A RECORD OF AN ONGOING PROJECT OF PERFORMANCE AND ARCHIVE entitled THE FRAGILE EGGS: TESTIMONY OF THE KONG PROTESTS with a COROLLARY STATEMENT by Mandy Wong

©2020 Mandy Wong

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts School of Art Pratt Institute

May 2020

A RECORD OF AN ONGOING PROJECT OF PERFORMANCE AND ARCHIVE entitled THE FRAGILE EGGS: TESTIMONY OF THE PROTESTS with a COROLLARY STATEMENT by Mandy Wong

Received and approved:

Major Professor Name: Ann Messner

Advisor for Corollary Statement Name: Jen Mazza

Department Chair Name: Jane South

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To the protesters in Hong Kong, for whom I wish to be hands and feet; to the people who are seeing these words, I apologize for my attempt and failure to be objective, that the work takes off from my stance, fear, and belief. I apologize for being in a distant safe place while claiming myself fraternal. I apologize for not expecting a victory, yet pushing the crowds to continue and to escalate. I apologize for my ignorance of the meaning of autonomy, democracy, and freedom that I am fighting for. I apologize for enjoying a privilege to ensure my safety, at the same time having a desire to suffer. I apologize that during the protests I incurred no physical wounds, that I was not beaten, arrested, raped, or forced to commit apparent suicide, and that I received no personal threat. I apologize for the fact that I am mentally and physically inferior to fully grasp your pain. I apologize for being proud of my Hongkonger identity, at the same time aspiring to get the American nationality. I apologize for using the feelings and wounds of others to speak for me. I apologize for not being communicative in my primary language, and that I steal the words from 1 Rabih Mroué to complete these very words. I apologize because I dislike the place I was born in and only miss the time, the sound, the air, and the mood when we protest. I apologize for any potential and unverifiable lies allowed to take place between me and my participants. I must insist, however, that what I heard, saw, and acknowledged are the respectful Truth.

1 A Lebanese artist and actor who creates plays, performances, videos, and photographs emerges in the ​ post–Civil War Lebanon.

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Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………………. 4 Preface: The Fears …………………………………………………………………………. 5 Timeline of the Hong Kong Protests …………………………………………………………. 8 I. The Fear of Losing ………….……………………………………………………………… 43 II. Feared to be Subjective …………………………………………………………………. 47 III. Fear to Represent ………….……………………………………………………………… 51 List of Digital Documents …………………………………………………………………. 54 Bibliography …………………...……………………………………………………………. 56 ​

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Acknowledgments

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ann Messner, one of the educators whom I revere the most, for her continuous support, enlightenment, and motivation throughout the past two years. I also thank Carlos Motta for the insightful guidance that benefits much in the refinement of this project. I am thankful to my colleagues in the Integrated Practices and Thesis class, who have always been encouraging. Besides, I am grateful to Saichia Cheng, my soulmate, and a great advisor. Without her persistent help, this project would not have been possible. I am greatly indebted to all participants and volunteer translators for their generosity and trust. Above ground, I must show my gratitude to Jerry Chan for being a blessing to me.

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Preface: The Fears

I am an artist, and firstly, I am a protester and a Hong Konger. 2 , “A native or inhabitant of Hong Kong,” is a self-identifying term to express one’s affiliation with Hong Kong. This city is one of the most neoliberal financial centers globally, and a former British colony now returned to the Chinese Communist Party 3 (CCP) governance. Hong Kong has now entered its anniversary (as of June 2020) of the largest protest movements in decades against suppressive governance and police brutality. Throughout the evolution, the happenings have been named variously among media and politicians, both local and overseas. The description starts with ‘Anti-extradition bill (ANTIELAB)’, then transit to ‘riot’, ‘Water Revolution’, ‘anti-government/China protests’, ‘summer of discontent’ and ‘pro-democracy movement’. Now tentatively identified as the ‘Hong Kong Protests’ In February 2019, the Hong Kong government announced an amendment to the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance and the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance (extradition amendment bill) that would allow regions formerly without extradition agreement to 4 detain and transfer wanted people, which include Taiwan and the mainland China. Chief Executive Carrie Lam and officials proclaim the implementation of the law is an urgent solution to a murder case in Taiwan committed by a Hong Kong man, as well as a plug of a “loophole” that “has allowed the city to become a haven for criminals.” On the other hand, there was a backlash against the bill, indicating an accumulating fear of political mistreatment under China’s 5 legal system.

2 “Definition of Hongkonger,” Lexico (Oxford Dictionary), accessed April 20, 2020, ​ http://www.lexico.com/definition/hongkonger. 3 “Hong Kong Economy: Population, Facts, GDP, Business, Trade, Inflation,” 2020 Index of Economic ​ Freedom (The Heritage Foundation, 2019), https://www.heritage.org/index/country/hongkong. 4 “Cooperation between Hong Kong and Other Places on Juridical Assistance in Criminal Matters” (Hong ​ Kong: Security Bureau, February 2019). 5 Greg Torode, “Why Proposed Changes to Hong Kong’s Extradition Law Fueled Protests,” Reuters, June ​ ​ ​ 15, 2019, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition-explainer/explainer-why-proposed-changes-to-ho ng-kongs-extradition-law-are-fueling-protests-idUSKCN1TD0NB.

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The discontents (and fear) take a departure from a far more historical context -- an identity and social struggle under colonialism. Hong Kong has been a borrowed place in a borrowed time beneficial for faraway elites. Along with the dilemmas, people in Hong Kong generate a unique culture and value system that further differentiate themselves from being Chinese or Britain. During 150 years of the British colonial period, Hong Konger was never added to the table about the talk on the city's future and any democratic reform. In 1985, both China and Britain's prime minister signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, claiming a guarantee to Hong Kong’s high degree of autonomy from China under ‘One Country, Two Systems’ for 50 years. Meanwhile, the general public in Hong Kong witnessed the June Fourth Incident in Beijing in 1989, when the Chinese government sent the military to massacre pro-democracy students. An atmosphere of uncertainty and anxiety surrounded the handover of Hong Kong in 6 1997. Over the 23 years since the handover, the system in Hong Kong is not genuinely democratic, yet only with its constituents. The society has brimmed with disappointment due to extreme economic inequality, as well as a deterioration of freedom and autonomy in all aspects, such as ● 2012 The Hong Kong government attempted to introduce a highly controversial propaganda campaign, Moral and National Education in elementary and high schools. ● 2014 The Chinese government ruled out open nominations for , a right that was once promised in the Joint Declaration. Citizens responded with a 79-day peaceful occupy movement known as the , followed by its failure. ● 2015 A local bookseller Lee Bo went missing from Hong Kong. The Chinese authorities secretly detained him because of selling sensitive publications about Chinese officials.

6 Erin Blakemore and Taryn Salinas, “The History of Hong Kong, Visualized,” National Geographic ​ (National Geographic, August 26, 2019), https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/hong-kong-history-visualized/?fbclid=IwA R1-IMfvhkoZW15V2MMsIrYieXZkU0tRNYlC-GXsrPBDDTCS8lKFUUWtq6Q#close.

