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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE The political and administrative INDIAN CONSTITUTION functions of the company were recognized for the first time. It laid the foundation of central administration in India. FEATURES (CHARACTERISTICS) OF 1773 ACT: The Governor of Bengal was designated as the Governor-General of Bengal and the Executive council of the 4 members was created to assist the Governor- General. The first Governor-General of Bengal was Lord Warren Hastings. The British came to India in 1600 AD The 1773 act made the Governors as traders in the form of East India of Bombay and Madras presidencies Company. subordinate to the Governor General of East India Company was also known as Bengal. East India Trading Company or English The act provided for the establishment East India Company. of Supreme Court at Calcutta in the year The East India Company was founded 1774. in the year 1600 for persuading the trade The Supreme Court comprised of a with East Indies (South Asia and South Chief Justice and 3 other judges. East Asia). This act prohibited the servants of the But the East India Company traded company from engaging in any private mainly in the Indian subcontinent and trade or accepting presentations (gifts) China. or bribes from the natives (local people). The East India Company has exclusive The 1773 act strengthened the control of rights to trade in India. British government over the company In the year 1765 the East India Company by requiring the court obtained ―Diwani (Rights over revenue The Directors to report on its revenue, and civil justice) of Bengal, Bihar and civil and military affairs in India. Orissa. In the year 1858 after the Sepoy The 1781 act of Settlement – passed mutiny, British crown assumed direct by the British parliament to rectify the responsibility for the governanceof India. defects of 1773 Act. This rule continued up to August 15, PITTS INDIA ACT OF 1784 1947. (India got independence). The Pitts India act distinguished between THE COMPANY RULE (1773-1858): AND commercial and political functions of THE REGULATING ACT OF 1773 the company. This was the first step taken by British The Court of Directors entrusted with Government to control and regulate the the responsibility to manage commercial affairs of East India Company in India. affairs of the company.
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The Board of control was entrusted with This act attempted to introduce a system the responsibility of political affairs. of open competition for selection of civil Thus the Pitts India act established the servants. (This is an attempt only; open dual (double) government. competition system was introduced later). The company territories in India were for the first time called British possessions Indians were not debarred from holding in India. any place, office and employment under CHARTER ACT OF 1833 the company, but negated because of the opposition from the court of directors. This is the final step towards centralization of power in India. CHARTER ACT OF 1853 What is centralization? This was the last charter act passed by the British Parliament between 1793 This is the concentration of power in single authority. and 1853. The Governor-General of Bengal was This act created the Legislative council. made the Governor-General of India. The legislative council functioned as a The first Governor-General of India was mini Parliament. Lord William Bentinck. The Charter Act of 1853 introduced The laws that were made prior to 1833 Open competition system of selection were called regulation. and recruitment of civil servants. The laws that were made under 1833 This was also open to Indians. (Indians charter were called Acts. were permitted to take part in the The East India Company purely became competitive examination). the administrative body. Commercial Accordingly Macaulay Committee body Administrative body. (Committee on the Indian civil services) This act provided for the company‘s was appointed in the year 1854. territories in India were held by it in Satyendra Nath Tagore was the first trust for His Majesty, his heirs and Indian to join the civil services. successors. THE CROWN RULE (1858 – 1947) The superintendence, direction and control of whole civil and military THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1858 government of all the British territories This came into being after the Sepoy and revenues in India was expressly Mutiny of 1857. vested in =The Governor General of Regarding the Sepoy Mutiny we learn India in Council. more during Indian History discussion. For the first time the Governor- This act is also known as the Act for General‘s government was known as good government in India. the Government of India. This is the first statute enacted by the The council was known as =Indian Parliament for the governance of India Council. under the direct rule of the British The council was enlarged for legislative government. work by the addition of a Law member in addition to the existing three. The GOI Act abolished the East India Company.
