University of Central Florida STARS
Florida Heritage Special Collections
1965
Three archaic sites in the Ocala National Forest, Florida.
Bullen, Ripley P.
Bryant, William J.
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Recommended Citation Bullen, Ripley P. and Bryant, William J., "Three archaic sites in the Ocala National Forest, Florida." (1965). Florida Heritage. 95. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/floridaheritage/95 THE WILLIAM L. BRYANT FOUNDATION American Studies Report Number Six
THREE ARCHAIC SITES IN THE OCALA NATIONAL FOREST FLORIDA by Ripley P. Bullen and William J. Bryant ),1 ~l i ! I I ,
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°'' z0 C v An1erican Stt1dies Iieport lu111ber Six THREE ARCI-IAIC SITES I THE OCALA NATIONAL FOREST FLORIDA /J y R ipley J). B11 lle11 and Willil1111 J. J]ry anf 1965 })REFACE .\no thcr gap in the archaeology or Florida 's inla nd sh ell heaps has been successfu lly bridged by th is. th e sixth in the A n1crican Studies series b y the \Villian1 L. l3rya nt Fo undatio n . T his ,vork has d cfiniLe ly c lin1inatcd 1nany earlier ~uppositio ns as lo the age o [ the sh e ll n1iddc ns a nd leng th o ( ti1ne rcqu ired fo r their (o rn1a tion. 1' h e three shell in icldens discussed in this repo rt arc located in the O cala National Forest and ,verc an1 o ng the earlicsL 10 ha ,·c been inhabited in Florida . Exan1inatio n of 1hesc sites has ,ilso added to our kno, vlcd ge o f the culture of past inhabitants. IL is sig nificant in itsell' that d e fi nite radiocarbo n a nalyses h ;1ve establi~hccl hu1na 11 inh abita tio n dating LO a bout 3000 B.C ., ;ind that because of ch a nges in la nd forn1s or ecological condit io ns. the 111idde 11 s ,vere a ll but aban d o ned o ne thousand yea rs la ter. 1 ·1i esc three site~ arc pnHec1 cd under the pro,·isions o f the ,\ n1 crican 1-\ntiquities ,\ cl o f _lune 8. 190() (3'1 Stal. 225. J(i U .S.( :. 433). 1~h e land 011 ,vhich they a rc loca ted is ad1ninistered by the Forest Sc r,·ice. U nited Stales l)cpartn1e n1 of ;.\ g ricu lturc, through the J)istricl Jlanger al Eustis, Florida . . \fter o bt;i ining clearance fro111 the S1n ithsonia n Institution, a Spec ial Use P errnit for the archaeolog ical investigation \\·as issued by the Forest Service. ,\•ho ,.viii continue to pro LccL these 111iclde ns but ,viii also rna ke then, ava ilable for public use. These and o ther sites o f archacologic,d or histo rical sig nificance on Nationa l Forest la nds , viii be develo ped in ,vh o lc or part as a segn1 ent o f' the Fores1·s rccrea11 0 11 reso11rcc. T h e n1 a nage1ncnt I 11 o bjecti ,·e o n si Les such as these is to pro tect the si Les I ro111 de pr<: da tio n ,~•hi le providing a1r1ple opportunities for use for the public. 1 ·0 attain this objective, these sites have been set up as archaeologi cal areas in ".\1[ultiple Use and Recreation i\ifanagen1en1. Plans. J\ fiddcns No. L and No. 2 arc the t,vo largest n1o unds ,vithin the l~o,vers Bluff Archaeological 1\rea. To fa cili tate public use, the Forest Service plans to develop a good access road and parking area, \Yith ,vater and sanitary fa cilities. 1\ fool trail through the cabbage pahn han1111ock ,viii lead fro1n the parking lot LO both 1no unds. ?\[idden No. 3 is the largest o( 3 n1 ounds ,vithin the 1100 acre l{i1nball I sla nd Scenic Arca, ,vhiclt is accessible on ly by boat via the St. J o hns River or f\lexander Spring Creek. Current develop- 111ent p lans for this area stipulate construction of a boat dock and she lter al Ki1nba ll i\fud Lake, 1vith foot trails leading Lo th<: 1n iddens. ··rhc root trails ,vilt serve t,vo purposes. 1:'hcy ,viii enable the Yisitor to con11nune ,vith nature throug h the observation of the arca·s flo ra and fauna, a nd they ,viii also be the 1nediun1 for be g inning the n1ound interpretation prog ra1n. -rhe Forest Service plans to interpret the 1no uncls initially through the use of sig n~ and g uided tours. f\ny display of artiracts and accon1panying art• ,,·ork tel li ng the prehistoric stor)', ,viii be located in 1nanncd visitor infonnation cente rs. i\ [ uch of the i nforrna tio n to be prcsen tcd in the interpret i vc prog ra1n ,viii co1ne fron1 th is report. It is report such as this, ,vhich a nalyze technical claLa a nd present it in lay1nan's tenns. that 111 ake the study o( prehistory interesting as ,veil as cclucaLiona l. R. J. Ricbold, Forest Supervisor Forest Service . JV CONTENTS Preface • 11 I J n Lro duction Geograph ical l~ackground • 2 Field \Vork • l\ fidde n No. l 5 :-ficlclen No. 2 . 1 1 i\Iidde n No. 3 (Ki1nbal l lsland) 17 Discuss ion and l)ating . • 10 R e ferences Cited 30 ILl ,USl~l~A~r IONS Plate I. Ocala atio nal Forest i\·fidde n No. 2 J11 side front covr'r Plate JI. Excavating at ()cala ~ational Forest l\Iidden 'o. I fi P late ] II. Speci1ne11s fro1n Ocala National Forest ?vfiddc n No. l 9 P late JV. O ca la Nationa l Fore~L :- l iddc n No. 2 during cxc,1 ,·a Li o n 14 PlaLe V. Speci1n ens l'rotn O cala rationa l Forest J\•f id de n No. 2 I (i Plate \/ l. Excavating in lo,ver part of O cala r\ a 1.io11a 1 l~o rcst w[idd cn No. 2 . / 11side bric// cover Fig ure l. wfap of part of the Sl. J o hns ]liver Valley . 3 Fig ure 2. Section o( ,vcsl profi le, O cala National Forest 1vf iclden No. 2 Fig ure 3. Contour n1ap of Kin1ball Isla nd ivfi dden 18 ·r a blc J. V ertica I D istrib u Lion of Sp eci 1ncns a L ?\I icl d en No. I 7 T able 2. Vertica l l) istribution of Specin1ens a t wl idclen No. 2 12 ·rab le 3. I den Li fi ccl ;.\ n i n1,d Bones fron1 i\ f idclen 1\ o. 2 15 1 ·a bl e -J. L ist or R adiocarbon l)atcs . 23 ·rablc 5. Sonic l~icarbonaLe Values for St. J o hns ]liver 2-1 l_ 'ablc 6. ]3icarbonate and Calciu1n Carbon ate \/;il ues for SL J o hns River 2G ' f able 7. I~ic:1rbona Le and Calciu1n Carbonate Va lues for so1nc Florida Springs . 2G . VI JNTI~()D uc·rION During the \v inlcr or 1955-56 a sna il shel l n1idden, located in the Oca la National Forest and siluated sorn e d isla nce fron·1 run ning \,·ater, \Vas bro ught lo the allen l ion of the \ \lil lia n1 l .. Bryanl Founda Li o n by F red erick \ V. Sleight, then l)ircclor of lhe C~cntral F lorida \ l uscun1. -rhe site appeared to be preccra1nic and h ence lo ha \·c rc:,peclable antiquiLy \,·!tile presenting problen1s in daLing a nd . . 1n terprcu1u o n . . \ n archaeological invcsLigaLion (or the spring o( 1957 \,·a~ planned in ,,·h ich Slcighl. ]Zipley P. l~ulle n, (~uralor of Social Science:, al the Flo rida Slate ;\ ,fuseu1n , a nd \Vil lian1 .J. 1~ryanl of lhe ]{r}anl Founda lion \Vere lo parLicipalC. Heavy ra ins o ,·cr severa I } ca rs, \V h ich 111ade the si le practica II y i n accessi blc except on horseback, caused postponcn1c11t until 1962 ;rt \vhich tin1c Sle ight ''"as un;1blc lo participate in the field ,vork. 1-lo \,·cver, he arranged ,rith the niLed SLales Deparln1cnt of ,\ griculture for the ncce~sar y per111issio n lo conduct archaeologica l cxploralions in lhc O cala ~alio n al Forest and for rcn e,va ls of lhis pern1il until the cornpletio n o f field in,·csligalio n in 1964 . \,\le appreciate th e assistance g ive n us by t\1fcssrs. L. S. Nc,vco1nb a nd R . .J . R ic.:bold, Forest Supervisors, a nd J o h n Sicker. DirccLor o[ th<: I) i \. isio n of Il erre a I io n and Land ses, F orcsl Service, l J n i tee! Stales l)cparu11 cn t o l 1\ gricu llure, for ass ista nce in securing and rcn c" ·ing our \\'Ork pcrn1it. \ Ve a rc a lso greatly indebted 10 \\fr. llobcrl K. Dodson. District Ranger, O cala Natio n al Forest. a nd !tis su1IT fo r locatio n or sites, 1narking o f trails. and Lra nspor latio n by ,va tcr 10 K.in1ball Isla nd. J 2 OCALA NATIONAL FOREST Three sin1ilar sites \Vere investigaled. Bullen a nd llrya n l col laborated in lhc original fi eld ,vork at each o( lhc th rec si lCS bu l Rullen subsequently returned lo the first L,vo lo secure 1natcrial for add i Liona 1 rad iocarbon lcsts. \1\1e a re happy to incl udc in lh is re port a conto ur n1ap o[ the Kimb,111 Island sile. ll ,vas con1pilcd by H. ]3ruce Greene I I, then of \!