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● 2016-2017 The High Court disqualified six elected pan-democrat and localist members of parliament over their insincere manner in oath-taking. While the extradition bill outraged the citizens, 1.03 million (13.7%) people rallied 7 8 peacefully on June 9th, 2019. It is marked as the recognized outbreak of the ongoing protests. The leaderless protests have since escalated to strikes, occupying movements, boycotts, and more violent responses. As the movement progress, people declared five demands 9 1. Full withdrawal of the extradition bill. 2. A commission of inquiry into alleged police brutality. 3. Retracting the classification of protesters as ‘rioters’. 4. Amnesty for arrested protesters. 5. Dual universal suffrage, meaning for both the Legislative Council and the Chief Executive. Recently, there are more and more voices longing for independence against the state. As a Hongkonger (and a protester), I fear for my safety. I am afraid of losing my rights and dignity. I am scared of being unable to speak the Truth. Nonetheless, fears motivate us (the protesters) to speak, regardless of our hopeless prediction of the future (end). Fears also drive me to create an ongoing performative project in September 2019 that recognizes, displays and preserves protesters’ narratives in Hong Kong. This thesis is a documentation of the project. In the following chapters, I will further explain my Fear, the methodology of research and display, along with a timeline of the protests that I consider as the Truth. Last but not least, I must admit that this work is only telling my perspective. I would highly encourage anyone to understand and construct their Truth with the awareness of the event.

7 According to the census in 2019, the population of Hong Kong is 7.5 million. ​ “Year-End Population for 2019,” The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region - Press Releases (The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, February 18, 2020), https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202002/18/P2020021800331.htm. 8 Based on the opinion of the interviewees. 9 Listen Chen, “The Perils of Imperial Alignment,” Lausan (Lausan, October 17, 2019), ​ https://lausan.hk/2019/the-perils-of-imperial-alignment/.

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10 Timeline of the Hong Kong Protests - Incidents remarked by interviewees. The longer the bar, the more interviewees mentioned. ​

2012

APRIL - OCTOBER 2 ​ The Hong Kong government introduced a highly controversial elementary and high school curriculum, Moral and National Education. Citizens criticized the subject of its stance on the Chinese Communist Party. The government withdrew the proposal under the backlash from society. 2014

8 SEPTEMBER - DECEMBER ​ Citizens initiated the Umbrella Movement, also known as the Umbrella Revolution and Occupy Movement. It was to express demand for an openly nominated election for the Chief Executive. The masses struck and occupied city centers for 79 days. The movement ended without a concession from the government, yet with the decline of supporters. 2016

FEBRUARY 4 ​ Violent conflict was known as

10 The timeline is composed of incidents that received more local attention. Major references “ANTIELAB Research Data Archive,” ANTIELAB Research Data Archive (Journalism and Media Studies Centre, The University of Hong Kong, June 12, 2020), https://antielabdata.jmsc.hku.hk/. Pablo Robles, Darren Long, and Dennis Wong, “100 Days of Protests Rock Hong Kong,” South China Morning Post (South China Morning Post, September 17, 2019), https://multimedia.scmp.com/infographics/news/hong-kong/article/3027462/hong-kong-100-days-of-prot ests/index.html. “Timeline | Hong Kong Democratic Movement 2019 & Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement,” HK Democratic M. 2019, September 2, 2019, https://tl.hkrev.info/en/timeline/.

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Mong Kok civil unrest or Fishball Revolution broke out during the Chinese New Year holidays. It was an intense response towards the government suppression on unlicensed street hawkers.

Edward Leung, the spokesperson of a localist group, was arrested for rioting and assault.

JULY Edward Leung and the other four candidates for the parliament election were barred due to suspicion of not supporting “Hong Kong is an inseparable part of China” statement.11

NOVEMBER 1 ​ ​ The High Court disqualified two elected localist members of parliament over their insincere manner in oath-taking. 2017

1 JULY ​ ​ Four more elected pan-democrat members of parliament were disqualified over their insincere manner in oath-taking. 2018

JANUARY 1 ​ ​ Edward Leung was sentenced to 6 years in prison.

4 FEBRUARY ​ A Hong Kong man murdered his unfaithful girlfriend in Taiwan. He flew to Hong Kong after the disposal of her body.

11 Rishi Iyengar, “Pro-Independence Candidates Barred From Running in Hong Kong Elections,” Time ​ (Time, August 26, 2016), https://time.com/4436253/enums/.

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MARCH - DECEMBER The Taiwan government requested mutual legal assistance from the Hong Kong government three times. FEBRUARY 2019

8 12 ​ The Hong Kong government proposed an extradition amendment bill to allow trials of fugitive offenders in other jurisdictions.

The mother of the victim spoke in support of the government proposal.

13 The pan-democrats spoke against the bill.

19 The spokesperson of Taiwan stated the bill as a threat to human rights and national sovereignty. The official called on the Hong Kong government to sign the mutual legal assistance agreement. MARCH 2019

1 THROUGHOUT MARCH ​ ​ Activists, human rights organizations, college students, and some professional bodies from the academic and business sectors raised their concern about the impact of the bill.

4 1 ​ ​ The Hong Kong Bar Association published an observation report, proclaiming that the bill would destroy the international image of Hong Kong.

26 The government removed some commercial crimes and raised the threshold of extradition.

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Several local chambers of commerce accepted the edition to the bill.

29 The extradition amendment bill was officially published in Hong Kong for reading.

31 2 ​ ​ ​ ​ 12,000 people participated in the first anti-extradition rally. APRIL 2019

3 The parliament proceeded the first read of the bill.

3 1 ​ ​ 13 media institutions opposed the bill.

4 The British Parliament stated that the Chinese government’s attitude to Hong Kong is “moving closer to One Country, One System.” 12

8 The director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of China expressed his support for the bill.

17 The business sector argued for another rise of the proposed extradition threshold to severe crimes.

2 A pan-democrat James TO hosted the first bill ​ ​ ​ ​ committee meeting on the extradition bill. No chairperson was selected. Two bill

12 “​ China and the Rules-Based International System,” www.parliament.uk, April 4, 2019, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmfaff/612/61208.htm.

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committees led by the pan-democrats the pro-government camp were set up instead.

20 Chief Executive Carrie Lam refused to pan-democrats ‘sunset-clause’ amendment suggestion.

2 28 ​ ​ ​ ​ 130,000 people rallied against the bill. MAY 2019

THROUGHOUT MAY 1 ​ ​ Numerous representatives of educational, legal, religion, and media sectors expressed opposition and disappointment on the bill.

Several Chinese officials repeatedly supported the bill.

2 The Taiwan officials once again encouraged the establishment of mutual assistance with Hong Kong.

11 Thousands participated in an anti-extradition bill assembly in front of the parliament.

2 14 ​ ​ ​ ​ After an intense clash between two bill committees, both of them were suspended. At the fifth bill committee meeting, Abraham Shek was appointed to be the host.

15 Over 40 civic and professional organizations launched lobbying campaigns towards the business sector and foreign consulates to urge for the bill’s withdrawal.

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22 8 U.S. Congress members requested the Hong Kong government to withdraw the bill.

24 Representatives of EU members issued a diplomatic protest note against the bill.

29 15 members of parliaments from 6 countries declared a joint open letter to Hong Kong, calling for the bill’s withdrawal.

30 The Hong Kong government accepted suggestions from pro-government lawmakers and raised the proposed threshold for sentences to serious crimes.

British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt and Canadian Foreign Secretary Chrystia Freeland urged the Hong Kong government to fully consider the concerns of stakeholders on the bill.

The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce welcomed the amendment.