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The British crown assumed sovereignty who was responsible to the secretary of over India from the East India Company. state for India. The designation of Governor-General The control of the secretary of state of of India was changed to the Viceroy of India over the Indian administration India. was absolute (complete, total). The last Governor-General of India was The machinery of the administration Lord Canning. was totally unconcerned about the The first Viceroy of India was Lord public opinion. Canning. INDIAN COUNCILS ACT OF 1861 The GOI act abolished the Board of This act introduced a grain of popular Control and Court of Directors. element by including some non-official A new position called Secretary of State members in the executive council while for India was created and the powers transacting legislative business like of the crown were exercised by the legislative council. Secretary of State for India. The Viceroy of India would nominate The Secretary of state for India is a Indians to the legislative council. member of Cabinet and is responsible The functions of nominated members to the British Parliament. were confined exclusively to the The Secretary of state for India was consideration of the legislative proposals assisted by a council called = Council placed before it by the Governor- of India‘ that contained 15 members. General (Viceroy). The Council of India was composed of Even in the provinces for initiating exclusively of people from England. legislations the prior sanction of the Governor - General (Viceroy) was The secretary of state of India who was necessary. responsible to the British Parliament governed India through the Governor- In the year 1862 Lord Canning (first General, assisted by an executive Viceroy of India) nominated Raja of council which consisted of higher Benaras, the Maharaja of officials of the government. Patiala and Sir Dinakar Rao to the The administration of the country was legislative council. unitary and rigidly centralized through This act restored the powers of Bombay 1858 Act. and Bengal presidencies. The provincial governments though The Legislative Council for Bengal was existing headed by a Governor were created in the year 1862. mere the agents of the The Legislative council for NWFP Government of India and functioned (North West Frontier Province) was under the direct control of the Governor- created in the year 1866. General. NWFP is in present day Pakistan and There was no separation of functions. the name is changed to ―Khyber- The legislative, executive, civil and Pakhtoonkhwa. military authority was vested in The Legislative Council for Punjab was Governor-General in council of India created in the year 1897.
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This act gave recognition to the like armed forces, Foreign affairs and portfolio system. (Portfolio system Indian states. means placing each member in charge This act provided the association of of a specific department). Indians with executive council of the Lord canning introduced Portfolio viceroy and the Governor. system in the year 1859. The first Indian to join the Viceroys This act also empowered the Viceroy to Executive council was Satyendra issue ordinances. Prasad Sinha. 1892 ACT: (THE INDIAN COUNCILS ACT) The 1909 act introduced a system of This act gave the legislative councils communal representation for Muslims the power of discussing the budget and by accepting the concept of = Separate addressing questions to the executive. Electorate‘. This act also provided for the nomination Under the = Separate Electorate‘ the of some non-official members to the Muslim members were to be elected legislative councils by the Viceroy. only by Muslim voters. For the 1st time the seeds of separatism were sown. The 1909 act legalized communalism. Minto was regarded as the ―Father of Communal Electorate‖. The Minto-Morley reforms did not aim at establishing a parliamentary system of the government. The final decision on all matters was retained in the hands of the irresponsible Indian Councils ACT of 1909 (MORLEY – executive. MINTO REFORMS): THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1919 Minto was the then Viceroy. This act came into picture when the Morley was the then Secretary of State. This act increased the size of legislative councils by including elected non- official members. An element of election was introduced at the central legislative council but the official majority was maintained. The members of the legislative council were allowed to ask supplementary questions. The members were allowed to move the resolutions on budget or on any matter of public interest except subjects
