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Flowering Plants

Flowering Plants

Flowering

Most photographs obtained from : WTU Image Collection – Presentation: Stewart Hougen Burke Museum Biological Classification,

Kingdom ……………….Sunflower Family ……………….Daisy ………..Subalpine Daisy Identification 1. Start general & learn the common ones first

When there are few: & (moss & lichens) Learn the common species Conifers -- learn 19 species (& you know almost 100%) Ferns -- learn 12 common species (& you know 80%).

When there are many: Flowering Plants (also & ) Learn the 23 common families & you will know 80% of the plants you will see.

Then……learn 80 common genera (“it is a but I don’t do yet”) & you will know 80% of the plants you will see. Families……………..143 Then…… learn the 2000+ species Genera……………917 Species………..2000+ Identification

2. Study the Patterns & Handles Learning to see Patterns: the big picture Handles: main Id. feature

Patterns Patterns & & Handles Handles Order……..Insects Family………plants Genus Start general -- at the best taxonomic level Species…….conifers & ferns

Learn the common ones

Learn the patterns

Learn the handles Charts Opening the door for beginners.

• Most common ones (80% rule) • Patterns • Handles Patterns Chart & Species Chart Handles Only the common ones

Patterns Chart & Families Handles Only the common ones Approaches to Identifying flowering plants

Plant Plant(s) of Families Sources: Apps, the day & & books & websites Genus

Plant Id

Patterns Learning to see

Some terms Urns

Bells

Petals fused

Petals free

Radial Bilateral Symmetry Symmetry with central clusters (10+ ) “Normal Flowers” (or non at all) Leaves Leaves Leaves Opposite Alternate On stem

Parallel Netted Veins Veins

(or entire) 230,000 24,000 12,000 600

First Dinosaurs, , birds

First Reptiles And Amphibians First land plants First fishes

700 First COMMON PLANT FAMILY CHART

KEY TO 25 COMMON FAMILIES

Start general

Learn the common ones

Learn the patterns

Learn the handles Start general Divisions Plant 1. Flowering Flowering Plants – Plants 2. Conifers Families (143) 3. Ferns 1. Sunflower Family Sunflower Family – 4. Mosses 2. Family Genera (120) 3. Mustard Family 1. Daisy 4. Rose Family Daisy – 2. Pussytoes 5. Figwort Family Species 6. Parsley Family 3. Yarrow 1. Subalpine Daisy Families……………143 7. Buttercup Family 4. Asters 2. Cut-leaved Daisy Genera………….917 5. Sagebrush Species………2000+ 8. Lily Family 3. Golden Daisy 9. Pink Family 6. Balsamroot 4. Desert Yellow Daisy 10. Borage Family 7. Hawksbeard 5. Purple Cushion Daisy 11. Buckwheat Family 8. Hawkweed 6. Shaggy Daisy 12. Heath Family 9. Groundsel 7. Aspen Daisy 13. Mint Family 10. 8. Longleaf Daisy 14. Phlox Family 9. Threadleaf Daisy 11. Thistle 15. Orchid Family 10. Olympic Mt. Daisy 16. Etc. 12. Luina 13. Sagewort 14. Rabbitbrush 15. Etc. spec. ID Gr. ID Gr. ID Gr. ID Gr. ID Gr. ID Gr. ID Gr. Scientific name Common name App. # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 375 Sunflower Family X 154 Pea Family X The common ones 127 Brassicaceae Mustard Family X 110 Rose Family X 97 Figwort Family X 78 Parsley Family X 78 Buttercup Family X 73 Liliaceae Lily Family X 73 Pink Family X 59 Boraginaceae Borage Family X 57 Buckwheat Family X 53 Ericaceae Heath Family X 52 Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family X 49 Onagraceae Evening-primrose F. X 48 Lamiaceae Mint Family X 46 Polemoniaceae Phlox Family X 33 Orchid Family X 26 Portulacaceae Purslane X 23 Hydrophyllaceae Waterleaf Family X 20 Violaceae Violet Family X 18 Grossulariaceae Currant Family X 15 Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family X 12 Valerianaceae Valerian X 11 Primulaceae Primrose Family X 1687 Family Key 3s monocots dicots 4s

5s Bilateral symmetry

Small flowers in tight bunches The Pattern Central clusters

Normal flowers Family Key 3s monocots dicots 4s

5s Bilateral symmetry Petals fused Petals free Radial symmetry Small flowers in tight bunches The

Flowers not in tight bunches Pattern Central clusters

Normal flowers

Petals fused Petals free Family Key Flowering parts in 3s (or multiples) Lily, Orchid, & Iris Leaves with parallel veins

Flowering parts in 4s Evening Primrose Leaves with veins in branching pattern Mustard