The Hong Kong Journalists Association issued a strong opposition statement on the bill. JUNE 2019

2 4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Over 180,000 people went to the annual memorial vigil of the June Fourth Incident in 1989.

6 3000 members in the legal sector rallied in black to oppose the bill.

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8 Nearly 270,000 citizens signed a petition against the bill.

9 8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Over 1 million people (13.7% of the population) joined the anti-extradition bill demonstration.

At night, police dispersed protesters gathered at the protest area of parliament with pepper spray and baton.

19 arrests, 8 injured police.

A police misconduct has been revealed. 1. Sexually assaulted and verbally abused protesters

Hong Kongers in 29 cities of 12 countries initiated anti-extradition bill protests, including the U.S., U.K., Canada, Japan, , Germany, Taiwan, France.

2 The second reading of the bill was put onto ​ ​ ​ ​ the schedule.

10 As a form to oppose, Christians and Catholics sang prayers and hymns around the parliament for three days.

11 Admin of a protesters communication group on Telegram was charged with conspiracy to commit public nuisance.

12 (known as ‘612’ ) 6 ​ ​ ​ About 100 businesses went on the first strike. Meanwhile, 40,000 people occupied the main roads around parliament to disrupt the second read. In response to the suspended meeting, the government and police characterized the event as riot.

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Protesters threw bricks and trash against the police cordon. Police claimed to have fired 150 tear gas canisters, “several” rubber 13 bullets and bean bag shots.

81 injured protesters, 22 injured police, 11 arrests (1 conducted in a hospital).

It bitterly indicates a desperate and angry rebellion against the drastic deterioration of political conditions after the Umbrella Movement's powerless ending. 2. Deployed tear gas canisters and rubber bullets into a citizen’s head. 3. Unlawful use of batons to brutally beat unarmed protesters. 4. Unleashed tear gas to restrict protesters from leaving 5. Removed visible identification 6. Obstructed journalists with force 7. Set blockage towards ambulance that ran a light

15 The first protester committed suicide in purpose to rebel.

Carrie Lam claimed suspension on the extradition amendment bill, which the term was not legally approved.

6 16 (known as ‘616’ ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2 million people (26.7% of the population) joined an anti-extradition bill protest and mourned for decease. It is the most massive

13 Kang-chung Ng and Christy Leung, “Eleven Arrests, Double the Tear Gas Fired during Occupy ​ Movement and 81 Injured: Police Chief Paints Disturbing Picture of Hong Kong Extradition Bill Protests,” South China Morning Post (South China Morning Post, June 13, 2019), https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3014395/police-fired-150-rounds-tear-gas- during-hong-kongs.

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protest in Hong Kong.

People declared “五大訴求 缺一不可 (Five demands, Not one less).”

The five demands are 1. full withdrawal of the extradition bill; 2. a commission of inquiry into alleged police brutality; 3. retracting the classification of protesters as “rioters”; 4. amnesty for arrested protesters, 5. dual universal suffrage, meaning for both the Legislative Council and the Chief 14 Executive.

(Fig. 1 Photo of a diaper bag prepared by the interviewee for her children. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0008 conducted on February 20, 2020)

LATE JUNE Protesters surrounded police headquarters and government administration buildings.

After crowdfunding, an anonymous protesters group placed advertisements on 12 major newspapers over the world to ask premiers to stand with Hong Kong in the G20 forum.

The government refused to exonerate

14 Listen Chen. “The Perils of Imperial Alignment.” ​ 16

arrested protesters and establish an independent commission.

The U.K. halted the export of crowd control equipment, including rubber bullets, tear gas hand grenades, and tear gas cartridges to Hong Kong.

Two more protesters committed suicide.

165,000 people assembled to support the police. They attacked journalists and dissidents passing by, as well as demolishing the memorial site of deceased protesters.

5 injured, 6 arrests. JULY 2019

SINCE JULY 1 ​ ​ Protests have blossomed in various districts of the city every week. Citizens started putting up “Lennon Walls” with posters and sticky notes about the movement around the city. Meanwhile, government and police supporters have constantly torn down Lennon Walls.

3 1 (Anniversary of the Handover, also ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ known as ‘71’) The government held an indoor celebration for the first time.

In the afternoon, around 500,000 people took part in the annual protest. Meanwhile, a large group of protesters stormed the parliament and declared the first manifesto with the five demands. They vandalized the interior and the regional emblem, yet left money for the refreshments taken. They left the parliament following the police warning.

54 injured protesters, 13 injured police, 24

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arrests (3 people were accused of “riot” in 2020).

3 The fourth person committed suicide to protest. The first three cases happened in June 2019.

Carrie Lam invited Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Students' Union for a closed-door meeting.

5 Representatives of 8 University Student Unions openly rejected closed-door meetings with the Chief Executive. They urged for amnesty for arrested protesters and an open meeting.

1 7 ​ ​ 230,000 demonstrators rallied at tourist spots and the high-speed rail terminal. A clash occurred late at night when some groups occupied the streets.

10+ injured protesters, 9 arrests.

More police misconduct has been revealed. 8. Threatening passerby with force and abusive language.

9 Carrie Lam announced the bill is “dead,” which again was not a legally approved term. 15

14 Protests moved to shopping centers, then escalated into a battle between protesters and police.

15 “Hong Kong Extradition Bill Is ‘dead’ Says Lam,” BBC News, July 9, 2019, sec. China, ​ ​ ​ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48917796.

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28 injured protesters, 10+ injured police, 48 arrests

More police misconduct has been revealed. 9. Usage of excessive power against arrestees

21 (known as ‘721’ ) 4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ A rally took on the streets along police headquarters and China’s Liaison Office with 430,000 participants. At night, thousands of protesters surrounded and vandalized China’s Liaison Office. Police fired 55 tear gas canisters, 5 rubber bullets and 24 sponge grenades. Protesters began to set fire as barricades.

The slogan “光復香港 時代革命 (, Revolution of our time)” was adopted.

14 injured protesters (one in critical condition).

6 At the same time as the confrontation around ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ China’s Liaison Office, a group of armed triad mobs attacked passengers, journalists, protesters, and lawmakers to bleed inside Yuen Long subway station.

Despite receiving thousands of emergency calls, police arrived 39 minutes after the attacks, one minute after the mobs left.

45 injured, 28 arrests (no arrests that night).

22 Carrie Lam condemned both the clash at China’s Liaison Office and the mob attack. However, she refused to define the attack as “riot.”

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The fifth protester committed suicide.

26 (known as ‘和你飛 To Fly With You’ ) 2 ​ ​ ​ ​ Professionals in aviation, medical and academic fields initiated assemblies in the International Airport, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, and the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

15,000 people gathered in the airport to put up and distribute materials about the protests to tourists.

Since then, a prefix of “和你__ (___with you )” is used to describe a peaceful protest campaign. For example, “和你shop (to shop with you)” means to promote protest momentum while shopping.

1 28 ​ ​ More police misconduct has been revealed in a violent clash during an illegal march. 10. Usage of expired tear gas canister 11. Fired tear gas canisters near residential areas 12. Arrested first-aiders

16 injured protesters, 49 arrests.

(Fig. 2 Documentation of the protest on July 28, 2019. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0014 conducted on April 30, 2020) AUGUST 2019

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THROUGHOUT AUGUST 2 ​ ​ ​ The protest 願榮光歸香港 (Glory to ​ Hong Kong) was created in August. ​ Meanwhile, citizens launched an ongoing ‘yellow economic circle’ campaign to support pro-movement businesses and boycott the opposites.