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Indian National Congress became very The provincial subjects were further active during the 1st World war and divided into transferred subjects and launched the = Home Rule‘ movement. reserved subjects. This is also called Montague – Transferred subjects are those subjects Chelmsford reforms. that are administered by the Governor Chelmsford was the then Viceroy. with the aid of ministers and responsible Montague was the then Secretary of to the Legislative Council in which the state. proportion of elected members was raised to 70 percent. On August 20, 1917 the British Government made a declaration that the Hence, the foundation of responsible policy of His Majesty‘s government was introduced in the narrow sphere in the form of transferred subjects. The reserved subjects on the other hand were to be administered by the Governor and his executive council without any responsibility to the Legislature. The source of revenue was also divided into 2 categories, so that the provinces could run the administration with the aid of revenue raised by the provinces by themselves. Government is that of increasing Provincial budget was separated from association of Indians in every branch the Central budget. of administration and the gradual development of self-governing of The control of the Governor-General institutions with a view to progressive over provinces was retained by realization of responsible government empowering the Governor to reserve in British India as an integral part of the the bill for the consideration of the British empire. Governor-General. Montagu-Chelmsford were entrusted Through the GOI Act of 1919 with the responsibility of formulating bicameralism (two houses i.e. Upper proposals for the said policy and the and Lower House) was introduced at GOI Act, 1919 gave a formal shape to the centre. the same. The Upper House was called Council of The report of Montague-Chelmsford led state composed of 60 members of whom to the enactment of GOI of 1919. 34 were elected. The GOI Act 1919 introduced diarchy The lower House was called Legislative or dual government. Assembly composed of 144 members of whom 104 were elected. The diarchy was introduced at the provinces and not at the centre. The powers of both the Upper and Lower Houses were equal except that This act demarcated the central and the power to vote supply (budget) was provincial subjects. given only to the Lower House.
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The concept of elections was introduced. The purpose of the commission was to The Indian Legislative council consists report on the condition of India under of the Upper House (Council of State) the new constitution (GOI 1919). and the Lower house (Legislative All the members of the committee were Assembly). British. The majority of the members from both Hence all the parties boycotted the the houses are elected directly. Commission. The act of 1919 extended communal representation for Sikhs, Indian The Simon Commission submitted the Christians, Europeans and AngloIndians. report in the year 1930. (Remember the 1909 act introduced The Simon Commission recommended communal representation only for Muslims and not for all communities). (These are the questions that are asked in the examination, read carefully). This act provided for the establishment of Public Service Commission. Accordingly the Public Service Commission was set up for recruiting Civil Servants. The act of 1919 also provided for the separation of provincial budget from the central Budget. (Province means a smaller area, just like a present day state. Today we have 2 budgets in the for the abolition of diarchy. country, central and state budgets, this This commission also recommended started with the 1919 Act and even after for the continuation of communal the commencement of the Constitution electorate. we continued with the same). The 1919 reforms failed to fulfill the The British government convened three aspirations of the people in India and this round table conferences to consider the led to ―Swaraj or ―Selfgovernment proposals of Simon agitation under the leadership of Commission. Mahatma Gandhi. The conferences to be attended by the In the year 1927 a statutory commission representatives of British Government, was appointed under the chairmanship British India and Indian of Simon to inquire into and report on the working of the 1919 Act. princely states. (Regarding the round table conferenceswe learn more during SIMON COMMISSION the study of National The Simon Commission was appointed Movement). by the British Government in November 1927. The three rounds table conferences held This was a 7 member Commission. between 1930 and 1932. The Chairman of the Commission was Mahatma Gandhi attended the second Sir John Simon. round table conference only.
