, 254 kinship, 48–58, 70, 75, 81, 82, 85, 106, 190, 199, 222, 241, 271, 279 Narce, 65 Latin League, 58, 217, 282 Nepete, 252 removal, 85, 131, 134, 136, 137, 172, 204 C. Nepos, 33 warfare, 56, 98–99, 102, 216 nexum, 56, 207, 274, 292 Niebuhr, B.G., 22 Labici/Labicani, 152, 215, 224, 229, 251 Nomentum, 286 Lake Regillus, 116, 138, 217 Norba, 224, 287 land distribution, 2, 252 Numa Pompilius, 59, 60, 243 Lanuvium, 40, 42, 44, 163, 240, 283, 285, 286 warrior burial, 43, 46, 122, 123, 144, 155 Oakley, S.P., 16, 24, 27, 28, 35, 37, 118, 246, 268, Lapis Niger, 60, 258 274, 281, 286 Lapis Satricanus, 44–45, 58, 89, 91, 140, 142–144, Octavius Mamilius, 86, 89, 218 157, 269 oral tradition/history, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 36, Latin League, 57, 59, 71, 166, 188, 231, 232, 38, 62 280–283, 285 Orientalizing period, 64, 68 ﬁfth century, 217, 282 Osteria dell’Osa, 49, 50, 51, 52, 100, 103 fourth century, 13 the Latins, 7, 48, 110, 152, 234, 240, 242, 249, 272, pastoralism, 63–67, 149, 155 278, 281, 282, 283–285, 293 patria potestas, 158, 166, 169 League, 217, 283 patrician(s), 2, 32, 55, 57, 59, 76, 95, 97, 134, 161, Roman conquest of, 15, 233, 249, 252, 164, 169, 180, 183–203, 227, 241, 242, 252, 287, 288 273, 275, 277–279, 291, 292, 294 Lavinium, 30, 42, 44, 48, 53, 122, 140, 147, 151 archaic, 54, 56, 131 leges regiae, 94, 107, 184 closing of the patriciate, 209

316 Index

patrician(s) (cont.) provocatio, 55, 187, 201, 228 Struggle of the Orders, 6, 136 Punic War(s), 32–35, 112, 236, 270 under the empire, 143 Pyrrhus, 29, 33, 115, 116, 268, 269 patrician-plebeian dichotomy, 2–3, 72, 171, 234 patron, 54, 56, 57, 133, 167, 207, 213, 231, 292 L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, 139, 155, 158, 167 Pedum, 285, 286 Quirites, 56, 57, 72, 201 Penates, 34 phalanx, 117, 121, 122, 199, 207, 234, 265, 267 Rawson, E., 9, 34, 40, 122 Etruscan, 117 Regia, 101 Greek, 115, 117, 124, 182 republic (form of government), 129, 130, 131, Rome, 9, 79, 111–126 135, 292 pilum, 234, 256, 260–264, 288 rex sacrorum, 62, 101, 131, 173 plebeian(s), 2, 27, 55, 83, 164, 166, 170, 171, 173, rex/reges, 15, 59, 61, 87, 93–100, 106, 127–132, 137, 176, 186, 188, 192–194, 196, 202, 205, 206, 163, 166, 171–174, 178, 183, 184, 202 234, 241, 254, 260, 272, 273–275, 276, 291, curiae, 59, 63, 72 292, 294 gentes, 13, 59, 89, 93, 135, 136, 291 archaic, 54, 56, 57, 168, 207 power, 61, 62, 87, 88, 95, 128, 131, 186, 195, 199 army, 132, 164, 168, 175, 196, 199, 211, 226, reigns, 13, 34, 60 231, 279 removal, 130, 133, 172 curiae, 84, 95, 192, 202 senate, 59, 96 generals, 208, 234, 277, 280, 293 Romulus, 32, 33, 55, 62, 76, 78, 83, 90, 95, 96, 105, nobilitas, 253, 278 155, 215, 221, 230, 281 Struggle of the Orders, 6, 136, 165, 177–181, rorarii, 266 183, 208 tribunes, 187, 190, 198, 202, 206, 229 Sabine(s), 31, 34, 55, 60, 83, 89, 98, 117, 139–142, plebescita, 200 145, 152, 158, 184, 201, 210, 215 C. Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), 34, 235 Samnite(s), 29, 31, 58, 112, 117, 158, 179, 222, 233, Plutarch, 18, 20, 22, 26, 30, 32, 190, 221, 230, 237, 254, 261, 265, 285 235–240, 243, 244, 261 Satricum, 19, 44, 49, 54, 64, 69, 103, 107, 121, 123, poleis, 10, 127 147, 156, 162, 163, 171, 249 Polybius, 9, 14, 18, 23, 27, 29, 30, 116, 197, 223, 235, colony of, 250, 252, 285 238, 240, 261, 263, 265, 270 fortiﬁcations, 49, 171 pomerium, 49, 105–107, 159, 188, 209, 228 trade, 68 Pometia, 98, 99, 153, 170, 227 scutum, 77, 113, 206, 207, 234, 256, 260–265, 288 pontifex maximus, 14, 26, 62, 131 C. and T. Sempronius Gracchus, 35, 78, 153 populus, 55–57, 72, 133, 165, 166, 169, 171–177, 182, senate, 38, 55–59, 95–97, 133–135, 145, 153, 170, 174, 191, 196, 200–202, 207, 231 188, 237, 279 M. Porcius Cato (the Elder), 7, 16, 18, 22, 27, 30, Servian Constitution, 17, 74–86, 93, 111, 114, 33, 81, 203, 235 126–128, 132, 154, 166, 198, 203, 204, 231, 266 L. Porsenna, 34, 89, 137, 138, 151, 152, 217, 218 Servius Tullius, 13, 58, 61, 62, 74, 75, 80, 85–89, A. Postumius Albinus, 33 93, 94, 97–100, 104, 105, 127, 146, 204, 257 praeda, 212 Setia, 252 Praeneste, 40, 64, 100, 107, 122, 140, 254, 284–287 Sicily, 29, 108 praetor(s)/praetorship, 130, 134, 145, 166, 167, Signia, 121, 122, 223, 287 172–177, 178, 180, 182, 188, 193, 194, 195, 196, sine suﬀragio, 255, 286 204, 207, 210, 213, 241, 247, 272, 273, sodales, 51, 57, 59, 61, 70, 72, 89, 141–144, 275–277, 282, 287, 293 273, 291 associations/duties, 62, 94, 131, 132, 194, spolia, 98, 100, 192 199–203, 206, 272, 273 stipendium militum, 80, 185, 211–214 Etruscan, 95 Struggle of the Orders, 7, 136, 168, 289, 290 mid/late Republic, 274 Sutrium, 113, 252, 273, 287 origins, 15, 129, 132, 138, 172, 184, 186 synoecism, 13, 48, 55, 67, 83, 103, 104, 106, 250 senate, 97, 133 principes, 263, 266 Tablet of Lyon, 7, 195 priscae Latinae coloniae, 228, 230 Tarquinia, 60, 91, 92, 98, 99, 138, 262