(Fig. 3 ‘A group of art and cultural worker’, 願榮 ​ 光歸香港 () Orchestral and Choir Music Video, 2:09’, ​ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUIDL4SB60 g. Audio interview 0005 conducted on January 19, 2020)

SINCE AUGUST Demonstrations continued weekly, initiated mainly by professionals of various industries and residents in the neighborhood. Government supporters attacked protesters to severe injury while removing the Lennon Walls. More mob attacks occurred.

A report indicated there had been more people reported to have different levels of respiratory 16 and irritation, as well as bowel irregularity.

2 Thousand civil servants published a joint open letter and initiated assembly,

expressing discontent towards the police and government.

1 3 ​ ​

An approved peaceful rally transited to

16 張美華, “【逃犯條例】96%記者中催淚煙呈症狀 有市民兩周後疑患化學肺炎,” 香港01 (香港01, ​ August 9, 2019), https://www.hk01.com/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E/361856/%E9%80%83 %E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B-96-%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E4%B8%AD%E5%82% AC%E6%B7%9A%E7%85%99%E5%91%88%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80-%E6%9C%89%E5%B8%82 %E6%B0%91%E5%85%A9%E5%91%A8%E5%BE%8C%E7%96%91%E6%82%A3%E5%8C%96%E 5%AD%B8%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E.

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conflicts in several areas. Residents and protesters occupied streets, tunnels, also police stations and dormitories. A national flag was torn down and thrown into the harbor.

In Wong Tai Sin, police rushed into the subway station to arrest. Residents surrounded the police dormitories, followed by the deployment of tear gas in residential areas. Protesters began to use laser pointers as (Fig. 4 Photo of a resident in Wong Tai Sin hindrance and indication of specific extinguished a tear gas with a bottle of water on individuals. August 3, 2019. Photography by Lam Chun Tung (Initium Media). Audio interview 0001 18 injured protesters, 25 arrests. conducted on September 9, 2019)

Pro-government camp organized a 90,000 attendants event themed ‘Give peace a chance.’

1 5 ​ ​ ​ ​ Civilians organized the largest citywide strike so far. As a result of more than seven

significant rallies, there was significant interference in the transportation system.

Police fired 1,002 tear gas canisters, 170 rubber bullets and 28 sponge grenades. Protesters began to use Molotov cocktails against the police. There was a battle between protesters and armed pro-government mobs.

Some male police removed the underpants of a young female while lifting her to arrest.

41 injured protesters, 82 injured police, 148 arrests (the youngest one was aged 13),

More police misconduct has been revealed. 13. Disrupted legal protests.

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Police weaponized laser pointers. They arrested a college student for possession of offensive weapons.

11 1 ​ ​ More police misconduct has been revealed during citywide hit-and-run assemblies. 14. Disguised themselves as protesters to attack police, other protesters, and passersby. 15. Fired less-lethal bullets into protesters’ eyes. 16. Made mass arrests in private areas. 17. Deployed tear gas indoor.

Among the 200 arrestees on that day, 54 were sent to San Uk Ling Holding Centre.

31 of detained arrestees were sent to hospital later the month, some of them reported severe injuries, such as bone fractures and cerebral bleeding. There were allegations of gang rape, as well as delays in proper medical treatments.

12-13 1 ​ ​ As an extension of a 3-day assembly, thousands of protesters gathered in the theme ‘An eye for an eye’ to paralyze air traffic. Protesters surrounded and beat a journalist and armed ‘tourist’ from mainland China.

The airport authority obtained an injunction to prohibit similar events.

5 arrests.

18 1.7 million people marched to reiterate the five demands. For the first time since the protests started, there was no clash between protesters and police.

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Referring to the , 210,000 civilians initiated ‘The ’ to show solidarity with protesters. People formed a 37.3 miles to encompass the city.

People began to bawl slogans ‘Liberate Hong Kong, Revolution of our time (光復香港 時 代革命)’ and ‘five demands, not one less (五 大訴求 缺一不可)’ every day at 10 p.m.

24 As a response to the installation of multiple surveillance street lamps, more than 1,000 protesters clashed with police. The supplier stopped supplying street lamps due to doxxing.

33 arrests.

1 31 ​ ​ A fierce stand-off between protesters and police broke out after a peaceful rally near the government headquarters. Police began to use blue-dyed water cannons against protesters. Violent confrontations extended to other areas throughout day and night.

Protesters threw over a hundred petrol bombs. While, police fired 2,410 tear gas canisters, 920 rubber bullets, 100 bean bag shots and 1,000 sponge grenades. (Fig. 5 Fragments of pigmented concrete from one of the protests in which a water cannon was 46 injured, 65 arrests. deployed. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0006 conducted on February 10, 2020)

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(Fig. 6 Photo of a clash between protesters and police on August 31, 2019. Anonymous photographer. Audio interview 0003 conducted on September 28, 2019)

（Known as ‘831’） 3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Police indiscriminately attacked passengers at Prince Edwards subway station, after an altercation between protesters and government supporters. Officers blockaded the station to delay access to medical care and news reports for 2.5 hours. It is rumored that police killed citizens within the time. (Fig. 7 Photo of a passenger under arrest in Prince

Edwards subway station on August 31, 2019. 10 injured. Photography by Initium Media. Audio interview 0012 conducted on March 16, 2020)

More police misconduct has been revealed. 18. Blocked injured individuals from first aid. SEPTEMBER 2019

SINCE SEPTEMBER 2 ​ ​ There have been monthly commemorations of the deceased and incidents in two subway stations. Companies such as Cathay Pacific

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started firing people according to their anti-government stance. Citizens also boycott the subway in response to its frequent closure during events. There were more illegal yet peaceful protests.

(Fig. 8 ‘People who cherish Hong Kong’, 消失了 ​ 的連儂牆 (The Disappearing Hong Kong Lennon Walls) published by Isaiah Publish, January 2020. ​ The interviewee has her article in this book. Audio interview 0018 conducted on June 28, 2020)

1 Despite the injunction, protesters once again paralyze the airport, as well as all transports connecting to the downtown. 5,000 private cars were sent by citizens to provide logistic support. Meanwhile, some of the protesters walked 12.5 miles.

2 (Begin of the semester) Student leaders from 11 universities and over 200 high schools organized a strike for two weeks. It was taken in the form of assembly and human chain events. Students urged the government to respond to the five demands.

Some high schools prohibited students’ participation and submitted their names to the government.

1 4 ​ ​ ​

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Carrie Lam officially announced the withdrawal of the extradition law.

8 250,000 demonstrators initiated a legal rally to call for the U.S. establishment of the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act. It is to conduct an annual review on the trade relationship between Hong Kong and the U.S. according to the change of Hong Kong’s autonomy. The Act also imposed sanctions on identified individuals suppressing fundamental freedoms in Hong Kong.

While several subway stations shut down during the event, protesters vandalized the barricades of stations. Police fired tear gas and other less-lethal firearms in response.

17 injuries, 6 arrests.

10 The Police Force, Fire Service Department, Hospital Authority, and Mass Transit Railway (MTR) company held a joint press release regarding the incident in Prince Edwards subway station.

Police denied the killing of citizens. While the MTR company displayed part of the CCTV records, they rejected a complete disclosure due to the involvement of passenger’s privacy.