Flowering parts in 5s (leaves with branching veins) Mint Pea Flowers with bilateral symmetry Figwort Violet Petals fused Buttercup - some Petals free Flowers with radial symmetry Buckwheat Many small flowers in tight bunches Parsley Waterleaf Valerian Rose - some Buttercup Flowers not in tight bunches Rose Flowers with central clusters or seemingly so Sunflower – technically (more than 10 stamens crowding the center) belongs with “Many small flowers in tight bunches” Normal flowers (10 or fewer stamens) Heath Pink (or just use the “handles” to Id. these 7 Families) Phlox Purslane Petals fused Primrose Saxifrage Petals free (or nearly so) Borage Family Key 3s monocots dicots 4s

5s Bilateral symmetry Petals fused Petals free Radial symmetry Small flowers in tight bunches The

Flowers not in tight bunches Pattern Central clusters

Normal flowers

Petals fused Petals free In the broad sense Lily Family

Hooker’s Fairy Bell Queen’s Cup

Tiger Lily

False Lily –of-the-Valley Fawn Lily Orchid Family

Fairy Slipper

Lady Slipper

White Bog Orchid

Heart-Leaved Twayblade Spotted Coral

Family Key 3s monocots dicots 4s

5s Bilateral symmetry Petals fused Petals free Radial symmetry Small flowers in tight bunches The

Flowers not in tight bunches Pattern Central clusters

Normal flowers

Petals fused Petals free

Evening – Primrose Family

Yellow Willow-Herb

Fireweed Alpine Willow-Herb Mustard Family

Draba

Rockcress Mountain Wallflower

Family Key 3s monocots dicots 4s

5s Bilateral symmetry Petals fused Petals free Radial symmetry Small flowers in tight bunches The

Flowers not in tight bunches Pattern Central clusters

Normal flowers

Petals fused Petals free

Monkeyflowers Penstemons Louseworts

Figwort Family Figwort Family Paintbrush Figwort Family Paintbrushes ()

Bracts “Brush” is not . The leafy surround flowers & resemble brush dipped in paint. Yellowish or reddish.

Flower Crowded in axils of showy bracts Long, tubular with beaklike tip Often greenish. Family Key 3s monocots dicots 4s

5s Bilateral symmetry Petals fused Petals free Radial symmetry Small flowers in tight bunches The

Flowers not in tight bunches Pattern Central clusters

Normal flowers

Petals fused Petals free

Lupine

Pea

Vetch

Family Key 3s monocots dicots 4s

5s Bilateral symmetry Petals fused Petals free Radial symmetry Small flowers in tight bunches The

Flowers not in tight bunches Pattern Central clusters

Normal flowers

Petals fused Petals free Buckwheat Parsley Family Rose Family Family Flowers: small & in tight bunches (some) 6 small flowers Flowers: small & in true Leaves: basal or on stem Leaves: usually compound & Leaves entire & usually not toothed often fern-like

5s Flowers radial & small in tight bunches Flowers: small - forming bottlebrush or oval clusters Flowers: small & in dense clusters Stamens long exerted Waterleaf Family Petals fused into narrow Leaves: usually pinnately (In Borage Family now) 5-lobed tube compound Small family

Valerian Family Round-headed Buckwheat

Northern Buckwheat

Sulfur Buckwheat Family Buckwheat Desert Buckwheats (genus) Buckwheat Family Introduced Docks & Sorrels (Rumex)

Common Sheep Sorrel Curly Dock 3’ Winged Dock 1.5’ R. acetosella R. Crispus R. Venosus to 1’ tall Natives Leaves Flowers Western Dock R. Occidentalis 6.5’ Fleshy leathery. May be basal rosette Long clusters at top of stalk. with different leaves on stem. Green or red. Parsley Family Flowers

Compound .

True umbel: the stems, or spokes, must all radiate from exactly the same point, like an umbrella. At the end of each flower stem there is yet another “umbrella” of smaller stems. Parsley Family Leaves

Usually compound Often fern-like or carrot-like Fern Dessert Parsley Big Lomatium

Parsley Family Desert Parsleys (genus) Barestem Desert Parsley Parsley Family Both in moist places. Not standing water. (Angelica) Wet meadows.

Leaves Twice compound. Ovate to lanceolate. …..not bending down …..bending down

Flowers Compound umbel.

Lyall’s Angelica 6’ or Sharp-tooth Kneeling Angelica 3’ Angelica arguta Angelica genuflexa

Family Key 3s monocots dicots 4s

5s Bilateral symmetry Petals fused Petals free Radial symmetry Small flowers in tight bunches The

Flowers not in tight bunches Pattern Central clusters

Normal flowers

Petals fused Petals free Rose Family Buttercup Family Flowers: petals 5 to 12 Flowers: petals 5 Flowers radial or bilateral Flowers radial Flowers simple to elaborate Leaves: often oval & serrated Leaves: compound or Sunflower Family deeply divided Flowers: appear many “petaled” Central cluster present or appears to be absent entirely. A compound flower: tiny flowers with 5 fused petals. All flowers packed into a single head.

