EIA/EMP REPORT
River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
JANUARY, 2015
Project Proponent:
M/s Shekhawat Associate,
R/o 226, Jaswant nagar, Khatipur,
Jaipur, Rajasthan
EIA Consultant:
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. INDIA 304-305, 3rd Floor, Plot No. 16, Rishabh Corporate Tower, Community Centre, Karkardooma, Delhi – 110092 Phone: 011-30003200, 30003219; Fax: 011-22374775 Website: www.eqmsindia.com ; E-mail – [email protected] EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...... I - X Chapter 1. Introduction ...... 9 1.1. Preamble ...... 9 1.2. Purpose of the Report ...... 10 1.3. Identification of Project & Project Proponent ...... 10 1.4. Brief description of nature, size and location of the project ...... 11 1.5. Salient Features of the Project ...... 11 1.6. Need for the project and its importance to the country or region ...... 14 1.7. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 14 1.8. Scoping Of the Project ...... 16 1.9. Environmental Framework of the State ...... 16 1.10. Rajasthan State Forest Policy ...... 18 1.11. Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB) ...... 18 1.12. Public Hearing ...... 18 1.13. Compliance of ToR ...... 19 Chapter 2. : Project Description ...... 25 2.1. General ...... 25 2.2. Type of Project ...... 25 2.3. Need for the Project ...... 25 2.4. Location, Project Boundary and Project Site Layout ...... 26 2.5. Size or magnitude of Operation ...... 26 2.6. Proposed Schedule for Implementation ...... 26 2.7. Technology and Process Description ...... 27 2.8. Project Description ...... 29 2.9. Site Elevation, Working Depth and Groundwater Table ...... 35 2.10. Terms and conditions imposed by Director of Mines and Geology, Rajasthan...... 36 2.11. Statutory / Necessary Approvals...... 38 Chapter 3. : Description of the Environment ...... 39 3.1. Introduction ...... 39 3.2. Physiography, Topography and Drainage...... 43 3.3. Geology and Hydrogeology ...... 57 3.4. Meteorology ...... 66 3.5. Air Quality ...... 76 3.6. Water Quality ...... 80 3.7. Soil ...... 85 3.8. Noise Environment ...... 91 3.9. Biological Environment ...... 92 3.10. Socio-Economic Environment ...... 107 Chapter 4. : Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures...... 122 4.1. Introduction ...... 122 4.2. Impacts on Topography and Drainage ...... 122 4.3. Land Environment ...... 123 4.4. Impacts on Climate ...... 123 4.5. Water Environment ...... 124 4.6. Noise and Vibration ...... 128 4.7. Impacts on Air Environment...... 132 4.8. Biological Environment ...... 143 4.9. Impact on Socio-Economic Environment ...... 145 4.10. Impact due to Transportation of Mined out material on environment ...... 146 4.11. Impact Due To Vehicular Emission ...... 151 Chapter 5. : Analysis of Alternatives ...... 154 5.1. General ...... 154 5.2. Alternative Sites ...... 154
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5.3. Alternative Technology ...... 156 Chapter 6. : Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 158 6.1. General ...... 158 6.2. Areas of concern ...... 158 6.3. Environmental Monitoring ...... 158 6.4. Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 158 6.5. Environment Management Group ...... 162 6.6. Environment Policy/Violations of Environment Norms/ Hierarchal System ...... 163 6.7. Cost of Environment Monitoring Plan ...... 164 Chapter 7. Additional Studies ...... 165 7.1. General ...... 165 7.2. Replenishment Studies ...... 165 7.3. Risk Assessment ...... 179 7.4. Inundation Studies ...... 179 7.5. Disaster Due to Failure of Pit Slope ...... 180 7.6. Disaster Due to Failure of Mine Waste Dump ...... 181 7.7. Disaster Due to Surface Fire ...... 181 7.8. Disaster Management Plan ...... 182 7.9. Occupational Health and Safety ...... 183 7.10. R & R Plan ...... 184 7.11. Social Impact Assessment ...... 184 Chapter 8. : Project benefits ...... 185 8.1. General ...... 185 8.2. Accelerated Development of Infrastructure and Housing Sector ...... 185 8.3. Employment Potential...... 185 8.4. State Exchequer ...... 185 8.5. Betterment of Trade and Commerce ...... 185 8.6. Tangible social benefits ...... 186 Chapter 9. : Environmental Management Plan ...... 187 9.1. General ...... 187 9.2. Pollution Control Measures ...... 187 9.3. Green Belt development plan ...... 199 9.4. Solid Waste Management ...... 203 9.5. Occupational Health Management Plan ...... 203 9.6. Soil conservation works ...... 207 9.7. Capital Cost of Project ...... 208 9.8. Summary of cost of environment management plan ...... 208 Chapter 10. : Summary & Conclusion ...... 210 10.1. Purpose of the Report ...... 210 10.2. Identification of Project & Project Proponent ...... 210 10.3. Project Description ...... 210 10.4. Description of Environment...... 213 10.5. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 213 10.6. Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 217 10.7. Additional Studies ...... 218 10.8. Project benefits...... 219 10.9. Environmental Management Plan ...... 219 10.10. Conclusion ...... 219 Chapter 11. : Declaration & Disclosure of Consultants ...... 220
List of Tables
Table 1.1 : Salient Features of the Project ...... 11 Table 1.2 : Key Environmental Legislations ...... 14 Table 1.3 : Environmental Framework of State Government ...... 16 Table 1.4 : Compliance of ToR ...... 19
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Table 2.1 : Annual Production Schedule (Million Metric Tonne) ...... 27 Table 2.2 : Daily Water Requirement ...... 28 Table 2.3 : Block – wise yearly mining area for five years (ha) ...... 32 Table 2.4 : Block – wise yearly production for five years (million metric tonne) ...... 33 Table 2.5 : Year-wise Production of Solid waste (Cubic Meter) ...... 34 Table 2.6 : Conditions imposed by Director of Mines and Geology ...... 36 Table 3.1 : Description of Rivers Flowing Through Tonk District in Banas Catchment...... 47 Table 3.2 : Details of Catchment, Sub-Catchment and Watershed...... 48 Table 3.3 : Computation of River Bed Slope ...... 51 Table 3.4 : Tehsil wise landuse and land cover of the district ...... 52 Table 3.5 : Details of Landuse Class of Study Area ...... 54 Table 3.6 : Land Use Pattern of the mine lease area ...... 57 Table 3.7 : Earthquake Events of Magnitude more than 3.3 (Richter Scale) ...... 64 Table 3.8 : Distance of Tehsil Headquarters from Nearest IMD Station ...... 67 Table 3.9 : Climatological Data Station: IMD, Tonk (1960-1990) ...... 67 Table 3.10 : Monthly Rainfall Data (mm) Observed during 1973 to 2012 ...... 69 Table 3.11 : Computation of Standard Deviation ...... 71 Table 3.12 : Site Specific Meteorological Data ...... 73 Table 3.13 : Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 77 Table 3.14 : Ambient Air Quality results (µg/m3) ...... 78 Table 3.15 : Water Sampling Locations ...... 81 Table 3.16 : Physico chemical and Biological Characteristics of Surface Water ...... 82 Table 3.17 : Physico chemical and Biological Characteristics of Ground Water ...... 84 Table 3.18 : Details of Soil Sampling Locations ...... 88 Table 3.19 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of Study Area Soil ...... 88 Table 3.20 : Details of Noise Monitoring Locations ...... 91 Table 3.21 : Noise Levels [dB(A)] in the Study Area ...... 92 Table 3.22 : Forest Types in the Tonk Forest Division ...... 93 Table 3.23 : Sampling Location of Floristic Survey ...... 95 Table 3.24 : Phyto-sociological Characters of Different species recorded in proposed mining area 97 Table 3.25 : Phyto-sociological Characters of Different species recorded around mining areas ..... 98 Table 3.26 : Mammalian Fauna Sighted during the primary survey ...... 104 Table 3.27 : Avifauna Sighted during the primary survey ...... 105 Table 3.28 : Herpetofauna recorded from the project area ...... 106 Table 3.29 : Fish species reported from the project area ...... 107 Table 3.30 : Tonk District at a Glance ...... 107 Table 3.31 : Village-wise details of population ...... 110 Table 3.32 : Educational Network In The District ...... 115 Table 3.33 : Network of Medical And Public health Centres In The District ...... 115 Table 3.34 : Comprehensive List of Infrastructures present in the Study Area ...... 116 Table 3.35 : Area irrigated and un-irrigated under Kharif and Rabi Crops ...... 121 Table 3.36 : Productivity of Principal Crops ...... 121 Table 3.37 : Groupwise Details of SSI and MSME Registered Units ...... 121 Table 4.1 : Reduction in Surface Flow Due to Mining in Tehsil Piplu upto 6th Year ...... 124 Table 4.2 : Reduction in Surface Flow Due to Mining in Tehsil Piplu upto 10th Year close of mining ...... 125 Table 4.3 : Year-wise Computation of Ground Water Recharge as per GEC-97 ...... 126 Table 4.4 : Standard Values of Noise Levels ...... 130 Table 4.5 : Modelling Output ...... 130 Table 4.6 : Details of Production Parameters, Transportation, Moisture, Silt Contents ...... 133 Table 4.7 : Predicted Ground Level Concentration due to Open-pit excavation ...... 134 Table 4.8 : Details of Production Parameters, Transportation, Moisture, Silt Contents ...... 138 Table 4.9 : Receptors Location and Modeling Results ...... 139 Table 4.10 : Cumulative levels of existing and predicted levels of PM10 ...... 142 Table 4.11 : Traffic volume counts at Galod on SH-37A ...... 148 Table 4.12 : Traffic volume counts at Mohammad Nagar on MDR-1 ...... 148
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Table 4.13 : Incremental rise in daily traffic data at SH-37A due to proposed transport activity .... 149 Table 4.14 : Incremental rise in daily traffic data at MDR-1 due to proposed transport activity ..... 150 Table 4.15 : Determination of Traffic Noise Levels at Galod (SH-37A) ...... 150 Table 4.16 : Determination of Traffic Noise Levels at Mohammad Nagar (MDR-1) ...... 151 Table 4.17 : Emission factors by vehicle type (gm/km/vehicle) ...... 151 Table 4.18 : Receptor Locations And Model Results (Worst Case Wind Angle) ...... 152 Table 5.1 : Particulate Emission Factors for Stone-Processing Operations ...... 155 Table 6.1 : Air Quality Monitoring and Management ...... 159 Table 6.2 : Noise Level Monitoring and management ...... 160 Table 6.3 : Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters to be monitored ...... 162 Table 6.4 : Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 164 Table 7.1 : Siltation Rate of Reservoirs ...... 167 Table 7.2 : Annual Sediment Rates by Various Methods ...... 172 Table 7.3 : Tanks under the jurisdiction of Water Resources Department ...... 175 Table 7.4 : Year-wise Details of Water Availability of Tanks/Reservoir (1979-2000) ...... 176 Table 7.5 :Details of yearly abstraction of sediments and replenishment ...... 178 Table 7.6 : Monthly Maximum and a single day Rainfall (mm) during non-monsoon season ...... 180 Table 9.1 : Cost under Conservation Plan...... 197 Table 9.2 : Cost under CSR initiative ...... 199 Table 9.3 : Species suggested for plantation under Greenbelt Development Progaramme ...... 200 Table 9.4 : Phase-wise programme of plantation ...... 202 Table 9.5 : Annual cost for green belt development plan (Rs. in lakhs) ...... 202 Table 9.6 : Year-wise Production of Solid waste ...... 203 Table 9.7 : Schedule of Medical Checkup ...... 205 Table 9.8 : Cost Estimate ...... 207 Table 9.9 : Cost estimate of soil conservation works (engineering) ...... 207 Table 9.10 : Total cost of environmental management plan ...... 208
List of Figures Figure 2.1 : Water Balance ...... 28 Figure 2.2 : Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Mashi River ...... 35 Figure 2.3 : Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Sohadara River ...... 36 Figure 3.1 : Project Location Map on Toposheets ...... 40 Figure 3.2 : Satellite view of the Project Site ...... 41 Figure 3.3 : View of ML Area along Sohadara and Mashi River ...... 42 Figure 3.4 : Administrative Map of District Tonk and Tehsil Piplu ...... 45 Figure 3.5 : Physiographic Map of Rajasthan ...... 46 Figure 3.6 : Catchment Area Map of Banas Basin in Rajasthan and the Drainage Map of the Study Area ...... 50 Figure 3.7 : Graphical presentation of Landuse of District Tonk ...... 53 Figure 3.8 : Graphical Presentation of Landuse of Tehsil Piplu ...... 53 Figure 3.9 : Landuse Map of 10km Study area and 2km on either side of rivers of ML area in Tehsil Piplu ...... 56 Figure 3.10 : Regional geology map of Rajasthan ...... 59 Figure 3.11 : Hydrogeological Map of District Tonk ...... 61 Figure 3.12 : Map of Seismic Zones of India ...... 62 Figure 3.13 : Map of Seismic Zones of Rajasthan ...... 63 Figure 3.14 : Site Specific Windrose Diagram ...... 75 Figure 3.15 : Wind Class Frequency Distribution ...... 76 Figure 3.16 : Monitoring and Sampling Locations ...... 77 Figure 3.17 : Soil Map of the Study Area ...... 87 Figure 3.18 : Number of families and species in different life forms in the study area ...... 96 Figure 3.19 : Shannon diversity, species Richness and Evenness index in proposed mining area ...... 101 Figure 3.20 : Shannon diversity, species Richness and Evenness index in surrounding area ...... 102
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Figure 3.21 : Sex wise SC, ST and General Population in Study Area ...... 111 Figure 3.22 : Percentage wise break up of SC, ST and General Population in Study Area ...... 111 Figure 3.23 : Gender-wise Distribution of Literate and Illiterate in Study Area ...... 112 Figure 3.24 : Workers Scenario of the Area ...... 113 Figure 3.25 : Distribution of Main Workers ...... 113 Figure 3.26 : Distribution of Marginal Workers ...... 114 Figure 4.1 : Noise Graphical Results ...... 131 Figure 4.2 : Isopleth of Maximum Predicted 24 hourly averaged Ground – Level Concentrations (Open Pit Source Modelling) ...... 137 Figure 4.3 : Isopleth of Maximum Predicted 24 hourly averaged Ground – Level Concentrations (Line Source Modelling) ...... 142 Figure 4.4 : Transport Route Map ...... 147 Figure 7.1 : Iso-Erodent Map of India after Kothyari ...... 170 Figure 7.2 : Mashi Dam near Manoharpura ...... 174 Figure 7.3 : Mashi River d/s of Mashi dam ...... 174
List of Annexure
Annexure I: Letter of Intent ...... 223 Annexure II: Approval Letter for mining plan from Department of Mines & Geology Rajasthan .... 224 Annexure III: Public Hearing Notice, Attendence Sheets, Proceedings and Replies ...... 226 Annexure IV: NOC issued by the competent authority in respect to Aravali Notification ...... 240 Annexure V: Laboratory Result Sheets of monitoring of Ambient Air Quality ...... 241 Annexure VI: Laboratory Result Sheets of Physico – Chemical Analysis of Water ...... 253 Annexure VII: Laboratory Result Sheets of Physico – Chemical Analysis of Soil ...... 255 Annexure VIII (A): Environmental Policy ...... 256 Annexure VIII (B): Non-Compliance Reporting System ...... 257 Annexure VIII (C): Organization Structure ...... 258
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CHAPTER 1. Introduction
1.1. Preamble The Aravali Range, running in about 692 km diagonally across Rajasthan from Khetri in N-E to Khed Brahma in S-W, constitutes the pre-dominant hill tract of the State. It thus, acts as a barrier for S-W monsoon and topographically exhibit a water divide bifurcating the State into the eastern plains and western sandy plains. The area to the east of Aravalli, is well drained by several integrated drainage system including the perennial Chambal, which originates from Madhya Pradesh, while the area to the west of Aravali has only one drainage system that is Luni system. With the exception of Chambal, all other rivers are ephemeral in nature and remain dry about 90% time of year except monsoon period, when run-off occurs as direct response to the rainfall. The Physiography of the state is the outcome of the erosional and depositional process. The present landform and the drainage system have been greatly influenced and determined by the geological formation and structures. Torrential and episodic rainfall coupled with intense physical weathering, wafer thin and scanty vegetal cover over large tract of landmass and aeolian surface deposits has enriched the area with abundance of transportable sediments of different gradation and size. As a direct response to heavily rainfall, the consequent run-off causes flash flood and enormous quantities of sediment loads are transported down the valley and into the ephemeral rivers. The bed load sediment transport by the ephemeral river exceeds several order of magnitude in contrast to a perennial river in the mountains or in the humid zones. The suspended sediments specially transported during flash flood events is both of high concentration and larger in quantity as compared to bed load. Besides, in case of Ephemeral River the sediment available for supplies/transportation is not fully evacuated in arid/semi – arid land owing to infrequent and short spell of storm events (Reid & Laroone, 1995). This leads to thick deposition of sediments in the riverbed section and more often than not result in raising the bed levels and eventually creates the flooding situation in areas of lesser river bank heights The composition and structure of the alluvium differ substantially based on the hydraulic regime of flow, the discharge, the relief, the drainage system and the rock composition of riverbed and banks. In ephemeral rivers the alluvium predominantly comprises coarse and fine sand along with silt and clay and is more often than not deposited on the inside bends (convex banks), where the water flows more slowly and has less power to transport the bed/sedimentary load. Rivers and streams by far have been the most lucrative and attractive source for extracting large volume of different grades of sand / bajri for a variety of construction activities. Following
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are some advantages of using river sediments as compared to the crushing of rock-mass from rock-in-situ quarries.
Due to attrition, the material is already granulated and rounded, well sorted and generally clean Sediments can easily be collected / extracted by digging less deep pits in active channel or dry river beds of upper terraces Invariably free from weak materials and interstitial loose / fine material. Not far from cities or market as the civilization has developed near the bank of rivers Require comparatively less processing. Natural replenishment takes place periodically due to transportation of sediments from upper course/reaches during high stage of river, which is achieved during events of flash floods during monsoon.
1.2. Purpose of the Report Mining activities invariably affect the existing environmental equilibrium of the site with both adverse and beneficial effects. Exploitation of mineral deposits, occurring in specific sites, does not leave any choice but to adoption of eco-friendly mining methods compatible with project economics. For sustainable maintenance of environmental commensuration with the mining and related operation, it is imperative to conduct studies on the baseline status of existing environmental attributes and assess the impact on these due to proposed activities, which would assist in formulating well-addressed management plans for sustainable mineral extraction within life of mine. The main purpose of the report is to establish the baseline environmental attributes in terms of scoping clearance issued by the EAC, Ministry of Environment and Forest, vide meeting held on 26.9.2013, and predict identify the impacts for preparing environment management plan.
1.3. Identification of Project & Project Proponent The project has been conceived for an annual production of 2 MCM (2.8 MMT) of Sand (Bajri) by open cast semi-mechanized extraction method in river bed of Mashi and Sohadara river flowing within tehsil Piplu. The lease area is revenue waste land in river body (Gair mumkin Nadi Nala). The project proponent (Lessee) is firm owned by M/s Shekhawat Associate, Jaipur with registered office at the following address: M/s Shekhawat Associate R/o 226, Jaswant nagar, Khatipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan
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1.4. Brief description of nature, size and location of the project 1.4.1. Brief description nature and size of the project The letter of intent (Annexure - I) was granted vide Rajasthan State Government order order no. P2(A8) Tonk/ Bajri/2012/181, Jaipur Dated 11-01-2013 in favour of M/s Shekhawat Associate for river-bed mining of minor mineral Sand (Bajri) over an area of 889.925 ha covered under river stretches within bounds of 20 different revenue villages in Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk. The project has been proposed for an annual production of 2 MCM (2.8 MMT) of sand/bajri by opencast, semi-mechanized method of extraction in riverbed. The lease area is revenue waste land in river body (Gair mumkin Nadi Nala). The estimated net geological reserves have been assessed as 26.70.23 MCM (37.38 MMT) of sand/bajri, out of which 19.68 MCM (27.56 MMT) are mineable. The project has no other interlinked project. The mining plan as warranted under Rule 37-B, Chapter IVA of RMMCR, 1986 amended upto 2012, has been prepared by the qualified person as defined under Rules 37-C and registered under Rule 37-D with the Department of Mines & Geology, Rajasthan has been approved by the competent Authority, authorised for approval of mining plans under Rule 37-E of RMMCR, 1986 amended upto 2012. The approval letter for mining plan from Department of Mines & Geology Rajasthan is enclosed as Annexure-II and the approved mining plan with maps is submitted as a separate Volume. The project activity falls under category ‘A’ (Activity 1 A – Mining of Minerals) because the lease area is more than 50 ha and General Condition of the Environmental Clearance notification 2006, as amended from time to time.
1.4.2. Location and Approach to the project The mine lease area is linearly stretched under 85 revenue villages of tehsil Piplu, district Tonk, mentioned ibid. The geographical location is covered under SOI Toposheet no. 45N/8, 45N/11, 45N/12, 45N/15 and 45N/16. The lease area lies on North East and South west of Piplu town. The site is approachable from Jaipur through SH – 12 and also through NH-12 upto Tonk and thereafter through SH – 37A.
1.4.3. Status of Litigation against project There are no litigations/court cases pending against the project as informed by the project proponent.
1.5. Salient Features of the Project The salient features of the project are given in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 : Salient Features of the Project 1 Project Name River Sand (Bajri) Mining of M/s Shekhawat Associate Mine Lease 2 889.925 ha. Area
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 11 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Near Pasrotiya, Kuredi, Kureda, Vilaytipura, Mundiya, Devri, Kakraj Kalan, Gahlod, Villag Kheruliya, Aajampura, Mohhmad Nagar Dhani, Jamwali, Naner, Malipura, es Loharwara ,Norangpura ,Sisola Piyawari, Piplu , Bijalpura, Locatio 3 n of Tehsi Piplu Mine l Distri Tonk ct State Rajasthan Latitu 26012’00.00” to 26029’00.00” N Coordi de 4 nates Longi 75035’31.5” to 750 45’57.2” E tude S. Name No of Area . village Khasra no (ha) Pasroti 42.7 1 ya 30,32,33,34,95,117,147, 331,333,334,353,354,405 8 Kured 31.7 2 i 447,456,473,692,1379,448 3 21.8 3 Kureda 209,213,253,264,265, 1098/1,1104/1 3 Vilayti 27.3 4 pura 1, 104, 115 3 Mundi 116. 5 ya 424,425,429,586,643, 795, 796 20 12.7 6 Devri 165 6 Kakraj 186. 7 Kalan 111,114,118,137,288,461,576,579,632,634 53 5 Khasra details 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 8 Gahlod 700, 701, 704, 709, 725, 726, 858, 909, 913, 727, 728, 729, 730, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 752, 753, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 781, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 832, 833, 45.2 834, 835, 835, 837, 849, 850, 888, 831 8 Kheruli 40.5 9 ya 241,512,1 4 Aajam 10 pura 131 6.51 Mohh mad Nagar 11 Dhani 331 0.51 Jamwa 22.5 12 li 86, 334 3 782,859,942,908,1017,1029,1089,1098,1100,1102,1103, 70.7 13 Naner 1104,1202,1204,1273,1549,1874,1881 5
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Malipu 12.5 14 ra 1,44,45 3 Lohar 316,610,659,1071,1072, 73.0 15 wara 1782,1862, 1864 4 Noran 16 gpura 1 0.79 52.0 17 Sisola 188,212,297,401 3 Piyawa 18 ri 614,689,710,614/1693,614/1694 8.78 1227,1268,1281,1364,3999,932,2895, 91.0 19 Piplu 2946,3377/1 8 Bijalpu 26.4 20 ra 1,41,51,236,246,247 5 889. 925
Total
6 Toposheet 45N/11, 45N/12, 45N/15 and 45N/16 7 Landuse Revenue waste land in river body (Gair mumkin Nadi Nala) 8 Name of River Mashi and Sohadara 9 Mineral River Sand (Bajri) Geological 10 26.70 MCM (37.38 MMT) Reserves Mineable 11 19.68 MCM (27.56 MMT) Reserve Targeted 12 10 MCM (14 MMT) Production Proposed 13 Annual 2 MCM (2.8 MMT) Production Validity of 14 5 Year Lease 15 Life of mine Continuous, being replenished yearly Ultimate Pit 16 3 meter from river bed level Limit Method of 17 Opencast Semi-Mechanized Mining No. of Working 18 280 Days Water 39 KLD from ground water resource (4KLD for Drinking/Domestic, 25KLD for Dust 19 Demand/Sourc Suppression, 10KLD for Plantation) e Manpower 20 102 requirement Nearest 21 Niwai Railway Station approx. 35km in NE direction of lease area Railway Station Nearest State 22 NH-12, SH-37A, SH-12 and SH-2 Highway/
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National Highway
23 Nearest Airport Jaipur Airport about 84 km from Piplu
1.6. Need for the project and its importance to the country or region For meeting the huge demand of construction material like coarse and fine sand/Bajri required in building construction and infrastructure works, road material for construction and maintenance of roads / highway material in Jaipur and Ajmer Division of Rajasthan. The natural available materials in riverbed is suitable from techno-economic consideration. The mining project shall provide direct employment besides creation of additional jobs by way of transportation. Apart from this, it will fetch huge revenue to state exchequer.
1.7. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework The emerging environmental scenario calls for requisite attention on conservation and proper use of natural resources and development without destruction. The environmental consideration in any development process has become a necessity for achieving sustainable developmental. To achieve these goals, the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, has enacted various acts, legislations, guidelines and standards from time to time. The principal environmental regulatory agency in India is the Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi. MoEF formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearances for different projects. The important environmental legislations in India are given in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 : Key Environmental Legislations Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational Agencies/Key Player Water (Prevention To provide for the Control sewage and Central and State and Control of prevention and control of industrial effluent Pollution Control Pollution) Act, 1974, water pollution and discharges Boards 1988 enhancing the quality of water Air (Prevention and To provide for the Controls emission of air Central and State Control of Pollution) prevention and control of pollutants Pollution Control Act, 1981, 1987 air pollution Board
Noise Pollution Noise pollution control Control of noise pollution in Central and State (Regulation & residential, commercial, Pollution Control Control) Rule 2000 industrial and silent zones Board
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Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational Agencies/Key Player Forest To consolidate Regulates access to State Government (Conservation) Act, acquisition of common natural resources, state and Central 1980, 1988 property such as forest, has a monopoly right over Government halt India’s rapid land, categories forests, deforestation and restriction on de- resulting environmental reservation and using degradation forest for non-forest purpose Wildlife (Protection) To protect wildlife Creates protected areas Wildlife Advisory Act, 1972, 1993 (national parks / Boards, Central Zoo sanctuaries) categories of Authorities wildlife which are protected
Ancient Monuments To protect ancient Conservation of cultural Archaeological and Archaeological monuments of national and historical remains Survey of India sites & Remains Act, heritage / importance found in India 1958
Hazardous Wastes Health and safety Assessment of hazardous Central and State (Management and materials and Pollution Control Handling) Rules, management Board 1989 Biological Diversity Biodiversity conservation Disclosure of species MoEF, New Delhi and Act, 2002 survey or collection State Forest activities to the National Departments Biodiversity Authority International Control and reduction of International Govt. of India Environmental greenhouse gases environmental issues such (regulation in which as emission of greenhouse India is a signatory) gases
Environment To provide for the An umbrella legislation, Central government (Protection) Act, protection and supplements pollution laws nodal agency, MoEF 1986 improvement of can delegate to state environment departments of environment Right to Fair The new legislation will Fair compensation to the Central and State Compensation and guide all land assets acquired and Government Transparency in acquisitions of central proper rehabilitation and Land Acquisition, and state governments, resettlement of PAFs with Rehabilitation and bringing in stricter norms improvement in post- Resettlement Act, and increasing acquisition social and 2013 landowners’ economic status compensation significantly. EIA Notification 14th Environment Impact Environmental Protection Project Development, Sep 2006 and Assessment State and Central amendment 1st Dec Government 2009
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As per MoEF notification, dated 14th September 2006 and its amendment dated 1st December 2009, construction of a new project or activities or the expansion or modernization of existing projects or activities listed in the schedule to the notification shall be undertaken in any part of India only after the prior environmental clearance from the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi for matters falling under Category ‘A’ in the schedule and at state level the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) for matters falling under Category ‘B’ in the said schedule, the later duly constituted by the Central Government under sub-section (3) of section 3 of the said act. In the present case, the riverbed mining of Sand/Bajri in lease area of 3589.00 ha relates to mining of minerals (non-coal) project falling under project category with threshold limit “A”, and as such, the scoping clearance was sought from the Ministry of Environment & Forest.
1.8. Scoping Of the Project In consonance with the provision, under section-6 of the MoEF notification, dated 14th September 2006, the project proponent has moved an application, to the Ministry of Environment and Forests in the prescribed Form-I duly filled along a copy of the PFR of the project. The first step, required in the environment clearance process is ‘Scoping’ by which the SEAC determines detailed and comprehensive Terms of Reference (TOR) addressing all relevant environment concerns for the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report in respect of the project for which prior environment clearance is being sought. After going through the various aspects of the river bed mining at the proposed site and the related documents like Form – I and the PFR, the EAC, MoEF. in its 11th meeting held on 25th to 27th September 2013 set out the scoping clearance and issued ToR proposed for environmental impact assessment studies and preparation of environmental management plan for River bed mining and for submission of report after Public Hearing.
1.9. Environmental Framework of the State The specific laws and policies that are formulated by the state government for achieving certain level of sustainability in the human actions are mentioned in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3 : Environmental Framework of State Government S. Legislation / Policy Objective No. 1. Rajasthan Minor Mineral Concession Relating application for mining lease, Rules, 1986 (amended up to 19 its procedures authorities and June, 2012) application forms 2. Rajasthan State Environment Policy, Sustainable development of the state 2010. 3. Rajasthan State Water Policy, 2010 To protect and conserve water resources
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4. Rajasthan State Forest Policy, 2010 Protection and prevention of forest and increasing vegetal cover, reduce soil erosion.
1.9.1. The Rajasthan minor minerals (concession) revised rules, 1986 (amended upto 19th June 2012) The rules inter alia provide for procedure for application for quarrying of minor minerals, grant of mining lease, restriction on grant of mining lease, various mandatory registers of mining lease, royalties in respect of mining leases, besides conditions applicable on mining lease, the rights of lessee and the rights and power of the government. The amended rules 2012, under newly introduced chapter IVA contains provision for systematic, scientific and environment friendly mining plan. The new rules also allow the lessees/licensees/Short term public holder having an area more than 1 ha and less than 5 ha individually to form an association of cluster and submit environment management plans (EMPs), prepared by a recognized person under the rules, to the district level environment committee for approval.
1.9.2. Rajasthan State Environment Policy 2010 The objectives and principles of the State Environment Policy are the same as enshrine in the National Environment Policy, 2006. It inter alia includes the environment mission and climate change agenda for this state for 2010-2014 in keeping with the fourth assessment report of the inter-governmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This policy document is based on an analysis of the state-specific issues, the natural resource constraints from which these emerge, and their overall implications for the environment. The document identifies the key environmental challenges and outlines strategies and actions to address them. Above all, it is intended to be a guide to action, and accordingly provides inputs for a State Environment Mission, supported by Task Forces with specific agenda and action plan, and institutional arrangements for implementation of the proposed measures. The set of strategies and actions to redress the key environmental problems of the State have been covered under three broad areas:
conserving and enhancing environmental resources;
assuring sustainability of key economic sectors; and
improving environmental governance and building capacity
1.9.3. State Water Policy The spiral growth of imbalance between demand and supply of water and continued depletion of ground water resources along with deteriorating water quality has led the state to formulate a well-addressed water policy of its own by adopting a radical shift from engineering based solution to local community based water management solution under Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). This new water policy presents the framework for
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sustainable development and management of water resources in the state. It focuses towards community-level empowerment and responsibility for water management. The objective of the state water policy is to adopt an integrated and multi sectorial approach to the water resources planning, development and management on a sustainable basis by considering river basin/sub basin as unit.
1.10. Rajasthan State Forest Policy In 2010, the State Government has enunciated its own Forest Policy within the framework of National Forest Policy. This was to meet the peculiar forest situation in the State. The policy guidelines cover almost all aspects of forestry in the State. Since forest and related issues are one of the few most important issues of the project, implementation Forest policy is directly relevant. Protection of existing forests from any kind of anthrogenic pressures and maintenance of forest on sustainable basis. The principal aim of this forest policy is environmental stability and ecological security through increased vegetal cover and reduction in soil erosion.
1.11. Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB) The Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB), established in 1975 under the provision of water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 is a statutory authority entrusted to implement and enforce environmental laws and rules with in the territorial jurisdiction of the state. It ensures enforcement of statues, judicial and legislative pronouncements in context to environmental protection within the state. The board is totally or partially responsible for implementation of central acts related to water, air, noise and Environmental Protection Act, 1986. Agency is also acting as a facilitator for Central and State environmental clearance process. The main functions are to:- . Plan and execute state-level air and water initiatives; . Advise State Government on air, water and industry issues; . Establish emission standards based on National minimum standards; . Issue consent orders (permits) for industrial air and water discharges; . Issue “No Objection Certificates” for "industrial development". . Publish statistics and disseminate information; and . Take legal action against defaulters. . Conducting of public hearing as per Paragraph-7, Stage-3 of MoEF Notification 2006.
1.12. Public Hearing In consonance with the EIA notification 14th September 2006, vide Para 7(III) and Annexure - IV related to public consultation, the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board conducted the public hearing on 15.07.2014 at Government Senior Secondary School, Piplu, Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk in the presence of the DC Tonk and representatives of the State Pollution Control
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Board, Rajasthan. The minutes of the meeting, both in Hindi and its gist in English version alongwith the replies and action plan has been enclosed as Annexure – III.
1.13. Compliance of ToR The compliance of the ToR set out as Annexure – I and additional ToR as per scoping clearance given by the MoEF consequent to the 11thMeeting held on 25th to 27th September 2013 is given Table 1.4.
Table 1.4 : Compliance of ToR
S. No. Terms of Reference (TORs) Cross Ref. in EIA Report 1. Year-wise production details since 1994 should be given, Neither the project proponent had clearly stating the highest production achieved in any one carried out any mining in ML Area year prior to 1994. It may also be categorically informed before 1994 nor was he entitled to whether there had been any increase in production after carry out such operation in the the EIA Notification, 1994 came into force w.r.t. the highest period anterior to the date of issue production achieved prior to 1994 of letter of intent. In the light of the interim relief by the Hon’ble Apex Court, the LoI has executed the mining operation and during period January 2014 and upto November 2014, has won 310211 metric tonne. (Section 2.8.5) 2. A copy of the document in support of the fact that the Letter of Intent (Annexure-I) Proponent is the rightful lessee of the mine should be given 3. All documents including approved mine plan, EIA and Yes chapter 1 and 2 provide public hearing should be compatible with one another in project details from which it is terms of the mine lease area, production levels, waste manifest that data regarding mine generation and its management and mining technology lease area , production levels and and should be in the name of the lessee waste generation and its management etc are in line with approved mine plan (Volume-II).. 4. All corner coordinates of the mine lease area, The mine lease area, with all superimposed on a High Resolution Imagery/Toposheets corner coordinates, has been should be provided. Such an Imagery of the proposed area marked in mosaic of toposheets in should clearly show the land use and other ecological Figure 3.1 and satellite view is features of the study area (core and buffer zone) shown in Figure 3.2 5. Does the company have a well laid down Environment The project proponent has Policy approved by its Board of Directors? If so, it may be environment polity of its own spelt out in the EIA report with description of the prescribed (Annexure-VIII). The PP shall operating process/procedures to bring into focus any comply with the environmental infringement/deviation/violation of the environmental or norms and conditions set forth in forest norms/ conditions? The hierarchical system or the main Environmental Clearance administrative order of the Company to deal with the of the project and shall submit environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the compliance to the MoEF EC conditions may also be given. The system of reporting periodically as warranted under of non-compliances / violations of environmental norms to the EC letter. The hierarchical the Board of Directors of the Company and/or system of the company and the shareholders or stakeholders at large may also be detailed system for reporting non- in the EIA report. compliances has been covered under Section 6.6 and its sub- section. 6. Issues relating to Mine Safety, including subsidence study The issues related to safety of in case of underground mining and slope study in case of opencast riverbed mining and open cast mining, blasting study etc. should be detailed. safety of river and nearby The proposed safeguard measures in each case should structures have been eloquently also be provided. made out in Section 2.1 and the
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slope study for failure of pit slope shows that the safety factor is more than 1.5 (Section 7.5) 7. The study area will comprise of 10 km zone around the The study area falling within the mine lease from lease periphery and the data contained in domain of the tehsil is shown in the EIA such as waste generation etc., should be for the Figure 3.1 and the waste life of the mine / lease period. generation for the entire lease period has been worked out. (Section 2.8.10 and Table 2.5) 8. Land use of the study area delineating forest area, Landuse map of study area agricultural land, grazing land, wildlife sanctuary, national comprising 10 km and 2 km zone park, migratory routes of fauna, water bodies, human around Mine Lease and Lease settlements and other ecological features should be Periphery is shown in Figure 3.9 indicated. Land use plan of the mine lease area should be and Tabulated in Table 3.5 and the prepared to encompass preoperational, operational and Landuse pattern of the ML Area at post operational phases and submitted. Impact, if any, of present and at the end of 3rd and change of land use should be given. 5th year is shown in Table 3.6. 9. Details of the land for any Over Burden Dumps outside the There will be no development of mine lease, such as extent of land area, distance from overburden dumps and thus no mine lease, its land use, R&R issues, if any, should be land shall be required for it. given (Section 2.8.8) besides no R&R issues is involved (Section 7.10) 10. A Certificate from the Competent Authority in the State No such certificate is warranted as Forest Department should be provided, confirming the the mine lease area is revenue involvement of forestland, if any, in the project area. In the waste land and no forest land is event of any contrary claim by the Project Proponent involved in mining operation. regarding the status of forests, the site may be inspected by the State Forest Department along with the Regional Office of the Ministry to ascertain the status of forests, based on which, the Certificate in this regard as mentioned above be issued. In all such cases, it would be desirable for representative of the State Forest Department to assist the Expert Appraisal Committees 11. Status of forestry clearance for the broken up area and Not applicable as no diversion of virgin forestland involved in the Project including forest land for non-forestry deposition of net present value (NPV) and compensatory purpose is envisaged. afforestation (CA) should be indicated. A copy of the forestry clearance should also be furnished. 12. Implementation status of recognition of forest rights under Not applicable in view of serial no. the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest 11 Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 should be indicated 13. The vegetation in the RF / PF areas in the study area, with The taxonomic diversity and the necessary details, should be given phyto-sociological characteristics of the plant species in core and buffer zone covering forested area has been provided in detailed (Section 3.9.1) 14. A study shall be got done to ascertain the impact of the The impact of mining on fauna in Mining Project on wildlife of the study area and details the study area has been dealt with furnished. Impact of the project on the wildlife in the in detailed under Section 4.8.2. surrounding and any other protected area and accordingly and measure for minimizing detailed mitigative measures required, should be worked impact on fauna has been out with cost implications and submitted. discussed under Sub-Section 4.8.2.1. 15. Location of National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Not applicable as no National Reserves, Wildlife Corridors, Tiger/Elephant Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves/(existing as well as proposed), if any, within 10 Reserves, Wildlife Corridors, km of the mine lease should be clearly indicated, Tiger/Elephant Reserves, exists supported by a location map duly authenticated by Chief within 10 km of the mine lease. Wildlife Warden. Necessary clearance, as may be (Section 2.1)
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applicable to such projects due to proximity of the ecologically sensitive areas as mentioned above, should be obtained from the State Wildlife Department/Chief Wildlife Warden under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and copy furnished 16. A detailed biological study of the study area [core zone and Detailed biological study for flora buffer zone (10 km radius of the periphery of the mine of core and buffer zone has been lease)] shall be carried out. Details of flora and fauna, duly conducted and shown in Section authenticated, separately for core and buffer zone should 3.9.1 and for terrestrial and be furnished based on such primary field survey, clearly aquatic fauna under Section 3.9.2. indicating the Schedule of the fauna present. In case of Conservation Plan for specific any scheduled I fauna found in the study area, the species covered under Schedule I necessary plan for their conservation should be prepared & II has been provided under in consultation with State Forest and Wildlife Department Section 9.2.5. and details furnished. Necessary allocation of funds for implementing the same should be made as part of the project cost 17. Proximity to Areas declared as ‘Critically Polluted’ or the The industrial area identified as Project areas likely to come under the ‘Aravali Range’, critically polluted vide CPCB, New (attracting court restrictions for mining operations), should Delhi, vide memorandum no J- also be indicated and where so required, clearance 11013/5/2010-IA.II (I) dated certifications from the prescribed Authorities, such as the 13.1.2010 does not apply for the SPCB or State Mining Dept. Should be secured and ML Area (Section 2.11.4). The furnished to the effect that the proposed mining activities provision for restriction, Aravali could be considered Range Under Notification S.O. 319 (E) Dated 7-05-1992 is not applicable to ML Area falling in Tonk district (Section 2.11.3). Therefore no clearance certificate are required from the prescribed authorities. 18. Similarly, for coastal Projects, A CRZ map duly Mining project is in Western authenticated by one of the authorized agencies Rajasthan and does not fall under demarcating LTL. HTL, CRZ area, location of the mine CRZ. lease w.r.t CRZ, coastal features such as mangroves, if any, should be furnished. (Note: The Mining Projects falling under CRZ would also need to obtain approval of the concerned Coastal Zone Management Authority) 19. R&R Plan/compensation details for the Project Affected In the wake of the fact that no People (PAP) should be furnished. While preparing the private land or asset acquisition is R&R Plan, the relevant State/National Rehabilitation & involved in the mine lease area Resettlement Policy should be kept in view. In respect of which totally falls in revenue waste SCs /STs and other weaker sections of the society in the land classified as Gair Mumkin study area, a need based sample survey, family wise, Nadi/Nala in the revenue records, should be undertaken to assess their requirements, and no R&R plan is warranted (Section action programmes prepared and submitted accordingly, 7.10 and Section 7.11) integrating the sectoral programmes of line departments of the State Government. It may be clearly brought out whether the village located in the mine lease area will be shifted or not. The issues relating to shifting of Village including their R&R and socio-economic aspects should be discussed in the report. 20. One season (non-monsoon) primary baseline data on The baseline data for winter ambient air quality (PM10, SO2 and NOx), water quality, season (October - December noise level, soil and flora and fauna shall be collected and 2013) has been collected in the AAQ and other data so compiled presented date wise respect of air quality (Section 3.5); in the EIA and EMP Report. Site specific meteorological Water Quality (Section 3.6); Noise data should also be collected. The location of the (Section 3.8); Soil (Section 3.7); monitoring stations should be such as to represent whole Flora & Fauna (Section 3.9); Site of the study area and justified keeping in view the pre specific meteorological data
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dominant downwind direction and location of sensitive (Section 3.4). One or more than receptors. There should be at least one monitoring station one monitoring stations in the pre- within 500 m of the mine lease in the pre dominant dominant wind direction have downwind direction. been fixed within 500 m of the The mineralogical composition of PM10, particularly for area. free silica, should be given. 21. Air quality modelling should be carried out for prediction of In order to predict the particulate impact of the project on the air quality of the area. It should emissions, Lakes Environmental also take into account the impact of movement of vehicles Aermod View ver. 6.2 (Air for transportation of mineral. Dispersion Modelling Software) an The details of the model used and input parameters used interface based on ISCST3 - was for modelling should be provided. The air quality contours used to predict changes in air may be shown on a location map clearly indicating the quality i.e., maximum ground level location of the site, location of sensitive receptors, if any, concentration (GLC’s) of and the habitation. The wind roses showing pre-dominant Particulate Matter. (Section 4.7) wind direction may also be indicated on the map 22. The water requirement for the Project, its availability and Water requirement for human source should be furnished. A detailed water balance consumption, plantation and dust should also be provided. Fresh water requirement for the suppression shall be met from Project should be indicated ground water resource from nearby tube wells on payment basis (Section 2.7.4) Water Balance is shown in Figure 2.1. 23. Necessary clearance from the Competent Authority for Piplu block does not fall under drawl of requisite quantity of water for the Project should notified area as per latest list of be provided notified blocks for control and regulation of ground water. No NOC from the CGWA shall have to be obtained for abstraction of ground water in terms of CGWA No. 21-4/Guidelines/CGWA/2009- 832 dated 14.10.2009, as the water requirement from ground water source does not exceed 50 Kld the limit prescribed in the notification dated 14.10.2009 in case of critical block like Piplu (Section 2.11.2) 24. Description of water conservation measures proposed to The mining pits can be construed be adopted in the Project should be given. Details of as the recharge structure having rainwater harvesting proposed in the Project, if any, should adequate capacity for impounding be provided. surface run-off. These pits cause quick recharging of the ground water through percolation (Section 4.5), besides this water conservation provision has been made under CSR (Section 9.2.6) 25. Impact of the project on the water quality, both surface and Neither there will be any impact on groundwater should be assessed and necessary surface water quality in so far as safeguard measures, if any required, should be provided. there shall be no synergic realtion between water and soil during eh period of mining nor there shall be impact on ground water quality as the mining activity does not intersect the ground water table (Section 4.5.2 and Section 4.5.3) 26. Based on actual monitored data, it may clearly be shown The longitudinal profile of the whether working will intersect groundwater. Necessary rivers, showing river bed elevation data and documentation in this regard may be provided. In at different RD, the elevation of the case the working will intersect groundwater table, a mining floor (pit) corresponding to detailed Hydro-Geological Study should be undertaken 3m depth of mining and the depth
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and Report furnished. Necessary permission from Central to the ground water table based on Ground Water Authority for working below ground water nearby wells and past and for pumping of ground water should also be obtained measurement of ground water and copy furnished depth carried out by the ground water department ,separately for each river have been prepared. The groundwater table shall not intersect with the bottom of mining pits (Section 2.9). No pumping of ground water or dewatering is envisaged under the mine plan 27. Details of any stream, seasonal or otherwise, passing No temporary diversion of through the lease area and modification / diversion discharge of main rivers or any of proposed, if any, and the impact of the same on the their interlacing is warranted for hydrology should be brought out. facilitating mining (Section 4.2.2) 28. Information on site elevation, working depth, groundwater Combined Schematic View table etc. Should be provided both in AMSL and bgl. A showing average natural surface schematic diagram may also be provided for the same level, pit bottom level and GWT for each of the river involved is shown in Figure 2.2 and 2.3. 29. A time bound Progressive Greenbelt Development Plan Progressive greenbelt shall be prepared in a tabular form (indicating the linear development plan mentioning the and quantitative coverage, plant species and time frame) plant species and time frame has and submitted, keeping in mind, the same will have to be been submitted in Tabular form executed up front on commencement of the project. under Sub-Section 9.3.4 30. Impact on local transport infrastructure due to the Project Detailed transportation study has should be indicated. Projected increase in truck traffic as a been carried out under Section result of the Project in the present road network (including 4.10 those outside the Project area) should be worked out, indicating whether it is capable of handling the incremental load. Arrangement for improving the infrastructure, if contemplated (including action to be taken by other agencies such as State Government) should be covered. 31. Details of the onsite shelter and facilities to be provided to Proper site services such as First the mine workers should be included in the EIA report Aid, Rest Shelter, and Drinking Water will be provided to the mine workers (Section 2.8.13) 32. Conceptual post mining land use and Reclamation and Section 2.8.9 Restoration of mined out areas (with plans and with adequate number of sections) should be given in the EIA report 33. A time bound Progressive Greenbelt Development Plan Detailed greenbelt development shall be prepared in a tabular form (indicating the linear plan mentioning the plant species and quantitative coverage, plant species and time frame) and time frame has been has been and submitted, keeping in mind, the same will have to be dealt with under Section 9.3. No executed up front on commencement of the project. Phase plantation has been carried out wise plan of plantation and compensatory afforestation yet. should be charted clearly indicating the area to be covered under plantation and the species to be planted. The details of plantation already done should be given. 34. Occupational Health impacts of the Project should be Impacts have been anticipated anticipated and the proposed preventive measures spelt and measures spelt out (Section out in detail. Details of pre placement medical examination 7.9), and detailed occupation and periodical medical examination schedules should be health management plan provided incorporated in the EMP. (Section 9.5) 35. Public health implications of the Project and related Discussed under Section 4.9 activities for the population in the impact zone should be systematically evaluated and the proposed remedial measures should be detailed along with budgetary allocations.