\linte r Park, Florida, a nd is based o n independent field '>VOrk done by h in1 a nd Carl A. 13 cnso11 of Orlan do, Florida. GEOGRAPHICf\L 13 1-\CKGROUNI) T his report is concerned '>Vith attc1npls LO dale in lenns o[ o ur calendar lhrce fresh ,va tcr snail shell 1niddcns located near the SL. Johns J<. iver in t he eastern part of lhc Ocala National Forcsl a bo ut 35 n1ilcs ,vest o( Daytona Beach, Florida. l ' hcsc sites arc kno,vn as the O cala Natio nal Forest ?vfidden No. J, ?\fiddcn ~ o. 2, a nd ivJidclen No. 3 o r Ki1nball l sland 1no und (Fig. I). 0 All three rn iddens arc lari-, c, consist altnost exclusiveh; · of l' ivi- parus georgia1111s Lea shell s, a nd arc situated at a substantial dis lancc-about half a n1il e-fron1 a river or Jake " ·here lhcsc shellfish 1night h ave been collected. l~ cforc describing these n1icldens and o ur '>vork at then1, it sce1ns desirable to briefl y out.line the environ- 1ncntal a nd archaeological situatio n i11 lhis parl of the St. .Jo hns River valley. l 'he St. J o hns ]liver flO\VS nortll\vard s01ne 160 n1i lcs unlil it turns to,vards lhc cast al .Jacksonvi lle lo leave Florida and join the 1\llanlic O cean. , ·hroug hout this distance there a re no falls or rapids and the total differe nce in elevatio n is only 20 (eel (U. S. (;. S. D eer Park S E quadrangle; Rro,vn, Kenner, a nd Bro'"1n J 957: 32). 'J'oday lhc channel of the St. .Jo hns appears to u~ lo be stable but such has not been the case throughout recent geologic linie. I n places it is no,v 1naintai11ed by dredging. The valley of the St. Johns 1n ay be d ivided into three parls: a n upper o r southern lhird, a 1niddlc po rtion, and a northern or Jo,,ver lhircl. ln lhe upper reaches, the St. .Jo hns consisls of a sn1all, shall()\V , 1neandcring strea1n draining a considerable S\Va 1npy area. Jn this region there are no large springs and the size of the river is delcrmined by rain(all. The northern end o f Lhis portion is at Lake Harney ,vhcre the St. J o hns 1<.iver enters the caslern part o( the lake regio n of Florida. \\I s 1° 30' 8 1° 2 5'! \ Spri ng I N I , ' ' ' \ \.2 ', ~ ~ L 0 k e ' 1, Dexter ,'I I L a K e T i ck I s l and 3 0. ' :-:: -,....~ Wood l ruff -;;:;;. 6 > "t: ~~ :r: to~E 7 0 I. Bluffton Muj > 0 u ..... 2 . Dexter Po int 2 9° "'Q) > ·"'- 0 5' -() ~ ;r.: 3. Tick Isl and or Horris !Creek .. ~ ~ C') 8 0 ;;:;; u I s l a nd I .~ 4 . Spring Gorden Creek -~ 0, Dead z 5 . St. Franci s Midden ~ ..• ~ I R Iver - 6 . Ocala Noti onal Fores~ No. I q,\ 01/~ Ge 1 Ou 1 7. Ocala Notional Fores it No. 2 <:-'I:> · 0 Creek , q,+ 8. Kimball Island Moundl ',►, -- SI. Johns River Channel Mil es Figure I. :\lap or pan or 1hc S1. Johns Ri\'er \ 'alley. 0:, ·I OCALA NATIONAi. FOREST Jn its n1id portion the St. Johns R.. ivcr flo,vs (ro1n Lake f-[arney via I ,ake l\·lonroe, l ,a ke Dexter, and Lake (;eorge to Lh e northern end of the lake district a little south of Palatka. Jn this region it absorbs ,vater rrom Lake J essll p, the \l\lekiva River, l .akc \ Vood ruff and DeLeon Springs, Alexander Springs, Sall Springs. the O chhl\\'a ha River and Silver Springs, and Dunns Creek and Crescent Lake as ,veil as fron1 other n1i nor strean1s and ~prings. 1--Ierc the fl o,v of t he river is clon1 i nan ti y dctcnni nee! by " ',llcr llo,ving o u t fro,n a great n1an y springs each ,vith a d i fl crcn t n1i11eral content. T he chen1i cal con1position of the "·atcr of the St. Johns is not only greatly n1odificd as iL passes through Lh c lake region, it is varied ,vith each ne,v intake. In th is region, particularly south of Lakes Dexter and \ Vood rurI, arc to be found evidence of channel 1n igration in the l'onn of old '·dead rivers,"' cutoff oxbo\\'S. and isolated lakes (fig. l). -rhe ,vestern part of this extren1 ely rive rine region is inl ludecl in the eastern part of' the Oca la Nation;il Forest. It is in 1hi~ area that o ur three 1n idde n sites arc located (fig. 1). Vron1 Palatka north,vard the St. J o h ns, s,vollc 11 by lake and spring \\'a ter, fl o,vs slo,v Iy bu l 1najest ica 11 y LO the sea. 1 l ere the river is ,·cry " ·ide and partakes o r the nature of an estuary. l{c tivce n .Jackson vi lle and Lhc ocean 1ncandcrs and o ld channels arc aga in i II cv idencc. 1-\ great ,nany archaeological sites arc to be found Lhro ugho ut the St. Johns River ,·alley. Large sites pertine nt to this report have been located in Figure I. Four o f 1h cn1 - 1~1 u rfto n, Dexter Point, the llarris Cree k 1niddcn on T ick Jsla11d . and the S1. Francis n1idde n- are cxtrc,ncly large and culturally sin1il ar. ~l'ypically such sites have lo,vcr extensive prccc ran1ic 1-\ rchaic ~<)]JCS of the ;\f L. 1~a y lor period (Goggin 1952: 10-13) producing ~tc1111ncd points in reasonable quantities, sizeable intcn11ccl iatc fihcr-ten1pered ccra,nic zones of the Orange period (C:oggin 1952: -13--17 . l1 ullcn 1955), and hig her but s1naller zones or the St. Johns .I I period ((_;oggin 1952 : 53-58. Bulle n and Sleight 19GO) producing St. Johns Check Stan1ped pottery. The post-Orange and pre-S1. J oh ns J I, Florida -rransitional (l)ullen 195!>) and SL. .Johns J ((:oggin 1952: 17-53, Bullen and Sleig ht 19GO) periods arc poorly repre sented. The Spring (;ardc n (:reek site is sn1 ,rll cr 1ha11 Lh c o thers FIELD \Ve>RK 5 and n1ay not have a lo,ver prcccra1nic con1ponent but i:, other,vise si 111 i Ia r. The~c sites, as ,veil as sin1ilar ones l'arther up and do,vn the ri,·cr. arc co1nposed o [ a 111ixturc o[ sn1all sn a il (Vivi/>arus geurgi- 111111s ! ,ca). large snai l ( />0111r1cr-a pal11dosa Say), and n1usscl (Unio or F.ll iptio sp.) she ll s. 1 ·1i e1·e is a tendency for these sh ells to occur in alLcrnating layers, but there is 110 .. 1.one"' exclusi,·ely con1posed of any o ne of these she lls, nor can any one o[ Lhen1 be said to be typical of the lo ,vcr or of the upper levels. R.a diocarbo n dates in dicau.: occupation al thc:,e sites before 2000 13. C., that the ()ra nge period lasted fro n1 about 2000 B. (~. to around 1000 13. c:. (l~ullen 1961 ) and that the beginning o r the St. J o hns JI p eriod occu rred about .\ .0. 800 ( Bullen and Sleight 1960). Fl [LI) \ \IOJlK Fie ld 1,·o rk 1vas started at \ridden No. I on January 25, 1962 . a nd al :--ridden No. 2 o n February 27, 1962. About three days 1vere ~pent at each site ,.v ith a c-rc,v or fo ur " 1o rkn·1en. 1 ·ransportation 1vas by n1can:, of the Florida State ?\ fu scun1 's '1-,vh eel drive J eep ,vh ich overca1ne deep sand, 1nucl, a nd dense underbrush in get.Ling the c-rc"· to the sites. l ' h c boat trip to fvfidden No. 3 O(Tu1-rcd Feb. 19. 1963. 1\ll idd1: 11 1\ ro. I 1~1i c locatio n or i\ l idde 11 No. I is indicated on Figure I. T his 111iddc n is roughly oval in sh ape, so1ne 80 reel ,vide, and a bout 150 feet long, ,vith its 1najo r axis oriented in the north -south direction. IL rises to ,1 he ight of 13 feet above the surrounding land. l ~he long ,vcstern side b curved and g radual in slope con1parccl ,vi th the eastern s idc ,vh ich is noticeably stra ig h Ler a ncl steeper. J\ ficlcl en No. I is situated at the 1-vcstern edge or the present fl ood plain o( the St. Johns River. H erc there is a slig h t rise in the c lc \·ation o[ the ground and a significant change in the flora. T o the east the surface is level, damp, and son1 cti1ncs eroded by shallo " · dra inage sloughs. O verhead is a canopy of leaves ,vhich keeps out sun lig ht a nd, he nce, prevents the gro \vth of underbrush. 