5s Radial Not bunches Flowers w/central clusters Buttercup Family Monkshood Western Pasqueflower

Columbine Delphinium Buttercup Family Flowers Rose Family Buttercup Family Flowers: petals 5 to 12 Flowers: petals 5 Flowers radial or bilateral Flowers radial Flowers simple to elaborate Leaves: often oval & serrated Leaves: compound or Sunflower Family deeply divided Flowers: appear many “petaled” Central cluster present or appears to be absent entirely. A compound flower: tiny flowers with 5 fused petals. All flowers packed into a single head.

5s Radial Not bunches Flowers w/central clusters

Ray Flower Disc Flower Head-like flower clusters. Not a single flower. Numerous individual flowers on broadened top of stem.

Sunflower Flower Head Ray Flowers

Stigma & united anthers

Disc Flowers Ray flowers Stigma & united anthers Ray & disk flowers Ray flowers only Disc flowers only

Family Key 3s monocots dicots 4s

5s Bilateral symmetry Petals fused Petals free Radial symmetry Small flowers in tight bunches The

Flowers not in tight bunches Pattern Central clusters

Normal flowers

Petals fused Petals free Heath Family Phlox Flower: Petals fused into Family bells or urns

Flower: petals fused forming a tube with nearly perpendicular lobes Primrose Family Leaves: often narrow or like ladder Flower: petals fused & 5s Radial Not bunches sometimes reflexed Normal flowers Petals fused Leaves: often basal Borage Family (Includes Waterleaf now) Flower: petals fused Some flowers with central ring Fiddlenecks often Plant often hairy Heath Family Heath Family Phlox Flower: Petals fused into Family bells or urns

Flower: petals fused forming a tube with nearly perpendicular lobes Primrose Family Leaves: often narrow or like ladder Flower: petals fused & 5s Radial Not bunches sometimes reflexed Normal flowers Petals fused Leaves: often basal Borage Family (Includes Waterleaf now) Flower: petals fused Some flowers with central ring Fiddlenecks often Plant often hairy Phlox Family

Phlox Long leaf phlox

Spreading phlox

Showy phlox

Heath Family Phlox Flower: Petals fused into Family bells or urns

Flower: petals fused forming a tube with nearly perpendicular lobes Primrose Family Leaves: often narrow or like ladder Flower: petals fused & 5s Radial Not bunches sometimes reflexed Normal flowers Petals fused Leaves: often basal Borage Family (Includes Waterleaf now) Flower: petals fused Some flowers with central ring Fiddlenecks often Plant often hairy Northern Cryptantha

Borage Family Bluebells

Fiddleneck Borage Family Family Key 3s monocots dicots 4s

5s Bilateral symmetry Petals fused Petals free Radial symmetry Small flowers in tight bunches The

Flowers not in tight bunches Pattern Central clusters

Normal flowers

Petals fused Petals free Pink Family Flowers: petals free, often notched or divided Purslane Family Leaves: opposite, often narrow & borne on enlarged nodes Flowers: petals free, pink strips often, 2 Leaves: often succulent 5s Radial Not bunches Normal Flowers Petals Free

Saxifrage Family Flower: petals free, stigmas 2 & often flaring apart Leaves: often basal Purslane Family

Siberian Minors Western Spring Beauty Lettuc e Columbia Lewisia Purslane Family Pink Family Flowers: petals free, often notched or divided Purslane Family Leaves: opposite, often narrow & borne on enlarged nodes Flowers: petals free, pink strips often, 2 sepals Leaves: often succulent 5s Radial Not bunches Normal Flowers Petals Free

Saxifrage Family Flower: petals free, stigmas 2 & often flaring apart Leaves: often basal Pink Family

Crisp Starwort

Long Stalked Starwort 10” Stellaria longipes

Thread-leaved Sandwort 1’ Eremogone capillaris Normal Flowers: Petals Fused Pink Family Pink Family Flowers: petals free, often notched or divided Purslane Family Leaves: opposite, often narrow & borne on enlarged nodes Flowers: petals free, pink strips often, 2 sepals Leaves: often succulent 5s Radial Not bunches Normal Flowers Petals Free

Saxifrage Family Flower: petals free, stigmas 2 & often flaring apart Leaves: often basal

Sedum Family Appendix Small very succulent plants with short fleshy leaves Unique plants Flowers: petals free & yellow & common

Current Family Medium sized to about 6’ All have maple shaped leaves All have Flowers: petals fused Plant Lists

