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عنوان: مطالعه تنوع ژنتیکي جمعیت ماهي آزاد )Salmo Trutta Caspius Kessler, 1877( در پنج رودخانه حوضه جنوبي دریای خزر ایران

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عنوان: مطالعه تنوع ژنتیکي جمعیت ماهي آزاد )Salmo Trutta Caspius Kessler, 1877( در پنج رودخانه حوضه جنوبي دریای خزر ایران دانشگاه آزاد اسﻻمي واحد علوم و تحقیقات دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعي، گروه شیﻻت رساله دکتری رشته شیﻻت )Ph.D( عنوان: مطالعه تنوع ژنتیکي جمعیت ماهي آزاد )Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877( در پنج رودخانه حوضه جنوبي دریای خزر ایران استادان راهنما: دکتر سهراب رضواني گیل کﻻئي دکتر ابوالقاسم کمالي استاد مشاور: دکتر مهدی سلطاني نگارش: سلطنت نجار لشگری تابستان 2931 أ أ ن دا ش گاه آزاد اسﻻمی معاونت ژپوهش و فناوری هب انم خدا منشور اخﻻق ژپوهش مح هم هم ن با یاری از خداوند سبحان و اعتقاد هب اینکه عالم ضر خداست و واره انرظ رب اعمال انسان و هب منظور اپسداشت مقام بلند دانش و ژپوهش و نظر هب ا یت جای گاه دا ش گاه رد بش نش علم ن هی اعتﻻی رفهنگ و تمدن ری، ما دا جویان و اعضاء هیات ی واحداهی دا ش گاه آزاد اسﻻمی متهدد می دردمم اوول ز ر را رد اجاام ععایتهدای ژپو ی د نظر ارار داده و تخ نک از آن طی نیم: حق حق حق 1- اصل یقت جویی: تﻻش رد راستای پی جویی یقت و وافداری هب آن و دوری از ره گوهن پندان سازی یقت. ه 2- اصل رعایت حقوق: التزام هب رعایت کامل حقوق ژپو شگران و ژپوهیدگان )انسان، حیوان و نبات( و سا ر صاحبان حق. ن ه 3- اصل مالکیت مادی و معنوی: تهدد هب رعایت کامل حقوق مادی و معنوی دا ش گاه و کلیه م کاران ژپوهش. ل پیش ح 4- اصل مناعع ملی: تهدد هب رعایت مصا ح ملی و رد نظر داشتن برد و توسعه کشور رد کلیه رما ل ژپوهش. علم تج 5- اصل رعایت انصاف و امانت: تهدد هب اجتناب از ره گوهن جانب داری غیر ی و حفاظت از اموال، هیزات و منابع رد اختیار. تحق 6- اصل رازداری: تهدد هب صیانت از ارصار و اطﻻعات محرماهن ارفاد، سازمان اه و کشور و کلیه ارفاد و نداداهی رمتبط با یق. تح 7- اصل احترام: تهدد هب رعایت رحمم اه و رحمت اه رد اجاام قیقات و رعایت جانب نقد و خودداری از ره گوهن رحمت شکنی. ی ی تح ه علم نش 8- اصل رتو ج: تهدد هب رواج دانش و اشاهع نتا ج قیقات و انتقال آن هب م کاران ی و دا جویان هب غیر از مواردی هک منع اقنونی دارد. ص نس علم 9- ا ل ربائت: التزام هب ربائت جویی از ره گوهن رف تار غیر رحهف ای و اعﻻم موضع بت هب کسانی هک حوزه علم و ژپوهش را هب شائبه اهی غیر ی می آﻻیند. ب دانشگاه آزاد اسﻻمي واحد علوم و تحقیقات تعهد نامه اصالت رساله اینجانب سلطنت نجار لشگری دانش آموخته مقطع دکتری تخصصی در رشته شیﻻت که در تاریخ 13/6/3131 از رساله Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877 " خود تحت عنوان مطالعه تنوع ژنتیکي جمعیت ماهي آزاد ) ( در پنج رودخانه " حوضه جنوبي دریای خزر ایران با کسب نمره .......... و درجه .......... دفاع نموده ام بدینوسیله متعهد می شوم: 3( این رساله حاصل تحقیق و پژوهش انجام شده توسط اینجانب بوده و در مواردی که از دستاوردهای علمی و پژوهشی دیگران )اعم از پایان نامه، کتاب، مقاله و ...( استفاده نموده ام، مطابق ضوابط و رویه موجود، نام منبع مورد استفاده و سایر مشخصات آن را در فهرست مربوطه ذکر و درج کرده ام. 1( این رساله قبﻻً برای دریافت هیچ مدرک تحصیلی )هم سطح، پائین تر یا باﻻتر( در سایر دانشگاه ها و مؤسسات آموزش عالی ارائه نشده است. 1( چنانچه بعد از فراغت از تحصیل، قصد استفاده و هر گونه بهره برداری اعم از چاپ کتاب، ثبت اختراع و ... از این رساله داشته باشم، از حوزه معاونت پژوهشی واحد مجوزهای مربوطه را اخذ نمایم. 