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36. Measures of socio economic significance and influence to The positive and adverse impact the local community proposed to be provided by the on socio-economic impact to the Project Proponent should be indicated. As far as possible, local community has been quantitative dimensions may be given with time frames for discussed under Section 4.9 implementation 37. Detailed environmental management plan to mitigate the The environmental plan to mitigate environmental impacts which, should inter alia include the environmental impact have been impacts of change of land use, loss of agricultural and formulated (Section 9.2 through grazing land, if any, occupational health impacts besides Section 9.6) other impacts specific to the proposed Project 38. Public hearing points raised and commitment of the project Incorporated after conducting proponent on the same along with time bound action plan Public and receiving of minutes to implement the same should be provided and also (Annexure-II) incorporated in the final EIA/EMP Report of the Project. 39. Details of litigation pending against the project, if any, with There are no litigations/court direction /order passed by any Court of Law against the cases pending against the project project should be given. as informed by the project proponent. (Section 1.4.3) 40. The cost of the project (capital cost and recurring cost) as Capital Cost and Recurring cost well as the cost towards implementation of EMP should for implementation of EMP have clearly be spelt out. been provided under Section 9.7, Section 9.8 and Table 9.7 Additional ToR 41. Details of Replenishment studies Detailed computation of silt rate on the basis of various methods has been assessed. (Table 7.2 and Section 7.2) 42. Details of transportation of mined out materials as per the Study has been conducted for the Indian road Congress for both the ways (loaded as well as impact due to transportation on unloaded trucks) load and its impact on Environment carrying capacity of the Highway (Section 4.10.1); due to increase in vehicular emissions due to mineral transportation. (Section 4.10.2) and noise due to increased traffic (Section 4.11) 43. Proper species specific conservation plan for Schedule-I Conservation Plan for specific and II species species has been formulated (Section 9.2.5) 44. Impact of mining on plankton The impact on plankton is totally ruled out as there shall be no water column during period of mining (Section 4.8.4) 45. Details of mining activity to be provided w.r.t block wise/ Section 2.8.6 calendar wise / Zonal wise, as the mine lease area is having a long stretch 46. Details of Gradient of river bed to be provided Details of gradient of riverbed has been provided (Section 3.2.3.4 and Table 3.3) 47. Details of excavation schedule & sequential mining plan Details covered under Section 2.8.7 and Table 2.3 and 2.4 48. Mining Plan shall be prepared carefully dividing lease area Approved mine plan Volume – II into manageable blocks to ensure scientific and systematic mining of minor minerals 49. The baseline data shall be collected so as to represent the Section 3.5 through 3.9 whole mine lease area 50. As the area falls in the critically polluted area, the The mine area does not fall under comments from Rajasthan SPCB shall be obtained. critically polluted industrial cluster / area area identified by CPCB. Thus no comments from Rajasthan SPCB is warranted.
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CHAPTER 2. : Project Description 2.1. General The project envisages open cast semi-mechanized extraction of Sand/Bajri to an annual maximum of 2.8 MMT for five years from riverbed of Mashi and Sohadara rivers constituting a combined mine lease area 889.925 ha for five years. There is no national park / wildlife sanctuary, elephant / tiger reserve, eco-sensitive area within 10 km radius of the project. Neither any forest land, nor any private land is involved in the mine lease area which totally falls in revenue waste land classified as Gair Mumkin Nadi/Nala in the revenue records.
2.2. Type of Project The project has been proposed for an annual production of 2 MCM (2.8 MMT) of Sand (Bajri) by open cast Semi-Mechanized extraction method in river bed. The project has no other interlinked project. The proposed planning details are:
Mining method - Open Cast Semi-Mechanized mining method Project cost - Rs. 75 lac Production - Sand/Bajri –2.8 MMT per annum (maximum)
No solid waste other than small quantity of silt/silty clay, which invariably gets deposited as crust material on the bed profile, after the recession of flood/flash floods, shall be scrapped and carefully stored for depositing in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation purpose. Due to deployment of excavators, the silt and clay which have deposited in different sediment layers with time in the inter beds shall be excavated along with the sand and loaded into the transport vehicles. During monsoon season and especially during flash flood regime the rivers with significant free draining catchment reach high stage and transport suspended sediment of high concentration and larger amount than the bed load material. The bed load material/sediments which get accredited at such stretch which has wider river width and has concave banks during the passing of the floods while the suspended particles settle on the receding of floods. The mined out area in river bed thus gets replenished only in the eventuality of frequent storm events which cause heavy run-off to pass through the river which may or not have anicut or dam across it to facilitate the sediment deposition. Thus no backfilling is required in the case of river bed mining. The rehabilitation/reclamation of such lease area that has been secluded for mining being close to the bank in the form of upper terraces will be done by way of tree plantation along lease boundary. Green barriers will be created by plantation as per CPCB Guidelines.
2.3. Need for the Project A fast developing country like India, with its abnormally high population, has to keep pace with the development worldwide and thus it requires development of large infrastructure
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projects in the sector of surface transport, power, building industries etc. Huge quantities of raw construction materials like Sand and Bajri mine are required in erecting vast civil engineering structures of infrastructure works. The riverbed mining for obtaining raw construction material is an important source besides rock-in-situ quarries. Hence, considering the demand of Sand and Bajri & sufficient availability in the area, it is very much necessary to have Sand and Bajri projects to sustain Infrastructure project as well as household requirement in the area and to provide employment opportunities to the locals. The scientific extraction of sand / bajri from river sections incidentally helps in lowering the high flood levels and at the same time reduce the flooding situations of low lying areas near the river banks. For meeting the huge demand of construction material like coarse and fine aggregate required in building construction and infrastructure works, road material for construction and maintenance of roads / highway material in Jaipur and Ajmer Division of Rajasthan. The natural available materials in riverbed have found suitable from techno-economic consideration. The mining project shall provide direct employment besides creation of additional jobs by way of transportation. Apart from this, it will fetch huge revenue to state exchequer.
2.4. Location, Project Boundary and Project Site Layout The mine lease area is linearly stretched under 20 revenue villages of tehsil Piplu, district Tonk, mentioned ibid. The geographical location is covered under SOI Toposheet no. 45N/8, 45N/11, 45N/12, 45N/15 and 45N/16. The lease area lies on North East and South west of Piplu town. The site is approachable from Jaipur through SH – 12 and also through NH-12 upto Tonk and thereafter through SH – 37A.
2.5. Size or magnitude of Operation The project envisages open cast Semi-Mechanized extraction of Sand/Bajri to an annual maximum of 2.8 MMT, thereby implying that the daily production has been contemplated as 10000 metric tonne. The mining shall be carried out for 5 years, from stretches of wider river course.
2.6. Proposed Schedule for Implementation The target production of Sand/Bajri mining during 5 year lease period from the mine is 10 MCM (14 MMT). The mine will be worked on during the day shift only. The average number of working days in a year would be 280. The annual production scheduled, as per approved mining plan, is given in Table 2.1. It is revealed that the maximum proposed production in any block is 0.7 million metric tonne.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 26 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Table 2.1 : Annual Production Schedule (Million Metric Tonne) S.No. Year Block –A Block –B Block –C Block –D Block –E Total 1 I 0.42 0.56 0.42 0.70 0.70 2.80 2 II 0.70 0.56 0.42 0.70 0.42 2.80 3 III 0.42 0.42 0.70 0.56 0.70 2.80 4 IV 0.70 0.56 0.42 0.42 0.70 2.80 5 V 0.42 0.70 0.42 0.56 0.70 2.80 Total 2.66 2.80 2.38 2.94 3.22 14.00
2.7. Technology and Process Description 2.7.1. Method of Mining River bed mining is for extracting sand from riverbed of Mashi and Sohadra river. As per RMMC Rules 1986, extraction is limited to 3.0 m depth only from the surface area. River bed remains dry for most period of the year except for few days in rainy season during which the mining activity is stalled. The collective stretch of the lease area for each river has been sub-divided in to five blocks for ease of operation, supervision, management and safety. Dry riverbed mining will be carried out as per the approved production schedule. Light weight excavators will be deployed for extraction in 3.0 m layer only forming one bench. This is as per the digging depth of the equipment. Mineral will be loaded in tippers/trucks (20 tonne). The mining machinery and equipment and transportation vehicles will be on hire/rental basis. Every block will be considered as a unit and will be provided with all facilities like rest shelter, first aid facilities, drinking water arrangement. 3m high bench will advance parallel to the bank of the river in available varying width after secluding 10m wide bank offsets. Mine working will be restricted within the lease area. However, movement of trucks after mineral loading will be towards both sides through approach roads connecting to metaled link road either to SH-12, NH-12, SH-37 for destination. Every block will have its own approach roads from riverbed connecting to the nearest DR/ SH/NH.
2.7.2. Blasting No blasting is proposed to be done.
2.7.3. Raw Material Required No raw material is required for extraction of minerals.
2.7.4. Water Requirement and source Water requirement for human consumption, plantation and dust suppression is 39 KLD, which shall be met from ground water resource from nearby tube wells on payment basis. Piplu block does not fall under notified area as per latest list of notified blocks for control and regulation of ground water (http://www.cgwb.gov.in/CGWA/Notified_areas.html). The project thus lies in Non-Notified Area and is neither covered under industrial/infrastructure projects nor the mining activities shall intersect the ground water table and no dewatering of EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 27 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
mining pit is envisaged. No NOC from the CGWA shall have to be obtained for abstraction of ground water in terms of CGWA No. 21-4/Guidelines/CGWA/2009-832 dated 14.10.2009, as the water requirement (39 Kld) from ground water source does not exceed 50 Kld, the limit prescribed in the notification dated 14.10.2009 in case of critical block like Piplu. As the water requirement is merely 39 Kld the project proponent can take supply from the authorized agencies. The daily water requirement is shown in Table 2.2 and the water balance is shown in Figure 2.1.
Table 2.2 : Daily Water Requirement
S. No. Activities Demand (kld) 1. Dust suppression 25.0 2. Drinking / Domestic water need at mine site 4.0 3. Green Belt 10.0 Total 39.0
Figure 2.1 : Water Balance
2.7.5. Electric Power / Fuel As the mining activities shall be carried out in broad day light upto 6pm every day, there shall be no need for lightening in the mining area. No electrical power shall be required for operations of mining machinery which are diesel based prime movers. About 1.0 KLD of HSD oil shall be needed as primary energy source for running of mining machinery. It will be arranged from the nearby diesel outlet/depot.
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2.7.6. Man Power Requirement About 102 workforce including Ist and IInd class mine manager under Rule 37N(1)(i) RMMCR 1986, foreman, mine mates, supervisors, skilled operators and helpers, semi- skilled and un-skilled workers shall be engaged for extraction of Sand/Bajri and loading and handling of mineral in mining area, besides, watch and ward and plantation activity with proper maintenance.
2.7.7. Extent Of Mechanization The project is contemplated to win the mineral (Sand / Bajri) by Semi-Mechanized open cast method of mining without blasting. For an optimum daily production of 10000 metric tonne following inventory of excavators, loaders, transport and other light vehicles and the water sprinklers shall be deployed.
S. No. Name of machinery Capacity Nos. Remark 1 Excavators 0.9 to 1.2 m 15 On hire 2 Road Grader / Compactor 6 On hire 3 Water tanker 4000 liters 10 On hire 4 Pay loader JCB - 4 On hire 5 Light vehicles - 5 On hire 6 Dumper 15 T 20 On hire
2.8. Project Description 2.8.1. Geological Reserve The geological reserve of the lease area are assessed by multiplying the lease area with the permitted depth of extraction i.e. three meter at each point. In the present case, the volume shall be 26.70 million cubic meter. The conversion factor for sand as provided in RMMCR, 1986 has been adopted as 1.40 metric tonne/per cubic meter for working out the total tonnage of material. Thus, geological reserves are 37.38 million metric tonne up to three meters depth from the natural surface bed / level at any point, without taking into account the replenishment factor.
2.8.2. Mineable Reserves and Targeted Production During Lease Period The mineable reserves have been worked out by excluding from the geological reserves and stipulated area to be left out from the mining, for the purpose of the safety and stability of the structures (bridges) in the river section, controlling the immediate depletion of ground water around the wells in the river sections and also from the ecological point of view, under the following mandatory provisions of the RMMCR 1986 and standing orders of the Director of Geology and Mines:
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Under Rule 18 of Rules, 2012 of RMMCR, 1986 clause 32, the lesse shall abstain from mining in riverbed beyond depth of 3.0 m from the surface and below the water in such a manner that natural path of river/nallah is not altered”. As per notification no F-14(1) Mins/Gr11/2012 dated 21 June 2012 from Dy. Secretary to Government of Rajasthan clause 3, no person shall excavate Sand / Bajri beyond the depth of 3.0 m from the surface below the water level of river / nallah and within 45 m of any rail/ road bridge. 10 m offset will also be left against the banks to protect side collapse/scouring and riparian vegetation A safety zone of 45.0 m radius shall be earmarked for the wells located in the river bed section. On the consideration of above, the block reserves have been assessed as: a. Safety zone for bridge = 0.41 MCM (0.57 MMT) b. Roads = 0.33 MCM (0.47 MMT) c. Wells = 2.18 MCM (3.05 MMT) d. Offset from bank of river = 4.10 MCM (5.73 MMT) Total blocked reserves = 7.02 MCM (9.82 MMT) Thus the mineable reserves are = 26.70 MCM – 7.02 MCM = 19.68 MCM or 27.56 MMT. Targeted Production @ 2.80 MMT/year for 5 years = 10 MCM (14 MMT) Daily Production=Annual Production/no. of mining days=28,00,000/280=10000 metric tonne Balance Mineable Reserve = 19.68 MCM – 10 MCM = 9.68 MCM (13.56 MMT) Thus, it is evident that out of the mineable reserve of 27.56 MMT only 14 MMT, which is 50.8 % of the former, shall be extracted with in the 5 year lease period. This implies that more than 49.2% of mineable reserve shall remain as repository which may be replenished in future during flash floods resulting into high run-off in the catchment area and overflow from the intercepted catchment of medium and minor dams/tanks.
2.8.3. Composition of River Bed material (Matrix) Basement of the river is formed of granitic rocks called Siwana granite. Due to weathering activity of river compact granite and some fractured and weathered granites, rhyolites break into small particles and transported with river water and dwell on the bottom of river. During transportation of riverbed material to a great distance the weathered particles take shape of rounded and sub rounded cobbles, pebbles, shingles and small particles are attrition to make river sand which is deposited at river bed. Thickness of river sediment depend upon the river morphology and availability and intensity of discharge in the rainy season. River sand mainly consists of feldspethic rock particles and silica with some silt. Occurrence of river sand varies from place to place. In some part of river it is more than 3.0m thick at some places while at other river sand does not exist and exposure of basement rock may be seen.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 30 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
2.8.4. Anticipated life of Mine Since the deposition of bed material and its transportation by the tractive force created during high floods resulting from severe storms is a natural and frequent phenomenon, the mined out area periodically gets deposited when the high discharge passes over it. In the present case 3 m deep excavated pit due to mining shall act as a depressed basin in the river bed and function as settling tank for the sediments during the passage of flood and also for settling of silt and clay which remain in suspension. In view of the fact that the linear river bed mining is not carried out in the whole river length but at some selected places where the good quality material has aggraded, the abrupt change in the riverbed slope at the place of mining induces sediment towards the mining pits through its sloping sides. The life of mine can be considered as continuous/ perpetual as long as the rate of sediment aggradations within the mined out area is either equal to or in excess of the rate of extraction of the river bed material. In the present case the area mined out in any year in any block shall not be considered for mining during the lease period of five years.
2.8.5. Year-wise production since 1994 Consequent upon the e-auction conducted by the state government under the provisions of RMMC 1986 revised upto 2012, the letter of intent was granted vide Rajasthan State Government order no P2(A8) Tonk/ Bajri/2012/181, Jaipur Dated 11-01-2013 in favour of M/s Shekhawat Associate for river-bed mining of minor mineral Sand (Bajri) over an area of 889.925 ha covered under river stretches within bounds of 20 different revenue villages in tehsil Piplu, district Tonk. The project proponent was not entitled to carry out mining operation in the period anterior to the date of issue of letter of intent. However, the Hon’ble Apex Court of India in its order dated 25.11.2013, in SLP 34134, has granted interim relief for carrying out mining operation till the end of February 2014 to such holder of letter of intent who have submitted their application to the MoEF for clearance. The Hon’ble Supreme Court in its order dated 27-03-2014 has directed that the interim relief for carrying mining operation is extended till further hearing and passing of order. In the light of the interim relief by the Hon’ble Apex Court, the LoI has executed the mining operation and during period January 2014 and upto November 2014, has won 310211 metric tonne, the monthly production details are given below:
S. No Month Quantity 1 Jan-14 21618 2 Feb-14 32922 3 Mar-14 21055 4 Apr-14 2312 5 May-14 36433 6 Jun-14 19480 7 Jul-14 7738 8 Aug-14 33458 9 Sep-14 56773 10 Oct-14 35808
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11 Nov-14 42614 Total 310211
2.8.6. Details of Mining Activities with Respect to Block wise, Calendar wise, Zonal wise The mining lease area has been conceived by considering the Tehsil, drained by various ephemeral rivers / nallas / bala of varying length, as one unit. Thus the mining project is unlike a compact polygonal shaped mining area with normal dimensions, having smaller ratio of length and breadth/width, where the mining activities can be implemented with easy control. The current project has vast linear length along river(s) as compared to the width of mining and it extends over several rivers separated by kilometres. The project is thus necessarily a linear project and so the principle of working from piecemeal to the whole has been adopted in context of its planning and implementation. For facilitating easy operation, supervision and safety, the lease area along river(s) in the concerned Tehsil has been sub divided into four to five blocks depending upon the length of the river(s). In each block the mining shall be carried out from u/s to d/s by deploying light weight excavators for digging upto 3m bench height with 20m width, the benches will advance parallel to the bank of the river(s) by maintaining stipulated offsets from both banks. The blocks will be worked systematically as the width is limited. The mine developmental plan is shown as Plate No. 4 A, B, C, D and E attached with the approved mining plan.
2.8.7. Details of Excavation Schedule and Sequential Mining Plan The year-wise and block wise excavation mining scheduled for 5 years lease period, as per approved mining plan, is presented in Table 2.3 and the corresponding production in tonnage is shown in Table 2.4.It is evident from Table 2.3 that the annually 66.67 ha area shall be mined out from the total lease area (889.925 ha) which is merely 7.49 % of the lease area. Maximum area proposed to be mined out in any block in any year is 16.67 and the maximum area proposed to be mined is in Block-E. The sequential mining plan is shown as Plate No. 2A attached with the approved mining plan.
Table 2.3 : Block – wise yearly mining area for five years (ha) Year BLOCK A BLOCK B BLOCK C BLOCK D BLOCK E Total I 10.00 13.33 10.00 16.67 16.67 66.67 II 16.67 13.33 10.00 16.67 10.00 66.67 III 10.00 10.00 16.67 13.33 16.67 66.67 IV 16.67 13.33 10.00 10.00 16.67 66.67 V 10.00 16.67 10.00 13.33 16.67 66.67 Total 63.34 66.66 56.67 70.00 76.68 333.35
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 32 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Table 2.4 : Block – wise yearly production for five years (million metric tonne) Year BLOCK A BLOCK B BLOCK C BLOCK D BLOCK E TOTAL I 0.42 0.56 0.42 0.70 0.70 2.80 II 0.70 0.56 0.42 0.70 0.42 2.80 III 0.42 0.42 0.70 0.56 0.70 2.80 IV 0.70 0.56 0.42 0.42 0.70 2.80 V 0.42 0.70 0.42 0.56 0.70 2.80 TOTAL 2.66 2.80 2.38 2.94 3.22 14.00
2.8.8. Overburden dumps There will be no development of overburden dumps in the present case, as the riverbed material is not overlain with waste material warranting its disposal in the form of internal or external dumps. No solid waste other than small quantity of silt/silty clay, which invariably gets deposited as crust material on the bed profile, after the recession of flood/flash floods, shall be scrapped and carefully stored for depositing in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation purpose. Due to deployment of excavators, the silt and clay which have deposited in different sediment layers with time in the inter beds shall be excavated along with the sand and loaded into the transport vehicles.
2.8.9. Plan of backfilling of mine pit In case of stream/river bed mining the mining pits created due to extraction of the riverbed material are left as such for being aggraded in following monsoon season. The replenishment process is natural as the discharge flowing in the rivers / stream invariably carries sediment load / bed load (15% of sediment load) while passing over the river bed depression (basin) cause due to mining, gets deposited as in the gentle bed slope segment of river section the flow velocity is very low. Thus, backfilling plan of the riverbed pit is neither required nor it is envisaged under the management plan. However, the quantity of scrapped crust material (clay) which is in excess of the quantity required for plantation purpose in upper terraces shall be deposited in the riverbed pit.
2.8.10. Solid Waste Generation & its Disposal No solid waste other than silt/clay, which deposits as crust material on the bed profile, shall be scrapped and deposited into the mine pits or in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation. Considering 1cm thickness of silt/mud on the existing river bed surface for annual mining area of 66.67 ha approximately 6667 cum (9334 metric tonne) of silt and clay shall be scrapped. The year-wise estimation of quantity of solid waste is shown in Table 2.5. Thus in the entire lease period 33335 cubic meter of silt and clay (46670 metric tonne) shall be produced.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 33 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Table 2.5 : Year-wise Production of Solid waste (Cubic Meter) Year Block –A Block –B Block –C Block –D Block –E Total I 1000 1333 1000 1667 1667 6667 II 1667 1333 1000 1667 1000 6667 III 1000 1000 1667 1333 1667 6667 IV 1667 1333 1000 1000 1667 6667 V 1000 1667 1000 1333 1667 6667 Total 6334 6666 5667 7000 7668 33335
2.8.11. Liquid Effluent There will be no wastewater generation from mining activities per se. However, the liquid effluent to the tune of 3.2 KLD shall be generated, due to domestic water use, which shall be processed in septic tanks/soak pits built integrally with the flush compost toilet.
2.8.12. Mineral Transportation Mined out material will be directly loaded into the trucks/tippers (20 MT) by deploying JCB/Pay loaders which will be used on hired. The loaded material shall be hauled by covered/hooded trucks which shall ply approximately 2 km within the Katcha path in the riverbed before reaching the metal link roads/district roads. The movement of trucks after mineral loading will be towards both sides through approach roads connecting to metal link road. The site is approachable from Jaipur through SH – 12 and also through NH-12 upto Tonk and thereafter through SH – 37A. Every block, which is well connected to main highway, will have its own approach roads. For transporting mineral to the nearby villages tractor / trolleys (6MT) shall also be deployed. Loaded truck will be directly dispatched to the sale points / markets and no trucks will be allowed to park idly with in the riverbed section especially after 6 pm. For transportation of maximum daily production of 10000 MT, about 500 trucks shall be deployed. Considering the existing road network, the surface transport by road is the cheapest and economically viable proposition. The maximum production shall be from Mashi river near village Kakrajkalan which is well connected to NH – 12.
2.8.13. Site Services Proper site services such as First Aid, Rest Shelter, and Drinking Water will be provided to the mine workers. Rest shelter along with first-aid station complying with all the provisions of Mines Rules shall be provided by the project proponent. Water will be supplied for human consumption, dust suppression and for plantation. The mine will work in day time only, so no lighting arrangement will be required. Employee will report to the duty on their own means. Mobile phones shall be used for communication. Appropriate security arrangement shall be made.
2.8.14. Proposed Infrastructure As the project will be enlisting local workers for the mining as well as for transportation of minerals no infrastructure for their residential purposes is needed. The drinking water supply
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 34 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
to the worker will be provided by arranging from nearby tube wells. The latrine / urinal with the mine rest shelter will have its own septic tank. No mining/industrial/solid waste requiring special management would be generated.
2.9. Site Elevation, Working Depth and Groundwater Table The semi-mechanized river bed mining in 3m depth (maximum) shall be carried out in the riverbed section of numerous river draining the Tehsil. The lease area is a linear area along different river(s) like Mashi and Sohadara which cover a longitudinal profile of 40 km and 19.5 km respectively in the Tehsil. All these rivers are ephemeral rivers and influenced by nature due to good alluvium material constituting their river bed matrix. The trend of the ground water table follows the trend of the natural drainage. The longitudinal profile of the rivers, showing river bed elevation at different RD, the elevation of the mining floor (pit) corresponding to 3m depth of mining and the depth to the ground water table based on nearby wells and past measurement of ground water depth carried out by the ground water department ,separately for each river have been prepared. The groundwater table shall not intersect with the bottom of mining pits. The combined schematic view showing average natural surface level, bottom pit level and GWT for each of the river i.e. Mashi and Sohadara which flow in both Tehsils, Malpura and Piplu in district Tonk as well as in Tehsil Phagi of district Jaipur with concerned river constituting the boundaries between the districts is shown in Figure 2.2 and 2.3.
Figure 2.2 : Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Mashi River
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 35 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Figure 2.3 : Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Sohadara River
2.10. Terms and conditions imposed by Director of Mines and Geology, Rajasthan. The terms and condition as set out in Form V of mine lease deed specifically related to the mining operation and the precautionary measures inherently covered under the mining plan have been brought out in Table 2.6.
Table 2.6 : Conditions imposed by Director of Mines and Geology S. No. of General Conditions Precautionary measures Form V i.e. inherently covered under mining of Mine plan lease Deed 3a The mining operations within 45 m of the public Within the mine lease area, the works etc. The Lessee/Lessees shall not work prohibited area/no mining zone have or carry on or allowed to be worked or carried been delineated in approved mine on any mining operations at or to any point plan. The project proponent shall within a distance of 45 m from any Railway line ensure that such areas are precluded except with the previous written permission of from mining activities. the railway Administration concerned, or from any reservoir, canal or other public works or buildings or inhabited site except with the previous permission of the Collector or any other officer authorized by the Government in this behalf and other wise than in accordance
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 36 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
with such instructions, restrictions, and conditions either general or special as may be attached to such permissions. The said distance of 45 m shall be measured in the case of Railway, reservoir or canal horizontally from the outer toe of the bank or the outer edge of the cutting as the case may be and in case of a building horizontally from the plinth thereof 4 (8) The Lessee/Lessees shall not erect any The lease area is revenue waste building or carry or any surface operations on land. The Lessee shall only erect any public pleasure grounds, places of temporary rest shelter, on upper worship, scared graves burial grounds or terraces of river bank which has been village sites for houses, public roads or other left as offset, for mine workers. places which the competent authority may However, the lessee will ensure that determine as public grounds to bring within this such temporary structure is not restriction. erected in the graveyard/ cremation ground.
4 (14) The Lessee/Lessees may erect on the area The Lessee shall only erect granted to him/them any building , required for temporary rest shelter, on upper bonafide mining purposes and such building terraces of river bank which has been shall be the property of the government after left as offset, for mine workers. expiry of the lease However, these structures shall be dismantled at the expiry of the lease
6 (2) The Lessee/Lessees shall keep throughout the The lessee shall ensure proper terms of his /their lease all mines, building, maintenance of rest shelters / toilets. engines, machinery and other mining plants in The mining and transport good repair and working order. equipment’s shall be procured on hire / rental basis and the onus of their regular maintenance lies with the owners. However the lessee will ensure that only useful and well maintained equipments are used in mining activities.
6 (8) The lessee / lessees shall keep open and in no The approved mine plan has been way obstruct any road path or way by any prepared considering that no mining means whatsoever. operations is carried out within the distance of 45m from any public road.
6 (11) The lessee / lessees shall not cultivate or use The lease area lies in gair mumkin the land save for the purposes of the lease. nadi/nala and its designated use as per mine plan is only for the purpose of mining.
6 (13) The lessee / lessees shall not injure or cause The approved mine plan has been to deteriorate any sources of water power or prepared considering that no mining water supply and shall not in any other way operations is carried out within the render any spring of streams of water supply distance of 45m from any source of
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and shall not in any other way render any water supply or stream/spring, canal, spring of stream of water unfit to be used or do reservoir or well. anything to injure adjoining lands, villages or houses.
2.11. Statutory / Necessary Approvals. 2.11.1. Consent to Operate under Water Act and Air Act
Under Rule 37T of RMMC 1986 revised upto 2012, the consent to establish has to be obtained from the RSPCB prior to the start of mining operation.
2.11.2. NOC/Approval From CGWA For Abstraction Of Water
Piplu block does not fall under notified area as per latest list of notified blocks for control and regulation of ground water (http://www.cgwb.gov.in/CGWA/Notified_areas.html). No NOC from the CGWA shall have to be obtained for abstraction of ground water in terms of CGWA No. 21-4/Guidelines/CGWA/2009-832 dated 14.10.2009, as the water requirement from ground water source does not exceed 50 Kld the limit prescribed in the notification dated 14.10.2009 in case of critical block like Piplu.
2.11.3. Restriction – Aravali Range Under Notification S.O. 319 (E) Dated 7-05-1992
In so far as for the state of Rajasthan is concerned, the provision under the said notification were originally attracted in case of district Alwar only. As the proposed mining is contemplated in district Tonk, which is other than the area notified under notification, the restrictions do not apply. A certificate issued by the competent authority in the state government, to the effect that the project area (ML Area) does not fall in the Aravali range and is not covered by the order dated 8.04.2005 of the Hon’ble Apex Court in the contempt petition (C) 412/2004 in writ petition 202/1995 in the matter of Godavarman v/s UoI, is enclosed as Annexure - IV.
2.11.4. Critically Polluted Industrial Cluster / Area Identified by CPCB
The MoEF vide O.M. No. J-11013/5/2010-IA.II (I) dated 13.1.2010 had imposed upto August 2010, a temporary moratorium in respect of 43 Critically Polluted Areas / Industrial Clusters identified by CPCB on the basis of Critically Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI). The proposed mine lease area falling in tehsil Piplu of district Tonk is not identified as critically polluted area. Therefore, at present there is no moratorium on consideration of projects for EC in respect of Tehsil Piplu in District Tonk, Rajasthan. The mining plans for tehsil Piplu has been approved by the Department of Geology and Mines Rajasthan. Therefore no clearance certificate from the SPCB is warranted.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 38 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
CHAPTER 3. : Description of the Environment
3.1. Introduction
For the description of baseline environmental scenario, the proposed mine lease area has been considered as the core zone. The project has vast linear length along river(s) as compared to the width of mining and it extends over several rivers separated by kilometers. The project is thus necessarily a linear project extending over different rivers in concerned Tehsil. Thus to arrive at a more reasonable study, the buffer area that falls within 2 km radius from the extremities of the proposed mine lease area in each river has been adopted for determination of baseline status.
The existing environmental setting is considered to assess and define the present baseline environment, which are described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality and ecology. It would help in assessing the cumulative environmental impacts due to the proposed project.
As per prescribed ToR, collection of one season (Non-Monsoon) primary baseline data on
environmental parameters i.e. Ambient Air Quality (PM10, SO2 and NOx), water quality, Noise level, Soil, flora and fauna and site specific meteorological data has to be done. This report incorporates the baseline data generated through primary surveys during October 2013 to December 2013 covering one season i.e. Post monsoon to which the committee agreed and allowed in the prescribed ToR. The study area covered under SoI Toposheets 45 N/11, N/12, N/15 and N/16 on 1:50000 scale is shown in Figure 3.1. The satellite image of the study area is shown in Figure 3.2 and the pictorial view of one of the mining site on Mashi and Sohadara river is shown in Figure 3.3
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 39 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Figure 3.1 : Project Location Map on Toposheets
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 40 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Figure 3.2 : Satellite view of the Project Site
Pictorial View of Mashi River near Ramkrishanpura
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 41 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
View of Mashi river near Fyawari
View of Mashi River near Nathri
View of Sohadara river at Jawali Figure 3.3 : View of ML Area along Sohadara and Mashi River
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 42 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
3.1.2. Methodology Standard methodologies have been followed in developing the base line report. The methodology adopted for the study is outlined below:
Conducting reconnaissance surveys for understanding the study area; and Selecting sampling locations for conducting various environment baseline studies.
The sampling locations have been selected on the basis of the following:
Predominant wind directions recorded by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) observatory nearest to the site; Existing topography; Drainage pattern and location of existing surface water bodies like lakes/ponds, rivers and streams; Locations of villages / towns / sensitive areas; and Areas, which represent baseline conditions.
The field observations have been used to:
Assess the positive and negative impacts due to the proposed project; Suggest appropriate mitigation measures for remediating the adverse environmental impacts, if any; and Suggesting post-project monitoring requirements and suitable mechanism for it.
3.2. Physiography, Topography and Drainage 3.2.1. Physiography The proposed mine lease area falls under Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk of Rajasthan. Physio- graphically the area is one of the four major divisions of Great Plain of Northern India. The area lies to the east of Aravallies and is known as Eastern Rajasthan upland characterized by generally flat to undulating/rolling topography.
Banas river entering into district Tonk at Negaria in Devli tehsil and truncating it into two part falling into north and south traverses through 135km in the district and leaves it at Sureli. Mashi and Sohadara which originates in the hill of Kishangarh and east of Ajmer respectively are Ephemeral River. The later confluences with the former near Dhundiya village. Mashi finally debouches into the flood plain of Banas river near Gilod Khurd. All these rivers are left bank tributaries of the Banas River which is left bank tributary of the Chambal.
The district with spatial extent of 7179.58 sq.km, which is 2.1% of the area of the state, has geographic location as Latitude 250 41’ to 260 34’ North and Longitude 740 07’ to 760 19’ East.
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 43 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
It shares its border with Jaipur on north, Ajmer on its west, Bhilwara and Bundi on its south and Sawai Madhopur on its east respectively. The district has 7 subdivisions and equivalent number of tehsils namely Newai, Malpura, Uniara, Todaraisingh, Deoli, Piplu and Tonk. It has Zilaparishad at Tonk which comprises of six Panchayat samities. The administrative map of the district Tonk and Tehsil Piplu is shown in Figure 3.4.
The boundary of mine lease area in Tehsil Malpura shares its north and north-west boundaries at Jaipur, southern boundary with Tehsil Todaraisingh, Tonk and eastern boundary with tehsil Piplu respectively. The physiographic map of Rajasthan is shown in Figure 3.5.
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N Ranoli
Kathmana Bagarwa
Dangarthal-II Chogai Banwara
Loharwara Fyawari Sandera Kashipura Bor Khandi Kalan Bagri Kashipura Peeplu Jola Jhirana Jhirana Darda Turki Nimahera Darda Turki Baroni Parana Nathri Hadi Kalan Darda Turki Darda Turki NH-12 Nimahera Hadi Kalan Sohela Hatauna Kureda Hadi Kalan Naner Pasrotiya Janwali Deoli
Dodwari LEGEND
Block/Punchayat Samti Boundary
National Highway State Highway Major District Road
Metalled Road Railway Line
Urban Area with Ward Boundary
Figure 3.4 : Administrative Map of District Tonk and Tehsil Piplu
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Figure 3.5 : Physiographic Map of Rajasthan 3.2.2. Topography The district has different landforms. Mountainous topography is presented in the form of Aravalli Range towards south east. The main topographical feature of the district is peneplain. The general elevation of the plain area ranges between 230 to 340 mamsl and slopes from south-west to north – east. Isolated ridges running in the north-east to south – west direction between Gar and Banoli in western part and the Aravalli Hills towards Sawai Madhopur in South East. The hills on the south eastern sides run between Banetha to Kakore and have an elevation of 393 to 459 mamsl. In the west Rajmahal and Tordi Hills rise to elevation of 605.3 and 574.2 mamsl. In the central part there is Chandsen hill range which runs from Chandsen to Bhawanipura upto Tordi Sagar and have highest summit elevation of 522 mamsl. Mountainous topography also exist near Sohela.
The study area covered within Piplu Tehsil has more or less peneplain topography with ground elevation varying from 260 to 418 mamsl. Hillocks in Isolation as well as in continuous
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 46 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
chain exist in south east direction near Sohela. The highest elevation of 418 mamsl exists at Chironj P.F. while the lowest elevation of 260 mamsl exists near Mandawar Dhani which is on the left bank of Banas river. Bad land topography exist near the left bank of Mashi river from Gangapur, Navarangpur to Guda and also on the right bank from Mukanpura to Rambha. The study area has numerous shallow depressions which have been converted as tanks and reservoirs by creating suitable civil engineering structures like embankment and sluices. The general ground slope of the area is 1.15 m/km in north - south direction and 1.6 m / km in west-east direction.
3.2.3. Drainage Major part of Mashi drainage catchment (6335 sqkm), covered under Jaipur, Ajmer and Tonk, is occupied by Alluvial plains having good recharge prospect, flood plain and channel fill areas having excellent recharge potential. The Mashi and Sohadara river are 5th order and 4th order streams respectively while the Banas, to which Mashi confluences, is 6th order stream. The general drainage pattern is dendritic. Most of the rivers are influent except Banas which shows effluent nature at many places for which reason it has some flow in it throughout the year. The description of rivers flowing through Tonk district in Banas Catchment is presented in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 : Description of Rivers Flowing Through Tonk District in Banas Catchment S. Name of Origin Length Catchment Tributaries No. River (km) Area (sq.m)
1 Banas Khamnor Hills of Aravalli 512 45833 Berach, Menali, Kothari, Range 5 km from Khari, Dai, Dheel, Sohadra, Kumalgarh, district Mashi and Bandi Rajsamband 2 Mashi Hills near Kishangarh in 196 6335 Bandi near Dudu and Ajmer district Sohadra 3 Sohadra Hills east of Ajmer 100 1652 No. of Nallas
3.2.3.2 Rivers in study area
The tehsil is drained by Mashi and Sohadara rivers which cover a longitudinal profile of 40 km and 19.9 km respectively in the Tehsil. Bandi river which originates from Samod in district Jaipur confluences with Mashi river near Hanutiya Khurd in tehsil Piplu. On d/s of the confluence of these two rivers Mashi dam (Medium Irrigation Project) exists. The lease area along Sohadara river start d/s of Nayagaon, Sohadara river confluences with Mashi river near Dhundiya village. Mashi river ultimately confluences with the Banas river. The drainage map
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 47 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
of the study area which forms part of main drainage basin of Banas river is shown in Figure 3.6 alongwith the Basin map.
3.2.3.3 Drainage Basin
The rivers like Khari and its tributaries Nekhadi and Mansi, River Kothari and its tributaries, Chandrabhaga, Dain, Mashi and its tributaries, Bandi, Sohadra, Dhil and Morel and its tributories flowing in the drainage basin are left bank tributaries of Banas River, while Berach, Unli and Gambhir are the right bank tributaries in Rajasthan. For delineation of the drainage basin, the Watershed Atlas of India has been used as it provides uniform base for watershed characterization in five stages viz., Water Resource Region, Basin, Catchment, Sub- Catchment and Watershed. The study area falls in Water Resource Region 2 i.e. Ganga drainage. The distribution of Catchment, Sub-Catchment and Watershed within Basin of the Water Resource Region in context of the rivers flowing through the district has been presented in Table 3.2 and highlighted in Figure 3.6 which is the delineated map of Banas system.
Table 3.2 : Details of Catchment, Sub-Catchment and Watershed Region Basin Catchment Sub- Watershed Stream Area District Catchment Names (sq.km) Covered 2 (Ganga 2D 2D2 2D2C (Bandi- 2D2C5 Mashi 1110 Jaipur Tonk Drainage) (Chambal) (Banas) Mashi) 2D2C6 Mashi 2090 Jaipur Ajmer Tonk 2D2C7 Sohdra` 1580 Ajmer - Tonk 2D2C1 Bandi 820 Tonk 2D2C2 Mahlan 680 Jaipur Tonk 2D2C3 Bandi 1140 Jaipur 2D2C4 Bandi 920 Jaipur
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Figure 3.6 : Catchment Area Map of Banas Basin in Rajasthan and the Drainage Map of the Study Area
3.2.3.4 Gradient of Riverbed
The rivers draining through the district mostly originate from the eastern aspect of Aravali range in the district itself and also from neighboring district Chittaurgarh and flow through different tehsils. Since the mining lease area has been fixed along the rivers and small streams (Bala) in particular tehsil of the district, the information / data regarding the length of the river in the district and the fall (head loss) negotiated by it within the tehsil has been provided in Table 3.3 to arrive at the net riverbed slope of the rivers. The longitudinal sections of the rivers for the length traverse by them in tehsil has been depicted in Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3.
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Table 3.3 : Computation of River Bed Slope S. Name Length traversed River bed elevation Total fall (head Average No. of by the river in At the start At the exit loss) in river bed bed slope River Tehsil (km) point in tehsil point in tehsil with in tehsil (m / km) 1. Mashi 65-105 287 262 15 0.38 2. Soha 20.5-40.4 279.5 265.2 14.3 0.72 dara
It is evident from the table that the average bed slope of the river varies between 0.38 m / km (Mashi) to 0.72 m/km (Sohadara). The river bed slope is gentle to facilitate the sediment deposition process during the recession stage of flood passing in the river.
Coarser particles of riverine bed material such as bajri and coarse sand are eroded at such velocities (3m/sec), which is called the line of critical velocity. When the velocity fall below the critical velocity particles will be deposited or transported instead of being eroded depending upon the rivers energy. As the velocity of flow of river further decrease, again particles are not deposited but are transported d/s. Coarser particles are deposited quickly with the decrease in velocity and after that as the size or the particles decreases the longer, it is transported. Particles of size 1mm are deposited even at 0.1m / sec velocity. Sand is relatively easily eroded and moves at velocities 0.2 m / sec, as these do not coagulate. Clays and final silt stay afloat even when the velocity is near to zero.
3.2.4. Competency of river: Competency of a river is a measure of the maximum size of the river borne material a river is capable of transporting and it is directly dependent upon the velocity of flow of the river. The competence of a river increases as square of its velocity. The maximum load of solid particles a river can transport is termed as its capacity. The greater the discharge in the river, the greater shall be the capacity for hauling the sediments. The higher velocities are developed when the rivers are in high stage. Even the slope of the order of 1m/km are capable of generating such velocities which are capable of eroding the bed material and its transportation. In the present case on an average the competency of rivers/stream in the mine lease area varies between 3 mm to less than 0.002 mm (clay).
3.2.5. Land Use/ Land Cover 3.2.5.1 Land Use of District and Tehsil The Tehsil wise landuse and land cover of the district as per revenue record is shown in Table 3.4. The pre-dominant landuse in the district is agriculture land 449347 ha (62%), followed by fallow land 79389 ha (11%), Land under non-agricultural use 48539 ha (7%), Permanent Pasture 42064 ha (6%), culturable waste land 43614 ha (6%), barren and
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unculturable land 27342 (4%) and Forest land 27532 ha (4%). The pre-dominant landuse in the Tehsil is agriculture land 45744 ha (67%), followed by fallow land 8003 ha (12%), culturable waste land 4034 ha (6%), Land under non-agricultural use 3185 ha (5%), barren and unculturable land 3385 (5%), Permanent Pasture 3109 ha (4%), and Forest land 747 ha (1%). The pie diagram of landuse of the Bhilwara District and Tehsil Asind is given in Figure 3.7 and Figure 3.8 respectively.
Table 3.4 : Tehsil wise landuse and land cover of the district Land under Land under Non- Barren & Miscellaneous Culturable Total Actual Total Agriculture uncultura Permanent trees and waste fallow sown Geographical Tehsil Forest Use ble land Pasture grooves land land area area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tonk 1646 4691 5479 2737 17 4049 5415 54287 78321 Niwai 3131 5120 3646 8393 13 6051 15808 60887 103049 Uniyara 7573 4539 2688 2741 10 3987 9357 67711 98606 Devli 9494 14498 5873 7592 69 6106 14829 64374 122835 Malpura 1603 9530 4328 9597 9 12537 15733 95051 148388
Todarasingh 3338 6976 1943 7895 4 6850 10244 61293 98543 Piplu 747 3185 3385 3109 9 4034 8003 45744 68216 Total 27532 48539 27342 42064 131 43614 79389 449347 717958
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27532, 4% Forest
48539, 7% Land under Non-Agriculture Use 27342, 4%
42064, 6% Barren & unculturable land 43614, 6% Permanent Paustre 449347, 62% 79389, 11% Land under Miscellaneous trees and grooves Culturable waste land
Total fallow land
Actual sown area
Figure 3.7 : Graphical presentation of Landuse of District Tonk
747, 1% 3385, 5% Forest 3185, 5% Land under Non-Agriculture Use 3109, 4% 4034, 6% Barren & unculturable land
8003, 12% Permanent Paustre
45744, 67% Land under Miscellaneous trees and grooves Culturable waste land
Total fallow land
Actual sown area
Figure 3.8 : Graphical Presentation of Landuse of Tehsil Piplu
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3.2.5.2 Land Use/ Land Cover Map of Study Area The composite landuse map of study area comprising 10 km zone around mine lease and lease periphery has been prepared. Treating the project as the linear one the mine lease area which is spatially extended longitudinally into different rivers flowing in Tehsil, the landuse on 2 km on either side of the rivers as well as the composite landuse map is shown in Figure 3.9 and the aerial extents are given in Table 3.5. The pre-dominant landuse pertains to the agricultural land followed by agricultural fallow open scrub land, etc.
Table 3.5 : Details of Landuse Class of Study Area
10 km Zone around the 2 km Zone around the mine Landuse/Landcover mine lease area lease area Class Area (sq. km) Percentage Area (sq. km) Percentage Agricultural land 664.87 55.22 92.72 41.22 Agri fallow land 271.24 22.53 68.09 30.27 Settlement 24.65 2.05 6.71 2.98 Water body 38.35 3.18 9.5 4.22 Open scrub land 126.96 10.54 31.88 14.17 Dry river bed 59.2 4.92 11.83 5.26 Vegetation 18.85 1.57 4.22 1.88 Total 1204.12 100 224.95 100
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Landuse Map of Study Area Comprising 10 km Zone Around Mine Lease Area Periphery
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 55 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Landuse Map of Study Area Comprising 2 km Zone on Either Side of River Bandi, Mashi and Sohadara
Figure 3.9 : Landuse Map of 10km Study area and 2km on either side of rivers of ML area in Tehsil Piplu
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3.2.5.3 The Landuse Pattern Present and at the end of Lease Period The mine lease area is in river bed and forms section of the river. The mine lease area is river body classified as Gair mumkin nadi/nalla as per revenue record. The designated mine area is revenue land so the ownership vests with the state of Rajasthan. The existing land use of mine lease area belongs to landuse category “River body” and shall continue to be so even after the current mining project is over. The landuse pattern existing as on date and after 3rd and 5th year of mining have been shown in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6 : Land Use Pattern of the mine lease area Present land At the end of At the end of S.No. Particulars use (ha) 3rd year (ha) 5th year (ha) 1 Pit area 0 200.01 333.35 2 Dump area 0 - - Bridge 13.66 13.66 13.66 Safety Permanent 3 11.00 11.00 11.00 zone Roads Wells 0.73 0.73 0.73 Infrastructure (office, 4 - 2.04 - temp, shelter etc) 5 Mineral Storage - - - 6 Plantation - 66.00 110.00 7 Un worked 864.535 530.485 421.185 Total 889.925 889.925 889.925
3.3. Geology and Hydrogeology 3.3.1. Geology The district comprises of Aravalli & Delhi Group of rocks. The Aravallis are represented by the schists & gneisses and the Delhis by grits, conglomerates & quartzites. Grits, conglomerates and the schists and gneisses all have been considered to be of pre-Aravalli age. The general trends of formation vary from N-S to NE-SW with steep dips. The Aravallies and Delhis have been intruded by post Delhi granites, pegmatites & basic dykes.
The grits & conglomerates are best exposed along the foot hills of Toda Raising- Botunda ridge whereas the main hill ranges of Rajmahal, Toda Raisingh & Tordi-Chansen etc. are composed of quartzites. Phyllites are exposed in the south – eastern part of the district near Aligarh, Sop, etc. Rest of plain area is occupied by schists & gneisses.
The geological succession in Tonk district is given as below (after GSI).