1. WNPS 2. Modified The WNPS database contains 708 plant lists for State, compiled by 300 individuals

Genus/species Common Name Family Sub-alpine fir Pinaceae Black Canyon Agoseris glauca Mountain agoseris Asteraceae alpina Alpine pussy-toes Asteraceae Hike Antennaria lanata Woolly pussy-toes Asteraceae Arabis lyallii Lyall's rockcress Brassicaceae Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Bearberry Ericaceae nuttallii Nuttall's sandwort Caryophyllaceae Arenaria obtusiloba Arctic sandwort Caryophyllaceae Artemesia trifurcata Three-forked artemesia Asteraceae Aster alpigenus Alpine aster Asteraceae spectabilis Showy sedge Castilleja parviflora oreopola Magenta paintbrush Scrophulariaceae Castilleja rupicola Cliff paintbrush Scrophulariaceae Collomia debilis Alpine collomia Polemoniaceae Epilobium alpinum Alpine willow-herb Onagraceae Erigeron aureus Golden fleabane Asteraceae pyrolifolium Alpine buckwheat Polygonaceae Hieracium gracile Slender hawkweed Asteraceae Juncus sp. Rush Juniperus communis Mountain juniper Cupressaceae Luetkea pectinata Partridge foot Rosaceae Lupinus lepidus Prairie lupine Fabaceae hitchcockii Smooth woodrush Juncaceae Pedicularis contorta Coiled lousewort Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis ornithoryncha 's-beak lousewort Scrophulariaceae Davidson's penstemon Scrophulariaceae Small-flowered penstemon Scrophulariaceae Phlox diffusa Spreading phlox Polemoniaceae Phyllodoce empetriformis Red mountain heather Ericaceae Phyllodoce glanduliflora Yellow heather Ericaceae Pinus albicaulis White-bark pine Pinaceae Poa sp. Bluegrass Poaceae Family Genus/Species Common Name Family Common name paniculata Tall bluebells Boraginaceae Borage Eriogonum pyrolifolium Alpine buckwheat Polygonaceae Buckwheat Black Canyon digyna Mountain sorrel Polygonaceae Buckwheat Hike Polygonum bistortoides Mountain bistort Polygonaceae Buckwheat Polygonum newberryi Newberry's knotweed Polygonaceae Buckwheat drummondii Drummond's anemone Ranunculaceae Buttercup Anemone occidentalis Mountain pasqueflower Ranunculaceae Buttercup biflora White marshmarigold Ranunculaceae Buttercup Caltha leptosepala Elkslip Ranunculaceae Buttercup eschscholtzii Snow buttercup Ranunculaceae Buttercup Empetrum nigrum Crowberry Empetraceae Crowberry viscosissimum Sticky currant Grossulariaceae Currant Epilobium alpinum Alpine willow-herb Onagraceae Evening-Primrose Epilobium angustifolium Fireweed Onagraceae Evening-Primrose Athyrium distentifolium Alpine lady fern Polypodiaceae Fern Cheilanthes gracillima Lace fern Polypodiaceae Fern Cryptogramma crispa Parsley fern Polypodiaceae Fern Polystichum lonchitis Holly fern Polypodiaceae Fern Castilleja miniata Scarlet paintbrush Scrophulariaceae Figwort Castilleja parviflora oreopolaMagenta paintbrush Scrophulariaceae Figwort Castilleja rupicola Cliff paintbrush Scrophulariaceae Figwort Pedicularis bracteosa Bracted lousewort Scrophulariaceae Figwort Pedicularis contorta Coiled lousewort Scrophulariaceae Figwort Pedicularis groenlandica Elephant's head Scrophulariaceae Figwort Pedicularis ornithoryncha Bird's-beak lousewort Scrophulariaceae Figwort Pedicularis racemosa Sickletop lousewort Scrophulariaceae Figwort Pedicularis rainierensis Mt. Rainier lousewort Scrophulariaceae Figwort Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon Scrophulariaceae Figwort Shrubby penstemon Scrophulariaceae Figwort Penstemon procerus Small-flowered penstemon Scrophulariaceae Figwort Cliff penstemon Scrophulariaceae Figwort Veronica cusickii Cusick's speedwell Scrophulariaceae Figwort Using the Chart

Queens Cup

Lily Family

Rose Family

Salmonberry

Davidson Penstemon

Figwort Family

Parsley Family Desert Parsleys

Barestem Desert Parsley

Mustard Family Dagger-pod

Dagger Pod

Saxifrage Family Saxifrage

Western Saxifrage

Heath Family

Indian Pipe Pine Drops

Violet Family Violets

Stream violet

Pink Family Chickweed

Field Chickweed

Sunflower Family Asters

Cascade Aster

Phlox Family

Large-flowered collomia

Buttercup Family Buttercup

Subalpine Buttercup

White Bog Orchid

Orchid Family

Borage Family Cryptantha

Purslane Family

Columbia Lewisia

Saxifrage Family

Spotted Saxifrage

Skullcap

Mint Family

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