1~ra\·c l by foot is easy as vines and bushes are at a n1inin1u1n. T his flood plain is periodically inundated al times of hig h \v ~11 cr ,vhich lca,·cs behind a s n1 all an1ount of clay and sane!. 6 OCALA NATIONAi. FOREST . lit' ·[~?.· • ~' . :.-: ~ . ' ~ I •l'...... i..,,,,, ,.,;',. ~ • \ ..-~ "~-..,. _ ..,) Plate 11. Excavating at Ocala .:-la1ional Fo rc~1 ~liddc n l'so. I. l "o the \\" CS L o( the edge of the llood plain, the land ri,<:~ ir regularly and is general ly drier. Tree g ro ,vLh docs not lonn a co1n p lctc overhead cover and bushes and underbrush arc a problen1 Lo Lhe traveller. Gradual ly other planL associations becon1e do1ninan1. \ lcgetation 0 11 the 111idclen itself varies considerably lro n1 that of the surrounding flood plain. Nol only docs sornc sun pcnetn1tc to give encouragement to bushy g ro,vth but the a lk,ilini1y resulting fro111 the shell con1position of the 1niclde n is a deLcrn1ining factor in plant gro" •th. Apparently, poison ivy docs noL sufl cr fn>nl o,·cr alkal inity. ;\ 10- by 10- fool Lest, locatecl near the highest point. " ·a~ sunk in l\ I iddcn No. J. R esults in tcrn1s of specin1ens arc presented in Table I. The top 30 inches or the ,nidde n ,vas con1po~ed or :1 ,nixturc of sn1all snai l shells (Vivij)arus gcorgia 1111s Lea) a nd black dirt 1vith sonic adtnixturc of ash and heat-cc,nc nted she ll,. \fixed ,vith the s1nall snail shells ,verc appreciable quantiLics or even :;1naller snails (Go11iobasis r-·toridanus Reeve and H eliso111a sca la rr, Sa y) . San1plcs o[ Lh ese shells ,verc kindly identified by \\lillia1n J. C ,i cnch, c:urato1· or 7\,[ollusks, i\1Juscun1 of Con1paraLi1·e Zonlogy. ·r ahlc 1 \ ' ER' l'lCAL DlSTR IBu1·10 :-; OF SPECl:\I E~ S .\ T :\I IDD £i'\ NO. ------· ------Depths Below the Surface Sped ,nens Jnches Feet 0-6 G- I 2 12- 18 18-2·1 2-3 3.4 -1-5 5-G 6-7 7-8 8- I 0 ...... ·I 2 - S1. Johns Plain 29 ~ r, Sand-te,npered plai 11 -C ()ran<>c Pla in I 1 ..... " < Pecked sandstone disc ":;:: Stru,nuus cell -;r. Fragments. ronch shell Frag,ncnts. bone pins or aids G '.Q Concentration of ani,nal bo11cs ;,. X X X X Basallr-notchccl poin1 S1e1111ned point ·r ;p of a point I Flake-scraper •l 4 I l'nnscd chert chips 1 2 3 ------·----- _, 8 OCALA N 1\ TIO~AL. FOREST 1-1 a r\'a rd ( :oil cgc, Ca 111 bridge, J\11assach usc LLs (I Cl Ler ol f c b. 7. I 9li2). r\L a dcpLh ol abouL 30 inches belo\v the sur[acc ,vc encountered a con1 pacl zone of hea l-ccn1en Led she Il s, approx i 1na Lei y ~ i nchcs Lhick, over all Lhe excavated area. 1\ ssociated \V iLh Lhesc cen1 c nLcd shells " ·as a considerable quantiLy of ashes. l~ clo,v 1his lc,·cl cl<)\~•11 to a depth of 50 inches the dcposiL, as before, consisted do111in a nLl y of Vivij)arus shells ,vith the usual adn1ixLurc or so1nc (;011io/Jasi.1 a nd H elisu111a shells. Large snail (F>u111acea sp.) and 1nu~scl (iil lij)tio sp.) shcIJs rcprcscnLed 1nuch less than .1 per cent of the lOL,il ,·olu1ne. The presence or nu1ncro 11s s1nall fish bones "·a~ nn1 ccl . . \l about 50 inches belo,v the surface another ,one of ccn1 c n1ccl shcl Is, 3 to 5 i nchcs thick, ,vas rn ct. Our test con Lin uecl do,vn,va rd to a depth of IO reel but. o I course, the excavated areas beca1nc sn1allcr as iL 1vas i1npos~ ible to 1naintain vcrL ical \Va lls in Lh c loose snai l shell deposit. l,01vcr levels ,vc rc 111 uch the same as h ighcr levels except tha l 1\'c cn cou n Lercd a litLl e n1 ore ash ;ind a relatively greater qunnLit y o r fish bones. /\ t a depLh o[ 7.5 f'cct a s1nall, charcoal-in1pregnated zone divided Lh e IO\VC r dcposiL into L1vo parts. Just bclo 11• 1h is 7nnc. in 1he 8- to 9-foot level, ,vc noted a concentration or deer and 1u rtlc bones. Th roughou L th is te~t 11 ivi /Jar us shells con~i,u.:d of 99 per ce nt o( Lhc volu1nc o[ the n1iddcn. ~r en l'c<: L 11•csL of the apparent edge o[ the n1idden, " ·c n1ad<: a s1nall LC~L 1\'hich disclosed a profi le fro1n the surrace do11·n1\' ard ol 6 inches black dirt, 17 inches shell ;ind gr<:y sand, and then sLcril c grey sand. Fifty feel further Lo the "'est, ,ve 111,Hlc anoLhcr sniall test. -rhere Lh c bh1 ck dirt ,vas IO inches thick and rested directly on the grey sa ne!. 1\ pparently, th is is Lh e normal profile. -rhc underlying gray sand is n1 ccl iu1n line and sec,ned to contain a li1 tle clay. Subscq ucn!ly, on t\pril 7, 19G1J. the senior author acco1npa11icd by (~. ]. C:lausen, then a graduate student at the l l ni,·ersity or l~lorida, re Lu rned Lo ?vf id den No. I to secure a sa 111 pie of /' ivi po r11s shells for radiocarbon daLing. Jlen1 oving Lhe Lop 9 inches. 1hc sa n1plc ,vas La ken fro n1 bet ,vccn depths o r 9 to 16 inches in a loca tion 3 [ccL \\'CSL of Lh c tc~ t described a bove. ]lcsul Ls of rad iocarbon ana lys is o f th is sa1nplc kno,vn as San1ple :'\·£ ( Isotopes, Tn c. :\o. 1- 1345) 11·ill be discussed laLer. In co llecting Lhis sa 1nplc a broken F IEl.ll \ \/ORK > , .... .,.. ' .....,, ...,. f . 7 ' -...... -- J a b ----C ',...• f ~ '• - ' r-• ·. ... - •- -e -- - - 0 5 10 Centimeters Pla1c 111. Spcci,n cns fro111 Ocala :\a1ional Fores! ~t iddc n Ko. I. o. hasal ly 1101chcd poin1: b -,. llakc-stra pcrs: d -t· . SL Joh ns P lain sherds: ( . )(Ing ho11 c poin 1. I 0 OCALA N ATIO:S,\I. FOREST sLcn11ncd po111L and a shc rd of SL. Johns Plain poll.cry \vere found The la u e r \Vas a bouL 5 inches bc lo,v the surface. Spcci1ncns fro1n Lh c 1nain LCS L al J\ fiddcn No. I arc lisLcd by a rbitrary levels in Table I. ' fhrcc quarLers of the St. .Johns Plain sh erds (Pl. 111. d-r') arc soft and exhibit occasional red pieces of sh crd tcn1pcr. 1.-h c balance arc sin1ilar but contain bo th sherd tcn1- pcr and fine sand in s1na ll quantities. T he sa ncl-Lcn1pcred sherds contain a large amo unt o r ,,·hitc quartz sand as Lc1npcr. 'fhe basa II y-notch cd po i n L is in Lern1 ed iatc bet\ vecn a f-l crna ndo a nd a Citrus point (l~ullc n and l~u llcn 1963: 89-90). Other sp cci- 1ncns n1 e riL no special con1n1cnL except [or ,vhat ,vc have desig nated "flake scrap ers" (Pl. l 11 , b-r). l 'hcsc tools arc ni.tdc intentionally fron1 sn1;i ll, thi n !la kes by steeply chipping one edge by the rc1no val o[ n1inutc bits o( cher t. The vcrLi cal a rra ngcni cn l in Table I suggests the a nticipated cu IL u re seq uc ncc for the rcgio n: a prcceran1 ic ~ft. ·1 -a ylor period foll o,vcd by the Ora nge period ,viLh fibcr-Lcn1perccl p ottery ;i ncl then by a p eriod ,vhcn St. J o hns ceramics beca 111 c don1inanL. \ Vhe 1her the high est levels represent a St. J o hns l period o r o ne transition;i l bet,veen the llber-ten1pered ;ind ch;llky ceran,ic e pochs is debatable. T b e lack of an y su bstantial Orange period deposit scpa ra LCS Lh is si tc fron1 the large sh ell heaps Ly p ica I o( t he SL .Johns lZivcr. 1~1i csc n1atLers ,,viii be discussed further in the con cluding p hase or this pa per. Exa1nina tio n o( T a ble 1 indicates three zones in \Vhich spcci n1c11s and food bones concenLrale : near the surface, around a depth of 3 feet, a nd bet,vecn d epths of 8 and 9 feel. LJnro rtun;itely ,vc ha\'C no speciincns Lo d efine the 1naLcrial culture o [ the Indians ,vho ate the contents o f the shells o f the lo \vesL zone. 1\ nin1al food rc1nai11s included bones o( d eer, turtle, fish, and racoon and appeared to be the san,e as those listed later for i\•ficl den No. 2. \ 1\/hile deer bones ,vere fou n d in fairly equal nurnbers clc>1vn 1.0 a depth o( 4 feel and agai n be t,veen d ep ths o f 8 and 9 feet, turtle bones ,vere limited Lo Lhe three zones o[ concenLration n1en1ioned above. As l\ficlclen No. 1 is today ren101e a nd d iffi cul t of access, iL is of inLere~L to no te th e [rag·1ncnts o( 1narinc sh ells found at depths o[ G Lo 12 and 211 Lo 3G inches. Co111n1unica1io 11 n1 ay have been easier and the site less isola ted 1nany years ago. FJELD \'\/ORK I I 1\liddc11 1\ Tr;. 