ERA PERIOD RANK LITHOLOGY Quaternary Recent to Sub recent Alluvium Alluvium, Soil, River Sand
Post Delhi
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Proterozoic Delhi Super group Ajabgarh Group Schict, Phyllite And Quartzites Alwar Group Quartzites, conglomerate and schists Railo Group Dolomite marble and Quartzite Archaen Bhilwara super group Gneisses, schists Source: Geology and mineral resources of Tonk district, DMG, VOL 21(2)
The district comprises of Aravalli & Delhi Group of rocks. The Aravallis are represented by the schists & gneisses and the Delhis by grits, conglomerates & quartzites. Grits, conglomerates and the schists and gneisses all have been considered to be of pre-Aravalli age. The general trends of formation vary from N-S to NE-SW with steep dips. The Aravallies and Delhis have been intruded by post Delhi granites, pegmatites & basic dykes.
The grits & conglomerates are best exposed along the foot hills of Toda Raising- Botunda ridge whereas the main hill ranges of Rajmahal, Toda Raisingh & Tordi-Chansen etc. are composed of quartzites. Phyllites are exposed in the south – eastern part of the district near Aligarh, Sop, etc. Rest of plain area is occupied by schists & gneisses.
The geological succession in Tonk district is given as below (after GSI).
ERA PERIOD RANK LITHOLOGY Quaternary Recent to Sub recent Alluvium Alluvium, Soil, River Sand
Post Delhi Proterozoic Delhi Super group Ajabgarh Group Schict, Phyllite And Quartzites Alwar Group Quartzites, conglomerate and schists Railo Group Dolomite marble and Quartzite Archaen Bhilwara super group Gneisses, schists Source: Geology and mineral resources of Tonk district, DMG, VOL 21(2) Soil/ alluvium varying in thickness from 3.0 to 8.0 m constitute the top horizons in the area suitable for agriculture. Mashi and Sodara river meanders through the area exposing the alluvium and soil at the banks. No hard rock is exposed along the banks in the lease area. Bajri is found in the river bed. As the rivers are ephemeral the bed remains dry except rainy season. .
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Figure 3.10 : Regional geology map of Rajasthan 3.3.2. Hydrogeology Major hydrogeological units are Alluvium (Quaetanary), Phyllite and Mica Schist (Bhilwara Supergroup); Granite and Gneiss (Bhilwara Super Group). Groundwater occurs mostly under pheratic conditions. Weathered zone below the water table acts as a good storage. The joints, fissures and other plains of structural weakness as well as their extent, size, opening and inter connection control occurrence & movement of ground water.
The litho unit Alluvium comprises of fluvial deposits of fine to coarse sand, gravel with little clay and Kankar in varying proportion. It mainly occurs along the drainage line and valley fills. It is conspicuous in part of Tonk, Newai, Uniwara and Deoli blocks.
Rocks belonging to Bhilwara super group mainly comprises of Mica schist / Phyllites and with the exception of western part of Malpura, this litho unit covers major part of the district in all blocks.
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The banded Granite Geniss occupies area to the west of Malpura town upto the north and west tehsil boundary. This litho unit is also found in part of Uniara block.
The ground water in Alluvial areas occurs in sand, gravel and pebbles beds under unconfined conditions. The yield of tubewells in Negaria valley fills varies from 650 to 1518 lpm for a drawdown from 0.6 to 2.15m where as in Tonk valley fills areas it was recorded to be 900 lpm for a drawdown of 0.9m. The yield in the rock aquifer of Mica Schist from well of 3 to 4m diameter varies from 3 to 50 m3/day. Ground water in Phyllite and Granite Geniss formations occurs under water table conditions in joints, fissures and fractures with yield resulting from 3 to 4 m diameter wells ranged between 6 to 150 cum/day and 1.5 to 150 cum/day respectively. The hydrogeology map of the area is given in Figure 3.11
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 60 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Figure 3.11 : Hydrogeological Map of District Tonk 3.3.3. Seismicity As per seismic zoning map of India IS 1893 (Part-I):2002, Figure 3.12, the major part of Rajasthan lies in Zone – II and Western parts of the districts of Barmer and Sirohi as well as northern sections of Alwar district lie in Zone IV, where the maximum intensity could reach
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 61 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
VIII (MSK). The remaining areas of Barmer and Sirohi districts, as well as the districts of Bikaner, Jaiselmer and Sirohi lie in Zone III. The north-eastern districts of Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Bharatpur and the rest of Alwar also lie in Zone III. The rest of the state, including the capital, Jaipur, lie in Zone II, where the maximum intensity expected would be around MSK VI, as is evident from the Seismic Zone Map of Rajasthan (Figure 3.13) that some portion of district Barmer, Jalore, Alwar and Bharatpur lie under Zone – IV. The project area falling in Tonk District lies within Zone - II.
Figure 3.12 : Map of Seismic Zones of India
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Project Site
Figure 3.13 : Map of Seismic Zones of Rajasthan Small to moderate earthquake have visited the state of Rajasthan which has not felt any major earthquake in past as well as recent years. The Cambay Graben (3) terminates in the south-western part of the state. The Konoi Fault near Jaiselmer trends in a north-south direction and was associated with the 1991 Jaiselmer earthquake. Several active faults criss- cross the Aravalli range and lie parallel to each other. The most prominent of them is the north-south trending Sardar Shahr Fault and the Great Boundary Fault which runs along the Chambal River and then continues in the same direction into Uttar Pradesh.
Largest Instrumented Earthquake event in Rajasthan was felt at 22:11 on 15 August 1906 – (Thar Desert, Rajasthan) with movement magnitude i.e. Mw 6.2. This event was located along the India-Pakistan border, in the vicinity of Janpalia, Rajasthan which is located north- northwest of Bakhasar. It was felt widely along the Indo-Pakistan border, Sindh, and Gujarat. It was also felt for several seconds in Rajputana, Jodhpur, Ahmedabad and around the Gulf of Khambat and at Mirpur in Pakistan.
Important recent earthquake events of magnitude more than 3.3 on Richter scale are enumerated in Table 3.7.
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Table 3.7 : Earthquake Events of Magnitude more than 3.3 (Richter Scale) LAT DATE TIME (deg. LONG Depth Magnitude Region N) (deg.E) (km) 08-11-1991 15:13 26.38 70.66 5.4 Bersi-Tagrawa, Jaisalmer 27-02-1996 09:04 26.816 72.010 33 3.5 Phalodi 02-05-2002 14:29 27.696 75.810 33 4.1 Neem Ka Thana, Sikar 19-02-2003 08:10 25.3 72.662 10 4.0 Jalore Region 10-08-2003 16:47 27.216 75.739 10 4.5 Chomu, Jaipur Region 29-11-2006 05:41 27.348 76.850 10 4.0 Govindgarh, Alwar Region 24-12-2006 04:13 26.881 76.154 10 4.2 Bassi, Jhunjhunu Region 07-07-2008 17:29 25.8 74.200 10 3.6 Bhilwara/Pali Region 09-04-2009 07:16 27.13 70.769 43.3 5.1 Jaisalmer 07-04-2010 12:36 27.8 76.700 22 3.3 Alwar Region 09-11-2010 04:16 25.23 73.649 10 4.6 Sadri, Ajmer Region 15-08-2010 22:42 26.4 74.300 10 4.0 Ajmer Region 20-12-2012 13:00 26.726 76.303 10 4.0 Dausa
3.3.4. Ground Water Scenario The normal annual rainfall of the district is 613.6 mm and for tehsil Piplu it is 500.6 mm. However during 1973 to 2012 the normal annual rainfall has been exceeded in 27 years out of 40 years. In the district about 123800 ha area is being irrigated through groundwater resource i.e. wells and tube wells, besides 86900 ha through canals/tanks. Due to continual and wanton use of ground water resource for irrigation and other uses, there has been decline in the ground water table. Long term pre-monsoon (1997 – 2008) water level data of hydrograph stations as observed by Central Ground Water Board manifest that there is declining trend of about 0.035 m/year at Deval to 1.19m at Malpura.
3.3.4.1 Ground Water Budget The ground water budget for the study area has been worked out by computing the annual ground water recharge due to all sources and the annual ground water draft for all uses.
3.3.4.2 Annual Ground Water Recharge To evaluate the monsoon ground water replenishing resource, the monsoon rainfall for the area was adopted from Table 3.10. The area having slope between 0-50 has been considered and all area above 50 slope has not been considered as in such area the possibility run-off recharge is low. The infiltration area coefficient of 10% was considered appropriate to evaluate recharge by infiltration method as below.
Total Study Area = 68216 ha
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Area Suitable for recharge = 64284 ha Monsoon Rainfall = 525 mm Infiltration Factor = 10% Monsoon rainfall recharge = 3374.9 ha. m or 33.75 MCM The ground water recharge due to water table fluctuation has been computed as under Total Study area = 68216 ha Area Suitable for recharge = 64284 ha Seasonal Fluctuation = 0.60 m Specific yield = 10 % Monsoon G.W. Recharge = 3857 ha. m or 38.57 MCM Rainfall is the only source for ground water recharge. Only medium to minor surface irrigation network exist in the area where irrigation is being practiced through small minors which off takes from medium dam/surface ponds/sluices, during Rabi when the dams/ponds gets filled during monsoon months. The minors are lined and due to application of small water depth for Rabi crops the recharge from field application is not applicable. During the non-monsoon season the potential evaporation rate is much higher than the rainfall, therefore, non- monsoon recharge is not expected. As per norms of GEC-1997, the monsoon season recharge by Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) methodology should be preferred to the estimation by rainfall infiltration method, provided it does not exceed by 20% of the later. Thus, the annual ground water recharge for the study area has been adopted as 3857 ha. m (38.57 MCM).
3.3.4.3 Annual Ground Water Draft In the study area, on the basis of statistical data the annual draft is being worked out as below:
A. Drinking / Domestic Demand
(i) Total population of study area as on 1.1.2011 117644 (ii) Total population of study area as on 1.1.2014 123760 (after incorporating 1.73% annual growth @ 17.3% decadal growth) (iii) Population utilizing ground water source as drinking 123760 water (iv) Per Capita Consumption 70 LPD Rural (v) Annual Drinking /Domestic Demand 316.2 ha. m.(3.16 MCM)
B. Irrigation Demand from Ground Water Resource (i) Area Irrigated 10500 ha (ii) Gross Irrigation need/ha 0.3 m/ha (iii) Total demand 3150 ha m(31.5 MCM)
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 65 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
C. Industrial Demand 100 ha. m. (1 MCM) D. Total Ground Water Draft 3566.2 ha. m.
3.3.4.4 Ground Water Development Total Ground Water recharge 3857 ha. m. Net Ground Water Availability 3713.1 ha. m. Annual Ground Water Utilization 3566.2 ha. m. Stage of Ground Water Development 96%
3.4. Meteorology The meteorological data recorded during the study period is very useful proper interpretation of the baseline information, surrounding area for air dispersion. Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an important role in identifying the general meteorological regime of the region.
The climate of the district is tropical dry. During peak of summer season in month of May and June, the temperature shoots upto 470C. The onset of Monsoon starts from the last week of June or early July and continues until the middle of September. The winter starts from December and continues until the end of March. The winters are moderately cool during December and January when the temperature falls to 40C to 50C.The average rainfall during monsoon is 400 mm.
3.4.1. Methodology The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observation is as per the standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 8829) and India Meteorological Department (IMD). On-site monitoring was undertaken for various meteorological variables in order to generate the site-specific data. Data was collected every hour continuously from 1stOctober 2013 to 31stDecember 2013 covering one season as per approved ToR.
3.4.1.1 Methodology of Data Generation
The Monitoring Station equipped with continuous monitoring equipment was installed at a height of 10 m above ground level to record wind speed, direction and temperature. The meteorological monitoring station was located in such a way that it is free from any obstructions and as per the guidelines specified under IS: 8829. Cloud cover was recorded by visual observation.
3.4.1.2 Sources of Information
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Secondary information on meteorological conditions has been collected from the nearest IMD station. In the present case the locations of some of the tehsil headquarters of Malpura and Piplu of Tonk district vis-à-vis the nearest IMD Tonk is shown in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8 : Distance of Tehsil Headquarters from Nearest IMD Station Project Aerial Elevation Nearest IMD S. Location Distance from Latitude Longitude No. Nearest IMD Station masl Latitude Longitude Tehsil (km.) Name 1 Malpura 26⁰17'40'' 75⁰22'25'' 324 17 IMD 26⁰10' 75⁰45' 2 Piplu 26⁰17'58'' 75⁰42'41'' 279 20 Tonk
3.4.2. Presentation of Data 3.4.2.1 Meteorological Data Recorded at nearest IMD The meteorological data was collected from the IMD Tonk, located at EL 272 MSL which has more pronounced effect on the project site. The data collected from IMD includes wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. The monthly maximum, minimum and average values are collected for all the parameters except wind speed. All these parameters are recorded twice a day viz at 08:30 and 17:30 hours. The collected IMD data is tabulated below. The collected data is tabulated in Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 : Climatological Data Station: IMD, Tonk (1960-1990)
Relative Mean Cloud Cover Temperature (OC) Rainfall (mm) Humidity (%) Wind (Oktas of sky) Month Mean Monthly Rainy Speed Mean Min 8:30 17:30 8:30 17:30 Max (mm) Days (kmph) January 28.1 2.9 73 51 3.4 0.4 4.5 1.6 1.5 February 32.3 3.9 66 43 7.0 0.6 5.6 1.6 1.9 March 38.2 9.0 54 38 3.1 0.4 6.4 1.6 2.1 April 42.5 15.6 45 34 4.3 0.4 7.5 1.3 2.1 May 44.8 20.7 47 32 17.5 1.4 9.9 1.0 2.0 June 44.4 23.5 60 43 69.5 3.7 11.7 2.4 3.4 July 40.8 22.6 77 66 263.2 10.1 10.1 4.7 5.4 August 37.2 22.6 84 74 213.7 10.7 8.5 5.0 5.3 September 37.7 20.7 77 61 100.8 4.8 7.5 2.7 3.2 October 37.7 14.1 64 48 10.4 0.6 4.8 0.8 1.4 November 34.1 8.2 66 52 6.2 0.4 3.9 1.2 1.4 December 28.8 3.5 74 56 2.9 0.4 4.4 1.4 1.6 Mean 44.7 2.2 66 50 7.1 2.1 2.6 Total rainfall/Rainy days 702.0 33.9 Source: IMD
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 67 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
3.4.2.2 Meteorological Data Generated at Site The meteorological parameters have been recorded on hourly basis during the study period from October, 2013 to December, 2013 and the parameters recorded at site include wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.
3.4.3. Synthesis of Data on Climatic Conditions 3.4.3.1 Analysis of the Data Recorded at IMD-Tonk Temperature
The winter season starts from Middle of November and continues till end of March. December, January and February are the coolest months. Both the night and day temperatures increase rapidly during the onset of pre-monsoon season from April to May. The mean maximum and minimum temperature have been recorded as 44.80C in June & 2.90C in January respectively. The extreme minimum and maximum temperature was recorded as -0.80C (14/01/1967) and 49.70C (31/05/1969).
Humidity
The air is generally humid during the monsoon season and the weather during other seasons was observed to be dry. The relative humidity during August at 08:30 hr was observed to be around 84% and at 17:30 hr, was observed to be in the range of 74%. The minimum relative humidity was observed as 45% in April at 08:30 hr and 32% in May at 17:30 hr respectively.
Cloudiness
During the winter and the pre-monsoon seasons, it was observed that the skies were generally very clear. In the post-monsoon season, generally light clouds were observed in the evenings, with clear mornings. During the monsoon season, both in the morning and evenings, the skies were found to be generally clouded.
Winds
Generally, light to moderate winds prevail throughout the year with speed ranging from 3.9 to 11.7 kmph. Winds were light to moderate particularly during the morning hours, while during the afternoon hours the winds were stronger. The season wise recorded respective wind pattern is given as below:
A) Wind Pattern during Pre-Monsoon Season 0830 -hr Predominant winds occur mostly from W and NW direction. 1730-hr Predominant winds occur mostly from W followed by NW direction.
B) Wind Pattern during Monsoon Season
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 68 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
0830-hr Predominant winds occur mostly from NE direction followed by E direction. 1730-hr Predominant winds are mostly from SW direction followed by W direction.
C) Wind Pattern during Post-Monsoon Season 0830-hr Predominant winds occur mostly from NE direction followed by N direction. 1730-hr Predominant winds occur mostly from SW direction followed by W direction.
D) Wind Pattern during Winter Season 0830-hr Predominant winds occur mostly from NE direction followed by N direction. 1730-hr Predominant winds occur mostly from SW direction followed by W.
3.4.3.2 Observations on Primary Data The site-specific data for the study period in respect of temperature, humidity and rainfall is presented in Table 3.12.
1. Temperature
Maximum temperature of 36.8OC (October 2013) and minimum temperature of 7.2OC (December 2013) was recorded during the study period.
2. Relative Humidity
Maximum and minimum relative humidity observed during December 2013 was 97.2% and 26.3% respectively.
3. Rainfall
The main rainy season is the southwest monsoon season, from about the last week of June to September-mid. Some rainfall though less in amount occurs in the cold season from December to February. During study period, 20 mm and 1mm rainfall occurred in October in 3 rainy days and in November 2013 in 1 rainy day respectively and there was no rainfall during December. The monthly rainfall observed at Piplu tehsil of district Tonk from observations made during 1973 to 2012 is reproduced under Table 3.10.
Table 3.10 : Monthly Rainfall Data (mm) Observed during 1973 to 2012 Year / Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 1973 0 0 0 0 0 0 194 483.8 N.A. 0 0 0 678 1974 0 0 0 0 0 28 479 106 0 58 0 0 671 1975 0 0 0 0 0 40.4 352.4 275.8 88 0 0 0 757 1976 0 0 0 0 0 65.7 206 316.4 118 0 0 0 706
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1977 0 0 0 0 0 40 490 172 18 0 0 0 720 1978 0 0 0 0 0 N.A. 255 131.7 N.A. 0 0 0 387 1979 0 0 0 0 0 47.2 29 137 - 0 22 0 235 1980 0 0 0 0 0 114 215 136 - 0 0 0 465 1981 0 0 0 0 0 48 482 58 55 0 0 0 643 1982 0 0 0 0 0 - 79.6 401.5 - 0 0 0 481 1984 0 0 0 0 0 15 38 155 45 0 0 0 253 1985 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 134.8 0 121 0 0 345 1988 0 0 0 0 0 110 183 168 106 0 0 0 567 1989 0 0 0 0 0 42 33 301 26 0 0 0 402 1990 0 0 0 0 0 7 140 173 96 0 0 0 416 1991 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 157 93 0 0 0 550 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 219 178 78 0 0 0 475 1993 0 0 0 0 0 17 76 170 116 0 0 0 379 1994 0 0 0 0 0 32 322 179 81 0 0 0 614 1995 0 0 0 0 0 10 267 460 60 0 0 0 797 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 109 28 24 0 0 0 161 1998 0 0 0 0 0 40 438 171 166 0 0 0 815 1999 0 8 0 0 50 79 628 12 31 119 0 0 927 2000 0 0 0 0 91 27 97 66 69 0 0 0 350 2001 0 0 0 37 74 77 243 79 16 0 0 0 526 2002 0 15 0 5 13 80 26 74 33 0 0 6 252 2003 3 51 0 0 3 71 93 273 91 0 0 0 585 2004 4 0 0 0 1 22 49 367 5 31 0 0 479 2005 0 0 0 0 0 4 108 5 140 0 0 0 257 2006 0 0 42 4 0 116 187 119 26 0 0 0 494 2007 0 66 19 0 0 137 216 169 58 0 0 0 665 2008 0 0 0 0 5 118 156 119 93 7 0 0 498 2009 0 0 0 0 0 28 161 124 9 39 9 0 370 2010 12 6 0 0 0 2 385 549 167 0 44 0 1165 2011 0 8 0 1 0 160 127 359 173 0 0 0 828 2012 0 0 0 0 22 14 178 319 133 0 0 0 666 Monthly Average 1 8 3 2 13 52 204 191 78 10 3 0 544 Maximum Monthwise 12 66 42 37 91 160 628 549 173 121 44 6 Source: Water Resource Department Rajasthan
Monthly Rainfall data observed at tehsil Piplu shows that during the period under observation the maximum and the minimum annual rainfall recorded are 1165 mm in 2010 and 161 in 1997. The maximum monthly rainfall of 628 mm has been recorded during November 1999. Average annual rainfall is 544 mm which is less than the normal rainfall of 613.6 for the district
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 70 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Tonk. The standard deviation (216.99) and the co-efficient of skew (0.539) have been worked out in Table 3.11.
Table 3.11 : Computation of Standard Deviation
Deviation from ΔX2 ΔX3 Rainfall During mean Year Monsoon (X) (ΔX= X-X1) 1973 677.8 133.96 17945.28 2403949.92 1974 671 127.16 16169.67 2056134.68 1975 756.6 212.76 45266.82 9630968.11 1976 706.1 162.26 26328.31 4272031.19 1977 720 176.16 31032.35 5466658.00 1978 386.7 -157.14 24692.98 -3880254.81 1979 235.2 -308.64 95258.65 -29400629.61 1980 465 -78.84 6215.75 -490049.38 1981 643 99.16 9832.71 975011.09 1982 481.1 -62.74 3936.31 -246963.94 1984 253 -290.84 84587.91 -24601546.46 1985 344.8 -199.04 39616.92 -7885352.08 1988 567 23.16 536.39 12422.69 1989 402 -141.84 20118.59 -2853620.18 1990 416 -127.84 16343.07 -2089297.51 1991 550 6.16 37.95 233.74 1992 475 -68.84 4738.95 -326229.02 1993 379 -164.84 27172.23 -4479069.67 1994 614.00 70.16 4922.43 345357.38 1995 797.00 253.16 64089.99 16225020.75 1997 161 -382.84 146566.47 -56111505.69 1998 815 271.16 73527.75 19937783.50 1999 927 383.16 146811.59 56252327.14 2000 350 -193.84 37573.95 -7283333.62 2001 526 -17.84 318.27 -5677.86 2002 252 -291.84 85170.59 -24856183.70 2003 585 41.16 1694.15 69731.03 2004 479 -64.84 4204.23 -272601.99 2005 257 -286.84 82277.19 -23600387.92 2006 494 -49.84 2484.03 -123803.84 2007 665 121.16 14679.75 1778597.98 2008 498 -45.84 2101.31 -96323.85 2009 370 -173.84 30220.35 -5253504.88 2010 1165 621.16 385839.75 239668216.38 2011 828 284.16 80746.91 22945040.70
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 71 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
2012 666 122.16 14923.07 1823001.69 Total 19578.3 1647982.488 190006150
Mean (X1) =∑X/n = 543.84 Standard Deviation(σ) = √ ∑X2/n-1 = 216.99 Co-efficient of Skew = ∑X3/(n-1) σ3 = 0.539
4. Cloud Cover
During the study period, it was observed that the skies were generally very clear and had a few cloudy days but with less than 1.5 oktas of sky.
5. Wind Speed / Direction
The wind rose diagram developed during each month of Post-monsoon season (October 2013 to December 2013) and the combined seasonal are shown in Figure 3.14. It reveals that pre-dominant wind direction occurs mostly from North, North – West, West –South-West to South, East-West and ESE respectively. The other pre-dominant wind directions are from East and North East to West and South West. The average mean wind speed is 0.83 m/s (3.0 kmph) and the maximum speed observed was 14.8 kmph. For 10% duration of total time count Calm prevailed. The resultant vector of wind direction has a frequency of 16% with an average wind direction of 230. The frequency distribution of wind class for complete post- monsoon season depicted in Figure 3.15 shows that wind with velocity 0.5-1.5 m/s (1.8 kmph – 5.4 kmph) prevailed for 73.3 % of the total time count, wind velocity ranging between 1.5 – 2.5 m/s (5.4 kmph – 9.0 kmph) has prevailed for 15.0%. The wind velocity between 3.5 to 4.5m/s (12.6 kmph to 16.2 kmph) had a frequency of 0.3% only.
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 72 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Table 3.12 : Site Specific Meteorological Data
Oct-13 Nov-13 Dec-13 Wind Wind Wind Day Humidity Speed Humidity Speed Humidity Speed Rain Rain Rain Temp. (⁰C) (%) (Km./hr.) Temp. (⁰C) (%) (Km./hr.) Temp. (⁰C) (%) (Km./hr.) Fall Fall Fall Max Min Max Min Max Min (mm) Max Min Max Min Max Min (mm) Max Min Max Min Max Min (mm) - - - 1 36.1 22.6 79.5 52.2 7.4 1.9 33.4 20.4 62.0 40.5 7.4 0.0 30.6 12.3 61.2 35.2 5.6 0.0 - - - 2 35.4 24.6 76.0 57.9 14.8 1.9 30.1 19.8 57.3 31.4 7.4 0.0 27.3 12.1 69.8 37.3 9.3 1.9 - - - 3 36.8 25.4 90.0 55.5 11.1 1.9 30.6 16.1 64.3 29.7 5.6 0.0 28.7 12.2 68.1 34.3 5.6 1.9 - - - 4 36.8 27.0 79.7 48.5 11.1 1.9 30.1 15.5 57.3 30.0 5.6 0.0 28.8 13.2 63.0 26.3 5.6 1.9 - - - 5 31.9 23.8 89.2 69.2 7.4 1.9 30.1 16.5 60.8 34.2 7.4 0.0 29.2 13.8 51.0 31.8 5.6 1.9 - - - 6 34.2 23.9 90.1 65.6 5.6 1.9 30.7 19.6 53.3 36.3 5.6 1.9 29.6 14.3 56.6 32.3 7.4 1.9 - - - 7 33.3 24.7 94.4 70.2 5.6 0.0 27.1 19.1 67.4 51.3 9.3 0.0 25.7 11.6 75.5 47.4 5.6 0.0 - - 8 34.4 24.7 94.1 64.9 9.3 0.0 26.8 17.6 76.4 57.3 7.4 0.0 1 25.9 12.2 82.4 50.0 5.6 0.0 - - - 9 33.3 25.4 96.4 65.5 7.4 0.0 28.6 17.0 76.7 44.3 7.4 0.0 29.3 12.7 81.9 50.0 3.7 0.0 - - - 10 34.4 24.6 95.9 60.3 5.6 1.9 26.7 16.9 71.0 47.9 9.3 0.0 26.0 12.6 84.8 51.3 13.0 0.0 - - - 11 31.1 22.6 93.1 67.1 14.8 0.0 26.6 15.6 68.8 41.4 7.4 0.0 26.2 12.0 80.8 43.3 5.6 0.0 4 - - 12 32.6 22.1 94.0 72.8 7.4 1.9 29.5 14.3 63.3 32.9 5.6 0.0 26.9 13.3 59.8 36.4 13.0 1.9 14 - - 13 31.9 23.2 95.8 66.6 7.4 0.0 26.9 13.4 67.4 38.3 3.7 0.0 26.4 13.7 62.3 41.4 11.1 1.9 2 - - 14 32.7 24.6 87.2 59.5 7.4 0.0 26.8 13.2 62.9 27.4 7.4 0.0 26.8 13.2 66.9 44.0 9.3 0.0 - - - 15 34.4 24.0 93.1 48.6 7.4 0.0 27.3 12.0 58.4 32.7 7.4 0.0 26.5 12.1 71.8 39.8 5.6 0.0 - - - 16 35.5 22.9 72.5 41.6 5.6 0.0 30.6 12.3 64.4 35.2 3.7 0.0 30.1 11.4 73.5 43.7 5.6 0.0 - - - 17 35.8 24.0 75.5 41.9 7.4 0.0 27.3 12.1 69.8 37.3 7.4 0.0 27.3 11.6 74.5 43.5 5.6 0.0 - - - 18 35.8 23.8 72.8 41.5 9.3 0.0 28.7 12.2 68.1 34.3 11.1 0.0 26.5 14.3 75.8 48.7 7.4 0.0 - - - 19 34.6 23.6 72.1 33.4 9.3 0.0 28.8 13.2 63.0 26.3 7.4 0.0 26.5 11.7 80.6 45.9 11.1 0.0 - - - 20 34.6 21.2 65.6 32.9 5.6 0.0 29.2 13.8 51.0 31.8 7.4 0.0 19.9 10.0 86.7 62.9 9.3 0.0 - - - 21 34.3 19.8 62.7 30.4 7.4 0.0 29.6 14.3 55.3 32.3 3.7 0.0 17.1 10.7 93.1 63.6 5.6 0.0 - - - 22 34.6 18.7 57.2 31.9 7.4 0.0 27.9 13.5 63.7 36.4 3.7 0.0 18.9 10.9 88.6 64.8 7.4 0.0
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 73 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
- - - 23 33.8 19.9 57.8 29.4 7.4 0.0 28.3 13.1 71.4 43.4 5.6 0.0 13.9 7.6 96.5 79.1 7.4 1.9 - - - 24 31.7 21.9 70.3 47.1 7.4 1.9 29.3 15.4 63.9 36.8 5.6 0.0 18.5 7.2 97.2 73.7 11.1 0.0 - - - 25 32.3 21.1 73.0 43.9 7.4 1.9 29.0 14.5 59.4 35.7 7.4 0.0 23.1 9.2 93.4 62.8 9.3 0.0 - - - 26 31.6 20.5 62.8 35.3 3.7 0.0 30.4 15.5 59.8 33.6 7.4 0.0 19.6 9.7 86.1 47.0 7.4 0.0 - - - 27 32.8 19.8 56.6 33.0 7.4 0.0 30.0 16.4 57.0 31.3 9.3 0.0 21.3 12.3 64.5 39.4 11.1 1.9 - - - 28 33.2 18.1 60.8 30.0 7.4 0.0 28.8 14.6 67.5 35.1 5.6 0.0 20.0 8.7 73.2 45.0 7.4 0.0 - - - 29 33.3 17.9 52.2 30.4 7.4 0.0 28.4 14.3 67.1 38.5 5.6 0.0 21.1 7.2 65.9 32.5 5.6 0.0 - - - 30 32.4 19.8 54.3 34.4 7.4 0.0 28.5 13.7 59.1 34.8 9.3 0.0 15.0 8.4 81.8 49.2 13.0 0.0 - - - 31 32.8 20.0 64.6 39.1 5.6 0.0 16.2 9.2 80.4 59.7 7.4 0.0 Ma - - - x 36.8 96.4 14.8 33.4 76.7 11.1 30.6 97.2 13.0 - - - Min 17.9 29.4 0.0 12.0 26.3 0.0 7.2 26.3 0.0 Tot 20 1 - al Rai nfal l
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 74 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
October 2013 November 2013
December 2013 October 2013 to December 2013 Figure 3.14 : Site Specific Windrose Diagram
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 75 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Figure 3.15 : Wind Class Frequency Distribution 3.5. Air Quality The study area represents mostly rural environment in arid-zone of Western Rajasthan. The ambient air quality with respect to the study area covered in Tehsil including the linear mine lease area forms the baseline information. The various sources of air pollution in the region are traffic, urban and rural activities. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the mine operation.
This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques and frequency of sampling.
3.5.1. Methodology Adopted for Air Quality Survey 3.5.1.1 Selection of Sampling Locations The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality-monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance programme has been based on the following considerations:
Meteorological conditions on synoptic basis; Topography of the study area and linear nature of project; Representatives of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status; and Representatives of likely impact areas particularly covering the zone for maximum annual mining, material handling and transportation interface areas. Representative residential, rural and commercial area consideration
Ambient air quality monitoring stations were set up at five locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. The location of the selected stations with reference to the project
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 76 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
site and details of environmental setting around each monitoring station are given in Table 3.13 and Figure 3.16.
Table 3.13 : Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations
Distance (km) Direction w.r.t. Station from the river Environmental Name of the Station river (mining Code boundary Setting area) (mining area) Mashi river – A-1 Piplu W Commercial 1.2 km Mashi river – A-2 Galod N Commercial 0.4 km Sohadara river A-3 Jawali SE Rural/Residential – 0.4 km Mashi river – A-4 Kakraj Khurd village N Rural/Residential 0.45 km Kakraj Khurd River A-5 Mashi river - River bed bed
Figure 3.16 : Monitoring and Sampling Locations
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 77 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
3.5.1.2 Monitoring plan
Monitoring is carried out for Particulate Matter (PM10), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), and Oxides of
Nitrogen (NOx) as per TOR. Sampling was carried out on 24hourly twice a week, for 12 week basis starting from 1st October 2013 to 30 December 2013 (Post monsoon season).
Ambient air quality levels were assessed with respect to National ambient air quality standards prescribed by Central pollution Control board (CPCB) 2009. The laboratory result sheets of Ambient Air monitoring are annexed as Annexure-V.
3.5.2. Presentation of Primary Data The survey results for the three months study period (October 2013 to December 2013) are presented in detail in Table 3.14. Various statistical parameters like 98th percentile, mean, maximum and minimum values have been computed from the observed data for all the AAQ
monitoring stations. The mineral composition of the PM10 for silica content was carried out and it was found to range between 2.3 to 3.2 µg/m3.
Table 3.14 : Ambient Air Quality results (µg/m3) (A1) (A2) (A3)
Date PM10 SO₂ NOx PM10 SO₂ NOx Date PM10 SO₂ NOx (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) (µg/m³) 76 6.9 20.3 23.0 1/10/2013 75 7.4 5/10/2013 68 7.0 20.0 86 6.4 23.0 20.5 3/10/2013 69 6.4 7/10/2013 62 6.4 21.3 78 6.0 20.3 21.4 9/10/2013 75 7.8 12/10/2013 64 6.6 22.0 67 5.9 22.0 20.2 11/10/2013 69 6.9 14/10/2013 68 6.9 20.3 74 7.8 23.8 22.0 18/10/2013 76 6.3 20/10/2013 52 5.8 20.2 68 7.0 23.1 21.6 20/10/2013 71 6.0 22/10/2013 58 6.4 23.4 72 5.4 20.5 22.3 25/10/2013 73 5.9 28/10/2013 62 6.3 22.1 80 6.9 20.3 23.0 27/10/2013 78 6.4 30/10/2013 71 7.3 20.8 93 8.8 26.9 25.0 2/11/2013 85 8.4 6/11/2013 76 8.0 24.0 83 8.5 25.2 23.8 4/11/2013 81 7.3 8/11/2013 72 7.5 22.2 77 7.4 21.0 21.6 9/11/2013 77 7.0 14/11/2013 69 6.4 20.8 76 6.7 22.2 22.4 11/11/2013 75 6.3 16/11/2013 68 7.0 21.3 79 7.8 21.7 21.7 16/11/2013 75 6.9 21/11/2013 67 6.9 22.4 74 8.8 23.8 23.1 18/11/2013 72 6.9 23/11/2013 62 6.4 20.2 77 7.8 22.4 21.9 24/11/2013 65 6.0 28/11/2013 63 5.8 21.8 79 6.4 21.0 20.3 26/11/2013 70 6.5 30/11/2013 62 6.9 19.2 63 5.4 22.6 22.1 2/12/2013 71 6.4 6/12/2013 56 6.3 20.6 60 6.9 23.0 21.0 4/12/2013 77 6.1 8/12/2013 50 6.5 20.3 68 7.8 21.0 22.4 9/12/2013 65 6.4 13/12/2013 64 6.0 19.4 78 5.9 20.0 19.6 11/12/2013 61 6.0 15/12/2013 58 4.6 16.8 74 8.3 25.2 20.3 17/12/2013 57 5.5 21/12/2013 61 6.4 19.6 70 7.4 22.4 18.8 19/12/2013 62 5.8 23/12/2013 68 6.1 21.5 63 5.9 21.0 20.4 24/12/2013 65 5.0 28/12/2013 53 5.9 18.2
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65 6.8 21.3 21.7 26/12/2013 63 5.9 30/12/2013 48 5.4 16.8 Max 93 8.8 26.9 85 8.4 25.0 Max 76 8.0 24.0 Min 60 5.4 20.0 57 5.0 18.8 Min 48 4.6 16.8 Mean 74 7.0 22.3 71 6.5 21.7 Mean 63 6.4 20.6 98 percentile 89.8 8.81 26.12 83.2 8.14 24.45 98 percentile 74.2 7.77 23.72 Standard (24 Standard (24 100 80 80 100 80 80 100 80 80 hr.) hr.)
(A4) (A5)
Date PM10 (µg/m³) SO₂ (µg/m³) NOx (µg/m³) PM10 (µg/m³) SO₂ (µg/m³) NOx (µg/m³)
60 5.9 2/10/2013 22.4 68 6.3 17.6 72 7.0 4/10/2013 18.9 60 6.8 18.7 64 7.3 10/10/2013 23.8 66 6.1 20.0 67 6.4 12/10/2013 20.3 63 7.4 18.0 65 5.9 19/10/2013 21.7 70 6.8 19.8 60 6.9 21/10/2013 20.4 68 7.1 20.1 57 5.8 26/10/2013 22.2 61 6.5 18.3 68 6.7 28/10/2013 21.6 64 6.8 20.3 74 7.9 3/11/2013 24.0 72 7.7 23.0 70 7.4 5/11/2013 21.9 65 7.0 19.4 68 6.9 10/11/2013 22.4 56 6.9 18.0 65 5.3 12/11/2013 21.8 64 6.5 17.9 62 6.4 17/11/2013 20.5 60 6.8 21.5 62 7.0 19/11/2013 21.6 62 6.1 18.7 56 6.4 25/11/2013 20.9 59 6.5 20.2 68 6.9 27/11/2013 20.3 66 5.8 18.9 56 5.9 3/12/2013 21.7 59 6.5 19.0 59 6.4 5/12/2013 21.0 64 5.8 20.8 65 6.3 10/12/2013 18.2 52 5.4 18.7 66 6.8 12/12/2013 22.4 56 6.1 17.5 58 5.8 18/12/2013 21.7 60 6.1 19.4 48 5.1 20/12/2013 23.8 53 5.8 19.0 50 5.4 25/12/2013 19.6 50 5.1 18.7 52 6.0 27/12/2013 20.5 53 5.8 20.1 Max 74 7.9 24.0 72 7.7 23.0 Min 48 5.1 18.2 50 5.1 17.5 Mean 62 6.4 21.4 61 6.4 19.3 98 percentile 73.1 7.67 23.91 71.1 7.56 22.31 Standard (24 hr.) 100 80 80 100 80 80
Interpretation of the results
The results are compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) prescribed by MoEF, GoI Notification dated 16.11.2009.
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Core Zone–Mine Area (A-5) Kakraj Khurd
th Particulate Matter (size less than 10micron) or PM10, monitored in the Mine area showed 98
percentile value of 71.1 µg/m3
th 98 percentile values of Sulphur dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen in the mine area from the
monitored data were7.56 µg/m3and22.31 µg/m3respectively.
Buffer Zone(StationsA-1 to A-4)
th PM10values monitored at 4 locations showed 98 percentile values in the range of 7 1. 1 – 3 8 9 . 8 µg/m .Highest value was recorded at Piplu town.The all values of PM10 monitored in
the study area are well within the limits of NAAQS. Concentrations of PM10is mainly contributed due to vehicular traffic and local activities.
98th percentile value of Sulphur dioxide in the study area from the monitored data was in the
range of 7.56 – 8.81µg/m3.Maximum value was recorded near the sampling station located at Piplu town. The values of SO2 monitored in the study area are well within the limits of NAAQS.
Ambient air quality status monitored for nitrogen oxides in the study area were in the range
with 98th percentile values between 22.31 – 26.12µg/m3.Maximum value of was prevailing at the time of sampling at Piplu town. The values of NOx monitored in the study area are well within the limits of NAAQS.
3.6. Water Quality Selected water quality parameters of surface and ground water resources within the study area have been studied to assess the water environment and evaluate anticipated impact of the project. Understanding the water quality is essential in preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment and to identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation.
The purpose of this study is to:
Assess the water quality characteristics for critical parameters; Evaluate the impacts on agricultural productivity, habitat conditions, recreational resources and aesthetics in the vicinity; and Predict impact on water quality by this project and related activities.
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The information required has been collected through primary surveys and secondary sources.
3.6.1. Methodology Reconnaissance survey was undertaken and monitoring locations were finalized based on:
Drainage pattern; Location of residential areas representing different activities /likely impact areas; and Likely areas, which can represent baseline conditions.
Four ground water and two surface water sources water sources in the study area were examined for physico-chemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters in order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on surface and ground water. The samples were analyzed as per the procedures specified in “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” published by American Public Health Association (APHA).
Samples for chemical analysis were collected in polyethylene carboys. Samples collected for metal content were acidified with 1 ml HNO3. Samples for bacteriological analysis were collected in sterilized glass bottles. Selected physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters have been analyzed for projecting the existing water quality status in the study area. Parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were analyzed on spot at the time of sample collection.
3.6.2. Water Sampling Locations
Surface water samples were grabbed from two locations and ground water from five locations which were analyzed for various parameters to compare with the standards for drinking water as per IS 10500:2012 for drinking water as well as IS 2296:1982 (Class A) for surface water sources. The water sampling locations are mentioned in Table 3.15 and shown in Figure 3.16.
Table 3.15 : Water Sampling Locations Code Location Distance from mine Site Surface Water SW1 Mashi Dam (Manoharpura) - SW2 Banas river - Ground Water GW1 Piplu Mashi river – 1.20 km, W GW2 Kankraj Kalan Mashi river – 0.2 km, E GW3 Sohela Banas river – 3 km, N GW4 Azampura Mashi river – 0.75 km, W GW5 Jawali Sohadara river – 0.4 km, SE
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3.6.3. Presentation of Results The results of the water quality monitored during the study period representing Post Monsoon season for surface water and ground water samples are given in Table 3.16 to Table 3.17 respectively. The laboratory result sheets of physico-chemical analysis of water samples are annexed as Annexure-VI.
3.6.3.1 Interpretation of Surface Water Quality The analysis results indicate neutral in nature as pH ranged between 7.68 – 7.82, which is well within the range of 6.5 - 8.5 specified standard limit. The TDS ranged between 380-460 mg/l which is within the Tolerance limit. Dissolved Oxygen was observed to be in the range of 5.3 - 6.5 mg/l respectively which indicate the surface water quality is conducive for aquatic life. The Chlorides ranged between 70 mg/l – 98 mg/l and Sulphates ranged between 12 mg/l – 26 mg/l and were well within the tolerance limits (Chlorides 250 mg/l and sulphates 400 mg/l). It is evident from the above values that all the parameters are found to comply with the requirements of IS: 2296 specification of surface water except bacteriological parameters as BOD (5 days) exceeded the tolerance limit. The Heavy metal content is found below detectable limits. The surface water quality is good for irrigation purpose and outdoor bathing except drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection.
3.6.3.2 Ground Water Quality The analysis results indicate that the pH ranged between 7.1 to 7.7, which is well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5 limit. Total hardness was recorded to range from 326 to 455 mg/l, which exceeds the acceptable limit 200 mg/l at all locations. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration recorded ranged between 980 to 1455 mg/l and exceeded the acceptable limit at all locations.
Chlorides ranged between 208 - 447 mg/l and was within acceptable limit at one location and was below desirable limit for other stations. Fluorides recorded ranged between 0.6 to 1.3 mg/l and exceeded the acceptable limit at 1 station but was below the permissible limit. Nitrates were recorded to range between 11 to 21 mg/l and are found to be within the acceptable limit. Bacteriological studies reveal that no coliform bacterial are present in the samples. The heavy metal contents were observed to be in below detectable limits.
Table 3.16 : Physico chemical and Biological Characteristics of Surface Water Parameters Tolerance limits for inland surface water Location class A (drinking water without Mashi Dam Banas River conventional treatment but after (SW-1) (SW-2) disinfection) as per IS:2296 - 1982 Colour (Hazen Units) - < 5 < 5
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Conductivity - 836 871 (μmhos/cm) Turbidity (NTU) - 1.2 3.5 pH 6.5 - 8.5 7.68 7.82 Total Dissolved Solids 500 380 460 (mg/l) Total Suspended Solids - 5 20 (mg/l) Total Hardness ( as 300 224 256 CaCO3) mg/l Chlorides ( as Cl ) mg/l 250 70 98
Sulphate ( as SO4 ) mg/l 400 12 26
Nitrate ( as NO3 ) mg/l 20 4 3
Phosphate (as PO4) mg/l - 3 5 Fluoride ( as F )mg/l 1.5 0.4 0.5 Iron ( as Fe ) mg/l 0.3 0.1 0.2 Lead ( as Pb ) mg/l 0.1 BDL BDL Copper ( as Cu ) mg/l 1.5 BDL BDL Nickel (as Ni) mg/l - BDL BDL Zinc ( as Zn ) mg/l 15 BDL BDL Total Chromium ( as Cr ) 0.05 BDL BDL mg/l Manganese ( as Mn ) 0.5 BDL BDL mg/l Oil & Grease (mg/l) 0.01 2 3 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 200 29 53 Magnesium (as Mg) 100 37 30 (mg/l) Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 200 45 62 Chemical Oxygen - 72 96 Demand Oxygen (mg/l) Bio-Chemical Oxygen 2 6 28 Demand Oxygen (mg/l) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 6 6.5 5.3
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Table 3.17 : Physico chemical and Biological Characteristics of Ground Water Parameters Requir Permissibl Location ement e Limits in Piplu Khankr Sohela Azampura Jawali (Accept the (GW-1) aj (GW-3) (GW-4) (GW-5) able absence of Kalan Limit) alternate (GW-2) (IS source 10500: (IS 2012) 10500:201 2) Colour (Hazen Units) 5 15 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 Conductivity (μmhos/cm) - - 1632 2430 1826 2245 1724 Turbidity (NTU) 1 5 0.4 1.6 1.5 1 1.4 pH 6.5 to No 7.2 7.4 7.1 7.7 7.3 8.5 relaxation Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 500 2000 980 1455 1080 1345 1034 Total Suspended Solids - - 15 24 18 23 19 (mg/l) Total Hardness ( as CaCO3) 200 600 326 416 336 408 455 mg/l Chlorides ( as Cl ) mg/l 250 1000 208 257 447 335 311
Sulphate ( as SO4 ) mg/l 200 400 26 30 26 38 21
Nitrate ( as NO3 ) mg/l 45 No 11 14 21 12 18 relaxation Phosphate (as PO4) mg/l - - BDL 3 1 3 2 Fluoride ( as F )mg/l 1 1.5 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.3 0.8 Iron ( as Fe ) mg/l 0.3 No 0.17 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.3 Relaxation Lead ( as Pb ) mg/l 0.01 No BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL relaxation Copper ( as Cu ) mg/l 0.05 1.5 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Nickel (as Ni) mg/l 0.02 No BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Relaxation Zinc ( as Zn ) mg/l 5 15 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Total Chromium ( as Cr ) 0.05 No BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL mg/l relaxation Manganese ( as Mn ) mg/l 0.1 0.3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Oil & Grease (mg/l) - - 3 3.5 5 4.2 1.8 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 75 200 54 77 65 81 87 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) 30 100 46 54 42 50 58 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 200 600 72 88 106 96 80 Total Coliform (MPN/100 Shall Shall not NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL ml) not be be detecta detectable ble in in any 100 any ml sample 100 ml sample
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3.7. Soil 3.7.1. Soil Classification The soil resource map of Rajasthan (NBSS Publication No-51) has been used in the present study. The soil of the area belongs to those of Central Highlands-Aravalli Landscape unit numbers as 244, 246, 253, 258, 274, (Gently to moderately sloping land with monad nocks), 302 (Soils of Aeo-Fluvial Plain with Sand Dune/Sand Cover), 316 (Soil of Pediments).The characteristics of these soils are described hereunder and the soil map of the district is presented in Figure 3.17.
Central Highlands - Aravalli
Gently to moderately sloping land with monad nocks Soil Map Unit 244
These soils are Deep, well drained, calcareous, fine loamy soils on very gently sloping plains with interspersed monad nocks ,loamy surface, moderately eroded; associated with: Moderately shallow, well drained fine loamy slightly eroded , moderately saline and slightly sodic soils. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Ustochrepts.
Soil Map Unit 246
These soils are Moderately deep, well drained, calcareous, fine loamy soils on gently sloping plains with interspersed monad nocks having loamy surface, severely eroded; associated with: Deep, well drained, coarse loamy, moderately eroded, moderately saline soils. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Ustochrepts.