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On the basis of these discussions a Hence Dr. Ambedkar accepted for an white paper on constitutional reforms agreement. was prepared and the same This is an agreement between the Dalits was submitted to the Parliament. (Then called depressed classes) of India The recommendations were incorporated led by Dr. in the GOI Act of 1935. B.R.Amdedkar and the upper caste Hindus of India. This took place on September 24, 1932 at Yeravada jail. Under Poona pact of 1932 there shall be seats reserved for the depressed classes out of general electoral seats in the provincial legislature. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935 The GOI Act 1935 prescribed a Federation. COMMUNAL AWARD OF 1932 The GOI act 1935 divided the powers On August 4, 1932 the communal award into was announced by Ramsay MacDonald • Federal List (59) (The then British • Provincial List (54) Prime Minister). • Concurrent List (36) This is meant for providing extending separate electorate to Scheduled Castes. In fact the concept of separate electorate for depresses classes was raised by Dr. B.R.Ambedkar. The proposal was accepted by the British and announced the Communal award. Gandhi opposed this on the grounds that this proposal would disintegrate the Hindu society. The residuary powers were vested with Mahatma Gandhi began indefinite the Viceroy. hunger strike in Yeravada jail (Pune, Maharashtra) against the The GOI act of 1935 abolished the diarchy in provinces. separate electorate for Scheduled Castes. The GOI act of 1935 provided the diarchy at the centre. (This did not come POONA PACT OF 1932 into operation). As Mahatma Gandhi went on to hunger The responsible government was strike Dr Ambedkar was under tremendous introduced in provinces. The Executive pressure to save the life Gandhi. authority of the province was also
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The GOI act of 1935 provided for the establishment of Provincial and Joint Public Service Commission. The GOI act also provided for the establishment of Federal Court. The Federal Court was set up in the year 1937 in Delhi. The seat of the Federal court was the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building in Delhi. The first Chief Justice of the Federal exercised by the Governor on behalf of Court was Maurice Gayer. (Note: The the crown and not as a subordinate of present Supreme Court was established the GovernorGeneral. on January 28, 1950). The GOI act of 1935 introduced INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT OF 1947 bicameralism (2 house, Upper and On February 20, 1947 the Prime lower) in 6 out of 11 provinces. Minister of England Sir Clement Atlee This was Legislative Assembly and the declared that the British rule in India Legislative Council. would end by June 30, 1948. In the rest of the provinces the legislature The Muslim League demanded for the was unicameral. partition. This act extended separate electorate for depressed classes (SC‘s), Women and labor. This act extended the franchise (Right to vote). With this 10% of the population got the voting right. The GOI 1935 granted limited franchise on the basis of tax, property and education. The GOI act of 1935 provided for the establishment of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in the year On June 3, 1947 the government 1935. Establishment of RBI was announced that the constitution is not recommended byHilton-Young applicable to unwilling parts of the Commission in the year 1926. nation. The RBI in the year 1935 was set up at Lord Mount Batten (then Viceroy) put Calcutta (Kolkata). forth the partition plan on the same day. In the year 1937 RBI was shifted to It is called Mountbatten plan. (This is Bombay (Mumbai). also called June 3 plan).
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This plan was accepted by both congress 1945 World War II (came to end) and Muslim league. 1945 Simla Conference The Indian Independence Act of 1947 1946 Cabinet Mission Plan ended the British rule and declared 1946 Constituent Assembly (Formation India as an independent and sovereign and first meeting) state from August 15, 1947. 1947 Lord Mountbatten replaced Lord This act provided for the partition of the Wavell as Viceroy of India country into India and Pakistan. 1947 June 3rd plan or Mountbatten Plan The office of Viceroy was abolished 1947 Indian Independence Act was passed and provided for the Governor-General in the British parliament for each dominion (India and Pakistan) 1947 Partition appointed by the king. This act also 1947 Independence to Indian and Pakistan empowered the constituent assemblies to frame and adopt any constitution. 