13 (Mid-Autumn Festival) 1 ​ ​ Apart from several flash mob events, a thousand hikers with lights formed a human chain on , a mountain symbolizing the perseverance spirit of Hong Kongers.

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(Fig. 9 Moment of the human chain event at Lion Rock on September 13,2019. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0016 conducted on May 15, 2020)

15 During an illegal but peaceful protest, hundreds of citizens submitted a petition to the British Consulate-General. They looked to the U.K. for permitting passport holders of British National (Overseas) rights of abode.

16 1 ​ ​ ​ Residents in Shatin formed a human chain with camera lights symbolizing torches for hope. They passed a black helmet to show solidarity.

Korean actor Kim Eui-sung attended the event.

(Fig. 10 Live broadcast of the Shatin human chain event on September 19, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?v=6537846051 14830&ref=watch_permalink. Audio interview 0002 conducted on September 22, 2020)

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17 Activists and , together with Executive Director of Human Rights in China (HRIC), Sharon Hom, testified the movement to the Congressional-Executive Commission on China in the U.S.

22 3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Chan Yin-lam, a 15-year-old female who participated in the protests, was found dead after missing for 3 days. Police found her naked in the sea. She was a swimmer.

The case was initially categorized as murder, yet identified as a person collapsed with suspicion after a few days. After 19 days of investigation, the police considered Chan’s death not suspicious. The corpse was cremated soon after.

24 Anonymous individuals attacked a pro-movement member of parliament and journalist.

28 1 ​ ​ A constitutional assembly was organized to commemorate the 5th anniversary of the ​ ​ Umbrella Movement. The event turned into another clash afterward.

37 arrests.

More police misconduct has been reveal 19. Carried out mass body searches on public transports. 20. Arrested passerby.

1 29 ​ ​ ​ ​ Hong Kongers in 65 cities of 24 countries demonstrated the theme Global anti-totalitarianism. The event addressed

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China’s mistreatment of people in Xinjiang, Taiwan, Tibet, and Hong Kong.

In Hong Kong, an Indonesia journalist blind in her right eye after being hit by a rubber bullet fired by the police.

25+ injuries, 146 arrests.

(Fig. 11 Photo of the interviewee’s 3M Half Facepiece Reusable Respirator. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0011 conducted on March 9, 2020) OCTOBER 2019

SINCE OCTOBER The Police Force has imported tear gas canisters made in China. According to a chemist, Dr. K. Kwong, mainland Chinese-made tear gas could release highly 17 toxic chemicals such as HCN and dioxins.

There have been individuals faced suppression from institutes, companies, and the Chinese government due to their pro-movement stance. Intensive and unapproved protests have continued to occur all over the city weekly.

1 1 (National Day of China) ​ ​ Another illegal yet peaceful rally followed by citywide conflicts. Protesters vandalized subway stations, as well as stores that were

17 程詩敏, “【蘋聞追Click】更爆●更熱●更大煙 中國製催淚彈釋山埃二噁英毒到癲！,” ​ 蘋果日報 (Apple Daily 蘋果日報, November 8, 2019), https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20191108/HUCRICOU54KFID6A56BT7QZJM4/.

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anti-movement or funded by the Chinese government.

For the first time since June 2019, police used lethal weapons to control. An 18-year-old protester had been shot in the chest.

The government and police described the whole day event as a riot. Apart from water cannon, police fired 6 live ammunitions, 1,400 tear gas, 900 rubber bullets, 230 sponge grenades, 190 bean bags, and pepper-spray pellets.

269 arrests.

4 The government declared the Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation. For the first time, clashes and protests occurred in all districts of the city.

31+ injured protesters, 1 injured police.

5 Enactment of the anti-mask law.

6 Pan-democrats applied for judicial review on the Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation.

About 40 riot police entered and made arrests in 2 universities without notification and agreement.

8 arrests.

13 A boycott movement was held in all areas of the city and escalated to vandalism and another intense conflict.

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A 16-year-old arrested protester accused police of forcing him to sing ‘Glory to the Police.’

22 An 18-year-old protester, X, accused the police of gang rape on September 27, 2019. She found herself pregnant afterward and had an abortion in November 2019. NOVEMBER 2019

SINCE NOVEMBER Professional bodies have set up trade unions for their industries to coordinate strikes and welfare. Assemblies and rallies have continued to take place in the city.

1 2 ​ ​ Another clash between protesters and police occurred after multiple assemblies in various areas. A driver was pulled off from his car by the police while playing the protest anthem Glory to Hong Kong. He was arrested ​ afterward.

3 - 5 2 ​ ​ ​ ​ A wedding party of a police officer had triggered citizens to protest. People surrounded the party venue and later escalated into conflict with the police.

A college student suffered from ​ ​ severe injuries after a fall from a parking garage near the street battle. Rumors of police murder spread due to suspicious cause of death.

4 The Police Force suspended the press release because 6 journalists protested silently in the venue.

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8 2 ​ ​ ​ ​ Alex Chow died of cardiac arrest. ​ 9 During an open meeting with the principal of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, a student disclosed herself and openly accused the police of sexual assault.

She was one of the seriously injured arrestees in the ‘831’ Prince Edwards station incident. She was also detained in the San Uk Ling Holding Centre.

11 - 15 (known as ‘中大之戰 The War in 2 ​ ​ ​ ​ Defense of the Chinese University of Hong Kong’ ) While there was a strike to paralyze main highways across the city, protesters and students of the Chinese University of Hong Kong responded with road blockages and disruption of the subway system near the campus. The movement escalated into violent clashes with the police over the week. The semester was immediately suspended on the first day of the conflict.

The police surrounded the campus and dispersed students with thousands of tear gas canisters. The school authorities coordinated ceasefire agreements with the police and students four times. However, they all proceeded unsuccessfully due to the police’s violation. Students’ application for an injunction was rejected. (Fig. 12 Photo of the interviewee’s hat used during the protests and at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio In order to distract the police arrangement, a interview 0015 conducted on April 5, 2020) large group of protesters initiated events in multiple places. The university also sent vehicles for students and faculties to evacuate.

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Police later claimed to have found numerous dangerous articles, including 3,900 petrol bombs. A lot of dead birds were found on the campus as well.

2 15-29 (known as ‘理大圍城戰 Siege of the ​ ​ ​ ​ Hong Kong Polytechnic University’) In coincidence with the conflict at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, protesters occupied the Hong Kong Polytechnic University on the 15th. The university authorities advised students and staff to stay away while calling the police to control. Protesters’ roadblocks and practices of throwing petrol bombs turned into an intense confrontation with the police. Police encircled the campus and deployed pigmented water cannons around the campus. A number of protesters were reported for Fig. 13 , 號角 (Horn) lyric video, injuries and hypothermia. ​ ​ 4:16’, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fS1hFQwyA Citizens, first aiders, social workers, and yQ. It was a played by the police repeatedly journalists who decided to leave by following during the siege of the Hong Kong Polytechnic the police indication were all arrested with University. Audio interview 0017 conducted on both hands fastened. Meanwhile, the police June 7, 2020 broke into the campus medical booth and claimed to fire live ammunition. People gathered outside the campus to provide logistic support for the students who were trapped.

While some protesters decided to leave the campus secretly, few of their routes were exposed by the media, leading to arrests.

On the 29th, after all protesters left, the police removed blockages around the campus. A large number of dangerous articles were claimed to be found.