Soil Map Unit 253
These soils are Deep, well drained, calcareous, fine loamy soils on gently sloping plains with monad nocks having loamy surface with slight erosion; associated with: Moderately deep, well drained, calcareous, fine loamy, moderately eroded, moderately saline and sodic soils. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Ustochrepts and Aridic Ustochrepts.
Soil Map Unit 258
These soils are moderately deep, well drained, fine loamy soils on gently sloping plains with interspersed monad nocks having loamy surface with slight erosion; associated with: deep, moderately well drained, fine & slightly eroded soils. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Ustochrepts and Vertic Ustochrepts.
Soil Map Unit 274
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These soils are moderately deep, well drained, fine loamy soils on very gently sloping plains with interspersed monad nocks, loamy surface, slightly eroded; associated with: Deep, well drained, calcareous, fine loamy & moderately eroded soils. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Ustochrepts.
Soils of Aeo-Fluvial Plain with Sand Dune/Sand Cover Soil Map Unit 302
These soils are very deep, well drained, coarse loamy soils on very gently sloping plains with sandy surface, moderately eroded; associated with: Very deep, well drained, sandy & moderately eroded soils. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Ustochrepts and Typic Ustipsamments.
Soil of Pediments Soil Map Unit 316
These soils are very shallow, well drained, loamy-skeletal soils on gently sloping pediments with loamy surface, severely eroded, strongly stony; associated with: Very shallow, well drained, loamy-skeletal & severely eroded soils. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Lithic Ustorthents.
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Figure 3.17 : Soil Map of the Study Area 3.7.2. Soil Characteristics Soil fertility is an important aspect of the soil-plant relationship. Fertility status of the soils is primarily and importantly dependent upon both the macro and micronutrient reserve of the soil. Continued removal of nutrients by crops, with little or no replacement will increase the nutrient stress in plants and ultimately lowers the productivity. The fertility status of soil mainly depends upon the nature of vegetation, climate & topography, texture & decomposition rate of organic matter in the soil. Optimum productivity of any cropping systems depends upon adequate supply of plant nutrients.
The fertility of soil depends on the concentration of N, P, K, organic and inorganic materials and water. Nitrogen is required for growth of plant and is a constituent of chlorophyll, plant protein, and nucleic acids. Phosphorus is most often limiting nutrients remains present in
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plant cell nuclei and act as energy storage. It helps in transfer of energy. Potassium is found in its mineral form and affect plant cell division, carbohydrate formation, translocation of sugar, various enzyme actions and resistance to certain plant disease, over 60 enzymes are known to require potassium for activation.
It is essential to determine the potential of soil in the area to identify the current impacts of urbanization and industrialization on soil quality and predict impacts, which may arise due to the project operations. Accordingly, a study of assessment of the baseline soil quality has been carried out.
3.7.3. Data Generation For studying soil quality of the region, four sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the Mining area representing various land use conditions. The samples have been collected from the depth of 5 to 15-cm and representative samples prepared by thoroughly mixing. The homogenized samples were analysed for Physico Chemical characteristics.
The detail of sampling locations is given in Table 3.18 and shown in Figure 3.16. The soil quality at all the locations during the study period is tabulated in Table 3.19. The laboratory result sheets of physico – chemical characteristics of soil are annexed as Annexure-VII.
Table 3.18 : Details of Soil Sampling Locations Location Location Present Land Use code S1 Kankraj Kalan Riverbed Soil S2 Piplu Agriculture S3 Ibrahimpura Agriculture S4 Sohela Agriculture S5 Azampura Agriculture
Table 3.19 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of Study Area Soil S.No. Sampling Locations Kankraj Piplu Ibrahampura Sohela Azampura Parameter Kalan S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-1 1 Color Light Brown Yellowish Yellowish Light Yellowish Brownish Brown Brown Brownish 2 Texture Sandy Sandy Loam Sandy Clay Sandy Sandy Loam clay Loam Loam 3 pH (20%Slurry) 7.46 8.16 7.93 7.81 7.76 4 EC (µmhos/cm) 268 276 287 286 275
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5 Bulk Density 1.34 1.38 1.30 1.40 1.40 (gm/cc) 6 Moisture (%) 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.4 7 Chloride ( mg/kg) 166 186 146 188 165 8 Organic Matter (%) 0.46 0.67 0.37 0.52 0.56 9 Water Holding 30.6 24.6 26.4 26.6 31.3 Capacity (%) 10 Potassium (mg/kg) 20 26 16 24 22 11 Phosphorus (mg/kg) 28 30 26 33 30 12 Nitrogen (mg/kg) 20 22 32 19 26 13 Carbonate(mg/kg) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 14 Bi- 110 139 156 119 145 Carbonate(mg/kg) 15 SAR 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 Source:Kamal Enviro & Food Lab.Pvt.,Ltd.Gurgaon-Haryana 3.7.4. Soil reaction classes and critical limits for Macro and Micro nutrients in soil According to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970), the soils are grouped under different soil reaction classes viz extremely acidic (pH<4.5), very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 – 5.0 ), strongly acidic (pH 5.1 – 5.5), moderately acidic (pH 5.6-6.0), slightly acidic (pH 6.1-6.5), neutral (pH 6.6- 7.3), slightly alkaline (pH 7.4-7.8), moderately alkaline (pH 7.9-8.4), strongly alkaline (pH 8.5-9.0).The soils are rated as low (below 0.50 %), medium (0.50-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %) in case of organic carbon, low (<280 kg ha-1), medium (280 to 560 kg ha-1) and high (>560 kg ha-1) in case of available nitrogen, low (< 10 kg ha-1), medium (10 to 25 kg ha-1) and high (> 25 kg ha-1) for available phosphorus, low (< 108 kg ha-1), medium (108 to 280 kg ha-1) and high (> 280 kg ha-1) for available potassium.
3.7.5. Interpretation of Soil Characteristics Interpretation of Soil Characteristic has been dwelled in following sub-sections 3.7.5.1 Soil Texture The soils of study area are Semi-Arid Transitional Plain and the most commonly observed soil texture is Sandy Loam & Sandy Clay Loam.
3.7.5.2 Soil Reaction Soil pH is an important soil property, which affects the availability of several plant nutrients. It is a measure of acidity and alkalinity and reflects the status of base saturation. The soil pH ranges from 7.46 to 8.16, thereby indicating the soil is slightly to moderately alkaline in nature.
3.7.5.3 Organic Matter The effect of soil organic matter on soil properties is well recognized. Soil organic matter plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity. The organic matter content
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of soil varied from 0.37 to 0.67% (0.22 to 0.39% as organic carbon), thereby implying that soils are low in organic content.
3.7.5.4 Macronutrients Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered as primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by plants in large quantity.
Available Nitrogen Nitrogen is an integral component of many compounds including chlorophyll and enzyme essential for plant growth. It is an essential constituent for amino acids which is building blocks for plant tissue, cell nuclei and protoplasm. It encourages the aboveground vegetative growth and deep green color to leaves. Deficiency of Nitrogen decreasing rate and extent of protein-synthesis and result into stunted growth and develop chlorosis. Available nitrogen content in the surface soils ranges between 19 and 32 mg/kg (40 and 62 kg/ha) thereby indicating that soils are low in available nitrogen content.
Available Phosphorus Phosphorus is important component of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and adenosine tri- phosphate (ATP), which involves in energy transformation in plant. It is essential component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the seat of genetic inheritance in plant and animal. Phosphorous take part in important functions like photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, crop maturation, root development, strengthening straw in cereal crops etc. The availability of phosphorous is restricted under acidic and alkaline soil reaction mainly due to P-fixation. In acidic condition it gets fixed with aluminum and iron and in alkaline condition with calcium. Available phosphorus content ranges between 26 and 33-mg/kg (51.0 and 69.0 kg/ha) thereby indicating that soils are high in available phosphorus.
Available Potassium Potassium is an activator of various enzymes responsible for plant processes like energy metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction and sugar degradation. It is extremely mobile in plant and help to regulate opening and closing of stomata in the leaves and uptake of water by root cells. It is important in grain formation and tuber development and encourages crop resistance for certain fungal and bacterial diseases. Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 16.0 and 26.0-mg/kg (31.0 and 54.0 kg/ha), thereby indicating low soils in potassium content in the area.
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3.8. Noise Environment
The environmental assessment of noise from the industrial activity, construction activity and vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, and annoyance and general community responses.
The impact of noise sources on surrounding community depends on:
Characteristics of noise sources (instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in nature). It can be observed that steady noise is not as annoying as one which is continuously varying in loudness. The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at night in residential areas are not acceptable because of sleep disturbance and The location of the noise sources, with respect to noise sensitive landuse, which determines the loudness and period of exposure.
The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise. The environmental impact assessment of noise from the project operation, vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, and annoyance and general community responses.
3.8.1. Identification of Sampling Locations
A preliminary reconnaissance survey has been undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. Noise at different generating sources has been identified based on the activities in the village area and traffic.
The noise monitoring has been conducted for determination of ambient noise levels in the study area. The noise level at each location were recorded for 24 hrs. The environment setting of noise monitoring locations is given in Table 3.20 and shown in Figure 3.16.
Table 3.20 : Details of Noise Monitoring Locations Distance from Direction Station Noise sampling the river w.r.t. river Environmental Setting / Code location boundary ( (mining Justification mining area) area) Mashi river – 1.2 N-1 Piplu W Commercial km
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Banas river – 0.3 N-2 Sohela N Commercial km Sohadara river – N-3 Jawali SE Rural/Residential 0.4 km Mashi river – 1.0 N-4 Kakraj Kalan village N Rural/Residential km Kakraj Khurd River N-5 Mashi river - River bed bed
3.8.2. Method of Monitoring
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were measured at all locations. The day noise levels have been monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night levels during 10 pm to 6 am at all the locations within study area. The Leq day time and night time noise levels and Leq day and night time noise levels at each of the sampling location are presented in Table 3.21.
Table 3.21 : Noise Levels [dB(A)] in the Study Area Station Code Location Leq Day Time Leq Night Time Leq Day & Night N-1 Piplu 62.8 52.5 61.2 N-2 Sohela 61.3 50.6 59.7 N-3 Jawali 51.2 42.9 49.7 N-4 Kakraj Kalan village 52.4 43.2 50.9 N-5 Kakraj Kalan River 49.8 40.3 48.3 bed
3.8.3. Interpretation of Results
The noise monitoring shows the day and night time noise level at mine site (Khankrajkalan) the noise recorded at mine site 49.8 dB (A) Leq during day time and 40.3dB (A) Leq during nighttime. The highest level of noise was recorded at Piplu i.e. 62.8dB (A) Leq during daytime and 52.5dB (A) Leq during nighttime, due to vehicle movement at nearest mine road and exceed the prescribed limit. The noise levels were within the prescribed limit for all other sites except Sohela during day and night time. The major source of the noise in the study area is vehicular movement.. The ambient air quality standards in respect of noise are 75, 65, 55 and 50 dB (A) Leq in daytime and 70, 55, 45 and 40 dB (A) Leq during nighttime for industrial, commercial, residential and silence zone respectively. The daytime noise level measured during 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. and nighttime measured from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 am.
3.9. Biological Environment
3.9.1. Flora 3.9.1.1 Forest and Forest Types
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The extent of natural forests in Rajasthan is not only one of the lowest in the country but also the lowest in terms of productivity of forest. On the contrary the state is endowed with the largest chunk of wasteland which is about 20% of the total wastelands of the country. The Total forests area of Rajasthan is 32639 km2 forest, which is 9.54 % of the total state’s geographical area. Reserve Forests constitute 38.16%, Protected Forests 53.36% and Un- classed Forests 8.48% of the forest area. The present mine lease project falls in Tonk district which accounts for a geographical area of 7,194 km2 having 167 km2 forest cover which is 2.32% of the district’s geographical area.1 A 56 km2 scrub land is also reported from Tonk district which supports a variety of forest life together with forest land. According to Champion and Seth (1968), all the forests of this division come under the tropical forest. Different forest types present existing in Tonk district are listed in Table 3.22.
Table 3.22 : Forest Types in the Tonk Forest Division Group Sub-type Dominant Species 1. Tropical Dry a. Anogeissus Pendula Anogeissus pendula, Boswellia Serreta, Deciduous Forest (5B/E1) Buteo monosperma, Cassia fistula Forest b. Boswellia Forest Boswellia Serreta, Anogeissus pendula, (5B/E2) Acacia sp., Albezia lebbek c. Babool Forest (5B/E3) Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria, Ziziphus xylopyrus, Prosopis juliflora d. Butea Forest (5B/E5) Butea monosperma, Holoptelea integrifolia, Salvadora persica 2. Dry a. Anogeissus Pendula Anogeissus pendula, Adhatoda Vasica, Deciduous Scrub (E1/DS1) Calotropis gigantean, Datura metel Scrub b. Euphorbia Scrub Euphorbia sp., Ziziphus sp., Acacia sp. (DS3) c. Dry Grassland Forest Prosopis cineraria, Acacia sp. (DS4) 3. Tropical a. Desert Thorn Forest Acacia sp., Acacia nilotica, Prosopis Thorn Forest (6B/C1) cineraria, Ziziphus sp., Apluda mutica b. Revine Thorn Forest Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Adhatoda (6B/C2) Vasica 4. Tropical a. Zizyphus Scrub Ziziphua sp. Euphorbia hirta Thorn Scrub (6B/DS1) b. Tropical Euphorbia Euphorbia neriifolia, Rhus mysurensis Scrub (6B/DS2)
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3.9.1.2 Floristic Objectives Objectives of the present baseline floristic study are as follows:
To inventorize taxonomic diversity of plants in the study area To assess the plant community structure in the study area To Determine Importance Value Index and Shannon Wiener Diversity Index for tree, shrub and herbs present in the study area.
Present study areas comprises of mine lease area along the rivers in Tehsil and area within 10 km radius of mining zones as per the ToR. Five sampling locations; two in mining areas (core zone) and three in outer area within the 10 km of core zone (Buffer zone) were selected for carrying out phyto-sociological surveys of the vegetation and in addition an inventory of various floristic elements was also prepared by walking different transects around these sampling sites. In order to understand the composition of the vegetation, most of the plant species were identified in the field itself whereas the species that could not be identified a herbarium specimen was collected along with their photographs for identification later with the help of available published literature and floras of the region.
Methodology
To understand the community composition of vegetation of the study area, a stratified random sampling method was used to obtain baseline data. The size and number of quadrats needed were determined using the species-area curve method (Mishra, 1968). The sampling consisted with randomly placed quadrats of 10 x 10 m2 for trees, 5 x 5 m2 for shrubs and 1 x 1 m2 for herbs. Quadrats were spatially distributed so as to minimize the autocorrelation among the vegetation and trap maximum composition. The data on vegetation were quantitatively analyzed for density, frequency and abundance as per Curtis & McIntosh (1950). The Importance Value Index (IVI) for trees was determined as the sum of relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance (Curtis, 1959). Tree individuals with > 31.5 cm CBH (circumference at breast height i.e., 1.37 m from the ground) were individually measured for CBH. Data was collected during winter season (January 2014).
The index of diversity was computed by using Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (Shannon Wiener, 1963) as: H = - Σ (ni/n) x ln (ni/n) Where, ni is individual density of a species and n is total density of all the species.
The Evenness Index (E) was calculated by using Shannon's Evenness formula (Magurran, 2004). Evenness Index (E) = H / ln (S) Where, H is Shannon Wiener Diversity index; S is number of species.
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Species richness (SR) was calculated by using Margalef index. Margalef Species Richness (SR) = S-1/ln(N) Where, S is total number of species and N is total number of individuals.
Sampling Location
The vegetation sampling was carried out at five different sampling sites the locations which area are given in Table 3.23.
Table 3.23 : Sampling Location of Floristic Survey Site Sampling Location Zone S-1 Sohadara River near Naner Mining area (core zone) S-2 Mashi River near Kakraj Khurd Mining area (core zone) S-3 Borakhandi Khurd Forest Influenced area (buffer zone) S-4 Sohila Protected Forest Influenced area (buffer zone) S-5 Near Hanotiya Khurd Influenced area (buffer zone)
3.9.1.3 Taxonomic Diversity
Although the Working Plan, 2012-13 to 2021-22, Tonk Forest Division reported 59 trees, 33 shrubs, 26 herbs, 11 climbers and 15 grasses species under its territorial jurisdiction, but during this study 31 trees, 20 shrubs and 19 herbs species were found in the study area. Angiosperm occurs in different life form such as trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers. The tree community was the superior one with 31 species (14 families) followed by 20 shrubs (13 families), and 19 herbs (11 families). Very few species of vegetation has been recorded within the mining area (7 trees, 11 shrubs and 9 herbs). Fabaceae, Apocynacea and Poaceae were found dominated families in tree, shrub and herb respectively. (Figure 3.18)
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Figure 3.18 : Number of families and species in different life forms in the study area 3.9.1.4 Community Structure
The forests of the study area receiving high anthropogenic pressure and very few patches of forests have been seen. In proposed mining areas, few individuals of trees (Acacia nilotica, Salvadora oleiodes and Ziziphus sp.) were recorded which were negligible in the number. Shrubs species like Calotropis gigantean, Capparis deciduas, Euphorbia nivulia, and Xanthium strumarium were present in the mining areas while Ipomoea sp. has been recorded in the moist areas. Achyranthes aspera, Barleria cristata, Apluda mutica, Cannabis sativa, Dodonaea viscose, Parthenium hysterophorus , and Argemone Mexicana were the dominant herb species found in the core zone of study area.
3.9.1.5 Phyto-sociological Characters of Plant Species Mining areas (Core zone) Density is one of the indicators to evaluate the quantitative strength of any community. In case of tree layer, it ranges from 33.33 to 46.67 trees ha-1 whereas the shrub density was recorded has 220 shrubs ha-1 at Site-I and 360 shrubs ha-1 at Site-II. Density of herbs has been recorded as 8800 and 7600 herbs ha-1 respectively. Among tree species, Acacia nilotica and Ziziphus xylopyrus were found in both sites. Shrubs like Calotropis gigantean, Capparis deciduas, and Xanthium strumarium were distributed in both sites whereas Apluda mutica, Argemone Mexicana, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cannabis sativa, and Achyranthes aspera were recorded in both sites among herb flora. Highest species density was recorded for Acacia nilotica (20 trees ha-1-Site-II), Lantana camara (80 shrubs ha-1-Site-II) and Achyranthes aspera (1600 herbs ha-1-Site-II) for tree, shrub and herb respectively. (Table 3.24).
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Table 3.24 : Phyto-sociological Characters of Different species recorded in proposed mining area S. Species Site-I Site-II N. Tree Density F (%) Ab IVI Density (per ha) F (%) Ab IVI (per ha) 1 Acacia leucophloea 6.67 6.67 1.00 91.40 2 Acacia nilotica 13.33 6.67 2.00 81.11 20.00 13.33 1.50 105.02 3 Dalbergia sissoo 13.33 6.67 2.00 99.95 4 Ricinus communis 5 Salvadora oleiodes 6.67 6.67 1.00 66.37 6 Ziziphus sp 6.67 6.67 1.00 47.52 7 Ziziphus xylopyrus 6.67 6.67 1.00 61.11 6.67 6.67 1.00 47.52 Total 33.33 300.00 46.67 300.00 Shrub 1 Acacia jacquemontii 40.00 10.00 1.00 48.66 2 Calotropis gigantea 40.00 10.00 1.00 65.02 40.00 10.00 1.00 39.28 3 Calotropis procera 20.00 5.00 1.00 20.77 4 Capparis decidua 20.00 5.00 1.00 29.57 60.00 10.00 1.50 47.06
5 Datura metel 40.00 10.00 1.00 28.72 6 Euphorbia nivulia 20.00 5.00 1.00 22.86 7 Ipomoea sp 40.00 5.00 2.00 51.77 8 Lantana camara 80.00 10.00 2.00 69.67 9 Leptadenia pyrotechnica 60.00 10.00 1.50 52.03 10 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis 20.00 5.00 1.00 29.57 40.00 10.00 1.00 37.24 11 Xanthium strumarium 20.00 5.00 1.00 31.77 40.00 5.00 2.00 26.00 Total 220.00 300.00 360.00 300.00 Herb 1 Achyranthes aspera 800.00 8.00 1.00 31.40 1600.00 8.00 2.00 64.08 2 Apluda mutica 1200.00 4.00 3.00 33.03 800.00 4.00 2.00 21.29 3 Argemone mexicana 800.00 8.00 1.00 33.88 1200.00 4.00 3.00 40.21 4 Barleria cristata 800.00 8.00 1.00 31.40 800.00 4.00 2.00 23.68 5 Cannabis sativa 1600.00 4.00 4.00 32.16 800.00 4.00 2.00 26.75 6 Cynodon dactylon 1200.00 4.00 3.00 24.00 7 Dodonaea viscosa 400.00 4.00 1.00 14.91 8 Echinops echinatus 800.00 4.00 2.00 23.68 9 Euphorbia chamaesyce 1200.00 8.00 1.50 36.63 10 Euphorbia hirta 800.00 8.00 1.00 31.37 11 Heteropogon contortus 800.00 4.00 2.00 44.74 12 Parthenium hysterophorus 1200.00 4.00 3.00 54.48 400.00 4.00 1.00 18.42 13 Saccharum munja 800.00 4.00 2.00 34.94 Total 8800.00 300.00 7600.00 52.00 300.00
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Surrounding areas (Buffer zone)
Tree density ranged from 113.3 to 300.0 trees ha-1 in the buffer zone, shrub species density 300 to 400 shrubs ha-1 whereas the herb density values were found between 11200 to 17200 herbs ha-1. Acacia nilotica was found the only tree species present in all three sites and achieved maximum individual density. Among shrub flora, Acacia jacquemontii, Lantana camara, and Xanthium strumarium were distributed all three sites whereas herbs like Abrus precatorius Euphorbia chamaesyce and Tephrosia purpurea were present in all studied sites. (Table 3.25)
Table 3.25 : Phyto-sociological Characters of Different species recorded around mining areas Species Site-I Site-II Site-III Tree D F Ab IVI D F Ab IVI D F (%) Ab IVI (%) (%) Acacia 6.7 13.3 0.5 29.3 leucophloea Acacia nilotica 46.7 40.0 1.2 147.6 46.7 33.3 1.4 149.7 46.7 40.0 1.2 147.6 Albezia lebbek 6.7 6.7 1.0 13.5 6.7 6.7 1.0 16.9 Azadirachta 6.7 6.7 1.0 14.7 6.7 6.7 1.0 20.8 indica Bahunia 6.7 6.7 1.0 13.5 variagata Bombex Ceiba 6.7 6.7 1.0 22.0 Butea 6.7 6.7 1.0 16.8 monosperma Cassia fistula 6.7 6.7 1.0 17.8 Cassia sp 6.7 6.7 1.0 13.8 Dalbergia sissoo 6.7 6.7 1.0 15.8 Delonix regia 6.7 6.7 1.0 19.4 Emblica officinais 6.7 6.7 1.0 13.4 Eucalyptus sp 6.7 6.7 1.0 17.8 Ficus bengalensis 6.7 6.7 1.0 14.7 Ficus religiosa 6.7 6.7 1.0 13.8 Holoptelea 6.7 6.7 1.0 15.8 integrifolia Melia azadirachta 6.7 6.7 1.0 19.4 Moringa oleifera 6.7 6.7 1.0 13.4 Morus alba 6.7 6.7 1.0 17.8 Phoenix sylvestris 6.7 6.7 1.0 15.9 6.7 6.7 1.0 18.9 Prosopis cineraria 6.7 6.7 1.0 14.6 6.7 6.7 1.0 13.5 Prosopis juliflora 6.7 6.7 1.0 15.9 Ricinus communis 6.7 6.7 1.0 14.6 Salvadora 6.7 6.7 1.0 17.0 oleiodes
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Salvadora persica 6.7 6.7 1.0 19.0 Sapindus 6.7 6.7 1.0 24.0 mukorossi Tecomella 6.7 6.7 1.0 17.8 undulata Ziziphus xylopyrus 6.7 6.7 1.0 13.5 Total 113.3 300.0 120.0 300.0 113.3 300.0 Shrub Acacia 80.0 10.0 2.0 73.8 40.0 5.0 2.0 25.2 40.0 10.0 1.0 33.8 jacquemontii
Adhatoda Vasica 40.0 10.0 1.0 27.8 60.0 10.0 1.5 47.0 Caesalpinia 40.0 10.0 1.0 44.5 80.0 10.0 2.0 62.7 bonduc Calligonum 60.0 10.0 1.5 40.8 40.0 5.0 2.0 28.5 polygonoides Calotropis 40.0 10.0 1.0 26.5 gigantea Calotropis 80.0 15.0 1.3 50.1 procera Capparis decidua 40.0 5.0 2.0 24.7 Carissa carandas 20.0 5.0 1.0 11.8 Cassia auriculata 40.0 5.0 2.0 17.7 Cassia tora 40.0 5.0 2.0 15.4 Crotalaria burhia 60.0 10.0 1.5 29.3
Datura metel 20.0 5.0 1.0 14.7 Euphorbia nivulia 40.0 5.0 2.0 16.0 Ipomoea sp 40.0 5.0 2.0 16.0 Jatropha curcas 40.0 10.0 1.0 84.6 Lantana camara 20.0 5.0 1.0 11.8 40.0 10.0 1.0 35.6 Leptadenia 60.0 10.0 1.5 27.2 60.0 10.0 1.5 42.6 pyrotechnica Nyctanthes arbor- 20.0 5.0 1.0 11.8 tristis Opuntia sp 20.0 5.0 1.0 12.6 40.0 10.0 1.0 26.3 Xanthium 40.0 5.0 2.0 17.7 40.0 5.0 2.0 23.5 strumarium Total 400.0 300.0 480.0 300.0 400.0 300.0 Herb Abrus precatorius 800.0 4.0 2.0 18.1 1600.0 8.0 2.0 56.7 800.0 8.0 1.0 14.7 Achyranthes 1600.0 8.0 2.0 35.9 800.0 4.0 2.0 20.7 aspera Aerva javanica 2800.0 8.0 3.5 62.3 1200.0 8.0 1.5 35.1 Apluda mutica 800.0 4.0 2.0 15.9 800.0 4.0 2.0 22.4 Argemone 1200.0 12.0 1.0 32.1 mexicana Barleria cristata 800.0 4.0 2.0 18.9 Cannabis sativa 1600.0 8.0 2.0 64.3 1200.0 8.0 1.5 19.8 Cynodon dactylon 4000.0 12.0 3.3 45.4 Dodonaea viscosa 2000.0 8.0 2.5 28.3 1200.0 8.0 1.5 31.5 1200.0 8.0 1.5 24.5
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Echinops 800.0 8.0 1.0 24.4 echinatus Euphorbia 800.0 8.0 1.0 21.8 800.0 8.0 1.0 32.2 800.0 8.0 1.0 19.6 chamaesyce Euphorbia 1200.0 8.0 1.5 28.0 granulata Euphorbia hirta 800.0 8.0 1.0 25.3 Heteropogon 400.0 4.0 1.0 11.1 1200.0 8.0 1.5 28.0 contortus Parthenium 4800.0 8.0 6.0 52.1 hysterophorus Saccharum munja 800.0 8.0 1.0 19.0 800.0 4.0 2.0 16.2 Solanum sp 800.0 4.0 2.0 16.2 Tephrosia 1200.0 8.0 1.5 23.3 400.0 4.0 1.0 9.5 400.0 4.0 1.0 10.6 purpurea Tribulus terrestris 800.0 4.0 2.0 16.2 Total 12800.0 300.0 11200.0 300.0 17200.0 300.0
3.9.1.6 Species Diversity, Evenness and Richness Mining Areas (Core Zone)
A little variation recorded in species diversity index for tree species as varies from 1.33 to 1.32. Shrub species diversity recorded from 1.91 to 2.02 and Diversity Index for herb species was recorded between 2.14 to 2.25. Evenness index values were higher in shrub and herb species in comparison of tree species. Highest species richness was found for shrub species (2.92) in Site-I. The comparative account of diversity, species richness and evenness index is showed in Figure 3.19.
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Figure 3.19 : Shannon diversity, species Richness and Evenness index in proposed mining area Surrounding areas (Buffer zone)
Shannon diversity index values for tree species ranged from 2.19 to 3.07. Shrub diversity was found highest (2.50) at Site-III whereas highest herb diversity (2.43) was recorded at sampling Site II. Tree .species richness was highest (3.90) at site III whereas shrub and herb species richness were found highest at site II (Figure 3.20)
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Figure 3.20 : Shannon diversity, species Richness and Evenness index in surrounding area 3.9.1.7 Micro Flora
Beside higher plants, the study area also inventorised for micro floral species. Although these plants area under-utilized but ecologically equal important. During present primary study no micro floral species has been recorded in the main rivers as there was no flowing discharge in them. but some Blue-green algae were sighted floating on stagnant water in mining and influenced area, mainly on d/s of anicuts/reservoir.
3.9.1.8 Economically Important Flora
The dependency level of the nearby habitation on forest was found very low but for some species like, Prosopis cineraria, Salvadora oleiodes, Azadirachta indica Dalbergia sissoo Emblica officinais Eucalyptus sp Moringa oleifera Sapindus mukorossi Tecomella undulate, Adhatoda Vasica Cassia tora and Datura metel. These plants are utilized in day to day life of local inhabitants. During the study knowledgeable and elderly persons of study area villages were interviewed and information on plants parts (seed, bark, leaf & root) used and indigenous knowledge was gathered. Secondary information was also consulted to know the ethno-botanical importance of the region. They people are using these plant species for timber, fuel, fodder, food, and making agricultural implements.
3.9.1.9 Rare and Endangered Flora
Commercial and developmental activities like construction of roads, expansion of agriculture land and harsh climatic conditions for plant life have led to decline of many valuable plant
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species and degradation of their habitats. Recorded floral species from the present study area was assessed for their conservation status by cross-checking with Red Data book of Indian plants (by Nayar and Sastry, 1987-90) and none of the plant taxa found under RET category.
3.9.2. Faunal Diversity
Rajasthan is famous for the heaven of migratory birds and the only region for resident birds of desert area. We can see many eagles, harries, falcons in the area. The state is also noted for National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries and there are four national parks and wildlife sanctuaries named the Keoladeo National Park of Bharatpur, Sariska Tiger Reserve of Alwar, Ranthambore National Park of Sawai Madhopur, and Desert National Park of Jaisalmer. Ranthambore National Park and Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary are both known worldwide for their tiger population and considered by both wilderness lovers and nature watchers as the best places in India to spot tigers.
Blue bull, wild boar, Rhesus macaque Monkey, Indian Fox and Indian Palm Squirrel are very common in the study area whereas the bird fauna of the study area include Common Peafowl, Common Pigeon, Spotted Dove, Bank Myna, Common Myna Black Drongo, Weaver Bird etc. the fish fauna of the district is very limited and the dams constructed in the area contain few species of fishes.
Methodology
In order to study the wild mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna and insects of the project area 2-5 km transect trails were carried out in the different locations. The study area was divided into different strata based on vegetation and topography. Sampling for habitat and animals was done in different strata. As the normal systematic transects for mammals and birds were not possible in this study area due to difficult terrain, therefore mostly trails were used for faunal sampling. In addition to the field sampling secondary data and information was also collected as follows: Direct sighting and indirect evidences such as calls, signs and trophies of mammals were recorded along the survey routes taking aid from Prater (1980). Interviews of local villagers for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality. The Forest Working Plan of the Forest Division falling in the project area was referred to for secondary informations on the wildlife of the area.
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3.9.2.1 Mammals
Around 2-5 km long transects and trails of different habitation were walked to study the wild mammalian fauna of the study area. Direct sighting of animals as well as indirect signs like scat, pellets, pugmarks, scraps, vocalizations, horns etc. were also recorded during the survey walk. Secondary data as well as information elicited from the locals were also noted for the presence or absence of the wild animals in the area. Forest Working Plan of Tonk Forest Division has reported 28 species of mammals in the total forest area under its jurisdiction and out of these 8 species were directly and indirectly sighted during this survey. These animals are being hunted by the people for food. Indirect signs of some wild animals like dropping of monkey were recorded during the transect survey for wild animal in the study area. (Table 3.26)
Table 3.26 : Mammalian Fauna Sighted during the primary survey
S.No. Name Scientific Name Order Family CS Schedule
1. Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta Primates Cercopithecidae LC II
2. Blue Bull Boselaphus tragocamelus Artiodactyla Bovidae LC III
3. Common House Rat Rattus rattus Rodentia Muridae LC V
4. Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis Carnivora Canidae LC II
5. Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis Lagomorpha Leporidae LC IV
6. Indian Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum Rodentia Sciuridae LC IV
7. Jungle Cat Felis chaus Carnivora Felidae LC II
8. Wild Boar Sus scrofa Artiodactyla Suidae LC III CS- Conservation Status (IUCN), LC-Least Concern, Schedule (As per WPA, 1972)
Threatened and Endangered Mammals The animals listed in table above such as Common langur, Rhesus macaque, Jungle cat, Jackal, Indian fox, Wild boar, all rats and shrews are reported as least concern category of IUCN Red Data Book (ver. 3.1). The Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972) has also scheduled the animals in various categories for given them varying degree of protection. Among these mammals, three species reported as Schedule II, two as Schedule III, two as Schedule IV and one as Schedule V category.
3.9.2.2 Avifauna
As time constraint and accessibility factors play an important role in conducting the survey, birds were also sampled on the same transect and trails marked for mammals. Sampling was carried out on a fixed width trails of 2 km wherever the terrain permiteds and point counts were carried out at a fixed distances at more or less regular intervals. A prismatic field binocular (10x50) was used for the bird watching during transect walk as well as during the
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morning and evening hours nearby the habitation of study area. Birds were identified with the help of field guide, Birds of Indian Subcontinent by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp.
By considering the migration large number of birds should have been present in the area but due to limited surface water sources chances of sighting became rare. As per the Forest Working Plan, 113 bird species have been reported in the territorial jurisdiction of the forest division, of which Peafowl is the only Schedule-I Bird species while the rest belong to Schedule-IV. The avifauna of study area is comprised of Bulbuls, Pigeon and Doves, Robin and Flycatchers, Drongos, etc., and a large portion of avifaunal species is comprised of resident birds in the project study area which belong to Schedule-IV of WPA, 1972. Some of them are local residents, while some exhibit widespread migration pattern. Many bird species of these classes perform altitudinal and local migrations. During the study, order Passeriformes and Charadriiformes are the largest groups of the birds The Gruiformes, Apodformes and Galliformes are the orders each characterized by a single species of birds (Table 3.27).
Table 3.27 : Avifauna Sighted during the primary survey S. Name Scientific Name Order Habit No.
1 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeriformes R
2 Common Peafowl Pavo cristatus Galliformes R 3 Little Swift Apus affinis Apodiformes R 4 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubiius Charadriiformes R 5 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata Charadriiformes WV 6 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago Charadriiformes WV 7 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Charadriiformes WV 8 Indian Courser Cursorius coromandelicus Charadriiformes R 9 River Tern Sterna arantia Charadriiformes R 10 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Pelecaniformes R 11 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Pelecaniformes R 12 Little Egretta Egretta garzetta Ciconiiformes R 13 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis Coraciiformes R
14 Common Pigeon Columba livia Columbiformes R 15 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Passeriformes R 16 Spotted Dove Stigmatopelia chinensis Columbiformes R 17 Rose-ringed Psittacula krameri Psittaciformes R Parakeet 18 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Passeriformes R 19 House Crow Corvus splendens Passeriformes R 20 Greater Short-toed Calandrella brachydactyla Passeriformes WV Lark 21 Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus Passeriformes R
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22 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Passeriformes R 23 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus Passeriformes R 24 Indian Silverbill Euodice malabarica Passeriformes R R-Resident, WV-Winter Visitor Migratory Pattern
Migration is the best studied of animal behaviors, yet few empirical studies have tested hypotheses explaining the ultimate causes of these cyclical annual movements. Fretwell's (1980) hypothesis predicts that if nest predation explains why many tropical birds migrate uphill to breed, then predation risk must be negatively associated with elevation. The proportion of nests depredated by different types of predators differed among elevations. In present study, 20 bird species were local resident species while other 4 were recorded as winter visitors.
3.9.2.3 Herpetofauna
The herpetofauna were also sampled on the same transect marked for mammals. The sampling was also carried along river banks and the sampling was repeated during night following the time constraints. Visual Encounter Rates (VES) method was adopted. Only two species of lizard i.e. Common House Gecko (Hemidactylus brookii) and Indian chameleon (Chamaeleo zeylanicus) were sighted from the study area during the survey. However rest of the species reported by the villagers during consultation. As per Forest Working Plan of Tonk forest division 23 species of reptiles and 4 species of amphibian have been reported. However during study period the following species of Herpetofauna were noticed. (Table 3.28)
Table 3.28 : Herpetofauna recorded from the project area S. No. Name Scientific Name Order Family Reptiles
1 Common House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus Squamata Gekkonidae
2 Leopard gecko Eublepharis macularius Squamata Gekkonidae
3 Common garden lizard Calotes versicolor Squamata Agamidae
4 Indian chameleon Chamaeleo zeylanicus Squamata Chamaeleonidae
5 Oriental rat snake Ptyas mucosus Squamata Colubridae Amphibians 1. Comman Indian Toad Bufo melanostictus Anura Bufonidae 2. Marbled Toad Bufo stomaticus Anura Bufonidae 3. Indian Bull Frog Rana tigerina Anura Dicrdglossidae
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3.9.2.4 Fish and Fisheries
Fishes are the integral component of stream and rivers which are not only the best sources of food and animal protein for the human population but provides a source of income for the local inhabitants. The people use captured fishes for their consumption and in some cases to sell in local markets as an alternative means for procurement of foods and other requirement of daily needs. Although primary fisheries survey was not conducted during the primary study in post monsoon when the river were dry as there was no discharge in the river(s) which only flow during monsoon. Some secondary informations has been gathered about fisheries are available in the existing ponds/reservoir. Forest Working Plan reported six species listed below. (Table 3.29)
Table 3.29 : Fish species reported from the project area S. Name Scientific Name Order Family CS No.
1 Catla Catla catla Cypriniformes Cyprinidae LC
2 Rohu Labeo rohita Cypriniformes Cyprinidae LC 3 Bata L. Bata Cypriniformes Cyprinidae NE
4 Lanchi Wallago attu Siluriformes Siluridae NT
5 Singhi Heteropneustes fossilis Siluriformes Heteropneustidae LC 6 Singhara M. Seenghala Siluriformes Bagridae NE
3.10. Socio-Economic Environment 3.10.1. District Profile
Tonk district, situated in south eastern part of Rajasthan under Ajmer division, has geographical area of 7179.58 km2. It ranks 19th in comparison to the other districts of the Rajasthan in terms of the area. The district has 7 subdivisions and equivalent number of tehsils namely Newai, Malpura, Uniara, Todaraisingh, Deoli, Piplu and Tonk. It has Zilaparishad at Tonk which comprises of six Panchayat samities. There are 2 sub-tehsils, 6 Panchayat samities & 330 patwar circles 1093 revenue villages and 231 gram Panchayats for better decentralization of the power. The demographic, administrative and other statistical data of the district is given in Table 3.30.
Table 3.30 : Tonk District at a Glance S.No Particular Year Unit Statistics 1. Geographical features (A) Geographical Data i) Latitude 25˚41 to 25˚34 (N) ii) Longitude 75˚07 to 76˚19 (E) iii) Geographical Area Sq. KM. 7179.58
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(B) Administrative Units 2011 Nos. i) Sub divisions 7 ii) Tehsils 7 iii) Sub-Tehsil 2 iv) Patwar Circle 330 v) Panchayat Simitis 6 vi) Nagar nigam - vii) Nagar Palika 6 viii) Gram Panchayats 231 xi) Revenue villages 1093 x) Assembly Area 2. Population (A) Sex-wise 2011 Nos. i) Male 735114 ii) Female 686596 Total 1421711 (B) Rural Population 1103868 (C) Urban Population 317843 3. Agriculture Land utilization 2010-11 ha i) Total Area ha 7.17 lac ii) Forest cover ha 27614 iii) Non Agriculture Land ha 74946 iv) Total cultivable Area ha 460913 4. Forest Forest 2010-11 ha 26805 5. Livestock & Poultry A. Cattle 2007 Nos. i) Cattle 245946 ii) Buffaloes 309756 iii) Sheep 256154 B. Other livestock i) Goats 397418 ii) Pigs 8925 iii) Camel 2075 6. Transport A. Railways i) Railway Station 2010-11 Nos. 4 B. Roads (a) National Highway 2010-11 Km 186.70 (b) State Highway 2010-11 Km 219.50 (c) Main District Highway 2010-11 Km 225.00 (d) Other district & Rural 2010-11 Km 361.20 Roads (e) Rural road/ Agriculture 2010-11 Km 1197.38 Marketing Board Roads
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7. Communication (a) Telephone connection 2010-11 Nos. 10627 (b) Post offices 2010-11 Nos. 220 (c) Telephone center 2010-11 Nos. 48 (d )Density of Telephone 2010-11 Nos./1000 person 7.47%
(e) PCO Rural 2010-11 No. 26 (f) PCO STD 2010-11 No. 564 (g) Mobile 2010-11 No. 124781 8. Public Health (a) Allopathic Hospital 2010-11 No. 01 (b) Beds in Allopathic hospitals No. 765 No. 102 (c) Ayurvedic Hospital No. - (d) Beds in Ayurvedic hospitals No. 07 (e) Community health centers No. 45 (f) Primary health centers No. 05 (g) Dispensaries No. 254 (h) Sub Health Centers
9. Banking Commercial 2010-11 (a) Commercial Bank Nos. 59 (b) Rural Bank Nos. 30 (c) Co-Operative bank Nos. 10 (d) PLDB Branches Nos. 7 (e) RFC Nos. 1 10. Education 2010-11 (a) Primary school Nos. 112 (b) Middle schools Nos. 926 (c) Secondary & senior Nos. 338+147 secondary schools (d) Colleges Nos. 28 (e) University Nos. 2
3.10.2. Socio-economic assessment in the Study area The development projects are invariably planned based on the availability of exploitable natural resources. These projects attract flow of finances, investments, jobs and other livelihood opportunities, which brings in people from different cultural and social background. Such planned activities not only provide impetus to the local economy but also bring about a multi-dimensional economic, social and cultural change. Most often it has been observed that such development projects are commissioned in economically and socially backward areas, which are inhabited by some of the indigenous populations. Review of secondary data, such as District Census Statistical Handbooks-2011 and the records of National Informatics Center data, for the parameters of demography, occupational
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structure of people within the study area which mainly comprises of the villages, where the mine lease area is located along the river(s) of Tehsil as per revenue records. The information in this context was gathered on the following socio-economic parameters viz. • Demographic profile • Educational levels • Occupational Profile • Cropping pattern • Other socio-economic parameters
3.10.3. Demographic Profile of Study Area Population There are 20 rural villages in study area in tehsil Piplu of district Tonk. Total Population of the study area as per Census of India, 2011 is 30414.The total number of Households are 5509. The total Male and Female population of the Study area is 15692 and 14722 respectively. The Village-wise demographic details are given in Table 3.31.
Table 3.31 : Village-wise details of population No. of Total Male Female Tehsil Village Household Population Population Population Pasrotiya 283 1508 784 724 Kuredi 346 1829 949 880 Kureda 387 2038 1033 1005 Vilayati Pura 32 163 75 88 Moondiya 168 962 495 467 Deori 57 328 170 158 Kakraj Kalan 178 970 500 470 Galod 281 1628 862 766 Khedooliya 94 512 246 266 Azampura 55 366 185 181 Mohammad Nagar Piplu Dhani 91 631 323 308 Jawali 253 1341 701 640 Naner 534 2937 1531 1406 Malipura 176 995 511 484 Loharwara 434 2605 1362 1243 Norangpura 269 1228 612 616 Seesola 248 1419 705 714 Fyawari 368 2141 1133 1008 Piplu 1165 6407 3305 3102 Beejalpura 90 406 210 196 Total 5509 30414 15692 14722
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Sex Ratio The Sex Ratio of the Study area is 938 Female / 1000 Male.
SC / ST Population As far as the social fabric is concerned, the cast-wise distribution in the study area is constituted by SC/ST and General Category of which the scheduled caste population constitutes 27 % and the scheduled tribe 10% of the total population of the study area. A graphical presentation of SC/ST Population in study area with sex wise break-up is given in Figure 3.21 and 3.22 respectively.
Male Female
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0 19349 8128 2937 General SC ST
Figure 3.21 : Sex wise SC, ST and General Population in Study Area SC/ST/General Population
ST Population 10%
SC Population 27% General Population 63%
Figure 3.22 : Percentage wise break up of SC, ST and General Population in Study Area
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Literacy Rate Literacy level is quantifiable indicator to assess the development status of any area or region. The Literacy Rate of the study area is 49.3% of which male and female literate are 65.7% and 34.3% respectively. The illiterates are 50.7% of the total population of which male and female illiterates are 37.9.0% and 62.1% respectively. The graphical presentation of both sexes of literates and illiterates in study area is given in Figure 3.23.
Literates Population Illiterates Population
16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Total Male Female
Figure 3.23 : Gender-wise Distribution of Literate and Illiterate in Study Area
3.10.4. Economic Profile The majority of people in rural sector are cultivators & agricultural labours which indicates dominant agricultural economy. A small section of people are engaged as workers in household industries. But in urban sector the existing scenario is completely reversed as most of the people there are engaged in non-agricultural activity especially in industrial sector, local hotels/restaurants and as drivers some people also operates their vans/jeeps/cars as tourist vehicle.
3.10.5. Occupation Pattern Occupational pattern of the concerned study area are recorded to assess skills of people. Occupational pattern also helps in identifying dominating economic activity in the area. In the study area the main and marginal workers are 39% and 9% respectively of the total population while the remaining 52% constitutes non-workers. (Figure 3.24).
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 112 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Main Workers Non Workers 39% 52% Marginal Workers 9%
Figure 3.24 : Workers Scenario of the Area Main Workers:
The main workers composition is made up of Casual Labours (65%), Agricultural Workers (14%), Household workers (2%) and other workers 19% respectively (Figure 3.25).
Others Workers 19% Household Workers 2% Agricltural Workers Casual 14% Workers 65%
Figure 3.25 : Distribution of Main Workers Marginal Workers:
The marginal workers which constitute 9% of the total population, comprise of Casual Labour (25%), Agricultural Labour (57%), Households (2%) and other workers (16%) of the total Marginal Worker respectively. (Table 3.26).
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Household Workers 2% Others Workers 16% Casual Workers 25%
Agricltural Workers 57%
Figure 3.26 : Distribution of Marginal Workers 3.10.6. Infrastructure Education facilities
Education acts as the building block for a society. It determines the social behavior of the person or the society as a whole. Proper education leads to the upliftment of society by creating awareness towards the changes and their impacts on their lives. It also determines the living standard and the thought of a society. Educational standard and the occupation / occupational efficiency are positively correlated. This also corresponds to the economic status of the person or the community as a whole.
The education levels among the villages varied from being illiterate to being postgraduates. As all villages have at least a primary school, the lacy levels are high among the younger generation. Most of the elderly people were either illiterate or had not studied beyond Class X. Most of the younger people had however, studied till Class X at least. There were a few graduates.
Infrastructure is an important indicator of level of development and the potential for future growth in particular area. The quality of school largely depends upon the type of infrastructure available. The government run education network in the district as on 2012-13 is shown in Table 3.32.
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Table 3.32 : Educational Network In The District
S. No. PARTICULARS TOTAL 1. Primary Schools 1112 2. Middle Schools 926 3. Secondary and Sr. Secondary Schools 585 4. Collage 28 5. Collage 02
There are 29 Primary School, 12 Middle School, 4 Secondary School and 1 Senior Secondary Schools in 20 villages in study area. Higher education facilities are available in Piplu Tehsil and district headquarters Tonk.
Health facilities
The network of medical facilities in the district is given in Table 3.33.