1948 Draft of Indian Constitution introduced The Central legislature of India 1949 Constitution was adopted composed of the legislative assembly 1950 Constitution came into force and the council of states ceased to exist on August 14, 1947. KEY POINTS ON PREAMBLE OF The Indian Independence Act granted INDIAN CONSTITUTION freedom to the princely states either to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. The civil servants were allowed to entitle all the benefits. Lord Mountbatten became the first Governor-General of independent India. Jawaharlal Nehru was sworn in as the first Prime Minister of India by Lord Mount Batten. Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan. MAKING OF THE CONSTITUTION Years: 1922 Mahatma Gandhi‘s demand 1928 Nehru Report 1934 M N Roy demand for Constituent Assembly 1939 World War II 1940 August offer 1942 Cripps Mission 1942 Quit India Movement
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• The first constitution to begin with • The ideal of justice (Social, economic a Preamble was The American and political) is taken from the Russian Constitution. India, along with many Revolution (1917). other countries followed this step to add • The ideals of liberty, equality and a preamble to the Constittution. fraternity is taken from the French • The Preamble is based on the ‘Objective Revolution ( 1789- 1799). Resolution’, which was drafted and • Though at first (in 1960) Supreme court moved by our first Prime Minister stated that Preamble is not a part of the Pandit Nehru. Constitution, later (in 1973 and 1995), • Till today, the Preamble has been the SC declared it as an integral part of amended just once i.e. by the 42nd the Constitution. Amendment Act (1976). • The Preamble is non-justiciable • The 42nd Amendment Act added three CITIZENSHIP new words to the Preamble – Socialist, Secular and Integrity. • As stated in the Preamble, the date of adoption of the constitution is November 26, 1949. • Democracy is of two types – Direct and Indirect. • Direct Democracy – In direct democracy the people exercise the supreme power directly, i.e. Switzerland. DIrect democracy has four devices- A citizen of India is a citizen of all Indian Referendum, Initiative, Recall and territories. The constitution of India gives Plebiscite. ‘Single Citizenship” for all its citizens India. This feature is a unitary feature in contrast with • Indirect Democracy – In indirect the double citizenship prevailing in several democracy, the people select countries. For example in USA, a citizen of US representatives who in turn exercise the at the same time is also a citizen of California or supreme power, carry on the government other states. and make the laws. It is of two kinds – The provision for citizenship are mentioned Presidential and Perlamentary. in Part II of the Constitution of India (Articles • Democratic Polity is of two types – 5-11) deals with the Citizenship of India. monarchy and republic. Article 5 speaks about citizenship of India at the • Monarchy – the head of the state enjoys commencement of the Constitution (Nov 26, a hereditary position. (e.g. Britain) 1949). Article 11 gave powers to the Parliament • Republic – the head of the state is of India to regulate the right of citizenship by elected directly or indirectly for a fixed law. Thus Citizenship Act 1955 was enacted period of time. by the Parliament. It is an act to provide for the acquisition and termination of Indian • In the Preamble, justice comes with citizenship, and the same acts speaks about three different forms – social, economic citizenship of India after the commencement of and political. the Constitution
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What are the ways to acquire Indian • Women who are married to citizens of citizen ? India Acquisition of Indian Citizenship as per • Children of Indian citizens Citizenship Act 1955: Indian Citizenship • Adult citizens of commonwealth can be acquired under the following ways : country or republic of Ireland (1) Citizenship at the commencement of the Citizenship by Naturalization constitution of India (2) Citizenship by birth : Note – This provision has different clauses for • A foreign citizen not covered by different periods (3) Citizenship by descent (4) any of the above methods can get Citizenship by registration (5) Citizenship by Indian citizenship on application of naturalization. Naturalization to the Government of India; with the following conditions Constitution of India did not codify permanent laws for citizenship and put this onus on • Belongs to a country where the parliament. Using the powers of article 10 and citizens of India are allowed to become 11, the parliament enacted Citizenship Act 1955 subjects or citizens of that country by which has been amended from time to time. This naturalization. act mentions four ways in which a person may • Renounces the citizenship of his country be Indian citizen viz. by birth, by descent, by and intimated the renunciation to the registration and by naturalization. Citizenship Government of India. by birth and descent are called natural citizens. • Has been residing in India or serving Summary of these provisions are as follows: the government for 12 months before Citizenship by Birth the date of making application for Any person born in India on or after 26 January naturalization. 