4( چنانچه در هر مقطع زمانی خﻻف موارد فوق ثابت شود، عواقب ناشی از آن را می پذیرم و واحد دانشگاهی مجاز است با اینجانب مطابق ضوابط و مقررات رفتار نموده و در صورت ابطال مدرک تحصیلی ام هیچ گونه ادعایی نخواهم داشت. نام و نام خانوادگی: سلطنت نجار لشگری تاریخ و امضاء: ج دانشگاه آزاد اسﻻمي واحد علوم و تحقیقات دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعي، گروه شیﻻت رساله دکتری رشته شیﻻت )Ph.D( عنوان: مطالعه تنوع ژنتیکي جمعیت ماهي آزاد )Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877( در پنج رودخانه حوضه جنوبي دریای خزر ایران استادان راهنما: دکتر سهراب رضواني گیل کﻻئي دکتر ابوالقاسم کمالي استاد مشاور: دکتر مهدی سلطاني نگارش: سلطنت نجار لشگری تابستان 2931 د سپاسگزاری سپاس و ستایش خدای را سزاست که آدمیان را اندیشیدن و تفکر آموخت تا به طریق معرفت، اسرار هستی را یک به یک پرده بردارد و هر پرسش را به پاسخی ختم نمود و ذهن پویای بشر را مشتاق این پاسخها قرار داد. اکنون که به یاری خداوند مهربان نگارش این پایان نامه به اتمام رسید، وظیفه خود می دانم که از زحمات تمام کسانی که در اجرای آن مرا راهنمایی و یاری نمودند، تشکر و قدردانی نمایم. در ابتدا از آقای دکتر سهراب رضوانی گیل کﻻئی، استاد راهنمای اول این پژوهش که کار با ایشان برایم افتخاری بزرگ بود کمال قدردانی و تشکر را دارم. همچنین از استادان گرانقدر آقایان دکتر ابوالقاسم کمالی و دکتر مهدی سلطانی که در طی اجرای این پژوهش به عنوان استاد راهنمای دوم و مشاور از راهنماییهایشان بهره برده ام سپاسگزاری می کنم. از آقای دکتر پورغﻻم، رئیس محترم پژوهشکده اکولوژی دریای خزر که امکان انجام مراحل آزمایشگاهی این تحقیق را در آن پژوهشکده برایم فراهم نمودند، از آقای مهندس ﻻلوئی، رئیس محترم بخش بیوتکنولوژی پژوهشکده که با راهنماییهای ارزنده شان در طی اجرای مراحل آزمایشگاهی و تجزیه و تحلیل داده های ژنتیکی این تحقیق نهایت همکاری را با اینجانب داشته اند و از همکاریهای بی- دریغ کارشناسان محترم آزمایشگاه ژنتیک آن بخش، آقایان تقوی و مهندس پورغﻻم در طی اجرای مراحل آزمایشگاهی این پژوهش، از آقای دکتر فضلی، رئیس محترم بخش ارزیابی ذخایر پژوهشکده که در تجزیه و تحلیل داده های زیستی این تحقیق با اینجانب همکاری داشته اند و کارشناسان محترم آن بخش، آقایان مهندس طالشیان که در کار تعیین سن و آموزش آن و مهندس دریانبرد که در تعیین موقعیت ایستگاه های نمونه برداری و تهیه عکس از فلسهای تعیین سن شده از هیچ گونه مساعدتی دریغ ننمودند، صمیمانه قدردانی می نمایم. از آقای مهندس رضوانی، رئیس محترم مرکز تکثیر و پرورش آزاد ماهیان شهید دکتر باهنر کﻻردشت که امکان انجام نمونه برداری در مراحل مختلف تکثیر ماهی آزاد دریای خزر در آن مرکز را برای اینجانب فراهم نمودند و کارشناسان محترم این مرکز، آقایان زرودی، بیگلریان، میار و جعفرنژاد، نهایت سپاس و تقدیر را دارم. از آقای دکتر صیاد بورانی رئیس محترم مرکز تحقیقات ماهیان سردآبی کشور و آقایان مهندس بهرامیان و مهندس راست روان، کارشناسان محترم این مرکز که در طی مراحل مختلف نمونه برداری مرا یاری رساندند سپاسگزاری می کنم. از آقایان رفیع زاده، میرزایی، مقدم و رضایی در بازارهای ماهی فروشان هشتپر، رامسر، تنکابن و نوشهر که در طی مراحل مختلف نمونه برداری از هیچ مساعدتی دریغ ننمودند قدردانی می کنم. در نهایت از پدر و مادر عزیزم که در طول این سالها همواره مشوق و پشتیبانم بوده اند و خواهر و برادرانم که مایه دلگرمی و امیدم بودند کمال سپاس و امتنان را دارم و امیدوارم که نتایج این تحقیق توانسته باشد ذره ای از زحمات این بزرگواران را پاسخگو باشد. سلطنت نجار لشگری ه تقدیم به: او که مرا حیات بخشید و شوق دانستن را در وجودم نهاد و همواره توجه و محبت او را نسبت به خود باور داشته ام. تقدیم به: نگاه های مهربان و همیشه مضطرب قامتهای استوار و همیشه مقاوم زندگیم آنانکه گرانمایه جانم، استواری گامم، معنای تمام عمرم و سودای خیالم در گرو ارمغان تنها یک نگاهشان است آنانکه لحظه ای نیاسودند تا بیاسایم و امروزم ثمره ی دیروز آنهاست و کﻻم را توانایی و یارای بازگویی مقام واﻻیشان نیست ))پدر و مادر عزیزم(( و این تحقیق با حمایت مالي مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیﻻتي کشور و حمایتهای اجرایي پژوهشکده اکولوژی دریای خزر- ساری، مرکز تحقیقات ماهیان سردآبي کشور- تنکابن و مرکز تکثیر و پرورش آزاد ماهیان شهید دکتر باهنر- کﻻردشت انجام شده است. ز فهرست مطالب عنوان شماره صفحه چکیده فصل اول: کلیات تحقیق 3-3- مقدمه ...................................................................................................................................... 