Table 3.33 : Network of Medical And Public health Centres In The District S. No. Hospital 1 Allopathic Hospital (Total beds 765) 01 2 Ayurvedic/Hoem./Unani Hospital 105 3 Community Health Centers (CHC) 7 4 Primary Health Center 45 5 Dispensaries 5 6 Sub Health Centers 254
Besides district hospital at Tonk, 1 allopathic, 1 ayurvedic and dispensary, 6 Primary Health Centre and 7 Primary Health Sub-centres in the study Area. However, several private medical practitioner and community health workers are also available.
Drinking Water facilities
Villagers mostly depend on ground water resource for drinking / domestic water by various means such as hand pumps and well water all villages available. Tank Water (10 villages). Tap water facilities by the state department has been provided in 5 villages.
Communication Facilities
The network of communication facilities in the district comprises of Head Post Office, 220 branch and Sub-Post Offices and 62 Telegraph Offices. Besides this there are 48 telephone exchanges and 590 Public Call Offices (PCOs) in the district. In the study area there are 5 post offices. As regards basic telecommunication, 170 Telephone connections exist.
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Banking Facilities
Commercial banking facilities are available in the district. There are 59 commercial banks, 30 rural banks and 10 co-operative banks. The Bank of Baroda is the Lead Bank of the district. In the study area 2 Banks and 4 Credit Societies operate.
Electricity
The district does not have any power generating station. It gets power from Kota, Beawar, Rana Pratap Sagar Power Station (Rawatbhata) and Nimbahera through 132 KV transmission lines. There are 220 KV GSS and Grid Sub-Station of 132 KV in the district. Out of 20 villages only 15 villages were electrified by 2001 and at present every village is electrified. Comprehensive List of Infrastructures present in the Study Area as per Census records 2001 is given in Table 3.34.
Table 3.34 : Comprehensive List of Infrastructures present in the Study Area Village: Pr M Se Hig C H Dis P P Dr P Tel Com B B Cr Ap Po im id co her oll os pe H H in o eph muni us a e pr w ar dl nd Se eg pit nsa C S ki st one catio se n di oa er y e ary co e al ry C ng O Co n rvi k t ch su S S Sc nd w ff nne facili ce S Pa pp ch c ho ary at ic ctio ties s o ve ly o h ol Sc er e n ci d fa ol o ho fa et Ro cil ol ol cil y ad iti iti es es Akhawa s 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 2 N N I 0 0 NA A Anji Ki Dhani 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 55 Y Y 0 0 NA A 1 AL, 1 Auwa 1 1 1 0 0 0 AY 2 1 A 1 1 Y Y 2 1 A A Angdos h 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 20 N N I 0 0 A A Asan (Ghanc hian) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 4 N N I 0 0 NA A Asan Dakaniy a 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA A Asan Melra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Asan Jodhwa n 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A
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1 Isali 1 1 0 0 0 0 AY 0 0 A 1 24 Y Y 1 1 A A Uparli Neemb N ari 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 Y Y 0 0 NA A Kantaliy a 10 3 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 A 1 225 Y Y 2 3 A A Karmal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Kushalp ura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 2 N N I 0 0 NA A Kadoo 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 9 N N I 0 0 NA A Karwara 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 2 Y Y 0 0 NA A Karoliya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 6 Y Y 0 0 A A Khera Kalyanp N ura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA A Kharchi 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 25 N N I 0 1 A A Kharcho Ki Dhani 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 2 N N I 0 0 NA A Gura Keshar Singh 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 2 Y Y 0 0 A A Gurha Ajba 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 5 Y Y 0 0 NA A Guraga nga-I 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Guraga nga-II 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Gudang iri 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Gura Durjan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Gura Dhama wata 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA A Gura Premsin gh 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 5 N N I 0 0 NA A Gura Bhopa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA A Gura Mehkar an 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Gawar 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 A A Gura Ramsin gh 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Gura Soorsin gh 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 2 Y Y 1 1 A A Gura Himta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 2 N N I 0 0 NA A Gadana 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 50 Y Y 0 1 A A Godawa s 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 12 Y Y 0 0 A A
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Gopawa s 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 4 N N I 0 0 NA A Golki 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 Y Y 0 0 NA A Chelaw as 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 10 Y Y 0 0 A A Chatra 1 Ka Gura 0 0 0 0 0 0 AY 0 0 A 0 0 Y Y 0 0 A A Chawad iya 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 9 Y Y 0 1 A A Chirpati ya 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 2 Y Y 0 0 A A Chauka riya 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 1 1 N N I 0 0 A A Jatiyon Ki Dhani 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 3 Y Y 0 0 A A Jooni Phulad 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 1 NA A Jadan 1 Khalsa 1 1 1 0 0 0 AY 0 1 A 1 30 Y Y 2 0 A A Janund 1 a 1 1 0 0 0 0 AY 0 1 A 1 23 Y Y 0 0 A A Jograw as 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Jojawar 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 A 1 305 Y Y 2 2 A A Jorkiya 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 4 Y Y 0 0 A A Jeejardi 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Thakur was 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 17 Y Y 0 0 A A Dingor 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 1 N N I 0 1 NA A Dhel Pura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA A Dhal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 1 A A Thal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A 1 Dudor 1 1 0 0 0 0 AY 0 1 A 1 1 Y Y 1 1 A A Deoli 1 (Auwa) 1 1 1 1 0 0 AY 0 1 A 1 1 Y Y 1 1 A A Dadiya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 5 Y Y 0 0 A A Dhanla 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 A 1 65 Y Y 2 1 A A Dhamli 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 188 Y Y 0 1 A A Nayaga on 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 2 Y Y 0 0 A A Phulad 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 3 Y Y 0 1 A A Narsing hpura 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 0 12 Y Y 0 0 A A Nawa Gura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Nimbli Manda 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 17 Y Y 0 0 A A Neevon Ki Khejri 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 1 0 NA A N Pardi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 Y Y 0 0 NA A Bari 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 7 Y Y 0 0 A A
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Barsa 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 9 Y Y 0 1 A A Vaniya Mali 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A 1 Banta 4 1 1 0 0 0 AY 1 1 A 1 50 Y Y 0 1 A A Basni 1 Jojawar 1 0 0 0 0 1 HM 0 1 A 1 15 Y Y 0 0 A A Bansor 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 3 N N I 0 0 NA A Bithora Khurd 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 6 Y Y 0 0 A A Bhimali ya 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 75 Y Y 0 1 A A Bhojaw as 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA A Malsa Baori 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 A 1 25 Y Y 2 1 A A Melawa s 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 12 Y Y 0 0 A A Manda 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 1 38 Y Y 0 1 A A Rad N Jhalra 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 Y Y 0 0 NA A Ranawa s 4 3 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 A 0 200 Y Y 1 2 A A Reesani ya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Wadiya 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 5 N N I 0 0 NA A Vopari 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 27 Y Y 0 0 A A Bithora Kalan 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 20 Y Y 0 0 A A Bornari 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 7 Y Y 0 1 A A Bori Mada 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Bhagwa npura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 2 Y Y 0 0 A A Bhagor a 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 5 Y Y 0 0 A A Mukanp ura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 3 Y Y 0 0 A A Melap 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Mewara Ki Dhani 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Musaliy a 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 7 Y Y 1 1 A A Radawa s 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 15 Y Y 0 0 A A Rewariy a 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 5 Y Y 0 0 A A Rajkiya was Kalan 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Rajkiya was Khurd 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 4 Y Y 0 0 NA A Surya Nagar 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 22 Y Y 0 1 A A
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Sawrad 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 1 Y Y 0 1 A A Saran 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 10 Y Y 1 3 A A Sinchan a 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 0 5 N N I 0 0 NA A Seenchi yawas 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA A 1 A 1 Sinla 1 1 0 0 0 Y AY 0 1 A 1 12 Y Y 0 0 A A Seeriyar i 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 53 Y Y 1 1 A A Seemal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 4 N N I 0 0 NA A Sodon Ka N Dhana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA A Hemliya was Kalan (Rural) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 9 Y Y 0 0 A A Hemliya was Khurd (Rural) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 7 N N I 0 0 A A N Halawat 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Hingola Kalan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 17 Y Y 1 1 A A Hingola Khurd 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 7 Y Y 1 1 A A Bogla 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 A A 1 AL, 9 1 AY, 11 5 A 1 1 3 3 151 1 Total 3 2 15 6 1 Y HM 5 0 - 9 5 - - 8 31 - -
3.10.7. Crop Rotation
As per Agro-Climate Zone (NARP), the district has been categorized as Semi and Eastern Plain Zone (RJ-5) and is covered under Central Plateau & Hills Region (VIII) as per agro- climate zone (Planning Commission). The district has tropical dry climate. It is drained by integrated drainage system of Banas basin. The rivers draining through the district are ephemeral in nature and flows during monsoon. The run-off of the river(s) is intercepted at many places through storage dam, medium earthen dams, small tanks for the drinking as well as irrigation purposes. Small anicuts across the rivers have been erected for impounding water for multipurpose use besides ground water harvesting. Sandy soil with severe erosion, salinity and shallow skeletal soils are major limiting factors affecting crop choice in the region. The major Kharif crops grown are maize, millets while during Rabi wheat, barley and oil seeds
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are grown. The total area under Kharif and Rabi Crops in the district is shown in Table 3.35 and the productivity of principal crops is shown in Table 3.36.
Table 3.35 : Area irrigated and un-irrigated under Kharif and Rabi Crops
Major Field Crops Rabi (ha) S. cultivated No. (2010-11) Kharif (ha) Total 1 Mustard - 240400 240400 2 Sorghum 62500 - 62500 3 Kharif Pulses 51600 - 51600 4 Sesamum 47500 - 47500 5 Wheat - 46600 46600 6 Gram - 23300 23300 7 Barley - 5400 5400 Total area (ha) 161600 315700 477300 Source: Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Tonk
Table 3.36 : Productivity of Principal Crops Kharif Rabi Name of crop Production Productivity Productivi Production (Qtl) S. No. (Qtl) (kg/ha) ty (kg/ha) Major Field Crops 1 Sorghum 32.4 446
2 Kharif Pulses 25.9 380
3 Sesamum 6.3 389
4 Wheat 154.2 2605 5 Barley 10.3 2012 6 Other Grams 11.0 627 Source: Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Tonk
3.10.8. Industries The break-up of exiting SSI and MSME registered with the district industries given in Table 3.37. Table 3.37 : Groupwise Details of SSI and MSME Registered Units S. No. Type of Industry Number of Units Employment (in no.) 1 Agro Based 862 3097 2 Forest Based 1338 4665 3 Animal Husbandry 2000 4240 4 Textile Based 1260 6502 5 Chemical Based 59 315 6 Mineral Based 1277 4641 7 Engineering 742 2204 8 Building Material 98 698 9 Misc. 1142 30656 Total 8778 30656 Source: - DIC – Tonk
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CHAPTER 4. : Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 4.1. Introduction With the commissioning of the mining activities of the proposed project, it is expected that there shall be certain changes in the overall environmental matrix of the area. The base line data of the existing environment, in the absence of proposed project activities, provides the status of natural environment and when this is evaluated in conjunction with the proposed activities it further provides a mechanism for prediction of changes likely to happen. In present study likely impact and its extent on various environmental parameters viz. topography and drainage, land, water, hydrology, noise, air, ecological and socio-economics were undertaken by assessing the baseline environmental status of the area and estimation were made as how this will change with commencement of project activity. The mitigation measures have been developed with a view to bring down the levels of impacts within limits. In each of the areas of impact, measures have to be taken to mitigate adverse impacts and where these are beneficial in nature such impacts are to be enhanced/augmented so that the overall adverse impacts are reduced to substantial extent.
4.2. Impacts on Topography and Drainage 4.2.1. Topography The core zone i.e. the proposed mine lease area is confined within the flow section of various stream/river/bala. The riverbed is consolidated matrix of sand/silt/clay/bajri lying in main stream sections and low terraces of flood plain of the river. The mining activity in the riverbed by creating pits per se shall not lead to any change in the local topography of the area as the pits dug in pervious year shall be fully or partially replenished during flood in following years. There will be no formation of overburden dumps. Thus there will be no change in topography of either core or buffer zone.
4.2.2. Drainage Ephemeral stream/river network flow in their defined flow section during monsoon through mine lease area within tehsil. Besides main streams there are other very small streams, locally known as Bala, flow in the mine lease area. The mining activities in Main River shall not cut any lower order stream as these are non-existents and there shall be no impact in the flow course of main streams, because these flow within their channel storage. Since the mining activity shall not be carried out during monsoon and in the wake of the fact that 90% of the time of the year the rivers are dry. No temporary diversion of discharge of main rivers or any of their interlacing is warranted for facilitating mining. Otherwise also the mining of dry riverbed has been contemplated. The drainage pattern of the rivers flowing in tehsil shall not alter due to dry bed mining.
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4.3. Land Environment 4.3.1. Change in land use The landuse of the core zone is river body flowing and as per revenue record it has been categorized as Gair Mumkin Nadi Nala. The mining activity in the river bed per se shall not lead to any change in the landuse in the core zone as well as buffer zone where no mining activities is proposed.
4.3.2. Change in river course There will be no change in the river course due to mining as the river course is mainly guided by the hydraulic gradient of surface water and the geological conditions of the bank and bed of the river. In the mine lease area the river section is well defined and is confined between both the flanks.
4.3.3. Impact on soil The mining plan envisages open cast manual method of mining in excavating the riverbed deposits and proposed to remove top soil crust (silt/clay) and stacking for future back filling programme/spreading on upper terraces. The mine waste in the form of silt/clay in mine lease area are very fine but due to semi- mechanized mining, very little dust would be generated. These dust particles are usually blown away along the wind direction and get deposited on the canopy of surrounding vegetation on the river bank and agricultural crops thereby interfering with photosynthesis and other physiological activities of the green cover. Finally, this may result in reduced ecological functions of the forest ecosystems as well as economic productivity of the agro- ecosystems.
4.3.3.1 Mitigation measures In accordance with the Rule 37U in Chapter IVA of RMMCR, 1986 amended upto 2012, the top soil shall be removed and stacked systematically and separately for spreading on upper terraces for being used under plantation. Immediately after back filling, the refilled top soil shall be planted with fast growing leguminous cover of crops and other indigenous herbs, shrubs of pioneer species, apart from planting of tree species. Sprinkling of water, at regular intervals, on exposed surface of silt/clay in upper terraces or stacks for back filling will further reduce the dust emission due to air. Also, creation of green belt well before the mining operation starts would also reduce the dust emission.
4.4. Impacts on Climate Wind Speed The wind speed in any area is dependent upon local topography and is intimately connected with the development as high and low pressure zones. The controlling factors for the pressure
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changes lie much beyond the mining operation. Thus, no adverse impact on the regional wind speed is anticipated due to the mining operations. Temperature The temperature pattern is a regional behavior and is not likely to be affected by the mining activity in the riverbed. Rainfall The trend of rainfall follows a regional pattern and is mainly governed by the south west monsoon and disturbances in the Arabian Sea. The mining operation, therefore, is not likely to have any adverse impacts on rainfall pattern.
Humidity The pattern of relative humidity depends mainly on the rainfall, wind, temperature and other weather phenomenon that are regional in behavior. The mining operation is not likely to have any impact on the relative humidity in the surrounding.
4.5. Water Environment 4.5.1. Impact on Water Resources Surface Water
The requirement of water for drinking/domestic use, dust suppression and green belt shall be met from the ground water resources (nearby tube well), thus there shall be no negative impact on surface water resource. Otherwise also the mining shall be carried out during the period when the rivers are dry. During monsoon the mining activity is stalled till the end of monsoon and thus there is no requirement of water for consumptive use in project purpose. However, the surface water potential shall be reduced to the quantum of water which shall be held up / stored in inundation of the mining pit basin (3 m deep) to the extent of annual mining area. In the present case the surface flow yield shall be impacted to the tune of 29.50 MCM upto one year after closing of mine i.e. 6th year as evident from Table 4.1 and the impact shall be of the order of 55.09 MCM till the total replenishment of the mined out area as is evident from Table 4.2.
Table 4.1 : Reduction in Surface Flow Due to Mining in Tehsil Piplu upto 6th Year
Depth of water in mined out pits (after year) in Total meter Total Volume of Annual depth of Water held Year Mining Annual water in Pit upto of Pit Area Deposition upto 6th 6th mining (ha) Depth (m) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Year (m) year(MCM) 1 66.67 1.05 3 1.95 1.425 1.075 0.8125 0.6025 8.87 5.91 2 66.67 1.05 0 3 2.475 2.125 1.8625 1.6525 11.12 7.41 3 66.67 1.05 0 0 3 2.65 2.3875 2.1775 10.22 6.81 4 66.67 1.05 0 0 0 3 2.7375 2.5275 8.27 5.51 5 66.67 1.05 0 0 0 0 3 2.79 5.79 3.86 Total 29.50
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Table 4.2 : Reduction in Surface Flow Due to Mining in Tehsil Piplu upto 10th Year close of mining
Total Volum Annual Depth of water in mined out pits (after year) in meter Total e of Mining depth Water Year Pit Annual of held in of Area Deposition water Pit mining (ha) Depth (m) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th (m) (MCM) 1.9 1.42 0.812 0.602 0.392 0.182 1 66.67 1.05 3.0 5 5 1.075 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.4 6.29 2.47 1.862 1.652 1.442 1.232 0.707 0.44 0.182 2 66.67 1.05 0 3.0 5 2.125 5 5 5 5 0.97 5 5 5 0 0 0 16.1 10.73 2.387 2.177 1.967 1.757 1.232 0.707 0.35 3 66.67 1.05 0 0 3.0 2.65 5 5 5 5 1.495 5 0.97 5 75 0 0 18.7 12.47 2.737 2.527 2.317 2.107 1.582 1.057 0.70 0.1 4 66.67 1.05 0 0 0 3.0 5 5 5 5 1.845 5 1.32 5 75 825 0 19.4 12.92 2.107 1.58 0.4 5 66.67 1.05 0 0 0 0 3 2.79 2.58 2.37 5 1.845 25 1.32 0.97 45 0 19.0 12.67
Total 55.09
Ground Water
As the requirement of water for drinking/domestic use, dust suppression and green belt shall be met from the ground water resources (nearby tube well), thus there shall be impact on ground water resource to the extent the water is abstracted from the ground i.e. 0.011 MCM annually. The district has geo-hydrological formations, viz., unconsolidated, semi consolidated fully consolidated, with varying groundwater potential. The unconsolidated formations include, recent alluvium, brown sand, clay, silt and gravel, pebble, which are fairly thick and regionally extensive, confined to semi-confined aquifers. They are porous formations. The aquifer potential varies widely between (40-100 litres per second) for the very good ones, to 10-40 litres per second for moderately good ones. The removal of river sand in 3 m depth shall result into the loss of aquifer material to the extent of the volume of mined out mineral which will reduce the infiltration into the ground in conditions when the river bed is not saturated completely. The sand in the river section, acts like a sponge and consequently help in recharging the water table and thus its continuous removal shall lead to progressive depletion in infiltration and recharging capacity, but the impact shall be temporary and insignificant. The response of river flow during monsoon on the replenishment of the wells located alongthe bank of the river and also in riverbed is immediate and more pronounced. However, the megre recharge during run-off period of the ephemeral rivers is not sustained for a significantly long period. The lowering of bed of influent rivers result in decline of ground water table in nearby area as the water gradient towards the bank increases owing to pit caused due to the mining. On the contrary during flood and after flood the subsurface basin in the form of 3m deep mine pits shall act as reservoir to trigger a good recharge of the ground water due to the increase head for percolation.
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Recharge to Ground Water The mining pits can be construed as the recharge structure having adequate capacity for impounding surface run-off. These pits cause quick recharging of the ground water through percolation. These pits conserve water to a greater extent since these get filled during monsoon when the evaporation rate is about half of the potential rate (PET) in summer, as a result of which pond may contain water for long duration. As per GEC Methodology 1997, 50% of gross storage, considering the number of fillings, with half of this recharge occurring in the monsoon season, and the balance in the non- monsoon season. On a conservative consideration that the riverbed mined out pit gets filled only once during the monsoon, the ground water recharge has been worked out year wise (Table 4.3). It is evident from the table that the total quantity at the end of 6th year i.e. 14.75 MCM against which 0.055 MCM water shall be abstracted from ground water resource to meet the water requirement of the project. It is thus eloquent that the mining may result in recharge of ground water.
Table 4.3 : Year-wise Computation of Ground Water Recharge as per GEC-97
After Year 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Total Total Depth of Water in Mined out pit (m) 3.00 4.95 6.90 8.85 10.80 9.75 44.25 Volume of water in Pit (MCM) 2.00 3.30 4.60 5.90 7.20 6.50 29.50 Recharge @ 50% of the volume in Pond as per GEC-97 (MCM) 1.00 1.65 2.30 2.95 3.60 3.25 14.75
4.5.2. Impact on Surface Water Quality Though the mining activities shall be carried out during the period when the rivers run dry and thus there will be no synergic relation between water and soil during the period of mining. However, during heavy rains the loose soil spread on upper terraces can find way into the river section due to run-off from upper banks and also due to formation of rills. This will increase the silt rate to smaller extent as the river flow during flash floods carry considerably high sediment and suspended load as compared to the former. Besides this the other probable water pollutants like Biodegradable organic matters, Pathogens and vectors, Dissolved inorganic solids which may cause pollution during monsoon.
Mitigation Measures The mining in the flooded pits shall be allowed only after the water level has receded. Sufficient time should be allowed for settling of sediment in the pits
4.5.3. Impact on Ground Water Quality In view of the facts that the mining activities does not intersect the ground water table. No impact on the quality of ground water is anticipated. Beside this the sand and bajri are non-
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toxic in nature and therefore percolated water from the pits shall not impair the ground water quality.
4.5.4. Impact on River Morphological features The extraction of sand and bajri from flood plains of low terrace of rivers / streams shall lead to change in its cross-sectional profile and cause incision of u/s channel bed thereby increasing the bed slope / gradient. The extraction of riverine material from such segment of river which are eroding may cause decrease in bed load and consequent d/s incision. During flooding the stream creates a new channel path through the pit where it will deposit all bed sediments. In effluent rivers the alluvial ground water table is lower due to mining as the ground water from upper gradient flow towards the pit. In the present case the mining pits shall not be created continuously all along the river but will be punctuated by such reaches where the mineral deposits are not of good quality. Such reaches act as hump during the flow of the river through the mining pits and thus lower the flow velocity and specific energy of flow.
4.5.5. Impact on Stream – Ground water exchange Zone In between the porous sand / gravel river bed and the ground water table the hyporheic is sandwiched this zone allows both way movement of infiltrated as well as capillary water through it and is responsible for hyporheic processes due to interstitial bacterial and invertebrates biota. The intervention in river by way of hydraulic structures regulating the river flow and more often than not leaving no flow d/s, mining activities in which the bed material, filter material through which the water percolate to ground water, effluent from industrial activities, insecticides used in agriculture are all potent to impair the biota in hyporheic. In the present case due to dry riverbed for most period of the year except monsoon, this impact will not be there. However, after the withdrawal of monsoon if the river bed mining, in dry riverbed near u/s and d/s of water retaining structures such as anicut, the loss of hyporheic zone will be there as the riverbed stretches both u/s and d/s of the structure are hydraulically connected with the stored water and the stratum below the river bed has moisture content in it to support the interstitial bacteria. Therefore during post monsoon the mining in river bed shall not be carried out in about 500 m u/s and d/s of water retaining structures. These reaches in river bed can be taken up for mining in March and April.
4.5.6. Impact on Irrigation/Water supply schemes The monsoon flow in the rivers has been harnessed by creating minor /medium dams and sluices at few places in the river. The stored water is used for drinking and irrigation purposes during winter. Besides these hydraulic structures small height weir known as anicut have been constructed across rivers at many places for the purpose of storing water and recharge of the ground water. There will be no impact on the surface water resource as no river water
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is to be consumed for meeting water requirement, however, the surface water potential shall be reduced to the quantum of water which shall be held up / stored in inundation of the mining pit basin (3 m deep) to the extent of annual mining area due to and thus there will be impact on irrigation / water supply schemes on this count. However, during heavy rains the loose soil spread on upper terraces can find way into the river section due to run-off from upper banks and also due to formation of rills, which will increase the silt rate to some extent. The increased silt/sediment will finally get deposited into the ponds/reservoir and impact its capacity for designated use.
4.6. Noise and Vibration The main noise generating source during semi-mechanized riverbed mining operation and related activities are the mining is from operation of machinery like excavators, loaders, and back-hoe and FE loaders besides transport vehicles movement to and fro from riverbed site to outside lease boundary or to the sale point. The mine lease area is generally away from the settlements except in case of rivers which flow adjacent to the town. The noise monitoring shows that day and night time noise levels are highest at such places where the commercial activity takes place and the noise levels are within the limits in rural setup which are more than a couple of km away from mine site. The riverbed locations in the rural areas have noise levels within the prescribed limits as no anthropogenic activities were witnessed during the study period except at such places where the bridges were under construction over the river.
4.6.1. Impact on Noise Level In order to predict ambient noise levels due to the mining the noise modeling has been done. For computing the noise levels at various distances with respect to the place in the mine lease area where maximum daily production is envisaged. Noise levels are predicted by a user friendly model the details of which are elaborated below.
4.6.2. Model for sound wave propagation For an approximate estimation of dispersion of noise in the ambient air from the point source, a standard mathematical model for sound wave propagation is used. The noise generated by equipment decreases with increased distance from the source due to wave divergence. An additional decrease in sound pressure level with distance from the source is expected due to atmospheric effect or its interaction with objects in the transmission path. For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogenous loss free medium, one can estimate noise levels at various locations, due to different source using model based on first principles, as per the following equation:
LP2=LP1 – 20Log (r2 / r1) - AE ……………………………. (1)
Where,
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 128 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
LP2 And L P1 are the Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) at points located at a distances of r2 and r1 from
the source. AE is attenuations due to Environmental conditions (E). The combined effect of the entire source can be determined at various locations by the following equation.
(Lpa)/10 Lpb)/10 Lpc)/10 LP (total) = 10Log (10 + 10 + 10 + ………) (2)
Where Lpa, LPb, LPc are noise pressure levels at a point due to different sources.
Environment Correction (AE)
The equivalent sound pressure level can be calculated from the measured sound pressure level (Leq
measured) averaged over the measurement surface area ‘S’ and from corrections K1 and K2 and is given by;
(Leq measured) = (Leq measured) – K1 – K2 (3)
Where,
K1 = Factor for the background noise correction. The correction was not applied in this modeling exercise, as it was not possible to measure the background noise levels by putting off machines hence it was considered as zero.
K2 = Environmental correction
In the present study dhwani PRO Version 3.6, a noise propagation modelling software developed to undertake construction, industrial and traffic noise propagation studies. A variety of scenarios can be created quickly in dhwani PRO, allowing the user to determine the impact of changing the source, layout and adding /removing the effects of shielding due to noise mitigation devices such as barriers.
4.6.3. Input for the model 4.6.3.1 Base Map, Point Source and Receptors Base maps identifying the location of the site, noise sources, receptors and other important characteristics of the surrounding area is the foremost requirement. In this study jpeg raster maps created in Google map showing the locations of the mining site where the maximum daily production is to be achieved has been captured and imported for registering the map and setting up of the scale. The point source is the location where the mining equipment i.e. the point source of noise is to be operated. The receptors are the nearby settlements where the impact of propagation of noise is to be evaluated.
4.6.3.2 Hourly noise level Hourly nose levels observed for 24 hours at the point source have been observed and adopted in studies. The noise levels to be generated intermittently due to running of mining equipments for different hours have also been incorporated. Besides this, the background level at the receptors have been entered into the corresponding windows.
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4.6.3.3 Standard Values of Noise Levels of Mining Equipments At the point source noise shall be generated intermittently due to operation and movement of truck/tripper, service vans, crushing, and truck movement. Intermittent noise would generated due to operation of mining machinery and transport vehicles in respect of which the standard value of noise levels are given in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4 : Standard Values of Noise Levels S. Machinery/ Activity Noise Produced in dB(A) No. at 50 ft from source* 1. Excavator 85 2. Front end loader 85 3. Dump Truck/ Tippers 84 *50 feet from source = 15.24 meters SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation (Federal Highway Administration) – Construction Noise Handbook.
4.6.4. Model outputs After running the model the graphical results in the form of noise level contours (Figure 4.1) has been produced which has been captured and exported. Besides this the output in the tabular form showing the estimated noise levels at different receptors owing to the impact of running of mining machinery has been generated. (Table 4.5)
Table 4.5 : Modelling Output
4.6.5. Inference It is evident from the graphical results that the noise level of 85 dB(A) gets highly attenuated to 38 dB(A), 33 dB(A) and 28 dB(A) about 150m, 370m and 685 m respectively from the point source. The estimated noise levels at the three receptors due to running of mining machinery shall be 28 dB(A), 30 dB(A) and 27 dB(A) which are less than the existing background noise levels of 46 dB(A), 48 dB(A) and 49 dB(A) respectively. Thus there will be no impact of running of mining machinery at the receptors location.
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Figure 4.1 : Noise Graphical Results
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4.6.5.2 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Ambient Noise Levels The following control measures will be adopted to keep the ambient noise levels below permissible limits 75 dB (A).
(i) Provision and maintenance of thick tree belts to screen noise. (ii) Avenue plantation within the project area to dampen the noise. (iii) Proper maintenance of noise generating transport vehicles. (iv) Regular noise level monitoring shall be carried out periodically for taking corrective action To protect the workers from exposures to higher noise levels the following measures will be adopted. (i) Provision of protective devices like ear muffs/ear plugs to those workers who cannot be isolated from the source of noise (ii) Reducing the exposure time of workers to the higher noise levels by rotation.
4.6.6. Impacts due to ground vibration (due to blasting) No ground vibration due to mining activity shall be imparted as no blasting is proposed for the mining.
4.7. Impacts on Air Environment Basically dust sources in mines can be categorized as primary sources that generate the dust and secondary sources, which disperse the dust and carry it from place to place called as fugitive dust.
Impacts of mining on air quality are cause for concern mainly due to fugitive emissions of particulate matter. The major operations producing dust in river bed mining are pit excavation, segregation and screening of material, loading and transporting. Exhaust emissions from
vehicles deployed are also likely to result in inconsequential increase in the levels of SO2, NOx, and CO.
The collection/extraction of river borne material and its handling, loading & unloading will
cause momentary rise in the PM10. The dust liberated in mining and other related operations is injurious to health if inhaled in sufficient quantity regularly as it may lead to lung disease.
4.7.1. Dust Dispersion Modelling for Excavation Operation In this present study, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA–42 series) approved mathematical equations have been used to predict concentrations for different operations in mining including the mineral transportation. In order to predict the particulate
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emissions, Lakes Environmental Aermod View ver. 6.2 (Air Dispersion Modelling Software) an interface based on ISCST3 - was used to predict changes in air quality i.e., maximum ground level concentration (GLC’s) of Particulate Matter. The ISCST-3 open pit source algorithm which uses an effective area for modelling pit emissions, based on meteorological conditions and then utilizes the numerical integration area source algorithm to model the impact of emissions from the effective area sources, was used to predict the ground level concentration (1st highest value) resulting due to open pit excavation. Short term model options was opted for uniform emissions rates. Line source inputs were adopted for modelling of dust dispersion resulting from movement of vehicles on haul road starting from pit to the
nearest metaled road. The concentration of other gaseous pollutants i.e. SO2 and NOx was found to be much lower than the threshold limit (80 µg/m3), the air modelling was restricted
to determination of particulate matter i.e. PM10 in the present case. Since the mining project is a linear project where the mining will be done at different locations in different rivers the modelling has been carried out for the place where the maximum mining activities for obtaining the maximum production per day is envisaged.
Open Pit Emission Rate
Open pit emission rate depends upon soil properties, climatic conditions and area of pit. Empirical equation for calculation of open pit emission rate is given as follows:
The details of production parameters, transportation, moisture, silt content and the velocity adopted for working out the emission rate at the mine pit pertaining to the location of maximum production per day is provided in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6 : Details of Production Parameters, Transportation, Moisture, Silt Contents S. Particular Value No. 1 Production in T/day 1300 2 Transported material in t/day 1300 3 Quantity of ore in each trip 20 4 No. of trips/day 65 5 No. of trips/hr (8 working hours /day) 8 6 Road width in m 6 7 Area of pit in sqkm (a) 0.00186 8 Moisture content of road dust in % (m) 20 9 Silt content of road dust in % (s) 5 10 Wind speed in m/sec (u) 1.39
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The dust emission rate calculated as above for Riverbed at Kakraj Khurd at the place of maximum daily production has been worked out as 0.0000001795 gm/sec/sqm. The results of dust dispersion modelling showing the first highest value of concentration at Uniform Cartesian Receptors and also two Non-Uniform Receptors i.e. NCART1 (A-4 air monitoring site) and at NCART2 (A-2 air monitoring site) are shown in Table 4.7. The maximum predicted ground level concentration as obtained for open pit source inputs with meteorological data of the study period at the mine pit center 0.73171 µg/m3 whereas at the air monitoring station A-2 and A-4, located within 500m from the mine pit, it has drastically reduced to 0.01473 µg/m3 and 0.04029 µg/m3 respectively. Isopleth developed is shown on part of SOI toposheet no. 45N/16 (Figure 4.2).
Table 4.7 : Predicted Ground Level Concentration due to Open-pit excavation Cartesian Coordinates Average Z- X Y Concentration (µg/m3) Elevation Net ID 575706.5 2899062 0.00132 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899062 0.00208 0 UCART1 575906.5 2899062 0.00136 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899062 0.00173 0 UCART1 576106.5 2899062 0.00094 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899062 0.00065 0 UCART1 576306.5 2899062 0.00226 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899062 0.00177 0 UCART1 576506.5 2899062 0.00072 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899062 0.00145 0 UCART1 576706.5 2899062 0.00144 0 UCART1 575706.5 2899162 0.00116 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899162 0.00192 0 UCART1 575906.5 2899162 0.00244 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899162 0.00502 0 UCART1 576106.5 2899162 0.00152 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899162 0.00088 0 UCART1 576306.5 2899162 0.00275 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899162 0.00197 0 UCART1 576506.5 2899162 0.00119 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899162 0.002 0 UCART1 576706.5 2899162 0.00256 0 UCART1 575706.5 2899262 0.00173 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899262 0.00196 0 UCART1 575906.5 2899262 0.00314 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899262 0.00299 0 UCART1 576106.5 2899262 0.00301 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899262 0.00147 0 UCART1
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 134 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
576306.5 2899262 0.00439 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899262 0.00134 0 UCART1 576506.5 2899262 0.00326 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899262 0.00356 0 UCART1 576706.5 2899262 0.00554 0 UCART1 575706.5 2899362 0.00389 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899362 0.00432 0 UCART1 575906.5 2899362 0.00366 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899362 0.00623 0 UCART1 576106.5 2899362 0.01182 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899362 0.00336 0 UCART1 576306.5 2899362 0.00743 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899362 0.00626 0 UCART1 576506.5 2899362 0.00697 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899362 0.00862 0 UCART1 576706.5 2899362 0.00872 0 UCART1 575706.5 2899462 0.00423 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899462 0.00799 0 UCART1 575906.5 2899462 0.0114 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899462 0.01213 0 UCART1 576106.5 2899462 0.01886 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899462 0.01147 0 UCART1 576306.5 2899462 0.0112 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899462 0.02599 0 UCART1 576506.5 2899462 0.0226 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899462 0.01599 0 UCART1 576706.5 2899462 0.01302 0 UCART1 575706.5 2899562 0.00486 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899562 0.00717 0 UCART1 575906.5 2899562 0.01143 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899562 0.02054 0 UCART1 576106.5 2899562 0.0623 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899562 0.73171 0 UCART1 576306.5 2899562 0.27748 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899562 0.07656 0 UCART1 576506.5 2899562 0.03626 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899562 0.02158 0 UCART1 576706.5 2899562 0.01435 0 UCART1 575706.5 2899662 0.00428 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899662 0.00647 0 UCART1 575906.5 2899662 0.01175 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899662 0.02285 0 UCART1 576106.5 2899662 0.05139 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899662 0.14358 0 UCART1 576306.5 2899662 0.12537 0 UCART1
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 135 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
576406.5 2899662 0.06477 0 UCART1 576506.5 2899662 0.03163 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899662 0.01742 0 UCART1 576706.5 2899662 0.01288 0 UCART1 575706.5 2899762 0.00578 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899762 0.00645 0 UCART1 575906.5 2899762 0.0087 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899762 0.01837 0 UCART1 576106.5 2899762 0.02991 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899762 0.03316 0 UCART1 576306.5 2899762 0.02177 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899762 0.02762 0 UCART1 576506.5 2899762 0.02808 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899762 0.01743 0 UCART1 576706.5 2899762 0.01042 0 UCART1 575706.5 2899862 0.00423 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899862 0.00628 0 UCART1 575906.5 2899862 0.00826 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899862 0.01739 0 UCART1 576106.5 2899862 0.01346 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899862 0.01479 0 UCART1 576306.5 2899862 0.00731 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899862 0.01353 0 UCART1 576506.5 2899862 0.01308 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899862 0.01073 0 UCART1 576706.5 2899862 0.01246 0 UCART1 575706.5 2899962 0.00549 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899962 0.00486 0 UCART1 575906.5 2899962 0.01128 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899962 0.0063 0 UCART1 576106.5 2899962 0.01042 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899962 0.00765 0 UCART1 576306.5 2899962 0.00359 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899962 0.00613 0 UCART1 576506.5 2899962 0.00901 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899962 0.00779 0 UCART1 576706.5 2899962 0.00589 0 UCART1 575706.5 2900062 0.00339 0 UCART1 575806.5 2900062 0.00779 0 UCART1 575906.5 2900062 0.00512 0 UCART1 576006.5 2900062 0.00492 0 UCART1 576106.5 2900062 0.00577 0 UCART1 576206.5 2900062 0.00456 0 UCART1 576306.5 2900062 0.00266 0 UCART1 576406.5 2900062 0.00363 0 UCART1
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 136 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
576506.5 2900062 0.00415 0 UCART1 576606.5 2900062 0.00483 0 UCART1 576706.5 2900062 0.00523 0 UCART1 576094.4 2899459 0.01473 0 NCART1 576468.4 2899650 0.04029 0 NCART2
Figure 4.2 : Isopleth of Maximum Predicted 24 hourly averaged Ground – Level Concentrations (Open Pit Source Modelling) 4.7.2. Impact Due To Vehicular Movement on Haul Roads In Riverbed The transport vehicle after being loaded with the mineral shall have to ply in the initial reach in the riverbed through the haul road made for the purpose. The movement of loaded vehicle is directly responsible for air born dust emission which trails behind the vehicle. The tractive force of the wheels exhibited from movement on un-paved road causes pulverization of the surface material which mainly constitutes of river born material i.e. sand and silt in the present case. The finer soil particles are lifted from the ground as these are entrapped in the small groves of the tyres and are finally tangentially thrown from the rolling wheels. The road surface also experiences strong air currents in turbulent shear with the surface. After a vehicle has passed, the turbulence continues to act on the road surface. The quantity of dust emission for a particular segment of the un-paved road linearly varies with the character of the traffic and its volume. Thus it is evidently clear that the movement of transport vehicle on haul road may result in increase in ground level concentration of particulate matter.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 137 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Haul Road Emission Rate
The emission rate is dependent on several factors which includes soil properties, climatic conditions, vehicular traffic, wind forces and machinery operation. The Empirical equation for calculation of emission rate is as under.
E= [{(100-m) / m}0.7 {us/(100-s)}0.1 {(41.6+0.03 f c +108v)}10-5]
The details of production parameters, transportation, moisture, silt content and the velocity of wind, average speed of vehicle and its capacity adopted for working out the emission rate at the haul roads pertaining to the location of maximum production per day is provided in Table 4.8.
Table 4.8 : Details of Production Parameters, Transportation, Moisture, Silt Contents
S. No. Particular Value 1 Production in T/day 1300 2 Transported material in t/day 1300 3 Quantity of ore in each trip 20 4 No. of trips/day 65 5 No. of trips/hr (8 working hours /day 8 6 Road width in m 6 7 Moisture content of road dust in % (m) 20 8 Silt content of road dust in % (s) 5 9 Wind speed in m/sec (u) 1.39 10 Average Vehicle Speed in m/s (v) 2.7 11 Frequency of vehicle movement / hour (f) 8 12 Capacity of dumpers in tonne (c ) 20
The dust emission rate calculated as above for Riverbed haul road at Kakraj Khurd, at the place of maximum daily production, has been worked out as 0.017043312 gram/sec/m. The results of dust dispersion modelling showing the first highest value of concentration at Uniform Cartesian Receptors and also two Non-Uniform Receptors i.e. NCART1 (A-4 air monitoring site) and at NCART2 (A-2 air monitoring site) are shown in Table 4.9. The maximum 24 hrs. average predicted ground level concentration as obtained for line source inputs with meteorological data of the study period at the mine pit center is 10.51 µg/m3 whereas at the air monitoring station A-2 and A-4, located within 500m from the mine pit, it has drastically reduced to 3.46 µg/m3 and 1.64 µg/m3 respectively. Isopleth developed is shown on part of SOI toposheet no. 45N/16 (Figure 4.3).
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 138 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Table 4.9 : Receptors Location and Modeling Results Cartesian Coordinates Average Concentration Z- X Y (µg/m3) Elevation Net ID 575206.5 2898561.5 0.25908 0 UCART1 575406.5 2898561.5 0.27394 0 UCART1 575606.5 2898561.5 0.40311 0 UCART1 575806.5 2898561.5 0.7502 0 UCART1 576006.5 2898561.5 0.37558 0 UCART1 576206.5 2898561.5 0.35406 0 UCART1 576406.5 2898561.5 0.33571 0 UCART1 576606.5 2898561.5 0.31172 0 UCART1 576806.5 2898561.5 0.32639 0 UCART1 577006.5 2898561.5 0.31653 0 UCART1 577206.5 2898561.5 0.32488 0 UCART1 575206.5 2898761.5 0.2604 0 UCART1 575406.5 2898761.5 0.35439 0 UCART1 575606.5 2898761.5 0.58963 0 UCART1 575806.5 2898761.5 0.69119 0 UCART1 576006.5 2898761.5 1.73218 0 UCART1 576206.5 2898761.5 1.05484 0 UCART1 576406.5 2898761.5 0.73291 0 UCART1 576606.5 2898761.5 0.75535 0 UCART1 576806.5 2898761.5 0.58697 0 UCART1 577006.5 2898761.5 0.5135 0 UCART1 577206.5 2898761.5 0.45533 0 UCART1 575206.5 2898961.5 0.22562 0 UCART1 575406.5 2898961.5 0.32935 0 UCART1 575606.5 2898961.5 0.50752 0 UCART1 575806.5 2898961.5 1.08058 0 UCART1 576006.5 2898961.5 3.61072 0 UCART1 576206.5 2898961.5 8.7151 0 UCART1 576406.5 2898961.5 2.71059 0 UCART1 576606.5 2898961.5 1.43737 0 UCART1 576806.5 2898961.5 0.95238 0 UCART1 577006.5 2898961.5 0.72119 0 UCART1 577206.5 2898961.5 0.56702 0 UCART1 575206.5 2899161.5 0.35195 0 UCART1 575406.5 2899161.5 0.48654 0 UCART1 575606.5 2899161.5 0.75085 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899161.5 1.31359 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899161.5 2.16329 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899161.5 6.8791 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899161.5 3.30891 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899161.5 1.6287 0 UCART1
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 139 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
576806.5 2899161.5 1.04255 0 UCART1 577006.5 2899161.5 0.8048 0 UCART1 577206.5 2899161.5 0.6256 0 UCART1 575206.5 2899361.5 0.39842 0 UCART1 575406.5 2899361.5 0.55933 0 UCART1 575606.5 2899361.5 0.8429 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899361.5 1.29127 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899361.5 2.19471 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899361.5 9.21544 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899361.5 2.80993 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899361.5 1.57251 0 UCART1 576806.5 2899361.5 1.20701 0 UCART1 577006.5 2899361.5 0.74359 0 UCART1 577206.5 2899361.5 0.51174 0 UCART1 575206.5 2899561.5 0.51959 0 UCART1 575406.5 2899561.5 0.64586 0 UCART1 575606.5 2899561.5 0.83289 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899561.5 1.14121 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899561.5 1.95322 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899561.5 10.51148 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899561.5 2.21795 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899561.5 1.56721 0 UCART1 576806.5 2899561.5 1.01437 0 UCART1 577006.5 2899561.5 0.72789 0 UCART1 577206.5 2899561.5 0.62115 0 UCART1 575206.5 2899761.5 0.50919 0 UCART1 575406.5 2899761.5 0.63853 0 UCART1 575606.5 2899761.5 0.72052 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899761.5 0.86098 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899761.5 1.18076 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899761.5 1.557 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899761.5 1.51336 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899761.5 1.10099 0 UCART1 576806.5 2899761.5 0.85942 0 UCART1 577006.5 2899761.5 0.69388 0 UCART1 577206.5 2899761.5 0.49643 0 UCART1 575206.5 2899961.5 0.44052 0 UCART1 575406.5 2899961.5 0.47967 0 UCART1 575606.5 2899961.5 0.54405 0 UCART1 575806.5 2899961.5 0.61132 0 UCART1 576006.5 2899961.5 1.02222 0 UCART1 576206.5 2899961.5 0.75213 0 UCART1 576406.5 2899961.5 0.96451 0 UCART1 576606.5 2899961.5 0.8596 0 UCART1 576806.5 2899961.5 0.63435 0 UCART1
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 140 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
577006.5 2899961.5 0.53858 0 UCART1 577206.5 2899961.5 0.54195 0 UCART1 575206.5 2900161.5 0.36417 0 UCART1 575406.5 2900161.5 0.38406 0 UCART1 575606.5 2900161.5 0.40513 0 UCART1 575806.5 2900161.5 0.50643 0 UCART1 576006.5 2900161.5 0.69636 0 UCART1 576206.5 2900161.5 0.42785 0 UCART1 576406.5 2900161.5 0.79954 0 UCART1 576606.5 2900161.5 0.52604 0 UCART1 576806.5 2900161.5 0.3745 0 UCART1 577006.5 2900161.5 0.47243 0 UCART1 577206.5 2900161.5 0.35643 0 UCART1 575206.5 2900361.5 0.29779 0 UCART1 575406.5 2900361.5 0.30752 0 UCART1 575606.5 2900361.5 0.39302 0 UCART1 575806.5 2900361.5 0.50866 0 UCART1 576006.5 2900361.5 0.47495 0 UCART1 576206.5 2900361.5 0.28439 0 UCART1 576406.5 2900361.5 0.55263 0 UCART1 576606.5 2900361.5 0.49988 0 UCART1 576806.5 2900361.5 0.44812 0 UCART1 577006.5 2900361.5 0.31635 0 UCART1 577206.5 2900361.5 0.36149 0 UCART1 575206.5 2900561.5 0.26477 0 UCART1 575406.5 2900561.5 0.29988 0 UCART1 575606.5 2900561.5 0.31304 0 UCART1 575806.5 2900561.5 0.47054 0 UCART1 576006.5 2900561.5 0.49351 0 UCART1 576206.5 2900561.5 0.22249 0 UCART1 576406.5 2900561.5 0.41071 0 UCART1 576606.5 2900561.5 0.48009 0 UCART1 576806.5 2900561.5 0.32592 0 UCART1 577006.5 2900561.5 0.26102 0 UCART1 577206.5 2900561.5 0.28523 0 UCART1 576094.375 2899459 3.46119 0 NCART1 576468.375 2899650.25 1.63979 0 NCART2
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 141 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Figure 4.3 : Isopleth of Maximum Predicted 24 hourly averaged Ground – Level Concentrations (Line Source Modelling)
4.7.3. Cumulative Impact The cumulative impact due to proposed mining operation on the Ambient air quality
for PM10 at the mine site and nearest air monitoring stations A-2 and A-4, located about 500m, is presented in Table 4.10 which shows that, the resultant concentration level at each of the location shall be 83.24 µg/m3, 88.61 µg/m3 and 75.68 µg/m3 which are within the NAAQS.