1950, but prior to the commencement of the 1986 • Possess a good character Act on 1 July 1987, is a citizen of India by birth. • Posses working knowledge of Indian Citizenship by Descent Languages A person born outside India on or after Jan 26, • Intends to reside in India after 1950 shall be a citizen of India by descent if his naturalization. father or mother is a citizen of India at the time • Further, Government of India can waive of his birth; provided such birth is registered in any or all of the above conditions in any of Indian consulates. case of a person who has rendered Citizenship by Registration distinguished service in the cause of • A person can acquire citizenship by Philosophy, science, literature, arts, registering themselves with prescribed world peace etc. authority. Such categories of persons Citizenship by incorporating a new territory are: If a new territory becomes a part of India, the • Persons of Indian origin residing outside government of India specifies the persons of the territories of undivided India that territory who shall be citizens of India. • Those persons of Indian origin who Commonwealth Citizenship are ordinarily residents in India and Every person who is born in commonwealth have been so resident for 6 months country, by virtue of that citizenship enjoys immediately before making application the status of Commonwealth Citizenship in for registration India. The act empowers the government of Write us : content @mahendras.org www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org [12] STUDY NOTES SPECIALLY FOR SSC - CHSL
India to make provisions of reciprocity for the prescribed manner, he ceases to be Indian enforcement of all or any rights of Citizens of Citizen. India on citizens of commonwealth countries. By Termination: Any person who acquired How a person can lose Nationality? Indian Citizenship by naturalization, registration Termination of Indian Citizenship as per or otherwise, has voluntarily acquired citizenship Citizenship Act 1955: One can lose citizenship of another country at anytime between January 26, of India in three ways – Renunciation, 1950 to December 30,1955, shall have ceased to Termination and Deprivation. be an Indian Citizen. The Citizenship Act envisages three situations Deprivation: Section 10 of the Citizenship Act under which a citizen of India may lose his Indian 1955 empowers the government to deprive a nationality. Section 9 deals with the automatic citizen of his citizenship by issuing an order. termination of citizenship and Section 10 deals However this power may not be used in case with the deprivation of citizenship. of every citizen. It applies only to those, who acquired Indian Citizenship. This might be By Renunciation: If any citizen of India who because of obtaining citizenship on false is also a national of another country renounces documentations etc. his citizenship through declaration of in the
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CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA 1. Which of the following exercised the (a) Indian Council Act, 1909 most profound influence in framing the (b) Government of India Act, 1919 Indian Constitution ? (c) Government of India Act, 1935 (a) British Constitution (d) Indian Independence Act, 1947 (b) US Constitution [NDA 2008] (c) Irish Constitution 6. The instrument of instructions contained (d) The Government of India Act, 1935 in the Government of India Act, 1935 has [SSC Grad. 2000] been incorporated in the Constitution of India in the year 1950 as— 2. The first attempt to introduce a representative and popular element in the (a) Fundamental Rights governance of India was made through : (b) Directive Principles of the State Policy (a) Indian Council Act, 1861 (c) Fundamental Duties (b) Indian Council Act, 1892 (d) Emergency Provisions (c) Indian Council Act, 1909 [NDA 2009] (d) Government of India Act, 1919 7. The Government of India Act, 1935 was [SSC Grad. 2000] based on : (a) the principle of federation and 3. Which of the following acts introduced parliamentary system communal electorate in India ? (b) the principle of succession of the (a) Indian Council Act, 1861 British Indian provinces (b) Indian Council Act, 1892 (c) acceptance of the idea of a Constituent (c) Indian Council Act, 1909 Assembly to draft a constitution (d) Government of India Act, 1935 [NDA 2010} [NDA2006] 8. The monopoly of Indian trade of the East Assertion (A) : The