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Review of Maritime Transport 2007 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Geneva REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2007 Report by the UNCTAD secretariat UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2007 ii Review of Maritime Transport, 2007 NOTE The Review of Maritime Transport is a recurrent publication prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat since 1968 with the aim of fostering the transparency of maritime markets and analysing relevant developments. Any factual or editorial corrections that may prove necessary, based on comments made by Governments, will be reflected in a corrigendum to be issued subsequently. * * * Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Use of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. * * * The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, with reference to the document number (see below). A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat at the following address: Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNCTAD/RMT/2007 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.07.II.D.14 ISBN 978-92-1-112725-6 ISSN 0566-7682 Contents, Introduction and Summary iii CONTENTS Page List of tables, figures and boxes........................................................................................................... v Abbreviations and explanatory notes ................................................................................................... viii Summary of main developments .......................................................................................................... x Vessel groupings used in the Review of Maritime Transport .............................................................. xiii Chapter Page 1. Development of international seaborne trade ......................................................................... 1 A. World economic background .......................................................................................... 1 B. World seaborne trade ...................................................................................................... 4 C. Sectors of world seaborne trade ...................................................................................... 7 2. Structure, ownership and registration of the world fleet....................................................... 23 A. Structure of the world fleet ............................................................................................. 23 B. Ownership of the world fleet .......................................................................................... 31 C. Registration of ships ....................................................................................................... 35 D. Shipbuilding and the second-hand market ..................................................................... 42 3. Productivity of the world fleet and supply and demand in world shipping ........................ 49 A. Operational productivity ................................................................................................. 49 B. Supply and demand in world shipping ........................................................................... 52 C. Comparison of cargo turnover and fleet ownership ....................................................... 54 4. Trade and freight markets......................................................................................................... 57 A. Crude oil and petroleum products seaborne freight market ........................................... 57 B. Dry bulk shipping market ............................................................................................... 64 C. The liner shipping market ............................................................................................... 68 D. Estimates of total freight costs in world trade................................................................ 78 E. Container production ...................................................................................................... 78 iv Review of Maritime Transport, 2007 5. Port and multimodal transport developments ........................................................................ 85 A. Container port traffic ...................................................................................................... 85 B. Improvements in port performance ................................................................................ 89 C. Institutional change and port development .................................................................... 90 D. Inland transport developments........................................................................................ 95 E. Other developments ........................................................................................................ 99 6. Legal issues and regulatory developments ............................................................................. 101 A. Negotiations on trade facilitation at the WTO .............................................................. 101 B. Legal issues affecting transportation ............................................................................. 102 C. Status of conventions ..................................................................................................... 111 7. Review of regional developments: Asia .................................................................................. 115 A. Economic background ................................................................................................... 115 B. Containerization............................................................................................................. 117 C. Asian fleet development ................................................................................................ 124 D. Country focus................................................................................................................. 131 E. Other developments ....................................................................................................... 131 Annexes I. Classification of countries and territories ..................................................................... 137 II. World seaborne trade by country groups, 2006 ............................................................. 141 III(a). Merchant fleets of the world by flags of registration, groups of countries and types of ship, as of 1 January 2007 (in thousand GT)................................................ 143 III(b). Merchant fleets of the world by flags of registration, groups of countries and types of ship, as of 1 January 2007 (in thousand dwt) ............................................... 149 Contents, Introduction and Summary v LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES Table Page 1. World economic growth, 2003–2006 ...................................................................................... 3 2. Growth in the volume of merchandise trade, by geographical region, 2004–2006................ 3 3. Development of international seaborne trade, selected years................................................. 4 4. World seaborne trade in 2006, by type of cargo and country group....................................... 6 5. World seaborne trade in ton-miles, selected years .................................................................. 8 6. Oil and natural gas: major producers and traders, and distribution of world refineries’ capacities in 2006 ................................................................................................................ 9 7. Major bulks: major producers, consumers and traders in 2006............................................. 15 8. World fleet size by principal types of vessel, 2005–2007 ...................................................... 25 9. Long-term trends in the cellular containership fleet ............................................................... 26 10. Distribution of the world fleet and dwt capacity of containerships, by country group, in 2007 26 11. Age distribution of the world merchant fleet, by type of vessel, as of 1 January 2007 ......... 27 12. Long-term trends in average age, by vessel type .................................................................... 28 13. Deliveries of newbuildings, selected years ............................................................................. 29 14. Tonnage reported sold for breaking, by types of vessel, 2000–2006 ..................................... 30 15. Average age of broken-up ships, by type, from 2000 to 2006 ................................................ 31 16. The 35 countries and territories with the largest controlled fleets, as of 1 January 2007 ...... 32 17. Control of world fleet, main country groups, as of 1 January 2007 ....................................... 34 18. The 35 flags of registration with the largest registered deadweight tonnage as of 1 January 2007 .................................................................................................................... 36 19. True nationality of major open-registry fleets, as of 1 January 2007 ....................................
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