Table 4.10 : Cumulative levels of existing and predicted levels of PM10 Location Fugitive Dust (µg/m3) NAAQS Net ID Sampling Maximum Incremental concentration contribution due to Resultant (µg/m3) Station Background proposed mining and haul road transportation concentration Concentration Open pit Line Total source source Incremental modelling modelling concentration UCART1 A-5 72 0.73 10.51 11.24 83.24 100 NCART1 A-2 85 0.15 3.46 3.61 88.61 100 NCART2 A-4 74 0.04 1.64 1.68 75.68 100
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 142 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
4.7.4. Mitigation Measures Following mitigation measures shall be adopted during mining activities to control air pollution load below the prescribed limits: Water spraying on haul roads by mobile and fixed sprinklers at regular interval. Designing and laying haul roads in gentle grade and in hard stratum as far as possible. The road surface along the riverbank shall be properly laid with grid and small pebbles to eliminate air borne dust. Proper maintenance of un-tarred and Katcha road shall be periodically carried out as and when required. Avenue plantation on roadsides besides plantation around the mine lease area will help in reducing the emission. It shall be ensured that the laborers working at or near high dust prone area use dust filters / mask. Covered or hooded trucks shall be used for transportation. Care shall be taken to prevent spillage of material.
4.8. Biological Environment 4.8.1. Impact on Flora The proposed mine lease area is ‘Gair Mumkun Nadi Nala’, which bears negligible density and species composition of forest vegetation. There are some economically important plants species in the buffer zone of the project which has very remote chance of getting disturbed due to mining activities. Since there will be no felling of trees or deforestation, there will be no impact on flora of the core zone. The mining activity per se shall not lead to any impact on the terrestrial flora of the buffer zone either. There are no national parks, sanctuaries, notified biospheres, Tiger/Elephant Corridors, Birds migratory routes, etc. within 10 km radius. The dust is the only major pollutant, which will be generated from different activities of mining. The effect of particulate matter on vegetation is in the form of incrustation, plugging of stomata, and loss of chlorophyll and reduction of photosynthesis process. Disturbance in plant metabolism due to deposition of dust particles on foliar surfaces leads to reduction in plant growth. The atmospheric concentrations normally do not reach a level sufficient to induce acute injury. The annual plantation, within the mine lease area, proposed for five years of mining period shall greatly help in developing a good vegetal cover on the upper terrace near the bank of the river and eventually attract micro fauna, birds etc in the area. Thus, there will be positive impact on terrestrial environment around the mine lease area.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 143 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
4.8.1.1 Measures for Minimizing Impact on Flora It shall be ensured that no mining shall be carried out inside the land prohibited from mining activities. Green Belt shall be properly designed in consultation with the forest department. Plantation shall be carried out as per periodical plantation programme. Fast growing native plant species, medicinal value plant species, dust tolerant and sound receptor plant species and fruit species to enhance the food availability for wildlife and those which would maintain the regional ecological balance, soil and hydrological conditions shall be favored.
4.8.2. Impact on Fauna Intervention in the riverbed will impact butterflies and birds which are quite sensitive to noise and human presence. No endangered species of fauna is found in and around lease area. As such, there will be temporary and insignificant effect on fauna around the mining lease area. Based on the field observations and interaction with local people and forest officials it was noted that the project area does not constitute part of any wildlife migratory routes and mining activities won’t affect animal movement at all. Terrestrial biodiversity will be affected only by the operation of mining machinery and vehicular movements in the mining areas and from increased human population (laborers etc.) during mining activities. No Schedule-I & II species, under WPA 1972, have been sighted in the project area i.e. core zone. However, a few mammals and avi-fauna included in Schedule I & II of WPA Act, 1972 are stated to be present in the buffer zone and these wild animals sometimes also frequent the area nearby the river banks. Thus, for conservation of these a management plan has been formulated.
4.8.2.1 Measures for Minimizing Impact on Fauna Following measures will be adopted to minimize the impact of mining on faunal environment of the area
Progressive afforestation will create favorable conditions and good habitat for fauna in the area. Measures shall be adopted to curb pollution due to air, water, land and noise environment. Creating and developing awareness for nature and wildlife in the adjoining villages.
4.8.3. Impact on Aquatic Ecology The dry riverbed mining in ephemeral river system which flow only in 90% of the year during monsoon alone, in which period the mining activities are not envisaged, apparently there will be no impact on aquatic life as there will be no surface water available for aquatic life to survive due to dry river bed condition. Occasionally some aquatic life can be witnessed at such places where the monsoon run-off has filled the stilling basin provided d/s of some of the anicuts and road bridges to diffuse the d/s flow energy of streams. But water in such
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 144 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
basins may remain stored only during November and December before its infiltration into the ground as well as loss in evaporation. However, such stilling basin cannot be considered as habitat for aquatic life. During heavy rains the loose soil spread on upper terraces can find way into the river section due to run-off from upper banks and also due to formation of rills. This will increase the silt rate to smaller extent as compared to the considerably high sediment and suspended load in run-off resulting from direct response to heavy rains.
4.8.4. Impact on Plankton Sand mining from the riverbed which has a flowing water column i.e. in-stream mining may cause release of fine silt and sediment which result in a temporary increase in the silt consultation of the flowing water. This leads to reduction in the transparency of the water and decreases the light intensity of the water column. Phytoplankton forms the basis of aquatic food chain and needs a certain degree of light intensity for net primary production. The phytoplankton concentration is a function of net primary production which itself is dependent on the sunlight intensity. Due to reduction of the light intensity in the water column with the increase of silt concentration the algal bloom is delayed or stopped depending upon the sediment concentration in water. In the present case where the mining is proposed from the dry riverbed any silt or finer particles which may drop during the excavation and loading process shall continue to remain on the dry riverbed surface. In such a scenario when there is no flow in the river, there is no case for any increase in siltation rate. Thus the impact on plankton is totally ruled out at such stretches where there is no water column. However, in case the mining is done in the stretch of the river which is covered under the receded pond level of the water structure like anicut across the river section, there is always a probability of the fine silt particles from the riverbed being swept away during the monsoon period. But during the monsoon period the silt concentration of the flowing water is always high and the little amount of silt thus swept away will not appreciable increase the already high sediment rate during the flow period in monsoon. In that case also there shall be no impact on the phytoplankton present in the bed of the river with in the stretch of the pond / reservoir formed due to anicut.
4.9. Impact on Socio-Economic Environment The entire mine lease area lies within the revenue waste land in river bed, the project does not involve any loss of agriculture land. Some of the impacts would be directly beneficial to the socio-economic environment due to proposed employment potential. The beneficial impacts due to the activities in the region would be:
Employment Potential for 109 persons in the various categories as skilled/semi- skilled/un-skilled for carrying out mining activities. Indirect employment in transport sector.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 145 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
Amelioration of the general living standards of local persons employed in mining activities. The higher earnings will result in more purchase power. Improvement in the economic growth in the region by way of additional mineral availability. Various activities, such as livelihood and entrepreneurship through providing training in self-employment and empowering women through education and training and promoting their SHG (Self Helping Group), taken under corporate social responsibility initiative will have a positive impact on socio economic fabric of the area. Benefit to the State and the Central governments through financial revenues by way of royalty, tax, duties, etc from this project directly and indirectly. Adverse Impacts The adverse impacts on socio-economic environment due to mining activities in the region will be:
Dust will affect to the local air environment and this dust will settle down on nearby agricultural fields and will affect the productivity of the land and increase in respiratory problems. Soil erosion and loss of fertility etc. There may be some conflict of utilization of local resources between project proponent and local communities. For avoidance of which the project proponent should maintain a good liaison and ensure cordial relation between staff and locals. Contamination of water, soil and air due to mining. Increased use of existing public infrastructure i.e. road due to vehicular traffic involved in transportation of minerals may cause congestion on roads. However, the state highway and the national highways in the district in general have been designed keeping in view the futuristic vehicular traffic.
4.10. Impact due to Transportation of Mined out material on environment The mining in a tehsil shall be carried out along different rivers which for the have been divided into different blocks The collective stretch of the lease area for each river has been sub-divided in to five blocks for ease of operation, supervision, management and safety. The daily production has been envisaged as 10000 metric tonne. The quantity of daily production of mine shall significantly vary reach-wise and block-wise. The maximum production in Tehsil Piplu has been envisaged in Mashi river at Kakraj Khurd. At this place about 1300 MT daily production is stipulated for the transportation of which 65 tripper/trucks (20 T) shall be required. The increased traffic load due to transportation of mineral shall not be concentrated in a particular segment of the road as the material shall be dispatched to different destination and in different directions. The impact due to transportation shall be on carrying capacity of
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 146 EIA/EMP report of River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area 889.925 ha) Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan
the State Highway and also due to increase in vehicular emissions due to mineral transportation.
4.10.1. Impact on the carrying capacity of SH and Rural Road due to proposed transport activities The mined out material from river Sohadara shall be transported through SH-37A. The bulk of mineral mined out from Kakraj Khurd, Kakraj Kalan, Kureda, Kuredi and Devli from Mashi river shall also be transported through SH-37A. The mined out material from Mashi river shall be mostly transported through MDR-1. About 1.78 million tonne material / annum (72%) shall be transported through SH-37A while 0.68 million tonne / annum (28%) shall be transported through MDR – 1. The transport plan for movement of trucks is shown in Figure 4.4. The study for carrying capacity has been carried out for both these roads by undertaking traffic volume counts at the prominent inter-junction of these roads as per guideline of IRC:9-1972 and IRC:SP 19-2001 and the PCU factors adopted for analysis has been taken as per IRC:64-1990.
Figure 4.4 : Transport Route Map
Classified Volume Count Traffic Survey The traffic survey is essential to realistically and accurately assess the prevailing traffic volumes and travel characteristics by undertaking classified volume count. The objective of traffic volume count survey is to assess the traffic intensity on the most vulnerable section of the road under question. Two – days, 24 hrs., continuous volume counts were manually undertaken during October 2013 at Galod on SH-37A and Mohammad Nagar on MDR-1 for
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capturing the realistic picture of the current volume and composition of traffic motorized i.e. passenger vehicles (two-wheeler, three-wheeler, bicycle, passenger car); utility vehicles (Jeep, Van, Mini Bus, Standard Bus); Goods vehicles – LCV (Freight), MCV (2 axle rigid chasis), MCV (3 axle rigid chasis), MAV and tractor trailer and non-motorized like animal driven cart. The survey work was conducted by engaging educated people familiar with traffic characteristics. Before the start of survey the enumerated engaged were briefed and trained by an expert supervisor about the task. The analysis of traffic counts provides an estimate of average daily traffic (ADT). In order to convert recorded vehicles into a common scale, the passenger car units (PCU) equivalent factor as per IRC:64 -1990 has been adopted. The Table 4.11 reveals that the total ADT at Galod on SH-37A were 3081 in terms of number which translates into 4151 in terms of PCU. The Table 4.12 reveals that the total ADT at Mohammad Nagar on MDR-1 were 2049 in terms of number which translates into 2443 in terms of PCU. It is thus evident that the number of PCU / hour at Galod and Mohammad Nagar is 173 and 102 respectively.
Table 4.11 : Traffic volume counts at Galod on SH-37A
S. No. Nomenclature of Vehicle PCU factor No. of Vehicles/day No. of PCU/day 1 Car / Jeep / Van 1.0 995 995 2 Two-Wheelers 0.5 953 477 3 Three - Wheelers 1.0 98 98 4 Mini- Bus 1.5 59 89 5 Bus 3.0 83 249 6 Tempo / LCV 1.5 96 144 7 Two Axle Truck 3.0 434 1302 8 Three Axle Truck 3.0 185 556 9 More than three Axle Truck 4.5 11 50 10 Tractor 1.5 108 162 11 Cycle 0.5 58 29 Total 3081 4151
Table 4.12 : Traffic volume counts at Mohammad Nagar on MDR-1
S. No. Nomenclature of Vehicle PCU factor No. of Vehicles/day No. of PCU / day 1 Car / Jeep / Van 1.0 635 635 2 Two-Wheelers 0.5 742 371 3 Three - Wheelers 1.0 38 38 4 Mini- Bus 1.5 27 41 5 Bus 3.0 58 174 6 Tempo / LCV 1.5 49 74 7 Two Axle Truck 3.0 240 720 8 Three Axle Truck 3.0 70 210
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More than three Axle 9 Truck 4.5 2 9 10 Tractor 1.5 78 117 11 Cycle 0.5 110 55 Total 2049 2443
Impact on Carrying capacity of SH-37A and MDR-1 About 1.78 million metric tonne of material / annum shall be transported through SH-37A, this tantamount to 6357 metric tonne / day for transportation of which 318 trucks (20 tonne capacity) shall be deployed. The trucks shall make one loaded and unloaded journey every day. It is thus apparent that the additional traffic load due to mining shall be 1908 PCU/day or 80 PCU/hour. As per IRC: 64-1990, the design service volume for a two lane rural road in plain terrain for low curvature is 15000 PCU / day or 625 PCU / hour. The incremental rise in daily traffic at SH-37A due to transportation of minerals is evaluated and shown in Table 4.13 which manifests that there shall be an incremental rise of 12.8% of PCU due to envisaged traffic movement owing to mining activities and that 40.4% of design service volume shall be tentatively utilized in post project scenario. Thus the marginal incremental rise in the total PCU shall not be appreciable and adequate apportionment of total design service volume capacity shall be still available in post project scenario.
Table 4.13 : Incremental rise in daily traffic data at SH-37A due to proposed transport activity Envisaged Traffic Cumulative Traffic Design Incremental Existing Daily Traffic Movement Due to Movement at SH-37A Service rise in PCU Design Data at SH-37A Mining Activities - Post Project Scenario Volume due to Service tentatively envisaged Volume to be traffic for SH- utilized in movement 37A Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Post owing to PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / Project mining Day Day Hour Day Hour Day Hour Scenario activities 15000 4151 173 1908 80 6059 253 40.4% 12.8 %
About 0.68 million metric tonne of material / annum shall be transported through MDR-1, this tantamount to 2429 metric tonne / day for transportation of which 122 trucks (20 tonne capacity) shall be deployed. The trucks shall make one loaded and unloaded journey every day. It is thus apparent that the additional traffic load due to mining shall be 732 PCU/day or 31 PCU/hour. As per IRC: 64-1990, the design service volume for a two lane rural road in plain terrain for low curvature is 15000 PCU / day or 625 PCU / hour. The incremental rise in daily traffic at MDR-1, a two lane rural area, due to transportation of minerals is evaluated and shown in Table 4.14 which manifests that there shall be an incremental rise of 5% of
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PCU due to envisaged traffic movement owing to mining activities and that 21.2% of design service volume shall be tentatively utilized in post project scenario. Thus the marginal incremental rise in the total PCU shall not be appreciable and adequate apportionment of total design service volume capacity shall be still available in post project scenario.
Table 4.14 : Incremental rise in daily traffic data at MDR-1 due to proposed transport activity Envisaged Traffic Cumulative Traffic Design Incremental Existing Daily Traffic Movement Due to Movement at SH-37A Service rise in PCU Design Data at SH-37A Mining Activities - Post Project Scenario Volume due to Service tentatively envisaged Volume to be traffic for utilized in movement MDR-1 Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Post owing to PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / Project mining Day Day Hour Day Hour Day Hour Scenario activities 15000 2443 102 732 31 3175 133 21.2% 5 %
4.10.2. Impact Due to Traffic Noise On the basis of the prevailing traffic, increased traffic due to mineral transportation and the
cumulative traffic in post project scenario the values of L10 has been worked out and has been found as 75 dB(A) , 70.3 dB(A) and 76.3 dB(A) respectively at Galod (SH-37A). dhwani PRO Version 3.6, a noise propagation modelling software developed to undertake construction, industrial and traffic noise propagation studies has been adopted for calculation of noise due to traffic. The input data and the other information adopted for calculating the noise as per in all three cases is shown in Table 4.15. It is thus evident that the existing noise levels shall slightly increase by 1.3 dB (A) due to increased traffic
Table 4.15 : Determination of Traffic Noise Levels at Galod (SH-37A) S. Prevailing Increased Traffic Cumulative Traffic No. Input Traffic due to Mining Post Project Scenario 1 Total Vehicle Flow/10hr. 1284 132 1416 2 Speed km/hr 50 50 50 Percentage of Heavy 3 Vehicle 23.14 100 30.3 4 Gradient Percentage 1 1 1 5 Road Surface Impervious Impervious Impervious 6 Noise level in dB(A) 75 70.3 76.3
On the basis of the prevailing traffic, increased traffic due to mineral transportation and the cumulative traffic in post project scenario the noise levels has been worked out and has been found as 72.5 dB(A) , 66.2 dB(A) and 75.3 dB(A) respectively at Mohammad Nagar on MDR- 1 dhwani PRO Version 3.6, a noise propagation modelling software developed to undertake
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construction, industrial and traffic noise propagation studies has been adopted for calculation of noise due to traffic. The input data and the other information adopted for calculating the noise as per in all three cases is shown in Table 4.16. It is thus evident that the existing noise levels shall slightly increase by 2.8 dB (A) due to increased traffic
Table 4.16 : Determination of Traffic Noise Levels at Mohammad Nagar (MDR-1) Prevailing Increased Traffic Cumulative Traffic Post S. No. Input Traffic due to Mining Project Scenario 1 Total Vehicle Flow/10hr. 854 51 905 2 Speed km/hr 50 50 50 3 Percentage of Heavy Vehicle 18 100 22.7 4 Gradient Percentage 1 1 1 5 Road Surface Impervious Impervious Impervious 6 Noise level in dB(A) 72.5 66.2 75.3
The state highways have been upgraded into 2 lane with carriageway width of 7-8m and 1.5m wide hard earthen material shoulder on either side while the NH are four lane and are complete in most of the reaches, except for a few places where the fly over/ bridges are under construction. The work of four laning /two laning and widening of the highways has been going on for the last 4 to 5 years and the completed segment of the roads are in fine fettle. Based on elastic values (empirical relationship between transport demand and economic growth) socio – economic parameters and recent trends of growth of different vehicles (PCUs), yearly traffic projections have been analyzed upto year 2035 and the roads have been designed accordingly keeping in view the futuristic requirement.
4.11. Impact Due To Vehicular Emission The increased traffic load in any particular segment of the road will result into direct increase in pollutants released from the vehicles. The rate of emissions of various types of vehicles is presented in Table 4.17. However, the extent of these impacts, at any given time will depend upon the rate of vehicular emission within a given stretch of the road; and the prevailing meteorological conditions. The impacts will have strong temporal dependence as both of these factors vary with time. The temporal dependence would have diurnal, seasonal as well as long-term components.
Table 4.17 : Emission factors by vehicle type (gm/km/vehicle)
CPCB/ ARAI (Automotive Research Association of India) - Emission Factor development for Indian Vehicles – 2008 Type of vehicle Emission Factors Make Emission g/km considered norms CO NO2 PM10 SO2*
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Trucks (HCV Post 2000 BS-II 6.00 9.30 1.24 0.03 Diesel driven) Passenger Cars (Diesel Post 2005 BS-II 0.06 0.28 0.015 0.004 driven) Buses (HCV Post 2005 BS-II 3.92 6.53 0.30 0.026 Diesel driven)
* Note: Emission Factor of SO2 is calculated based on Sulphur content calculations considering Bharat Stage IV fuel norms
California Line Source dispersion Model (Caline 4) was used for particulate matter dispersion due to increased transportation on SH-37A. The model was run for one hour considering worst case angle. The receptors location and model results for worst case wind angle are shown in Table 4.18. The results show that at 25 m predicted concentration is only 0.3 µg/m3 which reduces to 0.2 µg/m3 at 400m and there is no
impact after 1km. Thus the impact on the pollutant level (PM10) due to increased traffic due to transportation of mineral shall be inconsequential.
Table 4.18 : Receptor Locations And Model Results (Worst Case Wind Angle) Coordinates BRG Predicted Concentration RECEPTOR X Y Z (DEG) (PPM) Recpt 1 25 0 1.8 269 0.3 Recpt 2 50 0 1.8 269 0.3 Recpt 3 100 0 1.8 269 0.3 Recpt 4 150 0 1.8 270 0.3 Recpt 5 200 0 1.8 270 0.3 Recpt 6 300 0 1.8 270 0.3 Recpt 7 400 0 1.8 271 0.2 Recpt 8 500 0 1.8 271 0.2 Recpt 9 750 0 1.8 271 0.2 Recpt 10 1000 0 1.8 270 0.1 Recpt 11 1250 0 1.8 270 0 Recpt 12 1500 0 1.8 270 0 Recpt 13 1750 0 1.8 270 0 Recpt 14 2000 0 1.8 270 0
4.11.2. Control Measures for Impact Due to Traffic Following control measures have been suggested to prevent air pollution due to the transportation activities:
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Transport trucks/tippers shall be properly maintained.
Avoiding of overloading of trucks beyond stipulated capacity by installing weighbridges at the check posts or near to it.
Strict compliance of traffic rules and regulations.
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CHAPTER 5. : Analysis of Alternatives 5.1. General Sand of various gradation (Fineness Modulus) is required as one of the ingredients for preparation of plain as well as re-enforced concrete works besides in preparation of cement- sand, mortar for masonry as well as plastering works in various civil structures. Fine sand is also required for cement grouting purposes. Another use of fine sand is in surface preparation by sand blast. The huge demand of these materials could be either met through extraction from the natural available materials in shoal deposits of riverbed quarry site or from crushing of stone aggregate obtained from quarrying operations involving blasting at Rock in-situ quarries. The latter option involves considerable land degradation as compared to the former. In case the river bed sand conforms to various specification requirements of IS 383:1970 for use as fine aggregate in concrete, its designated use in coarse aggregate for non-wearing and wearing surface in concrete works, and the riverbed mining presents good options. The study for alternative analysis involves in-depth examination of site and technology.
5.2. Alternative Sites 5.2.1. Natural River bed In arid to semi-arid zones of Rajasthan, the rivers flowing in the alluvium (young and old) predominantly comprises of sand and bajri and are well drained soil consisting of mud, silt and sand invariably are deposited on the inside bends (convex banks), where the water flows more slowly and has less power to transport the bed/sedimentary load. Thus, a river can present numerous sites where the aggradation of sediments takes place and large shoal deposits are formed. These sites can be used from techno-economic considerations depending upon the distance (lead) from mine site to the sale point or end point of use. The mining is thus site specific. In the present case the river/streams/bala which originate from the Aravali ranges, characterized by arid landscape, barren hills, level rocky structural plains, rock cut pediments, gravel pavements, shallow colluvium plains and other sandy plains with thick Alluvium underneath, flow with high sediment and suspended loads during run-off in response to flash floods. The sinuous path of these rivers is characterized by presence of shoal deposits at inner curves where the river energy is reduced. At such river stretches the deposition of river born material takes place. During high stage the rivers flowing in high gradient upper reaches generally developed, velocities exceeding 2m / second. In such reaches of the river the competency of the river is very high and increase with the square of its velocity. The ephemeral rivers which flow through soils of Semi-Arid Transitional Plain, transport enormous quantities of sediments and act as a good repository of sand. The riverbed mining is thus a site specific project incumbent upon the quantum of availability vis- à-vis its demand. It is mainly governed by nearness to the point of sale or end point of use
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and also the surface transport facilities available in the area besides the conditions of the road network.
5.2.2. Rock-In-Situ Quarry Crushed Sand can also be obtained from crushing of stones obtained either from stone quarries or from rock-in-situ quarries located on hillocks / uplands by resorting to drilling and blasting of the rock mass. The mining operation at the quarry site shall involve such activities
which cause emission of PM10. The major activities are drilling, overburden removal and loading, blasting, mineral loading, transporatation through haul roads and transport roads and unloading of minerals at aggregate crushing units, besides dust emissions from exposed quarry surface and dump surfaces. Chakrabarty et al (2002) has assessed that the overall emission rate from the mine is governed by the following empirical relation
Where, E= emission rate (gram / sec) u= wind speed (m/sec) a= area (sqkm) p= mineral production (metric tonne/year) b= OB handling (mm3/year)
The quarried stone material from stone quarries/rock-in-situ sites is transported to stone processing units which involve operation like crushing (primary/secondary/tertiary); screening and conveying and metal handling which are potential process or fugitive dust sources of particulate emission. Fugutive dust sources generally involve the re-entrainment or settled dust by wind or machine movement. The typical particulate emission factors for various stone processing operations as per the USEPA study given in the Table 5.1 below reveal that the uncontrolled emission factors could be 5.5 kg/tonne of the mineral processed.
Table 5.1 : Particulate Emission Factors for Stone-Processing Operations Process operation Uncontrolled Emission Factor, Kg/ton % Contribution Primary crushing 0.25 4.5 Secondary crushing and screening 0.75 13.6 Tertiary crushing and screening 3.0 54.5 Recrushing and screening 2.545.5 45.5 Conveying and material handling 1.0 18.2 Total 5.5 100 Source: http://www.cpcb.nic.in The cumulative impact of dust emission at the stone quarry site / rock – In-situ locations and the stone crushing unit is logically considerably higher as compared to rivebed sand mining sites. For this reason the latter alternative is the best choice being environmental friendly.
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5.3. Alternative Technology The open cast mining in riverbed could be manual/semi-mechanized/mechanized depending upon the geological and topographical setup of the mineral (ROM) to be won and the daily/annual targeted production. The project involves open cast mining, in a maximum depth of 3m from natural surface level of riverbed or ground water table whichever is met earlier that is less, without blasting.
5.3.1. Manual Method of Mining The opencast mining process for extraction of sand and bajri primarily involves scooping the mineral through use of implements like spade, pickaxe, shovel and crowbar etc. The sand shall be separated from bajri by sieve screening at mine site. The loading of mineral is also done manually at the river bed site and transported by truck/ tipper (9.0 to 10.2 metric tonnes), tractor trolley small (3 metric tonnes), tractor trolley big (6 metric tonnes) to the point of sale or end use. The method is mainly labour oriented and is suitable where the mining depth is stipulated within 1 to 1.5m depth from the natural surface from pit slope stability point of view. The method can be resorted to where the targeted production is not substantial and can be adopted where the daily production is of the order of a few hundred cubic meter say 200 cum to 300 cum/day. Due to high manual component for excavation as well as loading / unloading, the method can be advantageously adopted where the labour is readily available. Due to intervention of large number of work force in the riverbed, there shall be foreseeable impact on environment like pollution of surface water quality, development of unhygienic conditions, biotic pressure on nearby protected forest, besides conflict with the local community. This method of mining is most suited in states where the provision under Minor Mineral (Concession) Rules put an embargo on mechanical mining through excavator and other earth moving machineries in river or stream bed by the lease holder or permit holder or contractor as the case may be. The method is tailor-made for small leases held by lessees / licensees / permit holders and cluster of small leases after formation of association. In such case the implementation of common issues of environmental management plans in cluster shall be manageable as the responsibility for the implementation of the EMP vests with the Association.
5.3.2. Semi-Mechanized Method of Mining In contrast to the conventional manual method, the mining by deploying mechanical excavator including any other earth moving machines like J.C.B, Bulldozer, Pocklain, Loaders etc. in river or stream bed by the lease holder or permit holder or contractor as the case may be, is highly efficient and continuous process to win exorbitantly high daily / annual targeted production in a scientific and safe manner in accordance with the approved mining
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plan. The approved mining plan also permits the use of earthmovers and loaders in riverbeds. The Rules 37L (3) of Chapter IV A of RMMCR, 1986 amended upto 2012 also states that in order to ensure optimum production with minimum waste generation, every lease / license / short–term permit holder shall endeavour to deploy machinery and equipment as per mining plan. Thus use of mining machinery is not prohibited under the RMMCR. Besides this the approved mine plan also entails semi – mechanized method of mining and speaks about the extent of mechanization to be followed for mining. The targeted annual production as per approved mining plan is 2.80 million metric tonne which corresponds to 10000 metric tonne / day by mining in 3m deep and 20m wide benches. If this daily production is to be achieved by manually then 2380 labours shall be needed for excavation @ 3 cum/day/labour which is equivalent to 4.2 tonne/day/labour. Besides this approximately 2000 labours will be required at mine site for loading the mineral into the trucks.
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CHAPTER 6. : Environmental Monitoring Programme 6.1. General The monitoring and evaluation of environmental parameters indicates potential changes occurring in the environment, which paves way for implementation of rectifying measures wherever required to maintain the status of the natural environment. Evaluation is also a very effective tool to judge the effectiveness or deficiency of the measures adopted and provides insight for future corrections. The main objective of environmental monitoring is to ensure that the obtaining results in respect of environmental attributes and prevailing conditions during construction and operation stage are in conformity with the prediction during the planning stage. In case of substantial deviation from the earlier prediction of results to identify the cause and suggest remedial measures. Environmental monitoring is also mandatory to meet compliance of statutory provisions under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, relevant conditions regarding monitoring covered under EC orders issued by the MoEF as well as the conditions set forth under the order issued by Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board while granting CTE/CTO.
6.2. Areas of concern In case of river bed mining projects, the changes relating to water, aquatic biota, air, noise, biodiversity of the area, stability of river bank slopes, river hydraulics and plantation programme need special attention, from monitoring point of view, during the conceptual mine plan period to judge the efficiency of measures implemented for conservation of environment.
6.3. Environmental Monitoring The overall impact assessment of the proposed project was carried out and monitoring plans have been framed based on the severity of impacts in different areas. During the EIA study, it has been observed that the Ambient Air Quality and Noise, Water Quality are going to be affected marginally though temporary. The preventive/ curative measures to reduce the ill effects of construction activities on these parameters have been suggested under various plans. A holistic approach has been adapted for monitoring of air, noise and water related factors under different heads with suitable financial provisions for their implementation.
6.4. Environmental Monitoring Programme All the environmental parameters viz. air, water, noise, soil will be monitored regularly in order to detect any changes from the baseline status. Environmental Monitoring program will be followed till the mining operations ceases.
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6.4.1. Air Quality Monitoring and Management: Three locations one each in core zone (where the maximum mining is envisaged) and two each in buffer zone preferably at such intersection of the roads through which the increased vehicular traffic due to transportation of mined out material is stipulated to pass en-route in the tehsil will be monitored for four weeks in every season except monsoon. The 24 hr.
monitoring shall be done in respect of PM10, SO2 and NOx. It will be mandatory on the part of the project proponent (lessee) that they use the required equipment for monitoring gaseous pollutants in and around the project and periodically put into their website, accessible for public domain the results of Ambient Air Quality monitored besides providing the static information regarding mine lease area , production, lease duration. The information will also be made available on display board affixed at a conspicuous place in their site office. In addition the lessee will submit a detailed report every fortnight to the statutory bodies / authorities for evaluation and monitoring purposes. Any abnormal rise will be investigated to identify the causes and appropriate action will be initiated. The air quality in and around the project area can be improved by adopting following practices/ methods. (Table 6.1) Table 6.1 : Air Quality Monitoring and Management
Potential Parameters for Action Timing Impact Monitoring
Air All mining and transportation equipment Random checks of log At the Emissions are operated as per specified design book of equipment and commissioning parameters of the manufacturers. To keep follow-up action as per of mining gas emissions from the vehicles within the manufactures manual. operations. prescribed limit, proper tuning of engine should be ensured and periodically checked. Vehicle trips to be controlled as per mining Vehicle logs are to be During site plan. Either hooded trucks or covered with maintained regularly. The clearing, tarpaulin or polyethylene sheet overloading of vehicles to transportation be prevented by properly of minerals adjusting the weighing machine to display the true weight (tare and loaded). The top soil mainly consisting silt / clay as Absence of heaps / During site crust material in the riverbed must be stockpiles of top soil clearing as per removed 2 to 3 days before the pit mining progressive in the area earmarked is taken up. The top mine plan soil shall be scrapped, collected and stacked systematically on the upper terraces where plantation is to be carried out as per approved mine plan. Periodical grading and maintenance of Depressions and furrows During entire haul roads so as to facilitate smooth created on the surface operation movement of vehicles and minimizing the profile of the road due to period of mine incidence of spillage of sand bajri. continuous movement of the vehicles.
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Potential Parameters for Action Timing Impact Monitoring
Regular water spraying shall be done on Quantity of water During entire haul roads through moving sprinklers, requirement shall be operation besides water spray on top surface of the monitored from daily water period of mine area to be mined on daily basis subject to utilization register as well site requirements. as from water consumption statement. Ambient air quality within mine lease area The ambient air quality will As per RSPCB and other locations of the proposed unit to conform to the standards requirement. be monitored. for PM10, SO2 and NOx
6.4.2. Ambient Noise Levels Monitoring and Management: Noise levels in the working area will be monitored once in every season till the continuation of mining operations. Ambient noise levels will also be monitored once in a season at one site in the core area zone (where the maximum mining is envisaged) and two each in buffer zone preferably at such intersection of the roads through which the increased vehicular traffic due to transportation of mined out material is stipulated to pass en-route in the tehsil will be monitored for four weeks in every season except monsoon to evaluate the noise status and its effects on the surrounding community. Due to use of excavators and loaders the level of noise will definitely rise above threshold level at the place in the riverbed where the machines are in operation. But this increase in noise level will not be continuous and shall be governed by the breakup of cycle of operation of the machine which includes idle time also. Therefore, it would be most appropriate if following measures are rigorously applied during construction phase of the project. (Table 6.2)
Table 6.2 : Noise Level Monitoring and management
Potential Action Parameters for Monitoring Timing Impact Noise Inventory of all noise generating mining Equipment logs, noise During entire machinery onsite along with the reading mining operation. information of the running hours corresponding to useful life of machinery to be prepared. All equipment under deployment must be maintained in good condition. Generation of noise due to transport Maintenance records of During trans- vehicles vehicles portation. Implement good working practices Site working practices During entire (equipment selection and siting) to records, mining operation. minimize noise and also reduce its impacts on human health (ear muffs, safe distances and enclosures). The Noise level should not exceed the Noise level monitoring As per RSPCB permissible limit both during day and night requirement or times. quarterly which- ever is lesser.
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Potential Action Parameters for Monitoring Timing Impact All mining and transportation equipment Random checks of log book At the are operated as per specified design of equipment and follow-up commissioning of parameters of the manufacturers. Proper action as per manufactures mining maintenance of vehicles and their manual. operations. silencers to minimize noise levels Vehicle trips to be controlled as per mining Vehicle logs are to be During site plan. Either hooded trucks or covered with maintained regularly. The clearing, tarpaulin or polyethylene sheet. Minimum overloading of vehicles to be transportation of use of horns in the village area. Phasing prevented by properly minerals out of old trucks who have outlived their adjusting the weighing useful life. machine to display the true weight (tare and loaded). Plantation of trees on the upper terrace of Green development During entire the delineated reach of the river where the programme in the approved period of the mining activity have to be carried out mining plan mining operation. including the avenue plantation along haul roads to attenuate the noise level. 6.4.3. Water Quality Monitoring and Management: Water is one of most precious natural resources. Human beings are highly dependent on water for various purposes such as domestic needs, sanitation irrigation, industry, and disposal of wastes etc. The terrestrial and aquatic fauna also depend upon the water. The mining activity in riverbed will lead to increase in siltation though to a lesser degree. Further, due to congregation of labourers during the operation phase, open air defecating in the river bed section cannot be ruled out completely, if proper sanitation facilities are not provided to them. The rivers flowing in the area are ephemeral and flow during monsoon only, thus the probable water pollutants which may cause pollution during are:-
Suspended solids Biodegradable organic matters Pathogens and vectors Dissolved inorganic solids
The riverbed mining in 3m depth will have an impact on ground water level for monitoring of which the quality of the ground water shall have to be monitored in each quarter of the year besides observation of ground water levels during pre-monsoon (May) and post monsoon (November) every year at selected wells site. Besides this the surface water quality shall be monitored by taking samples from core area (where the maximum mining is envisaged) u/s of the lease area and also from two places at buffer zone preferably from medium dam on main rivers to ascertain the surface water quality. The Bureau of Indian Standards has prescribed clear cut guidelines for the maintenance of surface water quality standards (IS:2296-1982). The physico-chemical characteristics of the ground water should be compared with the drinking water specification as per IS: 10500. The water quality parameters to be monitored quarterly are shown in Table 6.3.
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Table 6.3 : Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters to be monitored
S. No. Parameter S. No. Parameter 1 pH 12 Fluorides 2 Electrical Conductivity 13 Iron 3 Turbidity 14 DO 4 Water Temperature 15 Phosphates 5 TSS 16 BOD 6 TDS 17 COD 7 Total hardness 18 Alkalinity 8 Magnesium 19 Chlorides 9 Calcium 20 Oil and Grease 10 Nitrates 21 Total Coliform 11 Sulphates 22 E-Coli
6.4.4. Soil Quality Assessment: Soil samples will be collected from one site each at core and buffer zone and quality will be checked once every except monsoon in order to see any positive or negative impacts of the operations. Soil samples will be collected from the plantation areas within the ML area in order to observe the improvement or deficiencies in the soil fertility and to take corrective actions. The soil analysis shall be carried out for the physico chemical characteristics like pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon and status of macro – nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphate, Potassium and micro – nutrients like zinc, iron, boron, etc.
6.4.5. Plantation Plantation before the onset of monsoon season will be done progressively until the final closure of the mine. An environment management group will carry out the monitoring as per schedule durations and parameters mentioned in Table 6.4.
6.4.6. Monitoring of erosion and stability of river bank The project proponent shall closely monitor the condition of the bank of the river/khad with in the mine lease area, one time each before monsoon and post monsoon. Based on the observation, the corrective measures in the form of retaining wall / gabion structure shall be provided at the affected banks at the toe, to control the land slips/bank erosion.
6.5. Environment Management Group For implementation of Environment Management Plan, a small unit called Environment Management Group will be formed under the control of the Environment Engineer. The job of this cell will be:
Implementation of pollution control measure. Monitoring programme implementation.
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Post-plantation care. To estimate the efficiency of pollution control measures taken. To bring out any other unforeseen effect on environment not covered under report. Seeking expert’s advice when needed. The task of monitoring of various environmental parameters could be assigned to State Pollution Control Board or any other agency approved by MoEF / SPCB. However, the project proponent shall procure a few field instruments like RDS, Noise level meter, Water testing kit.
6.6. Environment Policy/Violations of Environment Norms/ Hierarchal System 6.6.1. Environment Policy The project proponent (LOI Holder) is a firm which has a laid down environmental policy of its own and in furtherance of their business philosophy are committed to maintaining a clean and sustainable environment with concerted efforts towards improvement of environment performance in routine business. The firm shall strictly adhere to the central and the state rules and acts in context to the environment protection. The project proponent (would be lessee) shall comply with the environmental norms and conditions set forth in the main Environmental Clearance of the project and shall submit compliance to the MoEF periodically as warranted under the EC letter. The environment policy is enclosed as Annexure-V (A).
6.6.2. Infringement / deviation of the environment or forest norms/conditions The project proponent shall comply with the environmental norms set out by the Centre / State Government, which are being closely monitored by the MoEF, New Delhi and the State Pollution Control Board, Rajasthan, Forest Department. IPHD and Department of Mines and Geology, Rajasthan. Any infringement / deviation / violation of the rules contained in various environment and other rules and acts such as Rajasthan State Environmental Policy, 2010, Rajasthan State Water Policy, 2010, Rajasthan State Forest Policy, 2010, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, 1987, Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rule 2000 and the Rajasthan Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1986 (amended up to 19 June, 2012), if and whenever brought to the notice of the lessee, the same shall be addressed by him in the light of the expressed non-compliance reporting system, Annexure V (B). As a safeguard a well-documented Environment monitoring plan has been formulated.
6.6.3. Hierarchical System of the Company The organizational structure of the firm belonging to the project proponent is annexed as Annexure- V (C). The firm is headed by the Project Proponent (would be lessee) duly assisted by the Manager Mines & Environment shall act as project head. The mines manager is responsible for execution of works and enforcement of environmental laws/norms in
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respect of the project and is supported a Foreman who are responsible for direct execution of work and planning through Supervisors and Assistant Supervisors working at different locations. The environmental issues and compliance of the EC conditions shall be looked into by the Manager (Mines & Environment).
6.7. Cost of Environment Monitoring Plan The cost in respect of monitoring of environmental attributes, parameter to be monitored, sampling/monitoring locations with frequency and cost provision against each is shown in Table 6.4. The total cost of environmental plan works out to Rs. 15.0 lac for five years which implies that the recurring cost per year shall be Rs. 3.0 lac.
Table 6.4 : Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme S. Aspect Parameters to Frequency Location Cost Implementing and No. be monitored Estimates Pursuing Agency (Rs. lac)
1 Air Quality SO2, NOX, CO, Four weeks in one 3 locations as Rajasthan State monitoring season except already specified Pollution Control PM10 monsoon 10.0 Board or any approved agency of MOEF 2 Noise Quality Noise level Once quarterly 3 locations as Rajasthan State Monitoring except monsoon already specified Pollution Control 1.5 Board or any approved agency of MOEF 3 Water quality All parameters Once quarterly 3 locations as Rajasthan State Monitoring given in water except monsoon already specified Pollution Control quality 2.5 Board or any approved agency of MOEF 4 Soil Parameters given Once yearly 3 locations as Rajasthan State under soil except monsoon already specified Pollution Control monitoring 0.5 Board or any approved agency of MOEF 5. Plantation Plants and shrubs At the time of Green belt area in the green belt plantation before within the mine Project Proponent as - area and there monsoon and lease area, haul routine inspection mortality status quarterly thereafter roads 6. Erosion and Bank Conditions of Before monsoon Stability vulnerable banks Project Proponent as and post monsoon Lease area - and of check dam routine inspection every year /spurs 7. Celebration of Environment Day Yearly At Tehsil 0.5 Project Proponent 15.00
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Chapter 7. Additional Studies 7.1. General After having gone through the various aspects of the river bed mining at the proposed site and the related documents like Form–I and PFR, the MoEF in its 22nd meeting, held on 26.9.2013, set out the scoping clearance and issued ToR with additional ToR proposed for environmental impact assessment studies and preparation of environmental management plan for river bed mining and for submission of report after Public Hearing. The Terms of Reference issued by the MoEF is very comprehensive and subjective covering every aspects of mining activities and the related environmental issues to be addressed.
7.2. Replenishment Studies 7.2.1. Sediment Yield From Watershed The rate of gross or absolute silt production (erosion) in the watershed and the ability of the stream system to transport the eroded material in a river and then to a reservoir has the direct relation with the quantity of sediment delivered into a reservoir. The rate of gross erosion is dependent upon many physical factors live climatic conditions, nature of soil, slope of the area, topography and the land use. Hydro-physical conditions of the watershed govern the capability of transporting the eroded material. It has been observed that the average rate of sediment production decreases as the size of drainage area increase and the larger watershed the lesser is the variation between the rates. The larger watershed presents more opportunity for deposition of silt during its traverse from the point of production. The watershed with maximum land use class of forest generate very low rate of production unless the forest are degraded or open forest. The cultivated watersheds with unscientific farming produce very high rate of silt production. The total amount of eroded material, which reaches a particular hydraulic control point, is termed as sediment yield. The sediment control of inflow is governed by Character of run-off; Susceptibility of soils; The extent and density of vegetative cover in the area; and The hydraulic efficiency of the drainage system.
The sediment load comprises of bed load as well as suspended load, the former being the eroded material kept in motion in the bottom layers of the flow due to rolling, sliding and hopping, while the latter being the smaller size particles in saltation being thrown in suspension by the upward component of the turbulent velocity of flow. When the tractive force exceeds the frictional resistance between sand particles the latter are set in motion. The resistance to sediment to motion is directly proportional to the diameter of sediments ‘d’ and the specific weight of sediments in water (G-1), where ‘G’ is the specific gravity of sediments. The equation of critical tractive forces is:-
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c = 0.078d
where, ‘d’ is in mm and c is in kg/sqm
7.2.2. Estimation of Sedimentation Rate The scientific survey for determination of soil erosion rate from catchment and deposition rate in reservoirs have been frequently and widely conducted in past in India and in other countries. Sedimentation rate on the basis of actual measurement have been arrived for different perennial rivers by stream sampling of sediment load including bed load. Surveys of some of the existing reservoirs was carried out to assess the actual silting experienced by them over long period after impoundment. Thus the fundamental method for estimation of sediment is on the basis of actual measurements carried out in the basin.
7.2.2.1 Sedimentation rate on the basis of actual measurement Sediment sampling over a substantially long period is a suitable and logical method of obtaining information of sediment load being carried out by a stream. No sediment load observation have been made in the case of any of the rivers flowing the district/Tehsil as the rivers are seasonal and flow during monsoon alone and that the study period was post monsoon and thus there was no flow in the river. The rate of silting of an impounding reservoir is expressed by the equation
CL = EQs/C
Where
CL = annual silting rate
E = trap efficiency or % of incoming sediment trapped
Qs = annual net sediment production from the drainage area
C = Original reservoir storage capacity in m3
The reservoir surveys for establishing annual sediments entrapped in a few reservoirs was caused by the erstwhile Irrigation Department Rajasthan, during 1979-80. The water resource project considered were medium reservoirs like Sareri and Arwar located in Mansi River in Tehsil Asind and Shahpura of Bhilwara district and Dheel Tank in Dheel river in the Banas basin in district Sawai Madhopur. The computed siltation rate of these reservoirs are shown in Table 7.1.
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Table 7.1 : Siltation Rate of Reservoirs S. Name of Name of Catchment Year of Trap Rate of siltation Rate of No. Project River area (sq.km) Commission efficiency ham / sq.km/ Siltation in year cum/ha/year 1 Sareri Mansi 565 1957 96% 0.0441 4.41 2 Arwar Mansi 606 1959 95% 0.0233 2.33 3 Dheel Dheel 689 1911 95% 0.0261 2.65 Tank Source : DPR of Bisalpur Project 7.2.2.2 Empirical Relation Sediment load remains ungauged for majority of streams for want of setup of GDS sites (Gauge, Discharge and Sediment) in non-classified river basins. Many empirical relations have been evolved for determination of offsite deposition of eroded soil and sediment yield on the basis of analysis of data from different catchments of varying catchment area. The sediment yield has been worked out on the basis of some of such equations as applicable for Indian conditions and
a) Dr. A.N. Khosla’s Findings : y = 0.036 million cubic meter / 100 sq.km of catchment = 3.60 cubic meter/ha
Recent studies carried out in some of the Indian reservoirs suggest that actual silting observed in them is higher than what was postulated in Dr. Khosla’s Findings. The enveloping curve developed by Dr. Khosla had only five points pertaining to data of Indian reservoir while the remaining 33 points related to the reservoirs of other countries. The sediment rate of 3.60 cubic meter / ha is 18.4 % less than 4.41 cubic meter / ha as actually assessed for Sareri Dam.
b) Dr. D.V. Joglekar Enveloping Curve y=0.597/A0.24 where y= annual silting rate in million cubic meter per 100 sq. km. A= Catchment area in sq. km. For 1sq km catchment area the value of y y = 0.597/10.24 = 0.597 million cubic meter / 100 sq km = 5.97 cubic meter/ ha The sediment rate of 5.97 cubic meter / ha is 35.4 % more than 4.41 cubic meter / ha as actually assessed for Sareri Dam. c) Dr. R.S. Varshney’s Regional Enveloping Curves for Northern Indian River
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For plain rivers with catchment upto 1000 sq.km. y=0.392/A0.202 where, y= annual silting rate in million cubic meter per 100 sq. km. A= Catchment area in sq. km. For 1sq km catchment area the value of y y = 0.392/10.202 = 0.392 million cubic meter / 100 sq km = 3.92 cubic meter/ ha The sediment rate of 3.92 cubic meter / ha is 11.1 % less than 4.41 cubic meter / ha as actually assessed for Sareri Dam. d) Universal Soil Loss Equation The USLE is an erosion model for prediction of long-term average annual soil loss from a specified field area in specified cover and management conditions. The equation predicts the soil loss due to sheet and rill erosion. It computes soil loss for a site as a product of six factors. The equations of soil loss is described as : A = R K L S C P, where A = Soil loss per unit area (computed), expressed in tons/ha/year. R = Rainfall erosivity factor. It is the number of rainfall erosion index units for a particular Location K = Soil erodibility factor. It is the soil loss rate per erosion index unit measured on a unit plot of 22.12 m length supposed to have uniform 9 percent slope continuously in clear- tilled fallow. L = Slope length factor. It is the ratio of soil loss from the field slope length to that from a 22.13m length under identical conditions. S = Slope – steepness factor. It is the ratio of soil loss from the field slope gradient to that of a 9 percent slope under otherwise identical conditions. C = Cover and management factor. It is the ratio of soil loss from an area with specified cover and management to that from an identical area in tilled continuous fallow. P = Conservation practise factor. It is the ratio of soil loss with a support practice like contouring, strip-cropping, or terracing to that with straight-row farming up and down the slope. The soil loss through water erosion has been estimated by relevant information on factors like erosivity (R), Soil erodibility (K), topographic factor (LS), cover and management factor (C) and conservation practice factor (P). The publication on “Soil erosion in Rajasthan” has been prepared by National Bureau of Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) and is contained in Publication number 102. The values of various factors for a particular
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area / district of eastern Rajasthan are adopted on the basis of Appendices I through V and Figure 6 through 9 of the Bulletin.