2 :\ ridden No. 2 is located about a half 1nile south of No. I (Fig. 1). ·1· he enviro nn1 e ntal situation is exactly the same for both ,nid clcns. 1\ small brook or sloug h ll0 1vs to1vards the east about 1nichray bet1,·een the t1vo 1n idde ns . .\ fuch 1he larger, j\,liddcn No. ~ is ap proxi111ately 380 reet lo ng, about 100 feet ,vide, and 15 f'ect hig h. ()ri e n Led " 'i 111 i LS n1ajor ax is ex tending in a north-sou th cl i rection, the cast side has a gradual slope ,v ith irreg ular shape and surface contours ,vhile th e ,,vest side is rathe r straight and steep. Our test, JO by 20 feet in si,e, "'"S located a little south o r the center of t he 1nidde n as roots of large trees ,nad e excava1 ion d iffi cu 11 farther north. 1 ·h c \'Cr t ica I position or spcci n1 ens is g i vcn in 1.' able 2 and the locations of sa1nples take n for radiocarbo n cl;1ting arc indicated on the " 'est profile (Fig. 2). ;,\ s sho1vn by our test, 98 per cent or l\fidden No. 2 consisted of s1nall snai l (VivifJarus) sh e lls. ( :0111pared 1v ith i\•fidcle n No. l , large snail. and mussel sh ells. 1vhile not co1nn1on. " 'ere 111ore fre q ucnil y e ncountered, especia II y at lcHver d epths. The sa n1 e ,vas also true of ashes and hea1-ccn1entcd shells. 1-\ s before, so1nc very s1nall snail sh ells ((;011iobasis and Hr1 liso111a) ,vcrc prcscnL in sn1al l buL noLiccable quantities. Ey the tin1e the excavat ion had reached a depth of 8 feet. our trench ,vas reduced to an area (i by ,1 feet in size. \ •Ve 1vere able to get do,vn LO l O feet bclo1\' the surface 111 i thou t d i fficu IL y a Ithough our hole bccarnc of necessity still sn1allcr. l3 clo"' that depth " 'C 1vcre unable to dig and 1naintain lel'cls because o[ the loosen ess of the she lls. Every shovel fu ll \Va s in1111 ed iatcly replaced as soon as it ,vas rc,novcd. Our 1naxin1un1 penetration 11·as to a depth of 11.5 feet. \ 1\/c regret that 1vc ,vcrc unable to reach the base of ,\fidclcn 1'0. 2. It is doubt[ul if the kno11•lcdge Lo be gained 11•01rlcl ha,·c 111crited th e subst:intial enlargen1e11t of o ur test. This fa irly h o n1ogc 11cous d eposit 11·as cliviclcd vertically into se\'eral zones as sho,vn in Figure 2. Bet1,·een depths of 30 to 36 inches ,vas a thick layer or ccn1cn1ecl .s h ells, charcoal, and b lack sand. Charcoal fron1 1his lc\'c l rorn1ed o ur rad ioc;r rbon san1plc ''F." f\t a depth of 5 feet 11·c; u ncovcrcd ,vhat appeared to h e a h earth, 6 by 2 feet in si1,c. con1poscd of cen1e11ted sh ells. C harcoal in large quantit ics " 'as not prcscn1. .\ 1 8 feel 11·as another ,one of J',') ·r able 2 \ ' t-: R·r 1CAL DlSTRlBC' l"IO:--: OF Sl'EC:l~I E:--:s .\ T ~II DDE:--: J\:O. 2 Dep1 hs Below 1he Surface C (') Spcd1nens .1nchcs feel - -> 6-12 12- 18 18-24 2-3 3-·1 -1-5 5-6 (i.7 7-~ 8- 10 ► 0-6 z > S1. J ohns l'lain -l 0- Frag1nen1. conch shell './, > l'cg-1opped hone p in ,- llo nc poin1s •) 4 "=1 0 Bo ne aids 2 3 ;:; •> I - ,l \\"orked bone 3 I :l :r.- Conccn1ra1ion of ani1n al bones X X X -' S1e1nn1cd point I Flake-scraper I Drills I F I EI.I> \ \/ORK 13 Surface 0 +==~======::..-J ----Datum I 2 · E F Block son char- 3 -}-.--.E:...~c-o..::a~l~S~c~e~m~eL,...ln--:t-e~d--:sh- l -(1) 4 (1) - 5 C ot ceme ·- (/) • .c 6 -Q. (1) 0 7 9- C 10 Ii ne I I Figure 2. Scc1io 11 of west profile, <) cala :'\a1ional Forest 1'liddc11 :\o. 2. I -J O CALA N ,, T IOxAL FOREST heat-ce1nented shells on top of ,vhich Jndians had deposited a large a1nount o( clean sand. Radiocarbon sa1nple ''13 " ,vas collected fro1n just belo,v this layer o r cen1 e nted she lls. Sloping clo,l"n,,·ards bet,veen depths of 9.5 and l l feet (Fig. 2) ,vas a n,11To,,• dark line: or burnt mussel shells. Our lo,vest radiocarbon san1pl e, Sa,nplc (:, ca1ne fron1 belo,v th is Ii ne. 1-\ pparen ti y, shells in t h is pa rt o[ o ur tre nch co llected rapidly ;1s radiocarbon tests of San1plcs ]~ and c: did not indicate a different age. f\ s sho,vn i n ~fable 2 the only sherd of pottery ,vc clisco,·crcd in o ur tre nch ca1ne rron1 the lirst 6-inch level. 1~0 check further the ceran1ic picture of ~Iidde n No. 2, ,ve dug a series o[ nine sn1a ll tests. Three of these, each 2 feet in dia,neter a nd JS inches deep, " 'ere located in the cenLral and northern part o r the top o r the 111idden. They ,vere sterile. The fo urth, 2 by 2 feet in area. ,vas located a Ii ttle [u rt her to the northeast in a sn1a 11 level a rc:a a bou 1 2 feet lo,ver tha n the top or the 1n idclen. T his test prod uced t,vo St. .Johns Plain sherds. 1~he other fi ve tesrs, al l 2 by 2 feet a nd located at pres u1ned to be strategic spots at l I . 't' ,,,, ;" • :I'. •~'•' "Y .. ·, . ~. .,; ""· '. ' ~ ,,,.,fl'." . ); t.. 'j.\ • ·, .,;, ' '·t. ;~ ,' '<' ;, "'-:.:r, ,! ,',. ~ '.,:; ,. ' • • .• I .• •• ,, . Pla te JV. Ocala l'\a1io nal Forest i\liclclcn ;\lo, 2 during cxcal'atio n. FIELD \ \/ORK 15 during ccra n1 ic periods ,nusl have been \'Cry superficial. Sherds aL .\ J iddcn No. 2 \.Vere bolh less co1nn1on and sh a l lo\\'Cr in pro Yen ie nccs lhan al Niidden No. 1. 1 ·1ic one SL J ohns Plain shcrcl rro111 o ur ,nain lCS l al ~ridde n No 2 \\'as, like lhc l\VO n1c ntioned above. si1n ilar lo lhosc froin l\ [idden No. 1 (Pl. Jlf, e). Other speci111 cns lisLc;d is l ~ablc 2 include bone and Slone tools and a11in1al food bones. ,\ peg-topped bone pin (Pl. V, i) "·as fou 11d in the 12- to 18- inch le\'CI. Six rragn1 enLs of bo ne po i11L~ ( Pl. V, / -g) \Vere located bet ,veen de pths of 18 a nd 36 inches. l; i ve bo 11 e '"" ls (Pl. \ !, d-e, I,) ,vere concentraled bet,veen clepLhs of 2 and 4 feel, Pieces o[ ,vorked bo ne had genera l distribulion above a depth of 5 feel. The nurnbcr or bone spccirnens grea LI y exceeded those rou 11d in :\1f iclclcn No. I. Only o ne fla ke-scraper, like those ro und in i\ Tidde n No. l (Pl. I.I I, b-c), can1c fro,n ~Iiddc n No. 2. Its rc lati,·ely higher pro vc 11 - ie 11 ce. in the 6- lo 12- inch zo ne arc opposed to the 18- LO 48- inch zones. ~,greed ,viLh the scarcily and sha llo,vness of pottery in sug gesting Lhe highest levels of l\ I idden No. 2 "·ere o lder lha n Lh e cor responding levels of l\Tiddcn No. I. Oll1 cr stone speci,nc ns rrorn l\Ticldc n No. ~ included t,vo drills 0 1· pcrroralors (Pl. V, a-/J) a nd a ~ten1n1ed point (Pl. V, c), a ll fron1 the highest foot of the n1idde n . . \ piece of sandstone fron1 the 18- to 24-inch level co1npleled the stone i11,·c ntory. ·r ahle 3 1ni-::-.; ·r1FIED J\Nl ~!.\L REi\1.\1:-lS FROi\! OC:.\L.\ N.\ ·r10N.\I. FOREST J'\I I DI) F. :-,: :--10. 2 i\!a,nnu,J rahhil Sylt,ila~11s sp. raecoon PrOC)'Oll /0/01· wh i1 e-1ai lcd deer Odr>roi / ('11S vi ,·.l(i II i,11111S A tnphibian Sll'Cll Sirc11 l,u:crti11a Rcpt ilc ,nusk tunic Ki110. • -- ... a b C d ♦ ' • ' >4.' • l -I .,. • e f g h ' I 0 5 10 Centi meters Plate \I. Spcci,ncns fnun ()ca la Na1i onal Forest l\ !idclcn No. 2. n -b. stone drills or pcrfor:uors: r. s1c,nn1cd poin1 : d -e . bone awls: /·g. long hone points: It, lo ng bone ;1w l: i. peg-topped bone pin. FtELU \ \/O RK 17 Food bo nes \vere evenly distribuu.:d throug hout o ur test ex cept fo r the heavy concentratio n aro und a depth o( 30 inches, ,vhere they ,vere associa ted ,vith the thick layer of ce1nerned she lls and charcoa l fo und a t tha t depth. l "he a bo ve list o f 1he a ni- 1nals represented by those bo nes has been pre pared by E lil a beth S. v\ling, ;\ ssistant C:ura to r of Zooarchacology, Flo r id,i Sta te i\ ruseun1. f\ fter the resu lts of the first radiocarbo n tests ,verc recei,·cd and it " ·as decided to run shell sa n1pl es front .