18 The High Court ruled the Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation unconstitutional. ​ ​

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20 The United States Senate and the House of Representatives passed the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act.

23 1 ​ ​ Thousands of Hong Kongers in London marched for solidarity with the protests.

(Fig. 14 Documentation of an assembly at the National Gallery in London on November 23, 2019. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0014 conducted on April 30, 2020)

1 25 ​ ​ A man jumped off from his apartment.

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25 1 ​ ​ The District Council Election was held on the day. 2.94 million voters participated, marking a high voting rate of 71.2%. Among the 452 seats, the pan-democrats won 85% while pro-government received 60 seats.

(Fig. 15 Documentation of the interviewee repairing a banner of a district council candidate. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0004 conducted on November 26, 2019) DECEMBER 2019

1 THROUGHOUT DECEMBER ​ ​ Both peaceful demonstrations and conflicts have continued. Numerous events were organized. The slogan ‘香港獨立 唯一出路 ( is the only way

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out)’ has been more widely adopted.

10 Official termination of the anti-mask law.

19 The police charged the Spark Alliance, a non-profit organization to provide legal and logistic support for protesters, of money laundering. 70 million HKD (around 8.97 million USD) was frozen.

22 1 ​ ​ Thousands of people gathered to show solidarity with Uyghur human rights.

During the assembly, a protester threw the Chinese national flag onto the ground, triggering a stand-off with the police.

1 25 ​ ​ Protesters initiated ‘Christmas shop with you’ peaceful gatherings at multiple shopping centers. Major clashes happened in some places, including Telford Plaza when the riot police dispersed the crowds.

(Fig. 16 Live broadcast of a clash at Telford Plaza on December 25, 2019.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DlhfcKBe U0 Audio interview 0013 conducted on April 28, 2020)

JANUARY 2020

3 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Over 1 million people participated in the rally. Along the route, trade unions of various industries set up booths for promotion and donation.

The demonstration turned into mass arrests and confrontations at night.

286 arrests.

(Fig. 17 Documentation of the rally on January ​ 1, 2020. Anonymous photographer. Audio interview 0009 conducted on February 21, 2020)

More police misconduct has been revealed. 21. Interrupted and suspended legal protests.

2 For the first time since the movement began, a protester was sentenced to 2 months in prison.

10 A member of an online volunteer clinic for protesters went missing during his internship in mainland China. He was later charged with prostitution.

13 A man fell from the 29th floor of the Disciplined Services Quarters. There were rumors of murder due to his suspicious gesture when falling.

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23 4 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ The first identified case of COVID-19 in Hong Kong.

1 25-27 (Chinese New Year) ​ ​ As the 4th anniversary of the Mong Kok civil unrest, skirmishes occurred during the memorial events.

(Fig. 18 Photo of one of the memorial events for the Mong Kok civil unrest in January 2020. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0016 conducted on May 15, 2020) FEBRUARY 2020

SINCE FEBRUARY The outbreak of Covid-19 has shrunk the movement. Schools and government departments were closed. However, clashes and arrests still happened throughout the epidemic.

3 - 7 Thousands of medical workers went on strike over border closure with mainland China. Also, they demand to secure supplies

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of masks and facilities.

The strike ended with the workers voting down the plan. No demands were accomplished.

26 The Hospital Authorities began an investigation on its staff who were involved in the strike. MARCH 2020

THROUGHOUT MARCH There was a drastic rise in the COVID-19 case. Despite the monthly commemorate events, several protests occurred this month.

28 1 ​ ​ The government restricted any social gathering of more than 4 people. APRIL 2020

THROUGHOUT APRIL The police dispersed crowd gathering for peaceful protests and made arrests with the charge of violating social gathering restriction.

9 After the government appeal, the High Court ruled the anti-mask law partially constitutional. The law would still be valid in unlawful or unauthorized assembly.

18 15 pro-democracy lawmakers and activists were arrested for unlawful protests.

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20 The daughter of a deceased protester urged the police to disclose ingredients of tear gas.

24 A judge praised an anti-movement defendant “noble sentiment,” who was found guilty of wounding with intent. The defendant attacked 3 protesters in a tunnel with Lennon Walls with a knife. One of them suffered severe 18 injuries.

The defendant was sentenced to imprisonment for 45 months. MAY 2020

SINCE MAY The movement has intensified in coincidence with the decrease of Covid-19 cases, as well as the legislation of the national security law. More significant confrontations have happened.

12 X, a protester who departed Hong Kong after experiencing police gang-raped in September 2019, has been wanted by the Commissioner of Police. She was charged with a false statement.

15 Carrie Lam refused to set up an independent committee of inquiry for investigating the movement.

18 “【連儂牆斬人】法官讚兇徒「情操高尚」律政司決定不申請覆核刑期 | 立場報道 | 立場新聞,” ​ ​ 立場新聞 (立場新聞 Stand News, May 18, 2020), https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/%E9%80%A3%E5%84%82%E7%89%86%E6%96%AC%E4%B A%BA-%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E8%AE%9A%E5%85%87%E5%BE%92-%E6%83%85%E6%93 %8D%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%9A-%E5%BE%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%B8%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE %9A%E4%B8%8D%E7%94%B3%E8%AB%8B%E8%A6%86%E6%A0%B8%E5%88%91%E6%9C% 9F/.

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The first protester found guilty of rioting was sentenced to 4 years in prison.

27 A citywide clash broke out to oppose the national security law in Hong Kong and disrupt the second reading of the Ordinance.

396 arrests.

The second reading of the National Anthem Ordinance proceeded. The ordinance aims at criminalizing insults to the Chinese national anthem.

28 The legislation of Hong Kong national security was approved in the National People's Congress of China.

According to its decision, the law is to “prevent, stop and punish acts and activities to split the country, subvert state power, and other behaviors that seriously endanger national security, as well as activities of foreign and external forces to interfere in the affairs” of Hong Kong. The law also authorized the Chinese government agencies 19 to “fulfill relevant duties.” JUNE 2020

19 Mingmei, “Highlights of China’s Decision on Hong Kong National Security Legislation - Xinhua | ​ English.News.Cn,” NPC&CPPCC Annual Sessions 2020 (Xinhua News, May 28, 2020), http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/28/c_139095813.htm.

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I. The Fear of Losing

“If we burn you burn with us (攬炒),” a quote borrowed from the movie Hunger Game, ​ ​ ​ ​ 20 has been widely used by protesters to describe their tactics since June 2019. It bitterly indicates a desperate and angry rebellion against the drastic deterioration of political conditions after the Umbrella Movement's powerless ending. The term also uncovers a fearful prediction of losing. As of June 2020, the anniversary of discontent has entered a complex stage and is arguably miserable or hopeful. The vulnerability of the movement prompted me to narrate the Truth based on the testimony of protesters. In other words, Truth is a coherent structure of the perspectives of protesters, in which I found historical values inside. The project “The Fragile Eggs: Testimony of the Hong Kong Protests” compiles 21 up-to-date of 16 audio interviews, while it will continue until there is a significant solution to the movement. In order to search for interviewees, I mainly use Telegram and LIHKG, major online anonymous platforms for communication and information exchange among the protesters. Therefore, I am not acquainted with most of the interviewees beforehand. Moreover, I have never seen them in person in some cases. Among all the interviews conducted, 80% of them were virtual meetings, while 3 of them were face-to-face meetings. A consent form was sent before interviews. It is to state the purpose and expected outcome of the project, as well as the rights of participants to withdraw at any time or request for voice alteration. There is also my full name and contact methods apart from the anonymous platforms. Interviewees are asked to provide an item that they think is the most impressive. Items include but are not limited to images, videos, poetries, found objects, or audio. Specific questions are generated based on the items provided. Currently, I have received 12 images, 1 video, 1 music, 1 found object, and 1 verbal record of experience. However, the found object (fragments of pigmented concrete from one of the protests) was lost during shipment.