For the study area falling under tehsil Piplu in district Tonk the value of various factors have been considered as following based on information provided in corresponding Appendices. Erosivity Factor (R) = 544 Topographic Factor (LS) = 1.0 Conservation Practice Factor (P) = 0.3 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) = 0.1 Cover and Management Factor (C) = 0.45
Based on above data the soil loss (A) is estimated through the equation A = R x K x LS x C x P = 544 x 0.1 x 1.0 x 0.45 x 0.3 = 7.3 tonne / ha / yr. = 5.21 cubic meter / ha /yr. e) Garde and Kothyari The author have analysed data from 50 catchment with an area ranging from 43 sq. km to 81880 sq. km and evolved the following equation for meet annual sediment yield.
0.6 1.7 0.25 0.1 0.19 Sam = CP Fe S Dd (P max/P) Where,
Sam = mean annual sediment yield in cum C = A co-efficient depending on the geographical location of the catchment P = Average annual rainfall in cm S = Land slope Dd = Drainage density in km/ sq.km. P max = Average maximum monthly rainfall A = Catchment Area in sq.km. Fe = Erosion Factor defined as under
Fe = (0.8 FA + 0.6 FG +0.3 FF + 0.1 Fw) /A Where,
FA = area of available land in catchment
FG = area occupied by grass and scrub
FF = area of forest land
FW = area of waste land On the basis of analysis of 154 catchment in India Garde and Kothyari produced an ISO- Erosion Rate Map of India (Figure 7.1). In the absence of any other information the erosion rates in tonne / sq. km / yr, for planning purposes, can be obtained by using the
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map. As per the map the study area lies between contours of 350 tonne / sq.km / yr and 1000 tonne / sq. km. / yr erosion rate but it is close to the latter. In any case the average value of 675 tonne / sq.km. or 4.82 cubic meter / ha can be conservatively adopted.
Figure 7.1 : Iso-Erodent Map of India after Kothyari
f) Dandy Bolten Study Dandy and Bolton studied sedimentation data from about 1500 reservoirs, ponds, and sediment detention basins with drainage areas between 1 to 30,000 sq.mile and found that the annual sediment yield per unit area was inversely related to the 0.16 power of the drainage area:
Where, S = Sediment yield in tons per square mile per year;
SR = Reference sediment yield of 1645 tonne/year corresponding to a 1 sq. mile drainage area, A = Drainage area in square miles
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AR = Reference drainage area in square mile
Dandy and Bolton also analysed sedimentation and mean annual runoff data from 505 reservoirs and inferred that annual sediment yield per unit area was increases sharply as mean annual runoff Q increases from 0 to 2 inches and thereafter, it decreased exponentially. This led to the following equations.
For Q<2 inches
- - - - - Eq. 1
For Q >2
inches - - - - - Eq. 2
Where, QR = reference mean annual runoff QR = 2 inches Dandy and Bolton combined Eqs. 1 and 2 into a set of equations to express sediment yield in terms of drainage area and mean annual runoff.
For Q <2 in.: - - - - - Eq. 3
For Q > 2 in.: - - - - - Eq. 4
2 Putting values of SR = 1645 tons/mi /y, QR = 2 inches, and AR = 1 sq.mile, Eq. 3 and 4 reduces to the followings set of equations: - - - - - Eq. 5 For Q <2 in.: S = 1280 Q0.46(1.43 – 0.26 log A)
-0.055Q - - - - - Eq. 6 For Q >2 in.: S = 1965e (1.43 – 0.26 log A)
In several cases, local factors such as soils, geology, topography, land use, and vegetation may have greater bearing on sediment yield than either mean annual runoff or drainage area. Nevertheless, these equations provide a first approximation to be regional assessment of sediment yield for watershed planning purposes. Equations 5 and 6 are based on average values of grouped data; therefore, they should be used with caution. Besides Dandy & Bolton themselves has category stated that use of the equation to predict sediment yield for a specific location would be unwise because of the wide variability caused by local factors not considered in the equation development. Actual sediment yield form individual drainage basins may vary 10-fold or even 100-fold from computed yields.
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In the present case for Mashi and Sohadara river with effective catchment of 980 and 625 sq.km respectively and the mean annual runoff corresponding to annual monthly average of 544mm for the observed data from 1973 to 2012 has been computed as under.
Estimation of mean annual runoff on the basis of empirical relation as applicable to the study area falling in Rajasthan.
R = (P-175)/2500 X P = 80.3 mm
Since the mean annual runoff is more than 2 inches, Eq. 6 shall be adopted for working the sediment yield.
For Mashi River, for A=980 sq. km. (378.38 sq. miles) and Q = 80.3 mm (3.16 inches)
-0.055Q S = 1965e (1.43 – 0.26 log A) = 439.62 metric tonne/km2/yr or 4.39 metric tonne / ha or 3.14 cubic meter / ha.
Total sediment load for Mashi river (980 sq. km) = (439.62 X 980) / 106 million tonne / yr. = 0.37 million tonne / yr.
For Sohadara River, for A=625 sq. km. (378.38 sq. miles) and Q = 80.3 mm (3.16 inches)
-0.055Q S = 1965e (1.43 – 0.26 log A) = 469.01 metric tonne/km2/yr or 4.69 metric tonne / ha or 3.35 cubic meter / ha.
Total sediment load for Sohadara river (625 sq. km) = (469.01 X 625)/106 million tonne/yr. = 0.29 million tonne / yr.
The annual sediment rate for Mashi and Sohadara river on the basis of Dandy Bolten equation are lower than the rates arrived on the basis of actual measurement in case of Sareri Dam.
7.2.2.3 Conclusion - Annual Sediment Rates to be Adopted The summary of silt rate on the basis of various methods described is presented in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 : Annual Sediment Rates by Various Methods
S. Method Annual Sediment Rate No. Cubic meter / ha Tonne / ha 1 Actual measurement at Sareri Dam 4.41 6.17 2 Dr. A.N. Khsola’s Findings 3.6 5.04 3 Dr . D.V. Joglekar Enveloping Curve 5.97 8.36 4 Dr. R.S. Varshney’s Enveloping Curve 3.92 5.49 5 Universal Soil loss Equation 5.21 7.29 6 Garde and Kothyari 4.82 6.75 7 Dandy Bolten 3.14 – 3.35 4.4 – 4.69
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Since the rivers flowing in the tehsil are also tributaries of Banas and flow in the identical basin like the rivers Mansi and Dheel for which the siltation rate has been computed on the basis of actual measurements, it is prudent to adopt the sediment rate of 0.0441 ham /sq.km /year or 4.41 cum/ ha/ year (617 tonne/sq.km/year) as assessed in case of Sareri dam. This siltation rate is also comparable with the siltation rate of 0.0475 ham / sq.km/ year as adopted in the case of Bisalpur dam on Banas river as is evident from the DPR (Chapter 4 Section 4.35) of the said project. The siltation rate of 4.41 cum/ha is also comparable with the siltation rate of 4.82 cum/ha as deduced from the ISO – Erodent Map of India (Garde and Kothyari).
7.2.3. Water Resource Project in the Catchment The major drainage flowing through Tehsil Piplu are Mashi (5th order stream) and Sohadara (4th order stream). These drainages form part of sub-watershed 2D2C5 and 2D2C7 as per Watershed Atlas of India and marked in catchment area map (Figure 3.6). Sediment production occurs in the drainage basin and sediment delivery is limited to major flood flows. When run-off occurs from severe storms or torrential rainfall flash floods of high magnitude flow in the drainage system along with large quantities of sediments which are transported through the rivers and get deposited at depositional or convex banks due to slower velocity of flow. Thus it is apparent that any sediment particle detached from its original configuration shall take time to reach the streams for onwards journey. The lower order streams (1st and 2nd order) generate more sediments due to their higher bed gradient but it is the higher order streams flowing with large discharge responsible for creating high tractive force needed for transportation of bed load and suspended sediments. With rivers flowing through different tehsils / district it is not feasible to confine the watershed into one tehsil. Depending upon the topography, the area in anyone tehsil could be the catchment for nearby drain/stream flowing in contiguous tehsil/district. Besides this the drainage basin in tehsil/district has been harnessed in the form of reservoir and tanks created across the main rivers and their tributaries the details of which are provided in Table 7.3. The pictorial view of prominent dam in tehsil is shown in Figure 7.2 and Figure 7.3.
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Figure 7.2 : Mashi Dam near Manoharpura
Figure 7.3 : Mashi River d/s of Mashi dam
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Table 7.3 : Tanks under the jurisdiction of Water Resources Department Length Height of above Gross Desing Canal Gross lowest Length storage spilway syste Comma S. Name of Nearest foundation of Dam capacity capacity m nd area No. Dam City (M) (Km) (MCFT) cumecs (Km) in ha. Major Tordi 1 Sagar Malpura 12.8 3.8 1664.64 261 80.52 16574 Medium 2 Mashi Piplu 8.54 2.1 1700 7576 94.62 8259 3 Chandsen Malpura 8.84 2.07 518.96 453 23.1 3992 Minor Doulat 4 Sagar Piplu 5.4 11.52 159 297 8 1830 Ramsagar Lamba 5 Hari Singh Malpura 6.6 2.32 101 156 13.41 1259 Kirawal 6 Sagar Malpura 7.16 2.47 242.1 614 18.9 2794 Bhawalpu r 7 Kerwaliya Malpura 4 1.86 61.56 16 7.5 624 Halolao 8 Kalmanda Malpura 4.8 2.55 74 38 9.6 672 Ramsagar 9 Ganwar Malpura 4.8 2.43 87 183 10.71 761
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7.2.4. Status of Water Inflow and Outflow from Reservoirs or Medium/Minor Dams During flood the silt laden discharge is intercepted by the structures and is entrapped in these reservoirs except for the period of outflow from the dam/reservoir which is possible only when the inflow into the dam exceeds the reservoir capacity. In case of smaller weirs/sluice/dams the condition of outflow is invariably achieved during good monsoon season. For transportation of the sediment it is necessary that the rivers flow during monsoon which is possible only in case of smaller tanks and reservoirs. But by contrast this situation is none-to-happy in case of major/medium dam as is revealed from Table 7.4 that Tordi Sagar on Sohadara river could hardly achieve its 75% capacity (1248 MCFT), 50% of gross capacity (832 MCFT) and 25% of gross capacity (416 MCFT) only 5, 8 and 12 years respectively out of 29 years (1985-2013). Notably, the outflow from the dam happened only in 3 years (1992, 1995 and 1996). The least storage capacity achieved is 6 MCFT, which is 0.36% of gross storage capacity during 2002 when monsoon precipitation was 138 mm. Mashi dam on Mashi river could achieve its 75% (1275 MCFT), 50 % (850 MCFT) and 25% of gross storage capacity (425 MCFT) only in 10, 12 and 18 years respectively out of 29 years (1985 to 2013). Upstream of Mashi dam anicuts have been constructed at Bisalo, Chandma and Nimera across Mashi river. The ponds created by these anicuts invariably gets filled every year as their storage capacity is very small oweing to lesser height of the crest from the riverbed.
Table 7.4 : Year-wise Details of Water Availability of Tanks/Reservoir (1979-2000) M. G. S. Name of Gauge Tehsil Capacity NO. Dam FRL mcft (ft) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 G C G C G C G C G C G C G C Bhawalpur - - 1 Malpura 61.56 8'-0" - - 8'-0" 61.56 8'-0" 62 7'-0" 47 2'-6" 6 3'-0" 8.6 Kerwaliya 2 Chandsen Malpura 518.96 20'-0" 7'-11" 68 7'-6" 62 1'-10" 4.36 11'-3" 135 10'-3" 112 4'-0" 19 - - Daulat ------3 Piplu 159 13'-0" 7'-0" 94.8 10'-0" 160 8'-0" 59 Sagar Halolao - - - - 4 Malpura 74 10'-0" 10'-0" 74 10'-0" 74 12'-0" 155 4'-5" 14 6'-9" 33.7 Kalmanda Kiraval 5 Malpura 242.10 15'-0" 6'-6" 44.8 8'-0" 68 4'-0" 16.4 6'-0" 38.7 3.9 mtr 84 5'-2" 29.6 4'-1" 16.4 Sagar
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6 Mashi Piplu 1700 10'-0" 1'-4" 510 - - - - 0'-6" 460 12'-2" 177 4'-4" 775 - - Ramsagar - - - - 7 Lamba Malpura 101 15'-6" 10'-0" 41.4 15'-6" 101 7'-6" 23.2 7'-0" 93 6'-8" 17 Hari Singh Ramsagar ------8 Malpura 87 11'-0" 3'-0" 12 8'-6" 230 6'-8" 18 8'-7" 28.4 Ganwar Tordi - - 9 Malpura 1664.64 30'-0" 13'-6" 132 19'-2" 427 4'-0" 6 6'-0" 14 22'-4" 681 9'-9" 56 Sagar
M. G. Name of Gauge S.No. Tehsil Capacity Dam FRL mcft (ft) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 G C G C G C G C G C G C G C Bhawalpur ------1 Malpura 61.56 8'-0" 5'-9" 31 Kerwaliya 2 Chandsen Malpura 518.96 20'-0" ------12'-9" 206 Daulat ------3 Piplu 159 13'-0" 5'-3" 25 3'-3" 10 Sagar 12'-6" 147 Halolao ------4 Malpura 74 10'-0" 11'-0" 74 Kalmanda Kiraval ------5 Malpura 242.10 15'-0" 5'-6" 31.4 Sagar 6 Mashi Piplu 1700 10'-0" ------6'-11" 1190 Ramsagar ------7 Lamba Malpura 101 15'-6" Hari Singh Ramsagar ------8 Malpura 87 11'-0" 4'-6" 8.5 Ganwar Tordi - - - - 9 Malpura 1664.64 30'-0" 14.4 202 9.9 41 Sagar 16'-1" 255 15'-9" 247 19'-6" 463
.
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7.2.5. Computation of Annual Sediment Load In the present case, Sohadara dam exists across Sohadara river is on u/s of the mine lease area in Tehsil Malpura and Mashi Dam across Mashi near Manoharpur. Considering the intercepted catchment by different reservoirs, tanks, weir, anicuts, dams, and the effective catchment area falling under Watershed no 2D2C5 (Mashi river) and 2D2C7 (Sohardara river) is 980 sq.km and 625 sq.km respectively. The sediment yield from this portion of effective catchment for Mashi river @ 617 tonne/sq.km works out to 0.60 million tonne/year. The project envisages annual production of 2.8 million tonne of which 1.71 million tonne shall be mined from Mashi river. Thus the annual extraction exceeds the annual deposition by 1.11 million tonne which implies that the deposition rate is about 35% of the annual extraction rate. The mine pits will get replenished provided there are two to three events of floods in every monsoon. The replenishment takes place faster during the first flood and thereafter the rate of replenishment decreases. For safe replenishment of river bed mine pits it is necessary that the mining activities are carried out in such reaches which are susceptible to deposition like the convex banks. The area mined out along Mashi river every year will get replenished after three consecutive good monsoon seasons, reckoned from the end of pre-monsoon season of the year of extraction, provided the free reach of the river receive run-off from three to four events of flood every monsoon. In case of Sohadara river the sediment yield from this portion of effective catchment for Sohadara river @ 617 tonne/sq.km works out to 0.38 million tonne/year. The project envisages annual production of 2.8 million tonne of which 1.09 million tonne shall be mined from Sohadara river. Thus the annual extraction exceeds the annual deposition by 0.71 million tonne which implies that the deposition rate is about 34.8% of the annual extraction rate. It is therefore assessed that the mined out area within 5 years in Mashi and Sohadara river shall be completely replenished after 11 years reckoned from the cessation of the mining provided every year average annual rainfall during monsoon season (544 mm) occurs in the catchment. (Table 7.5).
Table 7.5 :Details of yearly abstraction of sediments and replenishment
Name 15 16th Total 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th of Particular th yr (MM yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr yr River yr T) Annual Production 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 ------8.55 (MMT) Mashi Annual 0. Deposition - 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 9.0 6 (MMT) Annual 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 Production ------5.45 Sohad (MMT) ara Annual 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.3 0. 0.38 Deposition - 8 38 5.7 (MMT)
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7.3. Risk Assessment The mining activities involve certain types of hazards, during operation and close, which can disrupt normal activities abruptly and lead to disaster like fires, inundation, failure of machinery, explosion, to name a few. The impending dangers or risks, which need be investigated addressed, disaster management plan formulated with an aim to taking precautionary steps to avert disaster and to take such action after the disaster, which limits the damage to the minimum. Nevertheless, the following natural/industrial problem may be encountered during the open cast riverbed mining operation at the mine site.
Inundation is mine pits. Failure of Slope of riverbanks. Surface fire (Oil). In order to take care of above hazards/disasters, the following will be strictly followed:
Working of mines as per approved plans. All safety precautions and preventions as per DGMS requirement for risk and safety shall be strictly followed during all mining operations. Regular maintenance of transport vehicles. Entry of unauthorized persons will be prohibited. Periodic checking of worthiness of firefighting and first aid provision in the mining area. Training and refresher courses for all the employees. As a part of disaster management plan, a rescue team will be formed by imparting specialized training to select mining staff.
7.4. Inundation Studies The area experiences worst storms causing rainfall during monsoon season Though no mining activities is envisaged during monsoon season (June to September), yet in the context of the present mine the inundation cannot be ruled out due to flash flood in the catchment during non-monsoon season as is evident from Table 7.6. It is inferred from the Table that during non-monsoon season the monthly rainfall ranging from 6-121 mm was observed and in a single day 50 mm (06-10-1985) occurred to generate run-off corresponding to maximum one day rainfall of 7.38 mm.
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Table 7.6 : Monthly Maximum and a single day Rainfall (mm) during non-monsoon season Maximum Monthly Rainfall (mm) during non- Maximum Run-off from monsoon season (1973-2012) Rainfall (mm) Maximum Rainfall Tehsil Jan Feb Mar Apr May Oct Nov Dec in any day mm MCM Piplu 12 66 42 37 91 121 44 6 50 (06-10-1985) 7.38 5.03
Following precautionary measures shall be undertaken in respect of mining operation during non- monsoon season and before the onset of monsoon
The local nalas will not be obstructed/diverted along the boundary of lease area. A careful assessment of the danger of inundation from surface water shall be made before onset of monsoon season every year and adequate precautions against such dangers shall be implemented. Effectiveness of precautions, obstruction in normal drainage system etc. shall be checked regularly. During May no mining pit excavation shall be carried out adjacent to the bank offset line Standing orders for withdrawal of persons and mining equipment from mine in case of apprehended danger shall be framed and enforced.
7.5. Disaster Due to Failure of Pit Slope The excavation of a pit in a river bed can be construed as disturbing the continuity of the earth mass at the surface of excavation. The failure in an earth mass may be looked upon as loss of continuity caused by shearing stresses brought into play by the act of removing earth mass. The riverbed material in question comprises of gravel, bajri, sand, silt and clay and can be treated as cohesive – frictional (c - ᴓ) type of soil. The mining involves mechanized excavation in pits of 3 m depth from the natural surface level in the riverbed by deploying excavators. The riverbed material is a consolidated matrix comprising of gravel / bajri / sand and sand/silt/clay and thus has an angle of repose of 400 - 450. Since the depth of the pit is 3m and the slope material has a good angle of internal friction, probability of any planer failure, or wedge failure of pit are not there. If the depth of cut is too high, there is possibility of slope collapse, which releases a sediment cloud. This will further move outside the suction radius of dredged head. In order to avoid this typical situation, the depth of cut may be restricted to:
H/C < 5.5, where, - Unit weight of the soil H - Depth of soil
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C - Cohesive strength of soil In the present case = 1850 kg/m3 H = 3 m C = 750 kg/m2 Therefore H/C = 7.4 which is more than 5.5. Hence the pit mining in 3 m depth is safe
from stability consideration of slope. Otherwise also the safety factor against slope failure has been worked out as under by adopting Taylor’stability curve for stability number N=0.035 for angle of slope of 400.
F=C/NH = 750/0.035 x 1850 x 3 = 3.8 which is more than 1.5 (SF)
The riverbed in most of the rivers has become a consolidated matrix comprising of gravel, bajri, sand, silt and clay and thus the soil is classified as c - ᴓ i.e. it has both cohesion as well as internal friction.
7.6. Disaster Due to Failure of Mine Waste Dump Sliding of surface waste dump is an equally severe risk compared to quarry slope failure. Hence, it is imperative that the degree of hazard against potential failure of waste dump slopes should be identified and that precautionary measures are adopted, if required. The overall waste dump slope, considering the angle of repose, should not be more than 35º- 37º. In the present case of riverbed mining, the mine waste material is silt and clay which have been proposed to be disposed in the area designated for plantation and shall be properly dressed and levelled for creation of the green belt / plantation. Thus, no surface dumps have been proposed under the plan. The natural heap surface of about 0.5m - 1m high have an angle of repose of about 250 are quite safe.
7.7. Disaster Due to Surface Fire The chances of surface fire resulting per se from the riverbed mining activities are well- nigh impossible except for the mining machinery and transport vehicles catching and engulfed in fire due to electrical fault like short circuiting and other reasons. In winters the labour some time use fuel wood to warm themselves. The fire can result from the negligence of the labour, but it will be localized and shall not spread as the core zone area of the mine has no appreciable woody material, which can easily catch fire. As a safety, measure against fire hazard a couple of fire extinguishers will be installed at rest shelter and refilled periodically.
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7.8. Disaster Management Plan In order to handle disaster/emergency situations, an organizational chart entrusting responsibility to various project personnel will be prepared with their specific roles during emergency.
7.8.1. Planning 7.8.1.1 Identification and Prevention of Possible Emergency Situations Possible emergency situations can broadly be classified into vehicle collision, and inundation. Some of the ways of preventing emergencies are as follows:
Preparation of a Preventive Maintenance Schedule Programme and also covering maintenance schedules for all mining machinery/equipment and instruments as well as transport vehicles as per recommendations of the manufacturers user manuals,
Ensuring the compliance of traffic rules strictly along Katcha roads (haul roads) within the mine lease area as well as outside the mine lease area.
Emergent situation arise due to happening of some incident culminating into an abnormal situation. It implies that sufficient time space running from a few seconds to few minutes are always invariably available to arrest an incident of abnormal situation from turning in to an emergency.
7.8.2. Implementation Following key personnel, identified for carrying out specific and assigned duties in case of any kind of emergency, shall be available on call on holidays and off duty also.
Mine Manager Personnel Officer Foreman Senior Mining Mate Essential workers 7.8.2.1 Responsibilities of Mine Manager To take overall charge at the place of incident and activate the Emergency Preparedness Plan according to severity of situation. Inform Doctor to be ready for treatment of affected employees and intimate their relatives. To depute staff carry out following functions - To liaison with District Administration and other Departments and guide their personnel To supervise Assembly and Evacuation at all points
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To look after Patients who are bed ridden and any Casualties and give psychological support Inform and liaise with project proponent, Police department and District Emergency Authority. Arrange for chronological records of emergency to be maintained. Issue authorized statements to News Media. 7.8.2.2 Responsibilities of Mines Foreman To take immediate charge at the site of incident and ensure that immediate steps as per Emergency Preparedness Plan are taken and immediately inform Mines manager. Shall disseminate the information regarding emergency by blowing of Siren / Hooter. Supervise assembly and evacuation as per plan, if required and ensure that casualties are receiving proper medical care. Ensure accounting for personnel and rescue of missing persons. Control traffic movement in Quarry premises. 7.8.2.3 Responsibilities of Trained Workers A task force comprising of specially trained staff to act and deliver in the emergency situation shall carry out the following work.
Fire-fighting and spill control till fire brigade takes the charge and thereafter assist the fire brigade Ensuring safety and Isolating equipment, materials, urgent repairing or replacement, electrical work etc. Controlling movement of equipment, transport vehicles, special vehicle at the mine site. Extending First - Aid and medical help. Assistance at casualty’s reception areas to record details of casualties. 7.9. Occupational Health and Safety The effects of air pollution on human health are well documented. There are controversies in many respects, but there is sample evidence to show that air pollution is definitely a contributing factor to chronic bronchitis, asthma and emphysema. Health and Safety Measures to control dust inhalation; precautions would be adopted to prevent dust generation at site and dispersing in the environment. For the safety of workers at site, engaged at strategic dust generation points like loading and unloading points, screening plant etc., dust masks would be provided. Dust masks would prevent
inhalation of RSPM (PM10) thereby reducing the risk of lung diseases and other respiratory disorders. Regular health monitoring of workers will be carried out at the time of appointment as per Mine Rules 1955 and also yearly. Lung function test and audiometry test will be the essential part of health checkups as mine workers are prone
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to these. First aid facility should be available at the rest shelter. Training will be imparted to all the workers for health safety measures so that they can use the protective equipments essentially and effectively. Qualified Vocational Training Officer will be employed to impart the training to all the employees on regular basis. The personal protection equipments (PPE) such as Industrial Safety Helmet, goggles, Ear muffs / earplug, Dust mask, hand gloves and Industrial safety shoes with steel toe will be provided to the workers. The details of pre-placement medical examination and periodical check-up schedule with cost have been provided in Chapter 9.
7.10. R & R Plan In the wake of the fact that no private land or asset acquisition is involved in the mine lease area which totally falls in revenue waste land classified as Gair Mumkin Nadi/Nala in the revenue records, no R&R plan is warranted.
7.11. Social Impact Assessment The project does not involve acquisition of any private land or asset and thus there shall be no project affected persons. No social impact assessment is thus warranted under Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.
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CHAPTER 8. : PROJECT BENEFITS 8.1. General The forthcoming project shall open new vista for employment in the area in many spheres. With the commencement of proposed mining activities, a new horizon shall emerge to the local populace for their social upliftment. The mine lease area neither entails any acquisition of any private land or property nor any displacement of persons. Therefore, it will it will not have any adverse impact on these counts but it will herald all positive benefits to the society and improve socio economic fabric of the region.
8.2. Accelerated Development of Infrastructure and Housing Sector The implementation of the project shall help in meeting the huge demand of construction material like coarse and fine sand/Bajri required for building construction and infrastructure works in Ajmer Division of Rajasthan.
8.3. Employment Potential 8.3.1. Mining Activities About 109 labours shall be engaged for extraction of Sand/Bajri and loading and handling of mineral in mining area, besides, watch and ward and plantation activity with proper maintenance. The majority of manpower belonging to skilled/semi-skilled/unskilled shall be indigenously available. Therefore, it is estimated that approximately109 persons shall be benefited by direct employment.
8.3.2. Implementation of Management Plans Various management plans, suggested as mitigation measures, viz. Green Belt Development and maintenance of haul road are highly labour oriented forestry/civil work with lesser material component. The forestry works involved under these plans do not involve any state- of-the-art for which especial labour is warranted. In fact, these routine works can be executed to perfection by the skilled/semi-skilled/unskilled labour locally available.
8.4. State Exchequer Commencement of mining activities shall result in direct revenue to the State Exchequer in the form of royalty, trade/sales tax, cess etc. besides creating environmental management fund for carrying out environment protection works.
8.5. Betterment of Trade and Commerce With the commencement of mining operations, the need for housing of the mine workers/personnel shall arise which will be mostly provided by the local persons of nearby villages/ markets by giving the accommodation on rental basis. This will fetch income to the house owners. Besides this there shall be an increase in demand of all commodities to meet
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out the needs of mined workers/personnel and the transport personnel. Thus, there shall be a general boost to business and commerce in the area.
8.6. Tangible social benefits There will be a positive impact in socio-economic area due to increased economic activities, creation of new employment opportunities, infrastructural development and better educational and health facilities.
The project proponent (Lessee) will undertake awareness program and community activities like health, camps, medical aids, family welfare camps, AIDS awareness programme etc.
Periodic medical check-ups as per Mines Act/ Rules and other social development and promotional activities will be undertaken. All this will assist to lift the general health status of the residents of the area around mines.
A massive plantation has been done in the mine area so far and lot many are proposed to mitigate the ill-effects of mining and to improve the vicinity and environment of mine and it surrounding area. The project proponent will give emphasis on plantation and will also motivate local persons for plantation during rainy season. This will also increase the consciousness in workers and near-by villagers for greenery. Fruit trees can contribute towards their financial gains.
.
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CHAPTER 9. : Environmental Management Plan 9.1. General Based on the evaluation of baseline data and predicted impacts, suitable and plausible management plans are to be formulated for implementation, to minimize the negative impacts in the environmental attributes of land, water, air, noise, ecological and socio-economics. The implementation of all the management plans should commence pari-passu with the commencement of mining activities so that the environmental ambiguities going to crop up may be resolved before the completion of conceptual plan of the mine i.e. towards the end of life of mine. Various environmental management plans, designed within the framework of statutory and regulatory requirements on environmental and socio-economic aspects to attain sustainable development are described in the proceeding sections.
9.2. Pollution Control Measures 9.2.1. Air Pollution Control In riverbed manual mining, dust emissions are generated during various mining activities, material handling and due to plying of transportation trucks in the mine lease area and also on haul roads. However, the EIA study has shown that ground level concentration of
pollutants like PM10, SO2 and NOX are within the NAAQS are well and when become airborne lead to increase in particulates level in the ambient air. The detailed mitigation measures as contained in Section 4.7. The project proponent shall ensure that these are strictly followed. Besides this the ambient air quality monitoring shall be periodically carried out at locations and frequencies mentioned under Section Chapter 6.4.1. Apart from these mitigation measures, the idle running of transport vehicles at the mine site shall be totally avoided. The sprinkling of water on surface of haul roads and over the silt/clay disposed in the plantation area shall involve major cost component of the works towards air pollution control. For meeting out the cost of purchase of ground water (25 kld for dust suppression) from tube wells and its transportation cost to the site @ Rs. 625/day for 280 days annually, a sum of Rs. 1.75 lac has to be earmarked as recurring expenditure under air pollution control measures.
9.2.2. Noise Pollution Control The noise monitoring shows that day and night time baseline noise levels at mine site in river bed are within the prescribed limit. The other source of noise at the site is due to operation of transport vehicle. Due to use of excavators and loaders the level of noise will definitely rise above threshold level at the place in the riverbed where the machines are in operation. But this increase in noise level will not be continuous and shall be governed by the breakup of cycle of operation of the machine which includes idle time also. The impact study shows that the noise levels due to noise source from mining machinery and truck movement are
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attenuated after 100 m distance from the mine site. The resultant noise levels are very high at mine site. The detailed mitigation measures are contained in Section 4.6. The project proponent shall ensure that these are strictly followed. Besides this the ambient air noise level monitoring shall be periodically carried out at locations and frequencies mentioned under Section Chapter 6.4.2. The environmental surroundings near the mine site like vegetal cover greatly attenuate the noise level. On this account the green belt shall be developed along the haul road as well as in the area earmarked for plantation within the lease, the cost of development of greenbelt has been separately assessed. The cost of other equipments like ear plug/muff and noise level monitoring during the course of mining have been included under occupational health and safety plan and environmental monitoring plan.
9.2.3. Water Pollution Control 9.2.3.1 Surface Water The major impact due to riverbed surface mining is the increase siltation owing to sediment particles coming under the influence of the current and also due to toe erosion of bank in the mine lease area. In the impact studies, it has been held that the mining activities shall be carried out during the period when the rivers run dry and thus there will be no synergic relation between water and soil during the period of mining. However, during heavy rains the loose soil spread on upper terraces can find way into the river section due to run-off from upper banks and also due to formation of rills. This will increase the silt rate to smaller extent as the river flow during flash floods carry considerably high sediment and suspended load as compared to the former. Apart from the mitigation measures suggested in Section 4.5.2, spillage of sand and bajri into the river bed should be avoided during transportation. The plantation under the green belt programme shall also help in checking the erosion of the bank. Besides this the water quality monitoring shall be periodically carried out at locations and frequencies mentioned under Section Chapter 6.4.3. Thus, there is no cost implication of this plan as all work activities are covered under other plans.
9.2.3.2 Ground Water The base level study have revealed that there will be neither any impact on groundwater as the ground water table is not intersected nor the mineral formation has any toxic elements. However as the requirement of water for drinking/domestic use, dust suppression and green belt shall be met from the ground water resources (nearby tube well), thus there shall be an impact on ground water resource to the extent the water is abstracted from the ground. This impact shall not be substantial as merely 0.011 MCM shall be abstracted from ground water resource annually. This meagre use of ground water resource shall be compensated many fold during flood and after flood when the subsurface basin in the form of 3m deep mine pits shall act as reservoir to trigger a good recharge of the ground water due to the increase head
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for percolation. Besides this the project proponent shall construct a few conventional water harvesting structure under the CSR initiatives. Thus no further mitigation measures are warranted.
9.2.4. Land Environment Any mining activity may alter the land use pattern in the lease area. In order to minimise the adverse effects, the following suggestions have been made. Degradation of land is not a very significant adverse impact of river terrace mining due to creation of access roads, mining operations and transportation of mined material. In order to prevent the environmental degradation of lease area and its surroundings, the following measures shall be taken;
Minimal damage to the flora standing around the lease area.
Foreign material should neither be allowed to remain/spill in lease area, nor the pits/pockets will be allowed to be filled with such material,
No stockpiling of extracted sand and bajri shall be done outside the lease area.
9.2.5. Biological Environment No Schedule-I & II species, under WPA 1972, have been sighted in the project area i.e. core zone. However, as per Forest Working Plan of Tonk Forest Division, in the buffer zone of the study area a few mammals (Jungle Cat, Indian Fox and Rhesus Monkey - Schedule - II) and avi-fauna (Common Peafowl – Schedule - I) included in Schedule I & II of WPA Act, 1972 are stated to be present and these wild animals sometimes also frequent the area nearby the river banks. Thus, for conservation of these a management plan has been formulated.
9.2.5.1 Conservation Plan for Peafowl Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Genus: Pavo
Species: Pavo cristatus
Introduction
The Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), is also known as the Common Peafowl or the Blue Peafowl, The peacock is the national bird of India. It is a resident breeder in the Indian
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subcontinent and has been introduced into many parts of the world and feral populations exist in many introduced regions. It is the largest of the pheasants. It has a crest atop the head. Most attractive part of its body is its magnificent `tail`(train) with its colourful feathers with a black eye at the end. The peafowls loose these feathers at the end of summer and new ones grow during summer. Geographical Distribution:
The Indian sub-continent is the natural range of the Indian Peafowl. It is found in good numbers in Indian Territory ranging from Outer Himalayas through vast stretch of the country including the Peninsula. It is also found in Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The arid deserts of Rajasthan, the riverbanks of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, the foothills of the Himalayas in Uttar Pradesh and the forests of Haryana – these are considered to be the major and commonly-known habitats of peacocks in India. Habitat and Behaviour:
The scrub jungles and forest edges are the natural habitat of this bird which has affinity towards a moist and dry deciduous and semiarid biomes. It is also found along streams with good vegetation and in agricultural fields and in close proximity with the human settlements. Habitat mosaic of scrub and open areas with ample sites for “dust bathing” and “lekking”. Dust bathing is critical as this bird has to condition its feathers and remove feather-degrading bacteria and other external parasites. The peafowl are forest birds that nest on the ground. The peafowl are terrestrial feeders but roost in trees. It has got a loud scream that can scary many enemies. The life expectancy is about 10-15 years. Food:
Peafowls are omnivores, eating plant parts, flower petals, seed heads, insects and other arthropods, reptiles and amphibians. In the study area, dense tree canopy cover supports good insect diversity which is very common food for peafowls. Conservation Status:
The Indian Peafowl is listed as least concern species in the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, in India it has been attributed the utmost protection by inclusion in Schedule-I of Indian Wildlife Act, 1972. Threat:
These birds are under continuous threat from human beings for variety of reasons like demand for feather and wild meat, direct encounter with the farmers during harvesting seasons, adverse impact due to increase use of pesticides and habitat reduction due to conversion of their habitat to agricultural land, industrial growth etc. The incidence of killing
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of peafowls by the local populace for host of reasons have been reported and recorded at many places in Rajasthan. Conservation Plan:
The people living in the surrounding area and employee of the company would be motivated towards the protection of the animal. Motivation will lead to timely information to the concerned authorities about any threat to wild life or any cases of pouching/hunting. Though peafowl is well adapted to the existing rural setting of the study area yet the following strategies:
Habitat improvement programme will include plantation of various plant species mentioned in Table 9.2 and other species reported from the study area should be taken in to priority. In order to improve vegetation cover, it is suggested to carry out extensive afforestation program different phases. Peafowl is seen at times in this area. It is well known that this bird requires insects, snakes and grass seeds etc. as its food and sufficient water to drink. By planting tree and sowing grass seeds, vegetation at status of the area will improve. This will provide more food and by strengthening water bodies more water will be available thus help improve the population status of Peafowl in this area.
Under habitat improvement programme the seeds of grasses and saplings will be distributed in the various villages of the study area. Compost packets will be also provided at the intervals of the every six months by the proponent (in consultation of forest department).
Water will be filled in the existing (selected by forest department) water bodies near the river banks and in the scrub area by water tankers.
School level awareness programmes will be conducted for conservation of peacocks by organizing competitions during “Wildlife Week” and “Van Mahotsav” celebrations
9.2.5.2 Conservation Plan for Jungle Cat Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
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Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Felis
Species: Felis chaus
Introduction The jungle cat (Felis chaus), also called the swamp lynx (although not closely related to the lynxes), is a medium-small cat, but is now considered the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus Felis. Due to the pointed ears and the long legs this cat resembles a small lynx (hence the name "swamp lynx"). Geographical Distribution:
Felis chaus inhabits Asia and North Africa, including Indochina, Thailand, Burma, India, Sri Lanka, Mesopotamia, and North Egypt. Afghanistan and Transcapia define the northern border of its range It inhabits various habitats, for instance savannas, tropical dry forests and the reedbeds along rivers and lakes, but it is not found in rainforests. In some areas the jungle cat comes close to villages and may even live in deserted houses. The jungle cat lives in heights up to 2500 m, but is more common in the lowlands. Habitat:
Felis chaus is found in a wide variety of habitats, most often in wet grasslands and reed thickets near stagnant or slowly flowing water. Although some populations reside in dry areas, F. chaus is never far from a pool of water. Jungle cats live at elevations between sea level and 2400 meters above MSL. Food:
The cat feeds on rodents, frogs, hares and other small mammals snakes, lizards and birds. Those cats living close to bodies of water are able to swim and dive in order to catch fish. Felis chaus preys on, ground birds, and frogs.
Behaviour: Like most felids, Felis chaus are solitary animals. They are active both day and night and den in thick vegetation or in the abandoned burrows of badgers, foxes, or porcupines. When resting they twist the forefeet at the wrist joint and tuck them under the body.
Conservation Status: The Jungle Cat is listed as least concern species in the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, in India it has been attributed the utmost protection by inclusion in Schedule-II of Indian Wildlife Act, 1972
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Threat: Competitors are the main threat to the wild cat. Competitors of the wild cat include leopards, wolves, red dogs, and hyenas’
Conservation: The people living in the surrounding area and employee of the company would be motivated towards the protection of the animal. Motivation will lead to timely information to the concerned authorities about any threat to wild life or any cases of pouching/hunting.
9.2.5.3 Conservation Plan for Indian Fox Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Vulpes
Taxon: Vulpes bengalensis
Introduction
The foxes are the smallest amongst the canids characterized by their solitary nature (the only social unit being a pair during the breeding season) and versatility in strategies for effective survival. Geographical Distribution:
The Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) is endemic to the Indian subcontinent. The species has a relatively wide distribution varying from the foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal to the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent. However nowhere in its range is the Indian fox abundant. Habitat:
The species largely occupies semi arid, flat to undulating terrain, scrub and grassland habitats, which are suitable for foraging and denning activities. The Biogeographic Zones 3 (Desert), 4 (Semiarid) and 6 (Deccan Peninsula) are believed to hold relatively high numbers. It avoids dense forests, steep terrain, tall grasslands and true deserts. In the Indian peninsula, the species is restricted to the plains and open scrub forest. Food:
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The order Carnivora is well known for its wide dietetic characteristics. Indian fox has been reported as an omnivorous opportunistic canid. Their diet has been known to comprise of insects (grasshoppers, termites, beetles, scorpions, ants, and spiders), crustaceans, rodents including gerbils, field rats and mice, hares (Lepus nigricollis), birds and their eggs, fishes, ground lizards and rat snakes (Ptyas mucosus). Fruits consumed by the foxes included ber (Zizyphus spp.), neem (Azadirachta indica), mango (Mangifera indica), jamun (Syzigium cumini), banyan (Ficus bengalensis) and pods of Cicer arietum and Cassia fistula. etc., They have also been reported to feed on carcasses, and urban waste. Behaviour:
They are mostly crepuscular and nocturnal in habits, foraging usually in the dark hours. Denning in the Indian fox is restricted to the pup rearing period. The Indian fox breeds from December to January (in Kutch), average litter size being two. Life Span:
6-8 years in captivity, 10-12 years also reported. Conservation Status:
The Indian Fox is listed as least concern species in the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, in India it has been attributed the utmost protection by inclusion in Schedule-II of Indian Wildlife Act, 1972. Threat:
Wolves and feral dogs are major predators. Bengal foxes are susceptible to habitat loss and degradation, persecution, roadkills, and changes in native species dynamics due to pathogens or parasites. Bengal fox is hunted for sport and for its fur. Its body parts are used in traditional medicines. Although the Indian Fox is widespread, it occurs at low densities throughout its range, and populations can undergo major fluctuations due to prey availability. It is also quite sensitive to human modifications of its habitat. There are no known commercial uses for the Indian Fox, although there is limited localized trade for skin, tail, teeth and claws (for medicinal and charm purposes). There is no trade or potential for trade of the Indian Fox. Conservation:
The people living in the surrounding area and employee of the company would be motivated towards the protection of the animal. Motivation will lead to timely information to the concerned authorities about any threat to wild life or any cases of pouching/hunting.
9.2.5.4 Conservation Plan for Rhesus Monkey Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
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Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Macaca
Introduction
The Rhesus Macaque is also known as the Rhesus Monkey. It belongs to the Old World category and is among the best known. These are small Monkeys with pink faces that don’t have any fur on them. They may be brown or gray in color. They have a long tail that helps them to stay balanced and for leaping. Geographical Distribution:
The Northern portions of India are where you will find the Rhesus Macaque. Thailand, Vietnam, and South China are just a few of the places where they are found. They have the largest geographical location of any primate in the world other than humans. They enjoy open areas that are arid. However, they also live in the mountains at high elevations. They can also live in wooded regions as they have a diverse ability to live in many habitats. Habitat:
This species is diurnal and omnivorous, and alternatively arboreal and terrestrial. It resides in a range of habitats, including temperate coniferous, moist and dry deciduous, bamboo, and mixed forests, mangroves, scrub, rainforest, and around human habitations and developments, including cultivated areas, temples, and roadsides (Choudhury 2001; Srivastava and Mohnot 2001). Food:
Pine needles are part of their food supply. Roots, small insects, and leaves also make up their daily dietary intake. They are able to store food in the pouches of their cheeks. In many areas they have been known to go to humans for food that has been left out for them. They remember where to go for it though so now it has become a huge problem. Now villagers are trapping them and killing them to get them to stop coming around. Behaviour:
Swimming is a common event for the Rhesus Macaque. They do it to help them cross between the islands. The young can swim when they are just a few days old. They are often found to have drown though in areas where the waters was moving just too fast for them to swim. They are active both during the day and at night. They will live mainly in the trees but also on the land.
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The groups can have as many as 40 members, with there being about 4 times as many females. There is a complex hierarch that is through the females. Her young will have their lineage in the group based on hers. Reproduction:
There isn’t a specific time of year for mating to occur with the Rhesus Macaque. As long as they have enough food and shelter it will be taking place. The females are mature around 3 years of age. It is about a year later for the males. After mating it takes about 164 days for the young to arrive. They are well cared for by their mothers. They are taught how to be important members of the group. They are encouraged when they find food and when they call out to warn other members of dangers. The life span of a rhesus monkey in captivity is approximately 15 - 20 years for males and 20 - 25 years for females. These monkeys rarely live beyond 15 years of age in the wild. Conservation Status:
The Rhesus Monkey is listed as least concern species in the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, in India it has been attributed the utmost protection by inclusion in Schedule-II of Indian Wildlife Act, 1972. Threat:
This species is generally unthreatened, though its original habitat is increasingly being lost to development. While M. mulatta exists easily around humans, the increasing level of cohabitation has been associated with waning levels of human tolerance for the animals (Molur et al. 2003). Confiscation for laboratory testing is a mostly localized threat, but it is considerable in certain areas (A. Kumar pers. comm.). Capture and release of laboratory and “problem monkeys” from rural and urban areas into natural forests is a major threat to wild macaques. Conservation Plan:
The people living in the surrounding area and employee of the company would be motivated towards the protection of the animal. Motivation will lead to timely information to the concerned authorities about any threat to wild life or any cases of pouching/hunting. The root cause of this conflict between humans and rhesus macaques is the eradication of natural habitat, forcing monkeys into proximity with humans. Though they excel in human- disturbed environments, rhesus macaques living in forested areas are usually healthier, eating a better diet, and in overall better condition than urban macaques (Lindburg 1971). Restoration of their natural habitat in densely populated areas may decrease conflict, but given that they will likely move into areas where humans make food readily available, this
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may not be a permanent solution. In the long term, management will be necessary to conserve healthy populations of rhesus macaques and prevent persecution by humans from being a threat to their survival (Muroyama & Eudey 2004). Translocation of large numbers of monkeys may be one management option to remove rhesus macaques dependent on human sources of food. In one area of significant human- rhesus macaque conflict, about 600 macaques were captured and successfully relocated to forested areas nearby (Imam et al. 2002).
9.2.5.5 Financial Projection of Conservation Plan To implement the conservation plan following works are proposed within the core zone, buffer zone and adjoining forest and revenue area. More emphasis will be given to soil and water conservation structures and creation of water holes along with the habitat development works. To improve the habitat and conserve the flora and fauna following items of works are proposed and tentative financial allocation for the same is given in front of them (Table 9.1).
Table 9.1 : Cost under Conservation Plan S. No. ITEM Amount (Rs. lac) 1. CONSERVATION OF SOIL AND WATER 1.1 Improvement of existing water sources (Small Ponds) 0.75 1.2 Development of new water sources (Water Holes) 0.75 2. HABITAT IMPROVEMENT 2.1 Plantation / Pasture Development 2.00 2.2 Burning regime, seeding and grass cutting 0.25 2.3 Improvement of Escape cover 0.25 2.4 Improvement of Reproductive cover 0.50 3. CREATION OF CONSERVATION AWARENESS 0.25 4. PROVISION OF SALT LICKS 0.25 TOTAL for five years 5.00
9.2.6. Social Environment With the commencement of the project, there shall be direct employment opportunity for 109 workers, besides this the project will open vista for employment in transportation sector, besides generation opportunity for deployment in activities related to stone crushing plant. Since no private land is to be acquired for mining, thus the ticklish issues touching and arising due to R&R issues are not involved. Therefore, impact of riverbed mining of sand and bajri on the social economics of the area shall be a very positive one. It will also provide stimulus to the business and commerce of local market. The small-time shopkeepers running hotel/Dhaba shall also be benefitted.
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9.2.6.1 Corporate Social Responsibility The project proponent is a non – corporate entity and is well aware of his duty and responsibility towards the socio-economic development of the local community where the project activities will be carried. The proponent is also bound by the national policies and is vigorously passionate to carry out some initiative towards the society by improving their quality of life and fostering sustainable and integrated development in the communities in the vicinity of the lease area. This objective of social responsibility is equally well-entrenched in the minds of the project proponent which is manifest from some of the CSR activities included in the mine plan. The project proponent wish to play an active part in providing financial support and empowering rural communities to chart their own development.