\ridden No. '.Z, 11"e reali:recl ,ve had neglected to get a ~a n1pl e fron1 the Lo p of o ur sect io n. ·:rhe senior autho r conseque ntly returnee\ , acco1npa nied by I,o,varcl ;\. Cha1nberle 11 , .\luseu111 ·r echnic ian a t the Flo rida State i\Iuseun1 , a ncl i\ro rgan \Tacl .achla n, the n a g radua te student ,vorking a t t he ~[useun1, a nd collected a ·a111p le at a de pth of (i inches fro11 1 undisturbed shell adjacent 10 o ur trench. lt becan1 e kno,vn as San1plc A. 1·1u, A' i111bo ll !.1 la 11 d ,\lidd,· 11 Usually re (erred to as the K in1ball Isla nd .\fidden or .\fo und, .\lidden No. 3 (fig. I, 8) i~ 1no re re n1 o tc than e ither of the others. Unde r the r ig ht , vater conditions and \\'ith a good guide a nd boat, the Lri p i$ very pleasa n L. \ \I e ,,·e1-c La ke n II p 1\ lex a 11dc r Spring ( :reek and across I-foot deep Kin1 ball :dud La ke Lo the \\'CS Ler11 side o f J(i1nball Island (F ig. I). Fron1 there it ,,·as o nl y a sho rt \\'alk Lo Lh c 111 i dclcn. 1 ' his \\'as I he sa nic ro u tc as th;1t used by Greene and Be nson " ·hen they surveyed Lh e 1nicldc 11 and collccLed t he da ta for the ir conto ur n1a p o [ the 1no und (Benson and Greene 1962 : 11 3) . ..fhi s n1ap, a copy of ,vhich ,,·as kindly given by the1n to us, has been reduced and presented here as Fig ure 3. The surface of l(i1nba ll l sla nd is o nl y a fool o r t,vo a bo ve tha t o( the ~urro undi11g ,va Ler. The ,nidclen is cli,·ided into t,vo ova te areas. T he s1na ller, to the no rth,vcst, is also the lo" ·er in altitude as it rises to a he ig ht o r o nly 13 feet , vhile the t11"0 h ig h points in the larger area, to,vards the southeast, both reach 17 fee t a bo,·e the surro unding la nd. T he Kimba ll Isla nd n1 icldcn is considerably larger in area tha n e ithe r of the o ther t,vo sites previo usly discussed. T h e contour Jines 1nay be interpre ted as suggesting that a g ro up of fo ur huts ,vere located at the site. 00- ~ 0 n ' ~ :;..-- 2'. O') )\\ >.., )/"'\\\lll~( I J J / U/ I -. " -'./. i'\',\ II >.- --:1 0 ;,: r-: :.r. '\.'\'\.'-.'\.'- "\. / """- '\. \ '\. '\./F\'I I I ' 0 80 160 Feet .., CONTOUR I NT E RVAL 2 Fee t MAX I M U M HE I GHT 17 Fee t Figure 3. Contour ntap of Ki1n ball Isla nd ~liddcn. J)1 scus 10 :-1 ,,Nn DATING 19 Our exan1ina Lion revealed Lh a t ,vhile d o1nina ntly fonned o( sn1all snail (ViviJ>a r11s) sh ell , n1 o re large snail and 111ussel sh ells ,.vere presc11L than al Lh e other s iLcs. · r1ic presence o ( seYeral "po1- l1unLers" holes gave us an idea or the inLernal strucLure o f Lhc she ll d eposits. vVhi le sin1il a r to Lh osc a1 Lh e other 111iddens, 1nore dirL seen1 ed Lo be presenL and in one place a sand zone ,vas n o Led. Exan,ina Li o n o f Lh e surface, of po t-hunLe r·s spo il piles, and o( Lh e edges o f Lheir h o les fai led LO disclose any po ttery. l3enson a nd Gree ne during the Lhree cl ays Lh ey \\'O rked a t the site-1,vo d ays surveying, on e cl ay Lesting the sLra1a - fo und o nly three sh erds. These, L,vo St. J o hns P lain and o ne SL J o hns Check Su 1111 ped. ,vere in Lh e firsL 6-inch Jc,·eJs o l several pits (Be nson a nd Greene 1962: 111). Poltery ,vas as scarce a1 Kin1ball l sland as al ~•ridden No. 2. ;-\lo ng Lh e steep ,vestern side o [ the ,nidde n and ,n the curved area bc t,vcen Lh e 1,vo lo bes or the site. the surlace scen1 ed sunke n as if a di tch had been present. ()ne i~ Len1p1ed 10 see h ere the re1nains o( a cuLo fI o xbo ,v, no ,v ne;1rl y filled up, in ,vhich shells may a l one Litn e have gro,vn . . \ltcrna Li,·cly, this d epressio n 1nay be the re1nains of a creek. E xa 1n i na Lio n o( the air pho to o l the I( i 1n ba II Island r egio n a l the U n itecl Sta les 1\ g riculLura l Stab ili1a tio n a nd Conser,·a tio n Service o llice in G a incs,·illc . Flo rida. indic;1tes ;1 ·'slo ug h'' cxLe nds fro n1 the southern end o f the lake . located to the no rtheasL o f Lh e s iLc, souLh,vesLer ly Lo the " bay" loca1e cl belo," the "n" o r the \\'O rd "Isla nd" (Fig . I). l ' h e J(in,ba ll (~la nd n1 o ulld is no L o n this slo ug h but Lh e de pressio n 111 c ntio ned abo\'c n1 ay ha\'e been a COil· necLing creek. Years ago Lh e site.: 0 11 Ki111ba ll Isla nd n1ay h a ve been n1ore accessible Lo sheJ I fi sh pro ducing ,va LCr s t h a 11 is Lh e case Loci a y. 1·hc Kin1ba ll l sland 1no und is so si1nila r Lo the o Lh cr ,niclcle ns covered by Lhis repo rL th;1t it seen1 s likely it ,vas occupied coll• tcn1poraneously by Lh e sa1ne o r cul tura ll y si1nil a r people. DJSC SSI O I\ .\ :'-:I) L1.\ T IN C Our investigatio ns indicaLC there is a series of sites in a nd a lo ng Lh e edge or Lh e St. J o hns }liver llood pla in 1\·hich h ave cer tain consistent charac: Lcris Lics. \ •Vhi lc these investigatio n s ,vere 20 ( ) CAI.A 1ATI01',\I. FOREST lin1ited to three sites, it is be lieved other ,vith the sa 111 e ch a rac teristics could be located ,vith additiona l fi eld \Vork. f\L least ,vc h ave h eard con1111 ents o r hunte rs and oth ers ,vhich suggest the existence o[ si,ni lar sites. l\f id d en No . I, t\·1id de n No . 2, a nd the Ki 111 ba 11 1s la nd 111 iddc n a rc all located al a substantial dista nce rron1 ,valer, arc don1i11anll y cornposccl o [ s111 a ll snail she lls ,vith o nly a trace of large snail or n1ussel she lls, conta in sand zo nes, a nd d o not pro duce po tter y in large a n1 o unts. f\t t\lidde n No. 2 a nd Kin1ball Isla nd the sherds fo und " 'e re bo th (e,v in nu1nber (a to tal of six St. J o hns Series sh erds) and li,nited to the to p 6 inches. \•Ve reel they can easily be accounted fo r by casual use o[ the sites by can1pcrs during the S1. J o hns period. \ 1Ve conclude tha t th ese t,vo n1idde 11 s n1a y be con sidered as h aving been entirely built dur ing the l\ ft. T aylor or precera ,n ic p art of the /\rchaic period. 'I' his ,vould indicate a bando n,nent befo re the introduct io n o ( fiber-le1n pered ceran1ics or bc(ore 2000 B.C. At l\ liclden N o . I th e situa tio n \1°as differe nt. 1 ' he re St. J o hns Pla in sherds ,vere f'ound in fa ir quantities (1-able 1). \ 1Vhilc con cenlra ting in the highesl zone a fe\v \Ve re found as d eep as 12 to 18 inch es. Use of the site dur ing the Ora ngc p erio d (2000-1000 11.C.) is suggested by l1vo Orange Plain sherds ('l 'abl c l ) . vV he lher lhe Orange p eriod is represen ted by d eposils be t,,·een de pths o f 6 and J 8 inch es o r ,vhc ther de posits o( th a l period exte nd d eeper is no t certain fron1 our li1ni1ed test. Ce rtainl y the lo,ver le,·els o f Lhis ,nidde n n1usl be considered preceran1 ic in da te. l\ fiddc n No. 1, the n, " 'as sLarLed during the \ 1ft. -raylor p eriod , occupied during al lea st parL of lhe Orange (or 1~ra nsitiona l) per io d, a nd used fo r habita lion in the early parl of lite St. J o hns I perio d. This seq uence is sin1ilar lo that at the large 1nidde 11 s a long the presen t or recenl ch a nnel a nd la kes o( the St. .J o hns ]liver such as Blufflon, Dexter Po int, 'I'ick Island, and St. Francis (Fig. l ). fl see,ns reasonable to equate ?l•ficlden No . l te1npora ll y ,vith the early a nd 1nicldlc pa rts o r Lh ese St. J o hns )l iver ,nidd<:ns. 1 ' he latter sites contain St. J o hns Check Stan1ped potter y in th e hig hesl zones indicating use in the St. Johns l I period. O ccupa tio n a t iv[idden No. 1 did not last thal la te. \1\fe be lic,·e that a ll o f J\,ficlden No . 2, all o r the Kin1ball l sland 111 idden, and the 101,·cr pa rl of 1\ [ idclcn No. l a re cu I tu rai l y and D1sCL1ss10~ A~u O .