Government of India Act India Company was abolished by the : of 1858 transferred the governance of India (a) Regulating Act, 1773 from the East India Company to the Crown. (b) Charter Act, 1813 Reason (R) : The East India Company was (c) Charter Act, 1833 unwilling to administer India any more. (d) Government of India Act, 1858 ; Codes: [CDS2000] (a) Both Aand R are true and R is the 9. Consider the following Acts : correct explanation of A. 1. The Regulating Act (b) Both A and R is true but R is not a 2. Pitt's India Act correct explanation of A 3. The Charter Act (c) A is true but R is false 4. Indian Council Act What is the correct (d) A is false but R is true chronological sequence of these Acts? [NDA 2006] (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4 5. By virtue of which Act, dyarchy was (c) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) 3, 4, 2, 1 introduced in India ? [CDS 2001] Write us : content @mahendras.org www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org [14] STUDY NOTES SPECIALLY FOR SSC - CHSL
10. Consider the following statements— 2. It introduced the principle of The objective of the Montague- communal representation in the Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 was : Legislature 1. To give power to the local government 3. It empowered the Legislation to discuss the budget and to move 2. To establish dyarchy in the provinces resolutions on it Which of these 3. The extension of provincial government: statements are correct ? Which of these statements are correct? (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 1,2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 [CDS2002] [CDS 2002] 14. Two independent states of India and 11. Consider the following with reference to Pakistan were created by : the provisions of 'Government of India (a) The Simla Conference Act, 1935' : (b) The Cripps proposal 1. Establishment of an all-Indian (c) The Cabinet Mission Plan Federation (d) The Indian Independence Act 2. Provincial autonomy, with a [CDS 2003] Government responsible to an elected 15. Assertion (A): The Government of legislature India Act, 1919 was passed by the British 3. Redistribution of provinces and the Parliament to introduce Diarchy in the creation of two new provinces provincial government. Which of these were embodied in the Reason (R) : Montague-Chelmsford Government of India Act, 1935 ? Reforms Committee has recommended (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 the introduction of Diarchy in the (c) 2 and 3 (d). land 3 provincial government. [CDS 2002] Codes: 12. With reference to the colonial period of (a) Both A and R are true and R is the India, the trade monopoly of the East correct explanation of A India Company was ended by— (b) Both A and R is true but R is not a (a) The Regulating Act of 1773 correct explanation of A (b) Pitt's India Act of 1784 (c) A is true but R is false (c) The Charter Act of 1813 (d) A is false but R is true [CDS 2003] (d) The Charter Act of 1833 [CDS 2002] 16. Consider the following statements : 13. Consider the following statements with The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed reference to the provisions of Morley- by the British Parliament in order to : Minto Reform Act in the Colonial India : 1. Establish parliamentary control over 1. The Morley-Minto Reform Act raised the administration of the East India Company's territory in India the number of additional number of the Central Legislature 2. Make the Governor of Bengal as the Governor General of Bengal Write us : content @mahendras.org www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org [15] STUDY NOTES SPECIALLY FOR SSC - CHSL
3. End of dual system of administration in (a) The Charter Act of 1793 India (b) The Charter Act of 1813 Which of these statements are correct ? (c) The Charter Act of 1833 (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 (d) The Charter Act of 1853 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 [CDS 2006] [CDS2004] 21. Which of the following vested the 17. The first definite step to provide Secretary of State for India with supreme parliamentary control over East India control over the Government of India ? Company was taken by : (a) Pitt's India Act, 1784 (a) The Regulating Act, 1773 (b) Government of India Act, 1858 (b) The Pitt's India Act, 1784 (c) Indian Council Act, 1861 (c) The Charter Act of 1793 (d) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909 (d) The Charter Act of 1813 [CDS2008] [CDS 2005] 22. Diarchy was first introduced under— 18. The Montague-Chelmsford Report (a) Morley-Minto Reforms formed the basis of : (b) Mont-Ford Reforms (a) The Indian Council Act, 1909 (c) Simon Commission Plan (b) The Government of India Act, 1919 (d) Government of India Act, 1935 (c) The Government of India Act, 1935 23. Which of the following was/were the (d) The Indian Independence Act, 1947 main feature (s) of the Government of [CDS 2005] India Act, 1919 ? 