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Summary Appraisals of the Nation's Ground-Water Resources- Mid-Atlantic Region

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Summary Appraisals of the Nation's Ground-Water Resources- Mid-Atlantic Region Summary Appraisals of the Nation's Ground-Water Resources­ Mid-Atlantic Region GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 813-1 Summary Appraisals of the Nation's Ground-Water Resources­ Mid-Atlantic Region By ALLEN SINNOTT and ELLIOTT M. CUSHING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 813-I A discussion of ground water in relation to the total water resources of the region UNITED STATES GOVERNlVIENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1978 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Sinnott, Allen, 1917- Summary appraisals of the Nation's ground-water resources, Mid-Atlantic region. (Geological Survey professional paper; 813-I) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16 :813-I 1. Water, Underground-Middle Atlantic States. 2. Water-supply-Middle Atlantic States. I. Cushing, Elliott Morse, 1914- joint author. II. Title. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper; 813-I. TD223.1.S56 333.9'1 04'097 4 76-608260 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 024-001-03058-6 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ----------------------------------------- I1 Water-related problems in the Mid-Atlantic Region --- !19 Introduction -------------------------------------- 1 Impact of economic development on management Physical, geographical, and economic setting ____ 1 of ground-water resources ------------------- 19 Physiographic divisions ------------------------ 3 Acid mine drainage --------------------------- 20 Occurrence and availability of ground water -------- 3 Saline ground water -------------------------- 20 Coastal Plain -------------------------------- 5 Constraints on ground-water development and Piedmont province ---------------------------- 9 management ------------------------------ __ 21 Blue Ridge province --------------------------- 9 Legal constraints ------------------------- 21 Valley and Ridge province --------------------- 9 Ground-water studies and needs for additional Appalachian Plateaus province ---------------- 14 information in the Mid-Atlantic Region ---------- 21 Adirondack province -------------------------- 14 Vermont ------------------------------------- 22 New England province ------------------------ 14 Availability of ground water to meet future needs ___ 15 Massachusetts -------------------------------- 25 Water discharged from aquifers --------------- 15 New York ------------------------------------ 25 Water in storage ----------------------------- 15 New Jersey ---------------------------------- 26 Withdrawals and use ------------------------- 16 Pennsylvania --------------------------------- 27 Chemical quality ----------------------------- 17 Maryland, Delaware, and District of Columbia __ 27 Description of chemical quality ------------ 17 West Virginia _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 28 Problems associated with ground-water quality--------------------------------- 18 Virginia ------------------------------------- 28 Relation of ground-water to surface-water Conclusions _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 28 resources ---------------------------------- 18 Selected references ------------------------------- 29 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Map showing location of the Mid-Atlantic Region in the northeastern United States ----------------- 12 2. Map of the Mid-Atlantic Region showing the five major component river basins. adjacent basins, and coastal reaches ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 3. Map showing the average annual precipitation in the Mid-Atlantic Region -------------------------- 6 4. Map of the Mid-Atlantic Region showing the distribution of population ________________________ - _ _ _ _ 7 5. Map of the Mid-Atlantic Region showing the major physiographic divisions ------------------------- 8 6. Map of the Mid-Atlantic Region showing' the distribution of areas underlain by at least one aquifer ca- pable of yielding supplies of at least 50 gallons per minute of ground water to most wells --------- 11 7. Map of the Mid-Atlantic Region showing configuration of the buried surface of the basement complex seaward from the Fall Line ----------------------------------------------------------------- 12 8. Diagrammatic cross-section showing movement of ground water in Coastal Plain deposits ---------- 13 9. Map showing status of ground-water investigations in the Mid-Atlantic Region --------------------- 23 10. Map showing areas on the Mid-Atlantic Region where additional ground-water information is needed__ 24 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Estimates of natural discharge of ground water from aquifers in the