Index 317

Tarquinii, 158, 222 Tusculum, 86, 89, 138, 215, 218, 230, 240 L. Tarquinius Collatinus, 134, 140, 151 municipium of, 247, 249, 252, 255, 283, 286 L. Tarquinius Priscus, 60, 69, 95, 236 L. Tarquinius Superbus, 13, 15, 60, 74, 80, 86–89, Valerio-Horatian Laws, 184, 187, 188, 191, 202, 205 97, 127, 138–140, 143, 151, 218, 223, 281 Valerius Antias, 35, 115 Sextus Tarquinius, 56, 59, 88, 98, 99, 139, 163 P. Valerius Publicola, 44, 140, 142, 157 Tarracina, 216, 219, 228, 229 van der Vliet, E., 10 temple(s), 57, 58, 78, 102, 148, 221 van Wees, H., 10, 112, 124, 182, 271 Latin, 42, 44, 103, 142 Veii, 73, 91, 99, 137, 138, 141, 156, 165, 174, 184, 185, Roman, 27, 41, 58, 99, 118, 155, 244, 254 216, 237, 244, 252, 257, 292 Terracina, 219 conquest of, 98, 219, 227, 229, 245, 246, terracotta, 42, 44, 68, 103, 118, 121 251, 282 M. Terrentius Varro, 15, 22, 24, 36, 49, 94, 102, Fabii, 143, 145–146, 158, 167 105, 106, 113, 155, 190, 191, 201, 212 fortiﬁcations, 49, 108 The Twelve Tables, 25, 27, 28, 56, 57, 66, 100, velites, 263, 266 153–155, 184, 187, 188, 199, 203, 205, 208, 209, Velitrae, 44, 94, 122, 222, 223–226, 230, 240, 249, 246, 290, 292 285, 286 Tibur, 284, 285, 286 M. Velleius Paterculus, 20, 219, 286 Timaeus of Tauromenium, 29, 30, 99, 115, 116 P. Vergilius Maro (Virgil), 21, 113, 142 transitio ad plebem, 56, 59, 82, 83, 178, 186 Veturii, 140 triarii, 263, 266 A. and C. Vibenna, 51, 61, 87, 92, 136, 142, 144 tribune(s) of the plebs, 80, 172, 187, 188–191, villa, 107, 155, 160, 162 196, 229 Vitellia, 224 tribus, 158, 189, 190, 204, 205, 279 Volsci, 139, 171, 179, 227, 230, 247, 281, 283, tributum, 212 284, 286 triumph, 38, 194, 272, 275, 277, 279 wars against, 98, 145, 152, 165, 167, 179, 184, 190, M. Tullius Cicero, 14, 20–26, 32, 66, 81, 134, 210, 215, 223, 227 165, 187 votive deposit(s), 42, 43, 44, 119, 150, 155 Tullius Hostilius, 58, 60 tumultus, 242 Wiseman, T.P., 1, 21–24, 131, 139