\ T l ~G 21 chronologically Lh e equ iYa lent of the lo \ver, precera111ic zones o f the St. Johns River sites \Vhile the upper part of i\ fidde n No. l equates \vith the n1 idd le period or the St. J o hns River 111idde ns. 1.~h ese correlatio ns sho uld be reflected in radiocarbo n dates. It sh o uld be e,nphasized that the o nly d irference bCt\,•een the con1posiLion or the O cala National F orest sites and tha t of the precera1nic layers of the St. Johns Ri,·e r sites lies in the (act that the fonner arc con1 posed a I 111 0s1 excl usive l )' or sn1a II sna i I sh el Is ,,vhil e the latter a l o contain large quantities of large snail and 111usscl shells. vVhilc exca,·ating at 1\lidclen No. 2, the point \vas forcibly broug ht to o ur atte ntio n tha t \ve \VOtild ga in very li tL le infor1na tion fron1 the artifacts ,ve ,verc (1101) finding Lhat \V(>tdcl be useful in reconstructing li fe at the siLc or i11 dating the deposits oL h er than as preccran1i c. T h e lack of ot her than s n1 a ll sna il sh ells sug gested a local en viron111ent diflcrent fron1 t ha t of the St. J o hns River proper. P erhaps, if \,·e cou ld ga in sonic idea of t he length of ti1ne iL took fo1· the n1idclcn to accun1ulate, it ,vo uld help to e li,ninatc o ne o f the unkno\,•ns in population esti,nates. R adio carbo n dating of the shells sho uld g i\'C us tc,nporal differences bet\veen Lh e top a nd the botton1 o[ the n1idde n and tell us ,vhen occupation h ad occurred in tcnns o[ o u r calendar. 1\t the time or excavatio n no radiocarbon elates \\'Cre a\·ailable for the prcceran1ic p a rt of the Flo rida 1\ rchaic period. ~ro this encl \\'C collected sa111ples o( l'ivi/1ar11s shells. To secu re a sa1nplc of recent Vivi/Jar11s sh ells for a test to find o ut if such she lls ,vhen g ro1\'i 11g in I i1n e~tone \\'atcrs ,vere con tarninatcd by antique ca rbon. Bullen on :\farch 2, 1962 \VC nt clo\vn Spring Carden Creek (Fig. I) fro1n l)c l,con Springs to a p lace \Vhere he ren1 c n1berecl seeing Vi1,i/1ar11s shell s. Spccirnens ,verc collected l'ro ,11 around a nd n ear th e rooLs ol a tree uprooted by li u rrica ne Do nna in 1960. 'These ~pcci n1ens ,,·ere cl cacl but so,n e of the skin ,,·as present and it " ·;1, presun1 ed they h ad not been dead very Jo ng. \ \/hen t h is ,natter \vas discu~sed " 'ith lso1o pes. Tnc .. \ •Vest,vood, Ne\v .J ersey. t hey felt that the "recent" she lls fro ,11 Spring Garden C reek n1igltt ha \·e been conta1nin,11ed by bo111b fallou t C- 14 a nd asked if at all possible, th at ,vc secure shells collected a t least 15 years ago. 1-\ check of the research collections o r the F lo rida State OcA LA N AT10:-,, 1. FoRf.ST >-h1 scun1 disclosed a rc\v Vivi/Jarus she lls (Lol No. 4'192) collccu;d in 1938 fro1n the norlh shore of La kc i'v[o n roe, 2 111 ilcs \VCst ol Sa nford, Flo rida. Not realizing a l the tin1c the cxtrc1ne variation in the cheniical conte nt o( the " 'aLer in the St. Johns River, sonic of the Lake i'vlo nroe she I Is ,,verc sen L to Isotopes, 1 nc., lo serve a~ a n1ocl er11 standa rd. In the sa,n c ship1ne nt ,vent charcoal ,vc had collected fron1 a depth of 33 inches in >,•[iddcn No. 2. These sa1nplcs arc kno,vn as San1plcs (; and F respectively and the results of the ir radiocarbo n runs arc given in ~rablc 4 1vhich also includes the results o [ test~ 0 11 o ur other saniplcs. Thl' charcoal, Saniplc F, gave a date of about 2775 l~.C. 1vhich secn1 cd reasona ble as it ,vas coin for ta bl y earl icr tha 11 the da LC (or the i 11 tro d uction o( poucry (2000 l~.C.) . , ,vhcn secured in I 9Ci2, this \Va s the earl icsl Flo rida 1-\rchaic radiocarbo n elate. As the Lake i\ lonroc l'h,iporus she lls proved to conta in 98.7 per ce11t o[ the ( :. 1,1 activity o( the Natio nal l~urcn u of Standards oxa lic acid standard a nd Lo yield a date e<1ual Lo or less than 85 yea rs J~.P., 1ve decided to con t inue o ur clTo rLs LO elate ?\ fid cll: 11 No. 2 by dating Lhe shells 1\·hich l'o rnied it. Santplcs 1\, l!, a nd C ,ve re senL Lo lsoLopes, lnc., a nd dated. l ' hc rcsults-·1500 ]~.(:., 5450 11.(~.. and 5300 l~ .C. (~rablc '1)-had a cer tain a1nount of internal consistency but d iffered considerably fro n1 the dale (2775 ]~.(:.) previously secured fro1n the charcoal sample. Sa 111 pie 1~, ,v h icl1 ,vas stra tigra ph ica II y loca tcd bet, vccn Sa 111 pies 1\ a nd 13. ;\ ss un1ing the charcoal date to be approxin1a te ly correct. o ur 1nodcrn sa1nplc fron1 Lake .\ lo 11 roc \vas not a proper standard ror the shells [ ron1 ?\1f id den No. 2. Tn other ,vords the environ 111 cn 1 in ,vhich they g rc,v differed considerably fro n1 thaL of l ,akc .\ lo nrot. T his led us to a consideration of the chen1i cal co11Lc 11L of the 1vaters feed ing the SL Joh ns R iver. Sonic of the available a na lyse~ a re prcscn ted in 1' a bles 5-7 . In order Lo correla Le the da tcs fro n1 1\ fi dclen No. 2 ,vith our calendar ,ve had a test run on Jl ivi/Jaru.1 shells (Sa1nple Il) fro111 the sa1ne zo ne as the previously tested char coal sa 1nple (Sa ,nple F). To Lest the elfecLs of a n ex1re 111 c li,ney environnicnt o n Vivi/Jo rus shells ,vc also had the san1pl c fron1 Spring Carden Creek (Sa n1plc 1)) tcslcd . ~rhesc r uns gave the expected result. San1plc E fro,n the 33 inch depth of :Vfidclcn No. 2 prod uced a date nicely intcrniecliate bct1vec11 ·1 ahlc ~ RAOIOC.\RBO:--: D.,·ri-:s nryant• Isotopes, Before .\pproxi1n atc Adjusred F.S . .\L Inc. .\latcrial l'ro,·enicnce Present calendar date n11n1 bcr elate dare C l-5(i·I \ 'iviparus Lake < s.-, present ------0 shells :'\I on roe - 'J>- C') I -G8·1 \ 'iviparus :.,-., C D Spring Carden ·1!300 + Ii ., 2:1:iO 11.C. .. V, shells Creek V, 0- .\ I -fi '.11 \ 'i1 i pa rus .\I iddcn :--:o . 2 (i l:iO + 2:10 ·1:,(Xl H.C. 222.; 11 .C:. % shells (i inch II 1-63:i \ 'iviparus .\I idden 7'o. 2 7•100 i: 2,:,0 :, l.iO B.C. 31if> B.C:. shcl Is 8.5 fool depl h C I -(i3Ci \'ivipar11s i\lidden :--:o. 2 -I-•)"()•' -+ ')'0-:> .;:100 11.C. 302:i 13 .C:. shells IO fool depth H l -1345 \livipan1s tlliclden No. I 36·10 ± 110 lli90 B.C: . shells 12 inch depth K) (.):, 0CAI.A NATI.O:S:AI. FOREST ·ra hie !i so:-.1E BI C.\RI\ONJ\' l' J·: V.\LlJES FOR ·r1-1E s·1·. JOH NS RIVER (pans per 111 illion) Dates of sa 111p lcs ---- Loca1io11 o f saanplcs J1111 ci.J!)G2 .1 11 1,\' 7. 19G2 .\11g. 15. 1902 .\1 c111ra11cc 10 l.akc 1'fo11 roc ( Higll\,a)' ·11 :i) (i(i (i(j 41i ,\l cx i1 fro111 Lake :'l•l onroc ( llig hway 17) (}(', l (i8 Aa Crows Bluff ( Hig hway ·M) I ii2 12;) 80 ,\ 1 ,\ s1or Park (1 lighway •10) 11 (i 1()2 those l'ro1n Sa1nple 1-\ (6 inch depth) a nd Sa1nple J{ (8.5 1001 depth) . l ' hc date [ron1 Sa1nple D fro1n Spring (;arclcn Creek. 2350 B.C., indicated contan1ina tio n hy ;intique carbon but ,va~ no1vherc near as o ld as those (ron1 the presu1ncd substantially oldcr she lls o( ~ridden No. 2 (l 'a ble 'I). \•Ve believe that the difficul ties e ncountered in elating these Vivipar11s shells are caused by variations in the e11viro nn1e11ts in 1vh ich they gre1v, " 'h ich ,ve in terpreL to be differences in the per l·e n tages o( carbonates contain ing a ntique carbon presen t in the ,vatcr. Springs in the Jake region o r Flo rida c1nit 1vate r 1vhich corn es fron1 an aq ual'cr co1nposccl of Eocene li1n estoncs. Carbona te;, in this 1vatcr ( Bro1vn , Ke nner. a nd Bro1vn 1957) n1ust contain ;1ntique ca rbo n 1vhich ,~•o ulcl dilute the radiocarbo n acti1 ily of carbo nalcs ( 1--ICO,i o r CO 2) o( a ny body o( ,valer into \\'hich such spr ings 11011'• . l ' he resu ltant ellect, o[ course, 1-vould be a questio n of rc lati\'c volun1es and percentages. JZaclio('arbon an a lyses of o rganis1ns li ving in such ,vatcr and securing their carbo n front lhc carbonates in these 1valcrs 1vo uld be cxpectcd Lo produce· abnonnally old date~. ltcccn t bica rbonate values ( H(:0") for four location~ on the St. Johns River arc g iven in Table 5. :-fo nth to 1nonth varia tio n is evident. Data taken al o ne location near [)el.and 011 the SL .Johns River over 19·18 a nd 19119 sho1v thal thesc carbonates arc t1vo Lo three tin1cs as plentifu l in the sun1n1cr, ,vhcn 1hc river ten1perat11rc is high, as in the ,vintcr, ,vhcn lhe te1npcraturc o f the 1valcr is lo,v. ·rhese data ,vcre kindly g iven us by I<. enneth 1-\ . ?vracl( icha n (lcllcr D1scuss10:,; ANn I),\T1:s:c 25 of Sept. 19. I 9b2). 