1 3-1- بیان مسأله ............................................................................................................................... 6 3-1- اهمیت و ضرورت تحقیق ...................................................................................................... 6 3-4- اهداف تحقیق ......................................................................................................................... 7 3-5- فرضیه های تحقیق .................................................................................................................. 7 3-6- دریای خزر ............................................................................................................................. 8 3-6-3- تقسیمات زیر حوضه ای ............................................................................................... 31 3-6-3-3- زیر حوضه طالش- انزلی ..................................................................................... 31 3-6-3-3-3- آستاراچای.................................................................................................... 31 3-6-3-3-1- کرگانرود ...................................................................................................... 31 3-6-3-1- زیر حوضه چالوس .................................................................................................. 31 3-6-3-1-3- چالوس ........................................................................................................ 34 3-6-3-1-1- چشمه کیله................................................................................................... 34 3-6-3-1-1- سرداب رود ................................................................................................. 35 3-6-1- ماهیان دریای خزر ........................................................................................................ 35 3-6-1-3- آزاد ماهیان ............................................................................................................ 37 3-6-1-3-3- خصوصیات خانواده آزاد ماهیان .................................................................. 37 Salmo 3-6-1-3-1- خصوصیات جنس ........................................................................... 38 3-6-1-1- ماهی آزاد دریای خزر .......................................................................................... 38 3-6-1-1-3- رده بندی ...................................................................................................... 33 3-6-1-1-1- خصوصیات ظاهری ..................................................................................... 33 3-6-1-1-1- پراکنش جغرافیایی ....................................................................................... 11 3-6-1-1-4- زیستگاه ........................................................................................................ 11 3-6-1-1-5- تغذیه ...........................................................................................................
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