19. Assertion (A) : The Government of 1. Introduction of separate electorates for India Act, 1935 and the Constitution of Muslims India are both lengthy documents. 2. Devolution of legislative authority by Reason (R) : The Government of the centre India Act, 1935 was taken as a model 3. Expansion and reconstitution of Central and substantially incorporated in the and Provincial Legislatures Constitution of India. Select the correct answer using the code Codes: given below : Codes: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the (a) 2 only (b) 1 and 3 (c) 3 only correct explanation of A (d) 2 and 3 (b) Both A and R is true but R is not a [CDS2010] correct explanation of A 24. In the Federation under the Act of 1935 (c) A is true but R is false residuary powers were given to the : (d) A is false but R is true (a) Federal Legislature [CDS 2005] (b) Provincial Legislature 20. Through which one of the following were (c) Governor General commercial activities of the East India Company finally put to an end ? (d) Provincial Governor [UP PCS (Main) 2008]
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25. The Indian Legislature was made bi- 28. Which of the following Acts was described cameral for the first time by— by Jawahar Lal Nehru as 'Charter of (a) Indian Council Act of 1892 Slavery' ? (b) Indian Council Act of 1909 (a) Regulating Act of 1773 (c) The Government of India Act of 1919 (b) Pitt's India Act of 1784 (d) The Government of India Act of 1935 (c) Government of India Act, 1919 [UPPCS2008] (d) Government of India Act, 1935 26. Match List-1 (Act) with List-11 [Utt. PSC (Main) 2007] (Largely based on) and select the correct 29. In which year did the Parliament adopt answer by using the codes given below Indian Constitution? the lists. List-I (a) 1947 (b) 1948 (a) Indian Council Act, 1909 (c) 1950 (d) 1952 (b) Government of India Act, 1919 IMP PSC (Pre) 2010] (c) Government of India Act, 1935 30. Which Act introduced Dyarchy at the (d) Indian Independence Act, 1947 centre ? 'li> List-II (a) Indian Council Act, 1909 1. Mountbatten Plan (b) Government of India Act, 1919 2. Simon Commission Report and Joint (c) Government of India Act, 1935 Select Committee Recommendation (d) The Indian Independence Act, 1947 3. Montagu e-Chelmsford Reforms [RAS/RTS 2008] 4. Morley-Minto Reforms 31. Which was not a member of Cabinet Code: ABC Mission ? (a) 1 234 (a) Pathic Lawrance (b) 4321 (b) Stafford Cripps (c) 3412 (c) A.V. Alexander (d) 4123 (d) John Simon [UP PCS 2009] / WB PSC (Pre) 2004] 27. Which of the following is correct ? 32. Which of the following was the biggest (a) The Nehru Report (1928) had source for the Constitution of India ? advocated the inclusion of Fundamental (a) The Government of India Act, 1919 Rights in the Constitution of India (b) The Government of India Act, 1935 (b) The Government of India Act, 1935 (c) The Indian Independence Act, 1947 referred to Fundamental Rights (d) None of the above (c) The August Offer, 1940 included the [WBPS(Pre)2007] Fundamental Rights 33) The Constitution of India came into force (d) The Cripps Mission, 1942 referred to on : Fundamental Rights [UP PCS (Main) 2009] (a) December 9, 1946
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(b) January 26, 1949 36. Which of the following is / are the principal (c) January 26, 1950 features (s) of the Government of India Act, 1919 ? (d) November 26, 1951 1. Introduction of diarchy in the executive [WB PSC (Pre) 2008] government of the provinces 34 The Supreme Court of India was set up by 2. Introduction of separate communal the— electorates for Muslims (a) Regulating Act, 1773 3. Devolution of Legislative authority by (b) Pitt's India Act, 1784 the center to the provinces (c) Charter Act, 1813 Select the correct answer using the codes (d) Charter Act, 1833 given below : 35. The distribution of powers between the (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only Centre and the States in the Indian (c) land 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Constitution is based on the scheme [UPSC2012] provided in the 37. The Indian Independence Bill received the (a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909 Royal Assent on— (b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919 (a) July 18,1947 (b) July 19, 1947 (c) Government of India Act, 1935 (c) July 20,1947 (d) July 21, 1947 (d) Indian Independence Act, 1947 [VPSC2012] ANSWER KEY 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10, (c) 11. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 26. (b) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (c) 31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (a)
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