1) istrict E ng i necr, Qua Ii l y of \ Va ter ]~ranch, U nited States Geolog ical Survey, O cala, Florida. I ( sh ellfish should gro,v n1ore rapidly in the sun1111er than i11 the ,vinter the effect ,votild be c111nulative. \Ve d o no t unde rsta nd ,vhy 1he 1-1(:C) ,1 \'alues increased bet\veen the e ntrance and exit of th e St. Johns Ri\·er al 1.akc l\fo nroe, but clearly 1he kl\vCst value is that g i\·e n for Lake l\lonroe (' L'abl e 5). -rhe increase bet ,vccn La kc l\ Io n roe and c:ro,,·s Blu/T refl ects the entrance of " 'ater J'ro1n VV ckiva and JZo ck Springs, sources high in HCO:. , Our Vivi/Jarus san1ple f'ro111 this la ke, as ,vas the case, ,vould be expected Lo g ive a radiocarbo n date 1nore nearly correct in tenns o f o ur cale ndar than ,vould san1ples f'ro 1n f'arther do \vn the river ,vherc the content o[ carbon ate cont,1ining antique carbon is greater. 1 'hc no rth shore or l ,a kc ;\ r011 roe is not 0 11 the direct line o[ ri,·c r flo,v. Possibly o ur ~an1ple, "·hich ca1nc fro n1 that sho re, 1n ay have bee n gro1ving i11 a location "·here the con centra tion ol antique carbo n \vas re latively lo"'· ,\\'a ilable bicarbonate and calc iu111 carbo 11 a tc values al various po ints o n the St. Johns !liver for a three day p eriod in 1954 (l{ro11·n. Kenner, a nd J~ro,vn 1957: 9·1-110) a rc g iven in Table 6. The table is arranged do ,vnstrca1n l'ro n1 south to north. 1~he in crease in these val ucs belo,v Chrisunas is vcrvI evident as is the large ,·ariatio n frorn collecting statio n to C'o ll ccting statio n. Our ~ites are located o ff the river but bet1,·ee11 ( :ro11·s Bluff a nd Astor "·here the hig hest 1-ICO,. values arc indicated. These values reflect the addition to the St. Johns River o( ,va ter fro n1 different tribu taries 111a n y or ,vh i ch orig inate i 11 springs. J n o rder to sho,v the variation in the ,vaters fro1n these springs, partial a nalyses of the principal ~p rings feed ing the St. .Johns River h ave been g iven in Table 7 (Ferg uson, el al. 1947 : J 19-67). lt is evide nt that the 1nico e nviro nn1ent o[ g ro1vi11 g shells in this area is very critical in regard to the a,·ailability of a n tique carbon. \Ve d o not kno,v the source of she lls forn1i11g ::\Jidde n No. 2, nor is there any ,vay of ascertain ing it. Becau se o[ th e internal con siste ncy in dates, it see1ns like ly a ll the sh ells fro1n this n1idclen can1e from the san1e source. San1ple 1-I fron1 7\fidcle n No. l difl'ers con sidera bly in its d ate (Table 4) f'ro m a ny of the Viviparus dales (ro1n \lidde n No. 2. It seen1s like ly sh ells of l\ficlcl en J\: o . I. at O C ALA NA-l'IONAI. FOREST ·rablc G Hl C:A RBONA.l'E .\NJ) CAL C:l l'i\1 C:.\RBON:\ 'f £ V.\LU t::S FOR ' fl-IE s·r. JOH.NS Rl VER (pans p er 1nillion) i\1 ay 17-19, 19:i Stal ion S1,11 io n HC<).. CaCO .. ~ car i\l a la ba r 33 3·1 Kear ,\•li1ns 76 12 10 Nea r !\1 c l hournc 18 29 Near Geneva ·18 :120 :--=car Bona venture 28 36 . \ I Osceola 38 2(i;) . \ l Lake \ \finder 2G -11 . \ l l.akc .J css11 p 43 24 ti • \ l La ke Po insc11 -12 81 :\L Lake i\10 11 roc (i-1 ~20 ::--1 ca 1· Dclcspinc 2~ 88 :--=car Sanford !"8I ~O'.L Nea r C h ris1111as 36 130 A I Crows II luff 9,1 :/0 I . \ I Kyser R a nch Gfi ~,·73 . • \ l :\ s1o r 9:1 212 least t hose frorn the top of Lh at n1iclden, can1c front a dill (-rcnt c 11 viron1ncnt than clid the shells o( l\11idcl en No. 2. Sa,nplc D fro n1 Spring Carden e.:reck grc\\· in ,vat.er fron1 J>oncc de I.con Springs ,vh ich is one of the higher contribu1ors or antiguc carbon inLo the St. Jo hns l~iver systc1n ('!"a ble 7). \\/hen ,vc coll ected this sarnple, ,ve thought the shells con1posing it h;,d only very recently died. (;rcater kno ,~•ledgc of the ha bi1s of l'i11i- Bl C , \ R l\()N. \ 'r E .\ K D C. \ LC I i\l CARBONATE \I1 \ I.U ES FOR SO:>I I•: T' I.ORlD.\ Sl'RI NCS (pans per 111 illio11) .\I I now i111 0 the S1. J ohns River I IC:() ,, CaC:O ,. CO 2 .Se111i11 o lc Co11n1 y Lake Count)' Sau lando · 125 106 13 /\ lcxandcr !JS I ifi 211 She ppa rd 111 126 ;,rario n Countv, Orange County Salt 87 1290 R ock 106 Si I vcr Gle n 8.'i ·IO(i Kckiva I I 7 Si Iver (near ( >cala) 201 Volu~ia Co1111 1y 209 Blue 148 !199 (i l' o ncc de Leo n 130 3<10 D 1SC llSSIUN AN D (),\Tl i"G 27 fJarus she lls sheds son1c do u bL o n Lh a t assu1npLio n. 'These she lls ,vere exposed by Lhe rooLs o( a Lree blo,vn do,vn by hurricane Donna, but if a live at the t in1e the tree blc"' clo1vn they n1ust have been li,·ing " in'' instead of "on" rnucl. It scen1s likely they 1vere washed in a dead state o nto a n1ud fl at- or died on the flat- to be Lh en co,·crcd ,vith n1 ore 1nud a nd to be later exposed 1vhen the tree ble\\· do,vn. 1.' hey Lhus ,voulcl precl a Le Lh e g ro,vth of' Lh e Lrce. ,,vh ile " ·e canno t tell the cxacL origin of these she lls, their ex trerne ly old date (2350 13.C.) cerLainly refl ects Lh eir g ro,vth in Spring (;arden Creek, an e 11 viron1nenL abounding in antique car bon. Parenthetically, there is 110 prcccn11nic 1nidden 0 11 Spring Garde n ( ;reek fron1 ,vhich the shells of San1p le D could have ,vashed. ~rhert: a rc sonic refe re nces in the radiocarbon lit erature Lo dates on conLc n1porary shell s ,vhich ,vcrc 1350 Lo 1800 years olde r than present (C;ranc and Griffin IV5!): 176-77). 1 ' hcre is also a noLe in J{(/diucarbon S11/>/J lc111enl (Vol. 'I: ,l(j .•18) under t he Kincaid She lter series that ··all dates l'ron1 the sa n1 e excavatio n units a re in proper sequence. Dates o n charcoa I arc for the 1nosL part reason able, ,,·hilc elates o n snail she.ll s arc o lder Lhan expected." 1~his see1ns to 1naLch o ur experience. In 196·1 in a11 article in Sci<'IICI', l~roecker discussed the proble1n ol' c:-1-1 and (:-13 de ficiencies in lake and river n1 ollusks and decided tha t ··solu1io n of carbonate rocks tan be conclusi,·ely de n1onsLrated to be a 1najor source of dissol\'ed carbon a nd an entirely adequate source o l Lh e obser,·ed C:- 1-1 de fici ency." ()ur findings ,vo uld sup port Broct·ker·s cone! usions. 1~he in,·estigation reported here is noL a qua nt itative study o[ the effects o f' antique carbon o n Viv i/Jarus shell radiocarbon dates. \1\/e hope o the rs ,,·i ll collect I ive sa1nples l'ro1n spring· 1vaters of different co1nposit io n and fro111 r i\'er a nd lake "'aters of kno,vn Jo,v concentrations of carbonates. lladiocarbon runs on such sa 1nple sho uld indicate quantitative ly the rel;1tio11sh ips be t,,veen R.P. dates and the pe rcentages of carbonates and, he nce, a ntique carbon present. T his brings us to the questio n of the dates for i'v[icl dens No. 1 a nd 2 . . \ s sho,vn in Table 'I, ,ve have assu1ned Lh at the radiocarbon da te fron1 the charcoal (San1ple F) fro111 the 33 inch zone at J\1icl- O CALA NATIO.'IAI. F OREST den No. 2 is approxin1ately correct. The date for Viviparus ~he lls associated ,vith this charcoal ,vas greater by 2275 yea rs. ,\ s~ uniing th is differe nce to be the correct adj us t1T1e n t, ,ve have subtracted 2275 years fro1n the o ther Vivipar11s elates ror J\ lidde 11 2 Lo get the adjusted dates sho1vn in the last column o r ' 1';1ble 4 ..