Title <Articles>Church-State Relations in the 1899 Malolos Constitution
<Articles>Church-State Relations in the 1899 Malolos Title Constitution: Filipinization and Visions of National Community Author(s) Aguilar Jr., Filomeno V. Citation Southeast Asian Studies (2015), 4(2): 279-311 Issue Date 2015-08 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199718 Right ©Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Church–State Relations in the 1899 Malolos Constitution: Filipinization and Visions of National Community Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr.* The most contentious issue in the Revolutionary Congress that crafted the 1899 Malolos Constitution pertained to the separation of church and state, which won by a mere one vote. Until now this episode in Philippine history has not received a satisfactory explanation, which this article seeks to offer. The debate in Malolos, as argued here, was profoundly divisive because the two sides were driven by dif- fering visions of national community. A crucial point was the Filipinization of the Catholic Church, which the proponents of church–state unity championed and which their opponents sidestepped. Even as the debate raged, however, Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government acted on the church–state issue out of political expedi- ency. In the end, the issue that Filipino elites could not resolve was settled by US colonialism, which imposed church–state separation without Filipinization. Keywords: separation of church and state, Catholic Church, Filipino nationalism, Spanish friars, Masonry, Mabini, Aglipay The Revolutionary Congress that convened on September 15, 1898—which Apolinario Mabini, who became Aguinaldo’s chief adviser, originally conceived to be merely an advisory body—went on to write a constitution for the fledgling Republic of the Philip- pines whose independence was declared on June 12, 1898 (Agoncillo 1960, 294–295).
[Show full text]