1865-1877

Andrew Johnson 17th President 1865-1869

• He was made president by an assassin’s • Lacking formal schooling, he did not bullet. learn to read and write until adult life

• Born in dire poverty in North Carolina. • First President to be Impeached.

• Made a living as a tailor in Tennessee

Political Career

Before President Reconstruction

 Entered as a Jacksonian Democrat, and  Attempted to put the Union back became known as an effective stump together on his own authority in 1865. speaker.  His policies eventually set him at odds  Became a spokesman for Tennessee’s with Congress and the Republican party. non-slaveholding whites and the most successful politician in the state.  He was not harsh to Confederate leaders.  He advanced from state legislator to congressman to governor and in 1857  First Reconstruction Act passed over was elected to the U.S. Senate. Johnson's veto.

 Was the only senator from a  Second Reconstruction Act passed over Confederate state that remained loyal to Johnson's veto. the Union.  Third Reconstruction Act passed over  Was Lincoln’s running mate because it Johnson's veto. was thought that a pro-administration Democrat, southern Unionist, would strengthen the ticket.

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Johnson’s Impeachment

 Two attempts to remove President from office.

• First attempt failed

 Second attempt was an success because of Johnson violation the Tenure of Office Act. (1867) preventing the president from removing any cabinet member without Congress's permission

 preventing the president from removing any cabinet member without Congress's permission

 The Southern states were being run by their military administrators, reporting to General Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) appointed by Johnson.

 Grant attempted to replace (1814-1869) as secretary of war. Stanton, who was favored by Congress, refused to leave his office, physically chaining himself to his desk.

 Congress viewed Johnson's move as a violation of the Tenure of Office Act

 He was the First U.S. President to be  He is consistently ranked being among impeached, and to succeed to presidency the worst U.S. presidents. upon the assassination.  Ulysses S. Grant succeeded Johnson.

Reconstruction Amendments 1865-1870

13th Amendment ratified.

 Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment ratified.

 Entitles all persons born or naturalized in the United States to citizenship and equal protection under the laws of the United States.

15th Amendment ratified.

 Gave the vote to all male citizens regardless of color or previous condition of servitude.

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Wade-Davis Bill

Radical Republicans unhappy with Lincoln's 10% plan

 Two , Senator Benjamin Wade of and  Impossible in an former Confederate Congressman Henry Davis of state unless blacks were given the vote Maryland, sponsor an alternative plan for Reconstruction  Radical Republicans wanted black suffrage but the south did not  Bill passed by Congress July 1864  Black suffrage not considered in Wade-  Details: After at least half the eligible Davis bill voters took the oath of allegiance, they could elect delegates to a form a new  Result--Lincoln pocket vetoes state constitution that repealed secession (Congress adjourns before a bill and abolished secession becomes law the president can sign or veto it until Congress reconvenes)  The catch--to qualify as a voter or delegate, a southerner would have to  When Lincoln assassinated Radical take a second, "ironclad" oath, said had republics believed that Andrew never voluntarily supported the Confederacy .

 The name Ku Klux derived from the  was one of the Greek word kuklos, meaning “circle” early leaders

 Attire worn: white robes, masks, and  In 1868 The Klan turned to violence conical hats (harassing, murder by hanging…)

 Founded in Tennessee in 1866 by veterans of the Confederate Army

The Klan’s Targets

 Black voters  Freedmen’s Bureau Agents

 White Republicans  Roman Catholics

Leaders

KKK Act of 1871 (Civil Rights Act of 1871)

 Enforced in 1871

 Outlawed Klan violence

 Allowed Federal Troops and courts to arrest and prosecute members of the Klan

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