20 “ANTIELAB Research Data Archive.” 21 More than 25 people responded to my post. 17 interviews were conducted. However, one of the participants deleted her account on Telegram before I asked her to approve of disclosure, so I decided not to show.

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Besides, there is a questionnaire to verify whether the protester is qualified for an interview, and also ask for their brief impressions on the movement. is the primary language in interviews. The audio then transcribed and translated into English.

(Fig. 19 Keywords to describe interviewees' impression on the protests based on questionnaire)

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香港反修例運動口述見證 訪談前問卷 The Fragile Eggs: Testimony of the Hong Kong Protests Questionnaire

請圈上最合適的答案。 Please circle the most appropriate answer.

1. 你是否持有香港永久居民身份證？ Are you a holder of a permanent Hong Kong Identity(HKID) card? （其辨認方法為身份證上，出生日期下的編號含有英文字母「A」。） (Please circle ‘Yes’ if there is an ‘A’ in the code under your birthdate on your HKID card.)

是 Yes 否 No

2. 以下哪 3 個詞語最符合你對由反修例引發的一連串運動的印象？ Which 3 keywords best match your impression towards the protests triggered by the extradition amendment bill?

克制 憤怒 冷靜 悲傷 Restraint Anger Calm Sad

無理 希望 絕望 堅持 Unjustifiable Hope Hopeless Insist 合理 連結 愛 失落 Reasonable Connect Love Sorrow 修復 撕裂 真實 恨 Mend Rift Real Hate 破壞 明確 迷茫 虛假 Destroy Clear Confuse Fake 離棄 擁抱 其他 Other (請説明 please specify: Abandon Embrace ______)

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There are some questions asked commonly to all interviewees.

1. Please introduce yourself, including the date and time of this interview. You may also disclose as much of your background as you want (for example, age, name, occupation). 2. When did you begin to notice the protests triggered by the extradition amendment law in Hong Kong? 3. Why do you think the protests would happen? 1. Could you describe the item you have selected for this interview? 2. Why is this item the most impressive? 3. When and where did you encounter this item? 4. How would you define the protests/ What is the meaning of these protests to you? 5. How many items did you consider during the selection? 6. Why did you choose this instead? 7. How did you find this item for this interview? 22 8. In your opinion, which stage do the protests enter? 9. What kind of solution would you predict for the protests? 10. What kind of solution would you hope for the protests? 11. Is there a difference between the above two answers? If yes, how would you deal with it?

22 This question has been added to the list since March 2020. ​ 46

II. Feared to be Subjective

I have had a fear of manipulation and the disappearance of narratives. At the same time, there has also been a fear of being criticized as propaganda. It is the strongest accusation of the Truth that I believe. Therefore, I tried to reach the voices of anti-movement as a way to be objective(uphold the Truth). I created a fake Facebook account and talked to my anti-movement relatives. I went back to Hong Kong twice, intending to conduct in-street interviews with those parties. However, objectivity is impossible, because The opposites distrusted me; My age, education level, profession and use of words already indicated my stance; I could not remove my own belief and feel respectful towards the opposites; I preferred and indeed spent more time grasping as many on-street protests experience as possible; The intention of objectivity has been an insult on both sides. It is to say that I could never pull myself away from my stance. My Truth has always been on the side of the protests. “Between a high, solid wall and an egg that breaks against it, I

23 will always stand on the side of the egg.” says Japanese novelist Haruki Murakami. There​ is no intention to frame the opposites as the “high solid wall,” yet the rebels are fragile as the eggs. It is to say that endorsing subjectivity is a defense of the Truth. However, I must admit that subjectivity consists of certain privileges. As Walter Benjamin mentions in his essay Theses on the Philosophy of History, histories ​ ​ are constructed only by the redeemed humankind.24 I am saddened by not being in Hong Kong, at the same time, I can do this project only because in a remote place from direct pain. This is the privilege of constructing narratives. Such privilege also probably speaks to the interviewees to a degree. Perhaps they have not needed to take unbearable risks to tell their stories yet, or maybe they have already sacrificed more than it would take to convey. However, those who had

23 Haruki Murakami, “Always on the Side of the Egg,” Haaretz (Haaretz, February 17, 2009), ​ http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/1.5076881. 24 Walter Benjamin, “On the Concept of History,” trans. Dennis Redmond (The Frankfurt School, 2005), ​ https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/benjamin/1940/history.htm.

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suspiciously disappeared, deceased, would never be able to speak for themselves. Nonetheless, the risks that each interviewee needs to encounter are specific and unimaginable. They might tell unverifiable lies in the stories, probably as a protecting shield for themselves. The project indeed requires a high demand for trust. The need increases in coincidence with the escalation of the movement. With all said, the possibility of unreliable narratives could be truer than the facts.

Audio code Declared identity of the interviewee

0001 An arrestee and alumni of of Visual Arts in Hong Kong Baptist University.

0002 “Ah Yuen,” age around 20 An arrestee in the protests and a graduate student.

0003 “K,” age 22 A master graduate who is studying another graduate degree overseas.

0004 “T,” age 25 A creator, and a designer for a candidate in the 2019 District Council Election.

0005 “Alex,” age 24 A Doctorate student.

0006 “Ah Gwong,” age 22 A undergraduate student, also a member of the promotional material design group in the protest (文宣組).

0008 “Ga,” age around 30 A Hong Konger, and a working mother in a professional field.

0009 “Ah Ming” Working in the engineering field, a member of the Hong Kong Construction and Engineering Employees General Union.

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0011 “Donald/Ah Jing,” age 25 A clerk who works in a bank.

0012 “James,” age 13 A first aider.

0013 “Ah Git” 25 A “YiJin Boy” college student who is planning to pursue higher education.

0014 Age 18 A college student and an active participant in the movement. Apart from joining various protests, he helped high school students to distribute, did translation for journalists, provided legal assistance, and assisted a council member. He studied abroad but returned to Hong Kong due to the outbreak of COVID-19.

0015 “S” A graduating bachelor student at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

0016 “Sherus” Now studying performing art in Taiwan.

0017 Promil Huang or “loudspeaker,” age 34 An organizer of labor movements, and a peaceful yet active participant of the protests

0018 On Na Sze Former head of the Hong Kong Dragon Airlines Flights Attendants’ Association. The Hong Kong Dragon Airlines Limited dismissed her without

25 According to the ANTIELAB Research Data Archive, “YiJin Boy” is a derogatory term in association ​ to junior police officers. “YiJin” is a program for students who have bad academic performance to obtain certificates for employment or further study. “ANTIELAB Research Data Archive.”

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giving proper reason because of her posts on social media on August 21, 2019. The incident led to an end of her 17 years of career.