\r chaeo logica ll y. these d a tes arc, if anything, conservative. 'l 'hey indicate the abando nn1ent o f i\liddcn No. 2 around 2225 B.C. or over 200 yea rs before the introduction of fiber-ten1pered po ttery. l "h is is a reasonable correlation as no po ttery \Vas found in J\•Iidden l'\o. 2. Dates for the basal part o r the n1iddcn, but not the botton1 , a rc aro und 3 I 00 13.C:. 'J'h is suggests J nd ia ns started I iv i ng at the si LC around 3200 l~.C. a nd continued- poss ibl y inter111itte n tly- li1·ing 1herc until about 2200 J~. C. o r tha t it took abo ut 1000 years for ~ r iddcn No. 2 to accu 1n u 1a tc. J\ gai n th is sccn1s reasonable. · rh is in1plics that a s1na ll gro up, no t. n1 orc tha n o ne e xte nded fa111il y. lived at the si te for a 10 11 g time. Such a s1na ll g roup living in bala11ce " 'iLh the local ecology sec1ns 1no rc like ly than that the 1niddc 11 represents the accun1ul ation of a large g roup ,.v ho, in a sho rt period or ti n1 e, 1n ig h t be expected to ki 11 o f[ shel I fi sh by over col lccting. \i\lc have only one date !"o r ~ridde n No. J. ·1·his date, around lli90 B.C., can1 c fron1 a de pth o l abo ut 12 inches. 1\ s i; IH)\1' 11 in Fig ure I. this d epth cou ld represent an earl y St. Johns T (circe ,\.0. 0-500), a TransiLio 11 al (circa 750 ltC.), or an Orange (2000- 1000 It(~.) period. lf the date ,vcre to be taken as indicated, it "'ould fiL nicely at about the rnidcllc or the Orange period. If the date rcllects the presence of sonic a ntique carbon, as is likely the case, it n1ig ht fit e ither of th e other l\VO periods rn cntioned ,1bovc. \•Ve reel Lh erc is ple nty o f evidence, as n1 c ntio necl earlier. to believe that the cha nnel o f the St. .J o hns ]live r has not been con st;i nt over thousa nds of years ( Fig. 1). It scern s LO us likely tha t both \ ,fidtlcn No. I and No. 2 "·ere loca ted on one or rno rc oxbcn vs o f 1he river ,vhc n first scu lcd by Indians. Ir the oxbo\v bc:ca 1nc cut o fT fro1n the nia in cha nnel, Vivi/Jarus shells " '(nrld continue LO gro,v and, he nce, the Indians "·011ld not have to rnove as th ei1· d o111inant food supply 1rould still be present. Over a long period o( ti 111c. lloocl 1va ters 1vo trl cl lea l'e eno ug h sa 11d a nd clay heh ind to eventually fill the oxbo,v lake \l'iLh dirt a nd other d e bris and the Indians "·otrld be fo rced Lo n1 o ve . .J uclg ing frorn our rad ioca r bon dates. this process 100k a long 1i1ne. D 1scuss10N ANO l),\TING 29 l t has been our experience tha1 111iddc11s bordering lakes, strcan1s, or bays arc steep on the \\1 ater side a nd slope 1nore gradu a l I y and n1orc i rrcgula rl y on the la nthl'a rd side. J II o ther \,·ords, 111idc.lens gro\\' up\vard a n d a\\'ay lron1 the \l'aLer. J n our d escription of both J\.l idde ns No. I a n d No. 2, ,ve 111e11tioned that one side ,vas steep and the other n1ore gradual. \ Ve ivo u ld postulate that the steep side \\'as tO\\'a rds the ox bc)\v lake. , \ si 111 i la r situa Lion occurred at K i1nball Jsland. or course. an alternative h ypo1hesis n1 ig ht be tha L 11 0\\·-co1n pletel y- h id den springs once existed a L these si Les and that Ind ians explo ited shellfi~h gnl\l'ing a L these springs. \ 1Ve conclude that arou nd 3000 B.( :. the t·hanne l or the St. Joh n · ri,·er ,vas in a d iffere nt locatio n 1.han today. Indians li,·ed not only 0 11 the large bodies or ,vater ~uch as L;1ke l)exter but a lso on s111all oxbo,vs or oxbo,v lakes. i\ l idde ns No. I, No. 2, and probably No. 3, ,vere so si1.uatcd. l 'here the ,vo 1n e n and children collected Vivi/Jar11s shells, turtles, and probably fish \,·hile the n1e n a nd youths hunted d eer and trapped ra bbits a nd raccoon s in the ne ig hbo r ing forests and ~\v a111ps. So1ne ,·egeta hie products such as nuts, seed s, and the hearts of cabbage pal1ns u n doubtedly broade ned this hig h protci n diet. Occasion a 11 y they n1 et Ind ians fro 1n other :,111a 11 settlcn1e n t ·. Villages on the large lakes prospered and beran1e LO\vns but those o n the cut-olf oxbo"·s n .: 1nain ecl sn1all as their su pply of th e stable she llfish ,vas lin1ited. Finally, shortly before 2000 l~.(~.. the o ld ox bo\-v lakes beca1nc fil led a n d ceased to supp ly Vivipor11s sh ells in any c.iuantiLy. \ •\/ he n this event happened , it rorced the abandon n1 en L o [ th cse sn1a 11 settle1n e n Ls and their i II ha b i ta 11 LS 1110,·ed e lsc ,vhere. 30 OCALA i\ATl ()NAL FOREST REFEllE1 CES CITED Hr,.;so;,;, C ,\111 . ,\ .• ":-.u I l o w"RI> I\R1' c 1: CRLE:-.f. 11 l!JG2. ..•rhe Ki,nhall ~liddcn . Lake Coun1 y.'' Flol'ida A11//1roJ1ologi.,1, Vol. 15. N o. •I. pp. 11 3-14. J3ROFCKFI{, \\' AI.I .. \ CF I !JG·I . .. Radiocarbon Dai ing: . \ Case agains1 1h e Proposed Link bc1 ween Ri,·cr J\ follusks and Soil lh11n11s." Science, Vol. 1•1:1, No. 360G, pp. r,!)c; .9;. l11iow.-.:. 1)1, 1.111-IU \ \' .• \\' . E. J,; ,:;,;;,;1,R. ., ,,o Et 1C F.1'1' IIKOll'K 19:,7. " ln1eri1n Repori 011 1he \ \'a1c1· Resources of l\rev:1nl C:011 111 y, Florida.'' Flo,ida C,·ological S11rvcy. J11fon11fllio11 Circ11/ar No. 11 . B lll.l.l•.N. ,\ U,\l,.\ll)F K . ,\ NU Rll'I.I'\' P. l!JG:I. ·· !'he \ Vash Isla nd S i1 c. Crrs1al Ri ,·er. Flo rida.'' Florida A11t/1n1• po I og•1,·1. \ ' o I . I(>' • "• ,' o. ,)" , pp. 8 1• !)'> __ l\l!LI.EN. R 11 •1. F\ I'. 1955. ··s1ra1igraphic ·r es1s at Bl11ff1 on. Volusia Cou11I)', 1-'lorida." F lorida Anthrof,ulu/!.isl. Vol. 8. No. I, pp. J. J(i. l!J.i!I. ·· rhe ·r rans i1 io11al l'criod of Florida." ( 15 1h) J\'e11•sll'tler of the So11/h1•a. C:R,\:--'I', 11. R .. .\:--'I) J .\)11 S I\. C:Rll·'l'IN I 95!). "I ' ni,·cr,-il) of /l'lichigan R;1d ioc.1rbnn Da 1cs I V ." A111crica11 J o11r1111/ of .\ri(•llf't' -'· Nadioca,·/1011 S11JlfJle111 e11/., Vol. I. pp. I i3-98. F FR<:t'S<>K, G. E. . C. \\'. L 1:-:1a1A , 1. S. ){_ l.ovi-:. A ND R. 0. VFR:--'ON 1947. "Springs or Florida." Florida c,,olof{ical S111,I('\'. Ceolo/!.ical J/111/1•• tin. :-- o. 31. Fu:-. 1 . R. F .. A:-.o E. S. 1>1 1- , 1• Y. Eu11OKS I 9Ci2. Nadiorarbo11 S11/1/1lt,111t•11/, '\'o l. 0 1. ,\111 c ri ran .Jo11r11a l of Scien ces. Gor.c,:-. , Jo11:-: :-r. J!J!i2. "Spare and ' J'in1c l'crspcc1 i, c i11 :\'or1hcrn S1. J ohns .\ rch colo1,,')' . Florida.'' Yale U 11i11er.)ily l'ubli r"I i u 11s in A 111/110/10/ugy, No. -I 7. P late VJ. Exc;n·a1 ing ,n lowc,· par, of Ocala Nalio11 ,1l Fores, i\liddc n '.\!o. 2. \Vll.LI,\;1f L. 1~RYt\NT FOUNDATION ~\ i\·fERIC/\N STUDI ES R eporL N 11 n1ber I. ;\rchaeologica l lnvesLigaLions or Lh c Castle \ Vi ncl y i\[ iclde n, Flo rida, by Ripley P. Bu l lcn a nd Frederick \•\/. Sleight. Price . 1.00. R cporL N un1ber 2. f\rchaeological ln\·estigaLions of Green wfo uncl, Florida, by Ripley P. Bullen a nd Frederick v\/. Sleigh t. Price .$ 1.00. R e port N um ber 3. 1\rchaeological R econnaissa nce o r the fsland of S1. .John, U nited SLaLes Virgin Islands, by Fred erick \ •V. Sleight. Price $ 1.00. R eport lun1ber 4. (:er:unic Periods of St. Thon1as and St. J oh n Islands, Virgin Islands, by Ripley P. I1ullen. Price S 1.00. 1Ze port N11n1ber 5. The Kru1n l~ay Sile: 1\ Precera1nic Site On St. Thomas, Un ited Stales \/ irg in Islands, by Ri p ley P. li11ll e 11 and Frederick \ 1V. Sleight. Price S 1.00. Report Nu1nber 6. 1-hree Archa ic Sites in the Ocala latio na l For est, Florida, by Ripley P. Bulle n a nd \1Villiam .J. Brya nt. Price .$ 1.00. Order fro,n Cen tral Florida ~·fu~eum 810 E. Ro llin~ . \ vc., Orlando Fl orida William l. Bryant Foundation University of Central Florida Library P. 0. Box 25000 Orlando, Florida 32816 E. 0. PA1NTER PRI NYl N G CO. OE LA.N O, FLORIDA