The activities to be carried out under Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives will have a positive impact on socio economic fabric of the region. The Project Proponent may promote local NGO, ask the communities to prepare their micro level plans based on genuine needs. It is, therefore, proposed to have CSR plan focusing on following broad areas of activities that addresses the problems and needs of the community in the project area in a holistic manner:
Livelihood and Entrepreneurship: Helping rural communities in the project vicinity to become self-sufficient and sustainable by providing training in self-employment and supporting entrepreneurship
Women Empowerment: A driving social change in rural areas by empowering women through education and training and promoting their Self Help Groups (SHG) and micro finance for group, individual and community income generation activities such as tailoring/embroidery classes for women; and Orientation programs for self-employment in collaboration with District Industries Centre and District Rural Development Agencies.
Education: Empowering children and adults by bringing quality education to remote rural areas
Infrastructure: Invest in rural infrastructure to make basic amenities available to the villages such as traditional water harvesting structures.
Environment:
Promoting environmental awareness and responsibility amongst rural, socially backward and poor communities.
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Health: Provide affordable, quality healthcare to villages by giving community level health care training through village workers especially women.
Agricultural Improvement: With the help of Agricultural Department, organize training programs such as animal husbandry, dairy development, modern cultivation, scientific storage of grain, water conservation etc; Assist district livestock officer (DLO) to organize veterinary camps; Help in arranging in association with nearby agricultural department for soil testing and technical inputs for increasing yield.
Employment:
Preference in employment should be given to local population for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled categories. Necessary training may be imparted to locals to improve their skill. The broad activities proposed under CSR initiative along with financial implications is shown in Table 9.2.
Table 9.2 : Cost under CSR initiative S. No. Description Amount (Rs. lac) 1. Health checkup camps 8.0 2. Assistance to local schools, scholarship to students 4.0 3. Sanitations and drinking water facilities 4.0 4. Vocational training to persons for income generation 4.0 5. Assistance to self-help groups 4.0 6. Creation of traditional water harvesting structures 4.0 7. Gender support / women empowerment 1.5 8. Organizing veterinary camps 1.5 9. Plantation in the village panchayat 4.0 Total 35.0
9.3. Green Belt development plan In order to mitigate and minimize the environmental impacts, arising due to riverbed mining project especially from air pollution, noise pollution, soil erosion etc. the Greenbelt development in the area delineated can provide the best mitigation option. The green canopy not only absorbs some of these pollutants as carbon sink but also improves the aesthetic environment, besides attenuating the noise levels. Therefore, a “Green Belt Development Plan” has been proposed around the mine lease area and along the haul roads. Though the mine lease area 889.925 ha, has vast linear length along river(s) as compared to the width of mining and it extends over several rivers separated by kilometres, yet the annual mining shall be limited to 66.66 ha for each year of lease period of 5 years beyond which the lease
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is not extendable. Thus keeping in view the guideline for plantation in respect of mining lease area more than 50 ha, the plantation within the lease area has to be carried out during lease period (5 years) in such manner that the total area under plantation is equivalent to 33% of the factual mining area. In the present case the annual area for plantation works out to 22 ha.
9.3.1. Development of Greenbelt The green belt is proposed to be developed in the area of upper terraces and areas prohibited for mining and along the network of haul roads. The strategy worked out for development of green belt consists of following:
The species selected should be capable of growing fast, The species should be wind firm and long lived. Broad leaf trees growing above 10 m in height should be planted along the roads, offices and infrastructure facilities. The species should form a dense crown cover. The species should form a litter in abundance on the plantation flow. Generally local/indigenous fast growing trees shrubs should be planted. The trees should be protected by plantation of non-palatable shrub species to avoid browsing by animals. Placement of tree guards (metal tree guard, pre-feb RCC tree guard, Fiber tree guard etc.), should be provided to save avenue plantation. For protection against biotic interference thorn fencing around the plantation, circular trench around the planting pit and sown with fast growing thorny shrubs on the ridge should be followed. To mitigating the impact of dust and noise, which likely to rise during mining, plantation would be done around the mining areas. The species selected under this plantation will be moderately high, good foliage bearing and are able to trap dust and noise. The following species have been proposed for plantation under green belt. (Table 9.3).
Table 9.3 : Species suggested for plantation under Greenbelt Development Progaramme Sl. No. Name Scientific Name 1 Amaltas Cassia fistula 2 Amla Emblica officinais 3 Baheda Teminalia bellerica 4 Bainkan Melia azadirachta
5 Basinga Adhatoda Vasica 6 Bougainvillea Bougainvillea sp. 7 Dhak Butea monosperma
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8 Drumstick Moringa oleifera 9 Gulmohar Delonix regia 10 Harad Terminalia Chebula 11 Jatropa Jatropha curcas 12 Kachnar Bahunia variagata 13 Khejari Prosopis cineraria 14 Neem Azadirachta indica 15 Ranawara Cassia auriculata 16 Reetha Sapindus mukorossi 17 Sahtoot Morus alba 18 Senna Cassia tora 19 Shisham Dalbergia sissoo 20 Siris Albezia lebbek
9.3.2. Guidelines and Techniques for Green Belt Development Based on environmental conditions suitable indigenous plants species shall be planted under green belt development plan. The requirement of plants sapling for development of green belt shall be made from the nearby forest nursery. The soil characteristics shall also be kept in mind. As advance work the area to be planted shall be demarcated and pit locations marked. For site having sandy and sandy loam soil planting pits of 45cm x 45cm or 60cm x 60cm x 60cm shall be dug out and semi-filled with good and loose weathered soil before planting with the commencement of good monsoon rains sometime in month of July. For avenue plantation on haul roads as well as village roads circular pit of 60 cm diameter and 90 cm depth with a circular ditch of 2m diameter and 60 cm depth shall be dug for planting the soil from the circular dig shall be pitted on the berm. The digging operation of the pit should be completed before the end of June so as to allow thoroughly weathering of the dugout soil. Prior to the commencement of the rains, pits shall be refilled with the dugout soil and FYM added. Planting shall be done when heavy showers causing run-off occurs sometime between July and August. The saplings should be 9 to 12 months old. Immediately after planting the pits shall be watered with 20 litres / pit and in case of failure of rainfall it should be watered @ 20 litres / pit at the interval of the fortnight. The mortality of plants has been considered as @ 10% and re-digging of pit should be carried out before replacement of the individual plant.
9.3.3. Precautions During Plantation Some important precautions should be taken during the plantation, which are as under:
Open grazing is practiced in general in the area; therefore, protection should be provided in advance.
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Polyculture should be practiced. Mixture by group should be preferred over intimate mixture. Indigenous species recommended should be planted in sufficient numbers to increase their population size in the area. Multipurpose species should be planted in large numbers.
9.3.4. Phase-wise Programme for Plantation under green belt In the present case the annual area proposed for plantation works out to 22 ha. The plantation shall be carried out @ 500 plants/ha. The plants shall be protected by thorny brushwood protection and shall be maintained one year after the closure of mine. Considering the mortality @ 10% the no. of plants / year have been worked out as per Table 9.4.
Table 9.4 : Phase-wise programme of plantation
1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year Total S. Area Area Area Area Area Area No. Activity (ha) Number (ha) Number (ha) Number (ha) Number (ha) Number (ha) Number Demarcation of Area for 1 plantation 22 - 22 - 22 - 22 - 22 - 110 - Excavation of Pits including 2 re-digging - 11000 - 12100 - 13310 - 14641 - 16105 - 67156 Plantation including 3 mortality - 11000 - 12100 - 13310 - 14641 - 16105 - 67156 Thorny brushwood 4 protection - 11000 - 12100 - 13310 - 14641 - 16105 - 67156
9.3.5. Annual Programme for Plantation under green belt The greenbelt shall be developed annually in approximately 22 ha area. The area designated for each year shall be planted with trees and shrubs @ 500 plants/ha. The annual cost for development of greenbelt has been assessed in Table 9.5.
Table 9.5 : Annual cost for green belt development plan (Rs. in lakhs) S. No. Component Cost (Rs. Lac) 1 Cost of plantation including maintenance for 5 years and 11 establishment charges @ Rs 0.5 lac/ ha for 22 ha 2 Thorny brushwood protection guard for 11000 sapling @ Rs 1.10 10/No. 3 Cost of FYM and Bio-fertilizer 0.60 4 Cost of watering / irrigation in green belt 0.70 5 Contingency 0.10 Total 13.50
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9.4. Solid Waste Management 9.4.1. General The following types of solid wastes are likely to generate from the mining activities during the mining period.
Waste from mining in the form of silt/clay Solid waste from Septic tank/Soak pit The above-mentioned solid wastes can play havoc and have severe impacts on the ecosystem if not properly addressed through well designed management plans in their respect.
9.4.2. Management of Waste from Mine No solid waste other than silt/clay, which deposits as crust material on the bed profile, shall be scrapped and deposited in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation. Approximately 33335 cum (about 46669 MT) of silt/clay shall be produced during 5 years. The year-wise estimation of quantity of solid waste is shown in Table 9.6, the quantity of scrapped crust material (clay) which is in excess of the quantity required for plantation purpose in upper terraces shall be deposited in the riverbed pits.
Table 9.6 : Year-wise Production of Solid waste Year Block –A Block –B Block –C Block –D Block –E Total I 1000 1333 1000 1667 1667 6667 II 1667 1333 1000 1667 1000 6667 III 1000 1000 1667 1333 1667 6667 IV 1667 1333 1000 1000 1667 6667 V 1000 1667 1000 1333 1667 6667 Total 6334 6666 5667 7000 7668 33335
It is evident from the soil characteristics of the core zone that it has low contents of macronutrients Nitrogen and in Organic carbons. The soil shall be mixed with urea and farmyard manure (FYM) so as to increase its fertility. Apart from this, the bio-fertilizers shall be added to the soil. 9.4.3. Cost for management of mine waste The cost of management of mine waste (Silt/Clay) by manual carriage and disposal / spreading into the areas earmarked for plantation @ Rs. 50/cum for 6667 cum has been assessed as Rs. 3.33 lac.
9.5. Occupational Health Management Plan 9.5.1. Potential Risk of Sand Mining Activities The open-cast semi-mechanized riverbed sand mining project by the nature of the activities involved is accompanied with risk of lowest degree as compared to underground mining or
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the open-cast mining involving blasting. The risks associated with the project are not hazardous, but if any, they are only accidents and incidents, associated with mining machinery or transportation activity, if adequate controls or safety systems are not adopted. The sand excavation by deploying excavators / JCB and loading on to the trucks by Backhoe can have risks of accidents if human failure or errors are not taken care of. The Accidents, if any, may not be fatal, but are potential to cause temporary or permanent disabilities. Thus, the need for adequate safety at work places is needed. On the other hand, the manual activity of sand mining and sand loading is not associated with accidents, however, some minor incidents like exhaustion, sun-strokes, or other health related incidents may take place, which can be avoided with adequate safety regulations and measures. Transportation of mined sand to the stowing sites is the activity associated with accidents on road and at the project site. However, with effective safety measures the accidents can be avoided and prevented.
9.5.2. Safety of Machine Use at Mining Site The major mining machinery to be deployed at site shall be excavators/JCB, Backhoe and loaders which can excavate sand and load on to vehicles. The area where mining machinery shall be operated will be under supervision of trained operators and helpers besides technically qualified foreman to ensure that the machinery are operated as per specified design parameters of the manufacturer. Before the work is initiated every day, the routine check-up especially with regard to its hydraulic systems, mechanical conditions, and other operating systems shall be performed. The movement of trucks/trippers/tractors for loading /transportation of sand within the mine area and haul road area shall be regulated by a trained supervisor who shall be responsible for the safety of vehicle movement and prevention of accidents or incidents associated with the vehicular movement. All staff working with the mining machinery shall be trained in first-aid and other safety measures, accident or incident prevention and reporting and communication mechanisms.
9.5.3. Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) Sand/Bajri mining does not contain any toxic element. Therefore, the likelihood of any health hazard does not arise due to the mined product per se. However, the process of excavation / quarrying leads to some health hazards. The dust generated due to excavation loading and movement on Katcha/riverbed haul road creates air borne dust which has silica contents. The dust is the main pollutant of concern for the workers engaged in the mining activities. The most significant occupational health impacts are Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) and Occupational Lung Disease (OLD) like allergic rhinitis and asthma due to inhalation of dust. Working in open during summer can expose workers to the direct sun rays causing heat strokes, cramps and burns besides leading to exhaustion. In extreme windy conditions the dust particles forcing way into the eyes can create itching as well as allergic conjunctivitis of
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eye. As per Mines Rules, 1955, Chapter – IV-A, Section 29B, medical examination of employees at the initial stage and periodically, shall be done by a team of qualified medical officers provided by the project proponent. The initial medical examination of every person employed in the mine within a period of five years of the date so notified and the said examination shall be so arranged over a period of five years that one fifth of the persons employed at the mine undergo the examination every year. The periodical medical examination thereafter of every person employed in the mine shall be conducted at intervals of not more than five years. In the present case since the lease is only for five year. It is suggested that the initial medical examination for all workers must be arranged during the first year of appointment and the periodical check-up during third, fourth and fifth year subsequent to the appointment. Regular medical check-up camps shall also be arranged for detection of occupational diseases and minor disease in the nearby rural population. Free check-up and medicine for treatment for their acute and chronic illness shall be provided. The medical examination schedule is provided in Table 9.7.
Table 9.7 : Schedule of Medical Checkup S. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th No. Particular Year Year Year Year Year Year Total Initial medical checkup of employees for lung function, audiometric test, tuberclausis and pulmonary disease 1 at the time of appointment 80 22 - - - - 102 Periodical Medical Checkup of the employees (Audiometic Tes, Eye – Check-up, Lung function and 2 respiratory test) - - - 40 40 22 102
9.5.4. Occupational Health & Safety Measures to Control Dust Inhalation Providing a working environment that is conducive to safety and health. The management of occupational safety and health is the prime responsibility of mine management. Employee involvement and commitment in the implementation of health and safety guidelines. Periodical health checkups Implementing safety and health management system and assessing the effectiveness through periodic audits. Monitoring the effects of mining activities on safety and health and conducting regular performance reviews.
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Provision of necessary personal protective equipments. Establishing and maintaining a system of medical surveillance for employees Ensuring employees at all levels receive appropriate training and are competent to carry out their duties and responsibilities.
All the above precautions would be adopted to prevent dust generation at site and to be dispersed in the outside environment. However, for the safety of workers at site, engaged at strategic locations / dust generation points like loading and unloading points, screening sieve, dust masks would be provided. Dust masks would prevent inhalation of RPM thereby reducing the risk of lung diseases and other respiratory disorders. Regular health monitoring of workers will be carried out.
9.5.5. Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) Hearing conservation programmes exists at all operations. Baseline audiogram forms the basis for future assessment of employees in terms of hearing loss. Using engineering initiatives to reduce noise at source is the priority management tool. The hearing conservation programme includes the provision of Hearing Protection Devises (HPDs) and annual audiometry examination of all employees. Apart from provision of HPDs emphasis is also laid on training the employees’ responsibility to protect his / her hearing.
9.5.6. Occupational Lung Diseases (OLD) There will be regular health camps for all the workers and nearby rural people. Lung function tests, chest X-rays etc. shall be carried out and any health disorders will be evaluated. The budget shall be earmarked for the necessary protective devices and training needs by the project proponent.
9.5.7. Incidence of Silicosis Continuous exposure to sand dust can lead to Silicosis, silica tuberculosis and pulmonary disease. Prolong contact with wet sand can cause fungal infection of hands and legs.
9.5.8. Cost Estimate For initial and periodical medical check-up of employee of the mines, who are engaged at the active mine site, budgetary provision of Rs. 600/employee/year shall be made. The provision at this stage is being made for 102 skilled/semi-skilled / unskilled workers. The cost estimate is provided in Table 9.8.
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Table 9.8 : Cost Estimate S. Particular Quantity Unit Rate Amount No. (Rs. lac) 1. Initial medical check-up for all workers 21 Man 600 0.13 for 1/5th of the workers i.e. 21 workers / year 2. Periodical check-up for all workers for 21 Man 600 0.13 1/5th of the workers i.e. 21 workers / year 3. Provision for free medicines for all 102 Man 200 0.21 workers @ Rs. 200/year 4. Provision for personal protection 102 No. 2000 2.04 equipment like ear plug, dusk mask, shoes, goggles and etc., for 102 workers 5. Provision for First Aid facilities 1 Job L.S. 0.20
6. Provision for fire extinguisher and its 1 Job L.S. 0.10 regular refilling Total 2.81
The overall estimated cost is made up of the components of capital cost of PPE i.e. Rs. 2.04 lac and Rs. 0.77 lac as annual recurring cost.
9.6. Soil conservation works Hard measures (Engineering structures) shall be constructed to control the toe erosion and land slips from falling into the river course. This can be accomplished by erecting stone masonry retaining structure / Gabion structures at stretch of bank showing sign of slope failure or imminent soil mass movement. Besides this, sometimes the river current is directed towards the bank, which are susceptible to toe erosion. In that scenario, it becomes necessary to repel the current from the bank, for which purpose-repelling spurs are to be implemented. The advantage with the repelling spurs is that while diverting the current they create a quiet pocket d/s of these and are filled with river borne material. The provision for such structures have been incorporated in the management plan. The cost of which is assessed as Rs. 3.0 lac which amounts to Rs. 0.6 lac / year (Table 9.9).
Table 9.9 : Cost estimate of soil conservation works (engineering) Sl. Item Quantity Unit Rate Amount No. 1. RR Dry stone masonry (10 no.) Average dimension = 10 m long, 2m high and side slope 1:4 a. Excavation in foundation 33 Cum 150.00 4950.00
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10 x 10 x 1.10 x 0.3 = 33 b. RR stone masonry dry 170 Cum 300.00 51000.00 10 x 10 x (1.10 + 0.60 / 2) x 2.0 = 170 cum 2. Wire crate boulder Spurs for stream bank Protection (5no.) (a) Excavation in foundation 21.88 Cum 150 3282.00 5 x 3.5mx 2.5 x 0.5 (b) Filling of boulder and hand packing in 123.05 Cum 130.00 15966.00 Wire crates 2.25mx 1.25mx1.25 in three tiers i.e. 3 in first tier2 each in second and third tier. 5 x 7 (2.25 x1.25x 1.25) (c ) Collection of boulder 123.05 Cum 160.00 19688.00 (d) Carriage of boulder average lead 1 km 123.05 Cum 400.00 49220.00 manually (e) CostofG.1 wire crates 5 x 7 x 15.10 sq mx 2.23 = 1178.55 kg or say 11.8 Qtl 7000 82600.00 11.8Qtl (f) Carriage ofG.1.wire crate to an average 11.8 Qtl 150.00 1770.00 lead of1 km (g) Weaving of GIwire crate 528.5 20.00 10570.00 Total 239046.00 Add 3% Contingencies 7171.00
Grand Total 246217.00
Or say 2.5 lac
3 Annual care of river 0.5 lac Say 3.0 lac 9.7. Capital Cost of Project The capital cost of the project Rs. 75 lac involves construction of temporary non-residential building like main mine office at one place where the maximum mining is envisaged and small units at other blocks of the mine lease area. It also includes the construction cost of rest shelters, first-aid posts, establishing of workshops, stores, water supply and sanitary arrangements, establishing of barriers and Weigh Bridge. The mining and transport equipment’s shall be procured on hire / rental basis.
9.8. Summary of cost of environment management plan
Table 9.10 : Total cost of environmental management plan
S. Name of Plan Capital Cost Recurring annual No. Rs in Lac Cost Rs in Lac 1. Environment Monitoring Plan for Air, Noise, Water, Soil, etc. - 3.00 2. Air Pollution Control- - 1.75 Management of H a u l a g e R o a d s including Sprinkling. 3. Plantation / Green belt development plan 13.50 4. Disposal and spreading of Silt/clay as per Mining Plan - 3.33
5. Occupational Health Measures Provision of PPE and 2.04 0.77 other Miscellaneous expenditure
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6. Soil Conservation works (Engineering) - 0.60
7. Cost under Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives for five - 7.00 years is Rs. 35 lac. Thus cost per year is Rs. 7.0 lac
8. Conservation Plan for Wildlife (Schedule I & II, WPA, 1972) - 1.00 Total 2.04 30.95
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Chapter 10. : Summary & Conclusion
10.1. Purpose of the Report For sustainable maintenance of environmental commensuration with the mining and related operation, it is imperative to conduct studies on the baseline status of existing environmental attributes and assess the impact on these due to proposed activities, which would assist in formulating well-addressed management plans for sustainable mineral extraction within mine. The main purpose of the report is to establish the baseline environmental attributes in terms of scoping clearance issued by the EAC, Ministry of Environment and Forest, vide meeting held on 26.9.2013 and predict/identify the impacts for preparing environment management plan.
10.2. Identification of Project & Project Proponent The project envisages open cast semi-mechanized extraction of Sand/Bajri to an annual maximum of 2.8 MMT for five years from riverbed of Mashi and Sohadara rivers constituting a combined mine lease area 889.925 ha for five years. The project proponent (Lessee) is firm owned by M/s Shekhawat Associates, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
10.3. Project Description 10.3.1. Type and category of project The riverbed mining project in 889.925 ha, classified under category ‘A’ of EIA notification 1996, has been proposed for an annual production of 2 MCM (2.8 MMT) of Sand (Bajri) by open cast Semi-Mechanized extraction method. The project, with capital cost Rs. 75 lac has no other interlinked project.
10.3.2. Location The mine lease area, covered under SOI Toposheet no. 45N/11, 45N/12, 45N/15 and 45N/16 is linearly stretched under 20 revenue villages of tehsil Peeplu, district Tonk. The site is approachable from through NH-12, SH-37A, SH-12, SH-2 and ODRS.
10.3.3. Need for the project For meeting the huge demand of construction material like coarse and fine sand/Bajri required in building construction and infrastructure works, road material for construction and maintenance of roads / highway material in Ajmer and Jaipur Division of Rajasthan. Apart from this, it will fetch huge revenue to state exchequer.
10.3.4. Annual Production Schedule (Million Metric Tonne) Year BLOCK A BLOCK B BLOCK C BLOCK D BLOCK E TOTAL I 0.42 0.56 0.42 0.70 0.70 2.80 II 0.70 0.56 0.42 0.70 0.42 2.80
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III 0.42 0.42 0.70 0.56 0.70 2.80 IV 0.70 0.56 0.42 0.42 0.70 2.80 V 0.42 0.70 0.42 0.56 0.70 2.80 TOTAL 2.66 2.80 2.38 2.94 3.22 14.00
10.3.5. Technology and Process Description The collective stretch of the lease area for each river has been sub-divided in to five blocks for ease of operation, supervision, management and safety. Dry riverbed mining will be carried out as per the approved production schedule. Light weight excavators will be deployed for extraction in 3.0 m layer only forming one bench. This is as per the digging depth of the equipment. Mineral will be loaded in tippers/trucks (20 tonne). The mining machinery and equipment and transportation vehicles will be on hire/rental basis.
10.3.6. Water Requirement and source Water requirement for human consumption (drinking / domestic), plantation and dust suppression is 4 KLD, 25 KLD, 10 KLD respectively which shall be met from ground water resource from nearby tube wells on payment basis.
10.3.7. Man Power Requirement About 109 workforce including Ist and IInd class mine manager under Rule 37N (1)(i) RMMCR 1986, foreman, mine mates, supervisors, skilled operators and helpers, semi-skilled and un-skilled workers shall be engaged.
10.3.8. Extent Of Mechanization For an optimum daily production of 10000 metric tonne excavators, loaders, transport and other light vehicles and the water sprinklers shall be deployed.
10.3.9. Geological Reserve, Mineable Reserves and Targeted Production 1 Total Proved Geological reserves with 3 m depth of mining, 26.70 MCM (37.38 MMT) Reserve blocked due to bank offsets, wells, road and 2 7.02 MCM (9.82 MMT) bridges as per Rule 18(26) of RMMC Rules,1986 3 Mineable Reserve 19.68 MCM (27.56 MMT) 4 Targeted Production @ 2.8 MMT/year for 5 years 10 MCM (14 MMT) 5 Balance Reserve 9.68 MCM (13.56 MMT)
10.3.10. Anticipated life of Mine The life of mine can be considered as continuous/ perpetual as long as the rate of sediment aggradations within the mined out area is either equal to or in excess of the rate of extraction of the river bed material. In the present case the area mined out in any year in any block shall not be considered for mining during the lease period of five years.
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10.3.11. Year-wise production since 1994 There was no production by the project proponent who was not entitled to carry out mining operation in the period anterior to the date of issue of letter of intent.
10.3.12. Details of Mining Activities with Respect to Block wise, Calendar wise, Zonal wise The current project has vast linear length along river(s) as compared to the width of mining and it extends over several rivers separated by kilometres. For facilitating easy operation, supervision and safety, the lease area along river(s) in the concerned Tehsil has been sub divided into four to five blocks depending upon the length of the river(s).
10.3.13. Overburden dumps There will be no development of overburden dumps in the present case, as the riverbed material is not overlain with waste material warranting its disposal in the form of internal or external dumps.
10.3.14. Plan of backfilling of mine pit The backfilling plan of the riverbed pit is neither required nor it is envisaged under the management plan.
10.3.15. Details of Excavation Schedule and Sequential Mining Plan Year Block - A Block - B Block - C Block - D Block - E Total I 10.00 13.33 10.00 16.67 16.67 66.67 II 16.67 13.33 10.00 16.67 10.00 66.67 III 10.00 10.00 16.67 13.33 16.67 66.67 IV 16.67 13.33 10.00 10.00 16.67 66.67 V 10.00 16.67 10.00 13.33 16.67 66.67 Total 63.34 66.66 56.67 70.00 76.68 333.35 10.3.16. Solid Waste Generation & its Disposal In the entire lease period 33335 cubic meter of silt and clay (46670 metric tonne) shall be produced, which shall be scrapped and deposited into the mine pits or in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation.
10.3.17. Mineral Transportation Mined out material will be directly loaded into the trucks/tippers (20 MT) by deploying JCB/Pay loaders which will be used on hired.
10.3.18. Site Services Proper site services such as mine office, site office, First Aid post, Rest Shelter, and Drinking Water and sanitary facilities will be provided to the mine workers.
10.3.19. Site Elevation, Working Depth and Groundwater Table The longitudinal profile of the rivers, showing river bed elevation at different RD, the elevation of the mining floor (pit) corresponding to 3m depth of mining and the depth to the ground water reveals that the ground water shall not intersect the bottom of the mining pit.
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10.4. Description of Environment The description of baseline status of various environmental attributes as assessed during EIA study is enumerated in following Table.
Baseline status
Landuse The pre-dominant landuse in the Tehsil is agriculture land 45744 ha (67%), followed by fallow land 8003 ha (12%), culturable waste land 4034 ha (6%), Land under non-agricultural use 3185 ha (5%), barren and unculturable land 3385 (5%), Permanent Pasture 3109 ha (4%), and Forest land 747 ha (1%). Geology and sub- The district comprises of Aravalli & Delhi Group of rocks. The Aravallis are surface geology of represented by the schists & gneisses and the Delhis by grits, conglomerates & the Area quartzites. Grits, conglomerates and the schists and gneisses all have been considered to be of pre-Aravalli age. Ambient Air Quality The pollutant concentration in the air is well below the NAAQS, as set out by and Noise CPCB. The noise monitoring shows that Leq day and night time noise levels in mine lease area are within the standards. Surface Water The results of surface water indicate that pH ranged is within specified standard Quality limits of 6.5 - 8.5. The TDS was within the tolerance limit of 500 mg/l for all locations. Dissolved Oxygen was observed to be above 5 mg/l is conducive for aquatic life. The Chlorides and Sulphates are within the tolerance limits (Chlorides 250 mg/l and Sulphates 400 mg/l). The surface water quality is good for fish culture, irrigation purpose and outdoor bathing except drinking water source with conventional treatment Ground Water The analysis results indicates that the pH ranged between 6.9 to 7.6, which is Quality well with in the specified standard of 6.5 - 8.5 limit. Total hardness exceeded the acceptable limits of 200 mg/l for all locations. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration exceeded the acceptable limit (500 mg/l) at all locations but was within the permissible limit (2000 mg/l) Soil Quality The results of the soil analysis show that the soil is slightly to moderately alkaline and its texture varies from sandy to sandy clay loam sand. The macronutrients (N, P, K) have been found in all the soil samples though it is low in available Nitrogen and Potassium. The soils are low in organic content. Biological During this study a total of 31 trees, 20 shrubs and 19 herbs species were found Environment in the study area zone. All the above plant species belong to 14 families of tree, 13 families of shrub and 11 families of herb. Fabaceae, Apocynacea and Poaceae were found dominated families in tree, shrub and herb flora respectively. During study 8 mammalian species, 24 bird species (20 resident and 4 winter visitors) and 8 species of herpetofauna were reported. There are no Ecologically Sensitive Areas present in the study area, but many Protected Forests are within 10km study area. There are no wildlife sanctuary, national park, and tiger/elephant reserve and eco-sensitive zone with in 10km radius. Socio-economy There are 20 rural villages in the mine lease area with a population of 30414 (Census 2011) comprising of 5509 households. The sex ratio is 938 Female / 1000 Male. SC and ST constitutes 27 % and 10% of the total population respectively. The Literacy Rate of the study area is 49.3.0% of which male and female literate are 65.7% and 34.3% respectively. The main and marginal workers are 39% and 9% respectively of the total population while the remaining 52% constitutes non-workers. The majority of people in rural sector are cultivators & agricultural labours which indicates dominant agricultural economy.
10.5. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 10.5.1. Impacts on Topography and Drainage
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10.5.1.1 Topography The mining activity in the riverbed by creating pits per se shall not lead to any change in the local topography of the area. There will be no formation of overburden dumps. Thus there will be no change in topography of either core or buffer zone.
10.5.1.2 Drainage No temporary diversion of discharge of main rivers or any of their interlacing is proposed for facilitating mining. The drainage pattern of the rivers flowing in tehsil shall not alter due to dry bed mining.
10.5.2. Land Environment 10.5.2.1 Change in land use The mining activity in the river bed per se shall not lead to any change in the landuse in the core zone as well as buffer zone where no mining activities is proposed.
10.5.2.2 Change in river course There will be no change in the river course due to mining as the river course is mainly guided by the hydraulic gradient of surface water and the geological conditions of the bank and bed of the river. In the mine lease area the river section is well defined and is confined between both the flanks.
10.5.2.3 Impact on soil The mine waste in the form of silt/clay in mine lease area are very fine but due to semi- mechanized mining, very little dust would be generated. These dust particles are usually blown away along the wind direction and get deposited on the canopy of surrounding vegetation on the river bank and agricultural crops thereby interfering with photosynthesis and other physiological activities of the green cover. Following mitigation measures will be adopted:
The top soil shall be removed and stacked systematically. Top soil shall be planted with fast growing indigenous herbs, shrubs of pioneer species, apart from planting of tree species. Sprinkling of water, at regular intervals, on exposed surface of silt/clay in upper terraces.
10.5.3. Impacts on Climate 10.5.3.1 Wind Speed The wind speed in any area is dependent upon local topography and is intimately connected with the development as high and low pressure zones. The controlling factors for the pressure changes lie much beyond the mining operation. Thus, no adverse impact on the regional wind speed is anticipated due to the mining operations.
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10.5.3.2 Temperature Humidity & Rainfall The temperature pattern is a regional behavior and is not likely to be affected by the mining activity in the riverbed. The trend of rainfall follows a regional pattern and is mainly governed by the south west monsoon and disturbances in the Arabian Sea. The mining operation, therefore, is not likely to have any adverse impacts on rainfall pattern. The pattern of relative humidity depends mainly on the rainfall, wind, temperature and other weather phenomenon that are regional in behavior. The mining operation is not likely to have any impact on the relative humidity in the surrounding.
10.5.4. Water Environment 10.5.4.1 Impact on Surface Water Resources The requirement of water for drinking/domestic use, dust suppression and green belt shall be met from the ground water resources (nearby tube well), thus there shall be no negative impact on surface water resource. However, the surface water resource shall be affected to the tune of 55.09 MCM which shall be stored in the mining pits (3 m deep) to the extent of annual mining area.
10.5.4.2 Impact on Ground Water Resource There shall be impact on ground water resource to the extent the water is abstracted from the ground for use in drinking/domestic use, dust suppression and green belt i.e. by 0.055 MCM which is inconsequential in comparision to ground water recharge of 14.75 MCM.
10.5.4.3 Impact on Surface and Ground Water Quality During heavy rains the loose soil spread on upper terraces can find way into the river section due to run-off from upper banks and also due to formation of rills. This will increase the silt rate to smaller extent as the river flow during flash floods carry considerably high sediment and suspended load as compared to the former. In view of the facts that the mining activities does not intersect the ground water table. No impact on the quality of ground water is anticipated. Beside this the sand and bajri are non- toxic in nature and therefore percolated water from the pits shall not impair the ground water quality.
10.5.5. Noise and Vibration The mine lease area is generally away from the settlements except in case of rivers which flow adjacent to the town. The noise monitoring shows that day and night time noise levels are highest at such places where the commercial activity takes place and the noise levels are within the limits in rural setup which are more than a couple of km away from mine site. It is evident from the graphical results that the noise level of 85 dB(A) gets highly attenuated to 38 dB(A), 33 dB(A) and 28 dB(A) about 150m, 370m and 685 m respectively from the point
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source. The estimated noise levels at the three receptors due to running of mining machinery shall be 28 dB(A), 30 dB(A) and 27 dB(A) which are less than the existing background noise levels of 46 dB(A), 48 dB(A) and 49 dB(A) respectively. Thus there will be no impact of running of mining machinery at the receptors location. Following mitigation measures shall be adopted:
(i) Provision and maintenance of thick tree belts to screen noise. (ii) Avenue plantation within the project area to dampen the noise. (iii) Proper maintenance of noise generating transport vehicles. (iv) Provision of protective devices like ear muffs/ear plugs to those workers who cannot be isolated from the source of noise.
10.5.6. Impacts on Air Environment The baseline results of the ambient air quality at all monitoring locations in respect of
pollutants, PM10, SO2 and NOx were found to be well within the limits of National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS). The resultant value of PM10 at the mine site, where maximum daily production is envisaged, after superimposing the maximum incremental ground level
concentrations of PM10 from the different mining activities at river bed mine pit area are still within the prescribed limits under NAAQS. Nevertheless, the following mitigation measures will be adopted:
Copious and regular water sprinkling on haul roads by mobile sprinklers. Laying haul roads in gentle grade and in hard stratum. Avenue plantation on roadsides for creating carbon sink. Ensuring that laborers working near to high dust prone area use mask. Covered trucks shall be used for transportation.
10.5.7. Biological Environment 10.5.7.1 Impact on Flora Since there will be no felling of trees or deforestation, there will be no impact on flora of the core zone. The mining activity per se shall not lead to any impact on the terrestrial flora of the buffer zone either. There are no national parks, sanctuaries, notified biospheres, Tiger/Elephant Corridors, Birds migratory routes, etc. within 10 km radius. The effect of particulate matter on vegetation is in the form of incrustation, plugging of stomata, and loss of chlorophyll and reduction of photosynthesis process.
10.5.7.2 Impact on Fauna Intervention in the riverbed will impact butterflies and birds which are quite sensitive to noise and human presence. No endangered species of fauna is found in and around lease area.
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As such, there will be temporary and insignificant effect on fauna around the mining lease area. Following mitigation measures shall be adopted:
Progressive afforestation through green belt development will improve the vegetal cover and create good habitat for fauna in the area. Measures shall be adopted to curb pollution due to air, water and land. Developing awareness for nature and wildlife in the adjoining villages. 10.5.7.3 Impact on Aquatic Ecology The dry riverbed mining in ephemeral river system which flow only in 90% of the year during monsoon alone, in which period the mining activities are not envisaged, apparently there will be no impact on aquatic life as there will be no surface water available for aquatic life to survive due to dry river bed condition.
10.5.8. Impact on Socio-Economic Environment The beneficial and adverse impacts due to the activities in the region would be:
Direct Employment Potential in various categories as skilled/semi-skilled/un-skilled work force for carrying out mining activities besides indirect employment in transport sector.
Amelioration of the general living standards of local persons employed in mining activities and improving their purchase power.
Improvement in the economic growth in the region by way of additional mineral availability.
Corporate social responsibility initiative will have a positive impact on socio economic fabric of the area.
Benefit to the State and the Central governments through financial revenues by way of royalty, tax, duties, etc from this project directly and indirectly.
Dust will affect the land productivity and increase in respiratory problems.
Conflict of utilization of local resources between lessee and locals.
Contamination of water, soil and air due to mining.
Increased use of existing roads may cause congestion on roads.
10.6. Environmental Monitoring Programme All the environmental parameters viz. air, water, noise, soil will be monitored regularly in order to detect any changes from the baseline status. Environmental Monitoring program will be followed till the mining operations ceases. The sites for monitoring, parameters to be monitored and the frequency of monitoring have been elucidated in the concerned monitoring
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programme with frequency of monitoring and the locations of the monitoring stations. A recurring annual cost of Rs. 3 lac has been earmarked.
10.7. Additional Studies 10.7.1. Replenishment Studies The computation of sediment yield of 0.60 MMT/year and 0.38 MMT/year for Mashi and Sohadara river are based on the actual siltation rate (0.0441 ham /sqkm/year) as assessed for Sareri dam from reservoir survey study conducted by Water Resource Department, Rajasthan. It is therefore assessed that the mined out area within 5 years in Mashi and Sohadara river shall be completely replenished after 11 years reckoned from the cessation of the mining provided every year average annual rainfall during monsoon season (544 mm) occurs in the catchment.
10.7.2. Risk Assessment The mining activities involve certain types of hazards, during operation and close, which can disrupt normal activities abruptly and lead to disaster like fires, inundation, failure of machinery, explosion, to name a few. The impending dangers or risks, which need be investigated addressed, disaster management plan formulated with an aim to taking precautionary steps to avert disaster and to take such action after the disaster, which limits the damage to the minimum.
10.7.3. Inundation Studies The area experiences worst storms causing rainfall during monsoon season Though no mining activities is envisaged during monsoon season (June to September), yet in the context of the present mine the inundation cannot be ruled out due to flash flood in the catchment during non-monsoon season.
10.7.4. Pit Slope Stability On the basis of empirical formula considering the depth of cut, unit weight and cohesive strength, the pit mining in 3 m depth is safe from stability consideration of slope. Otherwise also the safety factor against slope failure has been worked out more than 1.5 by adopting Taylor stability curve for stability number N=0.035 for angle of slope of 400
10.7.5. Occupational Health and Safety The most significant occupational health impacts are Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) and Occupational Lung Disease (OLD) due to inhalation of dust. As per Mines Rules, 1955, medical examination of employees at the initial stage and periodically, shall be done by a team of qualified medical officers provided by the project proponent.
10.7.6. R & R Plan As no private land or asset acquisition is involved, no R&R plan is warranted
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10.7.7. Social Impact Assessment No social impact assessment is warranted under Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
10.8. Project benefits As no R&R issue is involved, the project will not have any adverse impact but it will herald all positive benefits to the society and improve socio economic fabric of the region. The local population shall be definitely benefited due to implementation of CSR initiatives. The following are the positive benefits:
Direct employment to local population. Indirect employment for execution of various management plans, viz. Green Belt Development, soil conservation works and maintenance of haul road. Direct revenue to the state Exchequer in the form of royalty, trade/sales tax, cess etc. 10.9. Environmental Management Plan S. No. Name of Plan Capital Cost Recurring annual Rs in Lac Cost Rs in Lac 1. Environment Monitoring Plan for Air, Noise, Water, Soil, etc. - 3.00 2. Air Pollution Control- - 1.75 Management o f H a u l a g e R o a d s including Sprinkling. 3. Plantation / Green belt development plan 13.50 4. Disposal and spreading of Silt/clay as per Mining Plan - 3.33 5. Occupational Health Measures Provision of PPE and other 2.04 0.77 Miscellaneous expenditure 6. Soil Conservation works (Engineering) - 0.60 7. Cost under Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives for five - 7.00 years is Rs. 35 lac. Thus cost per year is Rs. 7.0 lac 8. Conservation Plan for Wildlife (Schedule I & II, WPA, 1972) - 1.00
Total 2.04 30.95
10.10. Conclusion Within the ambit of the Tor issued by the EAC, MoEF, the EIA studies have been conducted and impacts predicted. It has been ensured that all possible environmental aspects are touched and assessed both quality wise and quantity wise. Necessary control and mitigative measures in context to adverse impacts have been proposed to meet the statutory environmental requirements. The environmental management plan have been formulated and the financial implications worked out. The implementation of the project shall not lead to any significant negative impact on the environment.
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CHAPTER 11. : Declaration & Disclosure of Consultants
Declaration by Experts Contributing to the EIA: Sand/Bajri Mining (ML Area of 889.925 ha) in Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan [Category-‘A’ Project]
I, hereby, certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed the above EIA.
EIA Coordinator:
Name: Yamesh Sharma Signature & Date:
Period of Involvement: September 2013 to December 2014 Contact Information: EQMS India Pvt. Ltd.
Functional Area Experts:
Involvement Name of the Functional Areas (Period and Signature Expert (s) Task**) Air Pollution Monitoring & Oct.13 – Jan.14 S K Jain Control (AP) Oct.13 – Jan.14 Water Pollution (WP) S K Jain
Solid and Hazardous Waste Oct.13 – Jan.14 S K Jain Management (SHW) Oct.13 – Jan.14 Socio-Economics (SE) T.G. Ekande
Ecology and Bio-diversity Oct.13 – Jan.14 Dr. Sunil Prasad Conservation (EB) Hydrogeology and Water Oct.13 – Feb.14 Yamesh Sharma Conservation (HG) Manoj Kumar Oct.13 – Jan.14 Soil Conservation (SC) Sharma Air Quality Modeling and Dr. Sudhanshu Jan.14 - Feb.14 Prediction (AQ) Kumar Noise and Vibration (NV) Sanjeev Sharma Oct.13 – Jan.14
Yamesh Sharma Oct.13 – Jan.14 Land use (LU) / Anil Kumar Risk and Hazard Oct.13 – Jan.14 S K Jain management (RH) **Please attach additional sheet if required
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Declaration by the Head of the Accredited Consultant Organization/authorized person
I, S.K.Jain hereby, confirm that the above mentioned experts prepared the EIA: Sand/Bajri Mining (ML Area of 889.925 ha) in Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan I also confirm that the consultant organization shall be fully accountable for any mis-leading information mentioned in this statement.
Signature:
Name: S.K.Jain Designation: Director, Technical Name of the EIA Consultant organization EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. NABET Certificate No. NABET/EIA/RA11/007 Issue Date: 19th May, 2014
UNDERTAKING BY THE CONSULTANT ORGANIZATION
I, S. K. Jain, hereby solemnly do undertake that the prescribed ToR by the MoEF, in respect of the EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mining (ML Area of 889.925 ha) in Tehsil Piplu, District Tonk, Rajasthan, have been complied with and that the data submitted is factually correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. I further undertake that the organization owns the contents (Information & Data) of the EIA report.
S.K. Jain
Director, Technical
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd.
NABET/EIA/RA11/007
19th May, 2014
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Annexures
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Annexure I: Letter of Intent
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Annexure II: Approval Letter for mining plan from Department of Mines & Geology Rajasthan
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Annexure III: Public Hearing Notice, Attendence Sheets, Proceedings and Replies
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Summary/details of public hearing in tabular form :
Issues raised by the Public Response/Commitment of Project Suggestions made by the Public Reference of Proponents Hearing Panel Action Taken Radha Kishan Gujjar, Village Dhundwadi
i. Sand mining has i. The ground water table lowered the ground i. Approved mining plan shall Section 2.9 water level and around the months of May be strictly complied with. impacted the and June are lowest due to Periodical and copious and Section agriculture produce. ground water abstraction by sprinkling of water shall be 4.7.4 locals for irrigation purposes. carried out on un-metaled During these months the roads. water table is not impacted due to river bed mining in 3 m
as the water table is already 7 to 8 m below the ground level. The dust which re- enters the air due to plying of roads but hardly reaches the fields. ii. Due to overloaded ii. As per approved mine plan, ii. Approved mining plan shall the transportation of minerals trucks the roads are be strictly complied with. Section being damaged and air shall be carried through Periodical checking of pollution is taking covered trucks and loaded trucks at proper 4.10.2 place due to non- overloading avoided beyond “Naka” shall be carried out covering of trucks. the stipulated capacity. It is by mining as well as the responsibility of the state transport department. mine department and the transport department to ensure no overloading of
iii. It is apprehended that trucks. sand mining may lead iii. Sand mining shall not lead to iii. As suggested the incidence
to earthquakes. earthquake. The lease area of earthquake shall not arise lies in Zone – II of Seismic due to mining. Zoning Map of India. ‘ Section 3.3.3 iv. At places where the mining is being done iv. Mining shall not be done in iv. If need be Water Resource more than 3 m, anicuts depth in excess of 3 m as per Department shall take approved mining plan. The may be constructed. proper action. Section 2.10 work of construction of anicuts at suitable places falls in the jurisdiction of the Water Resource Department, Rajasthan Shree Ramesh Choudhary
Sand mining has lowered The water table is not impacted Approved mining plan shall be Section 2.10, the ground water level and due to river bed mining in 3 m as strictly complied with. Necessary 4.7.4 and due to overloaded trucks the the water table is already 7 to 8 m repairs of the damaged portion of 4.10.2 roads are being damaged below the ground level. As per the road shall be the approved mine plan, the responsibility of P.P. transportation of minerals shall be carried through covered trucks
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and overloading avoided beyond the stipulated capacity. The P.P. shall undertake the repairs of roads wherever damaged by them.
Shri Dashrath Singh, R/o Section Piplu 4.10.2
Sand mining will not damage the environment The provision for the truck drivers Proper watch shall be made to and the accidents take to follow the traffic rules has been ensure that illegal mining is not place due to careless provided under the mitigation allowed in the sanctioned mine driving by the truck drivers. measures. lease area.
Ramdev Keer, R/o Piplu Section 2.10 and Section Sand mining has lowered Sand mining has not lowered the Approved mining plan shall be 6.4.3 the ground water level and ground water table and due to strictly complied with. Periodical (Environmen impaired the ground water non-creation of any discharge / monitoring of quality of ground t Monitoring quality of wells effluent during mining ground water level should be Plan - Rs. 15 water quality cannot be impaired undertaken. lac) as also the water table has not been intersected.
Shri Randhir Choudhary, Mining shall be carried out as per Approved mining plan shall be Section 2.10 R/o Piplu approved mine plan. Sand mining strictly complied with. Periodical and Section has not lowered the ground water monitoring of ground water level 6.4.3 No sand mining shall be table. should be undertaken. (Environmen allowed around Piplu area t Monitoring as it is lowering the ground Plan - Rs. 15 water level. lac)
Shri Kedar Choudhary, R/o It shall be the endeavor of the P.P. It is a law and order situation and Section 4.9 Piplu to maintain a good relation shall be tackled with by the Police between locals and its staff. administration whenever such Sand mining should be situation arises. stopped as the staff of the lease holder indulge in violence after consuming liquor at night.
Shri Rambabu Vijayvargiya, Section 2.10 R/o Piplu and 4.7.4
Sand mining should be done only in designated Mining shall be carried out as per Approved mining plan shall be Khasra no. and limited to 3m approved mine plan at designated strictly complied with and depth. The village roads are Khasra Numbers and upto 3m necessary repairs of the getting damaged due to depth. The P.P. shall undertake damaged portion of the road shall transportation of minerals. the repairs of roads wherever be the responsibility of P.P. To avoid accidents new damaged by them.
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bypass roads should be constructed.
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Annexure IV: NOC issued by the competent authority in respect to Aravali Notification
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Annexure V: Laboratory Result Sheets of monitoring of Ambient Air Quality
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Annexure VI: Laboratory Result Sheets of Physico – Chemical Analysis of Water
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Annexure VII: Laboratory Result Sheets of Physico – Chemical Analysis of Soil
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Annexure VIII (A): Environmental Policy
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Annexure VIII (B): Non-Compliance Reporting System
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Annexure VIII (C): Organization Structure
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