(Fig. 20 List of interviewees)

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III. Fear to Represent

(Fig. 21 The character in this project. Photographyby Jerry Chan)

The color of the green screen (HEX code #00b140) often appears in my works. Green screen is commonly used in news broadcast studios and entertainment such as movies and dramas. It is to be edited out and rebuilt as a desired set of scenery. By showing the original green screen color, I unfold the “faces” from manipulation. “...Something very simple is missed,” said Allan Sekula in his anti-photojournalism statement of Waiting for Tear Gas, ​ 26 1999-2000. His slides documented the moments before tear gas deployed at the World Trade ​ Organization protest in Seattle in 1999. There is a sense of integrity and sincerity in Sekula’s works, perhaps because of his unmodified representation of what he sees. Just as how Sekula

26 “Allan Sekula,” Fotomuseum (Fotomuseum), accessed June 24, 2020, ​ https://www.fotomuseum.ch/en/explore/collection/19710_waiting_for_tear_gas.

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depicts, protests are not entirely ‘beautiful,’ eye-catching, or shocking as described on the news. Protests, furthermore, are not stereotypically and merely anger, tragedy, or violence. Protests, on the other hand, are collectives of emotions, actions, and experience. In other words, personal confessions always seem to be more authentic than journalism. The narratives of individuals tie the receding Truth. In this project, I claim myself a protester, as well as an amplifier of the stories. I identify myself as part of the Truth. Stories are human, sensitive, personal, and fragile. Therefore, I choose to convey those stories in the most humanistic way -- performance. Truth is not entertaining and is somehow dull. I do not perform to amuse the audience but to to represent the Truth truefully. Carol Martin explains six functions of documentary theatre in Bodies of ​ Evidence27 1. To reopen trials; ​ 2. To create additional historical accounts; 3. To reconstruct an event; 4. To intermingle autobiography with history; 5. To critique the operations of both documentary and fiction; 6. To elaborate the oral culture of theatre in which gestures, mannerisms, and attitudes are passed and replicated via technology. By selection and presentation, artists create their own statements of occurrence, belief, and politics. Every story I have received has the same heaviness; therefore, each of them deserves specific space to speak for themselves. The work is a series of performances delicate to each interviewee. Spectators are the ones to walk themselves into each space as if they are switching between TV channels. While the timeline locates each narrative into the coherent Truth. Besides, original transcripts of audio interviews will be presented. Documentation theatre is not real, but it diffuses reality and fiction. There is a tendency of performance-makers such as Roland Brus, to present contemporary people.28 Rabih Mroué

27 Carol Martin, "Bodies of Evidence," TDR (1988-) 50, no. 3 (2006): 12-13. ​ ​ ​ www.jstor.org/stable/4492691. 28 Thomas Irmer, "A Search for New Realities: Documentary Theatre in Germany," TDR (1988-) 50, no. ​ ​ ​ 3 (2006): 24. www.jstor.org/stable/4492692.

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performs ”non-academic lectures” on Lebanon’s political happenings with slideshows of photographs, documents, and speeches.29 Rimini Protokoll describes his amateur actors as “experts of every life.” Hans-Werner Kroesinger thinks his performers are not acting but the containers of documents. 30 In other words, the research or narratives behind are the protagonists. As a person without professional performance training, acting myself is my best ability to express the Truth truefully. As I mentioned in the preface, I am an artist, and firstly, I am a protester and a Hong Konger. In this project, I put on the signature dress code of a Hong Kong protester -- black outfits with face covering. By that, I no longer only become myself, but a collective identity of the Hong Kong protesters, shared by all other interviewees. In other words, I perform to authorize myself to amplify the Truth. The Truth that I respect.

(Fig. 22 Testing of The Fragile Egg: Testimony of the Hong Kong Protests, 05:28’ 1920 × 1080p ​ ​ 29.97fps .mov, https://youtu.be/P-vAM778pZM.)

29 Walker Art Center, “The Many Sides of Rabih Mroué,” YouTube Video, YouTube, June 17, 2019, ​ ​ ​ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OC8i_GFd3A&list=PL2yMbOXKlXxpHPBDAOnrYWen_n1tIe3cS &index=2&t=1s. 30 “何謂紀錄劇場及作用,” Pants Theatre Production (Pants Theatre Production), accessed June 28, 2020, ​ https://www.docutheatrefest.hk/blank-2.

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List of Digital Documents

Fig. 1 Photo of a diaper bag prepared by the interviewee for her children. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0008 conducted on February 20, 2020

Fig. 2 Documentation of the protest on July 28, 2019. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0014 conducted on April 30, 2020

Fig. 3 ‘A group of art and cultural worker’, 願榮光歸香港 (Glory to Hong Kong) Orchestral ​ and Choir Music Video, 2:09’, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUIDL4SB60g. ​ Audio interview 0005 conducted on January 19, 2020

Fig. 4 Photo of a resident in Wong Tai Sin extinguished a tear gas with a bottle of water on August 3, 2019. Photography by Lam Chun Tung (Initium Media). Audio interview 0001 conducted on September 9, 2019

Fig. 5 Fragments of pigmented concrete from one of the protests in which a water cannon was deployed. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0006 conducted on February 10, 2020

Fig. 6 Photo of a clash between protesters and police on August 31, 2019. Anonymous photography from an unknown source. Audio interview 0003 conducted on September 28, 2019)

Fig. 7 Photo of a passenger under arrest in Prince Edwards subway station on August 31, 2019. Photography by Initium Media. Audio interview 0012 conducted on March 16, 2020

Fig. 8 ‘People who cherish Hong Kong’, 消失了的連儂牆 (The Disappearing Hong Kong ​ ​ ​ Lennon Walls) published by Isaiah Publish, January 2020. The interviewee has her article ​ in this book. Audio interview 0018 conducted on June 28, 2020

Fig. 9 Moment of the human chain event at Lion Rock on September 13,2019. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0016 conducted on May 15, 2020

Fig. 10 Live broadcast of the Shatin human chain event on September 19, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?v=653784605114830&ref=watch_permalink. Audio interview 0002 conducted on September 22, 2020

Fig. 11 Photo of the interviewee’s 3M Half Facepiece Reusable Respirator. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0011 conducted on March 9, 2020

Fig. 12 Photo of the interviewee’s hat used during the protests and at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0015 conducted on April 5, 2020

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Fig. 13 Roman Tam, 號角 (Horn) lyric video, 4:16’, ​ ​ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fS1hFQwyAyQ. It was a song played by the police repeatedly during the siege of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Audio interview 0017 conducted on June 7, 2020

Fig. 14 Documentation of an assembly at the National Gallery in London on November 23, 2019. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0014 conducted on April 30, 2020

Fig. 15 Documentation of the interviewee repairing a banner of a district council candidate. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0004 conducted on November 26, 2019

Fig. 16 Live broadcast of a clash at Telford Plaza on December 25, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DlhfcKBeU0 Audio interview 0013 conducted on April 28, 2020

Fig. 17 Documentation of the rally on January 1, 2020. Anonymous photographer. Audio interview 0009 conducted on February 21, 2020

Fig. 18 Photo of one of the memorial events for the Mong Kok civil unrest in January 2020. Courtesy of the interviewee. Audio interview 0016 conducted on May 15, 2020

Fig. 19 Keywords to describe interviewees' impression on the protests based on questionnaire

Fig. 20 List of interviewees

Fig. 21 The character in this project. Photography by Jerry Chan.

Fig. 22 Testing of The Fragile Egg: Testimony of the Hong Kong Protests, ​ ​ 05:28’ 1920 × 1080p 29.97fps .mov, https://youtu.be/P-vAM778pZM.

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