Mid-Atlantic Region ----------- !15 2. Estimates of ground water in storage in hydrogeologic units of the Mid-Atlantic Region ------------- 16 III IV CONTENTS CONVERSION FACTORS Factors for converting English units to units of the International System ( SI) based on the metric system are given below. Multiplication English factors for ob- system units Symbols taining SI equiva- SI units Symbols lent units Length: inches (in) 25.4 millimeters (mm) feet (ft) .3048 meters (m) miles (mi) 1.609 kilometers (km) Area: acres .4047 hectares (ha) 2 2 square miles (mi ) 2.590 square kilometers (km ) Volume: U.S. gallons (gal) 3.785 liters (L) acre-feet (acre-ft) 1,233.5 cubic meters (rna) 3 cubic feet (ft ) .02832 cubic meters (rna) Slope: feet per mile (ft/mi) .189 meters per kilometer (m/km) Flow: U.S. gallons per minute (gal/min) .06309 liters per second (L/s) cubic feet per second (fta /s) .02832 cubic meters per second (ma/s) million gallons per day (million gal/d) 3,785 cubic meters per day (rna/d) billion gallons per day (billion gal/d) 3.785 cubic hectometers per day (hm3 /d) SUMMARY APPRAISALS OF THE NATION'S GROUND-WATER RESOURCES­ MID-ATLANTIC REGION By ALLEN SINNOTT and ELLIOTT M. CusHING ABSTRACT future ground-water development, and ( 4) to iden­ The Mid-Atlantic Region covers a total area of about tify the additional ground-water information needed 108,000 square miles. It includes parts of Vermont, Massa­ to provide a sound basis for better management of chusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Vir­ the region's water resources. ginia, and Virginia, the entire States of New Jersey and Delaware, and the District of Columbia. It encompasses the The report is one of a series being published by entire drainage basins (within the United States) of the the Geological Survey to document the Nation's Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, and the James ground-water resources, region by region, and to River and includes Long Island and the coastal drainage of analyze the role of the resource in National water New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. supply. Ground water in the region occurs in three broad types of geologic terrane: ( 1) unconsolidated deposits in the Coast­ al Plain seaward of the Fall Line; (2) hard, consolidated PHYSICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, AND ECONOMIC SETTING sedimentary rocks and crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks in the remainder of the region; and ( 3) unconsolidated The Mid-Atlantic Region includes the entire sand, gravel, and other deposits of glacial origin that overlie drainage basins of five major streams in the heavily the older rocks extensively in the glaciated northern part of the region. populated and industrial northeastern United States Ground water is derived primarily from precipitation; it (fig. 2). These are the Hudson River, in New York, can be intercepted for use by pumping from wells before Vermont, and Massachusetts; the Delaware River, it reaches the streams or before it drains into coastal wet­ chiefly in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jer­ lands or the ocean. sey; the Susquehanna River, chiefly in Pennsylvania The natural discharge from the aquifers in the region is estimated to be at about 38.6 billion gallons per day; in ad­ and New York; the Potomac River, in West Vir­ dition, at least 140-350 trillion gallons is stored in the rocks. ginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia; and About 949 billion gallons of fresh ground water was the James River, chiefly in Virginia. Two smaller withdrawn in 1970. This quantity represents about 9 per­ tidewater basins, those of the Rappahannock and cent of the total freshwater use of 10,220 billion gallons. York Rivers, lie between the Potomac and James Available ground-water reserves indicate that a considerable Rivers in Virginia. The region as a whole extends part of the additional supplies needed for the anticipated increase in economic activity in the region could be developed from the international boundary with Canada south­ from ground water. ward nearly to Virginia's southern boundary. In:; addition to these five basins, the region in­ INTRODUCTION cludes also a small part of the St. Lawrence River This report describes the ground-water conditions drainage area in northeastern New York and north­ in one of the 21 Water Resources Regions desig­ western Vermont, and lesser stream basins and nated by the U.S. Water Resources Council coastal reaches from southeastern Virginia to New (1970)-the Mid-Atlantic Region in northeastern York, including all of Long Island. United States (fig. 1). The purposes of the report The Mid-Atlantic Region extends inland from the are (1) to summarize the broad facts about the coast an average of about 200 mi, and it is nearly 2 overall ground-water resources of the Mid-Atlantic 700 mi long.
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