DOCSLIB.ORG

Web Spam, Propaganda and Trust

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Web Spam, Propaganda and Trust Web Spam, Propaganda and Trust Panagiotis T. Metaxas Joseph DeStefano Wellesley College College of the Holy Cross Wellesley, MA 02481, USA Worcester, MA 01610, USA [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Retrieval]: Miscellaneous Web spamming, the practice of introducing artificial text and links into web pages to affect the results of searches, has General Terms been recognized as a major problem for search engines. It is also a serious problem for users because they are not aware Algorithms, Experimentation, Social Networks, Propaganda, of it and they tend to confuse trusting the search engine with Trust trusting the results of a search [16]. The parallels between web spamming on the internet and propaganda in the real Keywords world suggest that we can use anti-propaganda techniques to educate users and develop tools to help them evaluate the search, Web graph, link structure, PageRank, HITS, Web reliability of the information they find online. spam In this paper, we first analyze the effects that web spam has on the evolution of the search engines and their relation- 1. INTRODUCTION ship to propagandistic techniques in society. Then, we ex- The web has changed the way we inform and get informed. amine the neighborhoods of untrustworthy sites, finding that Every organization has a web site and people are increas- a dense biconnected component (BCCs) containing the site ingly comfortable accessing it for information for any ques- provide a reasonable trust neighborhood that has parallels in tion they may have. The exploding size of the web necessi- social network theory. The fact that spammers employ pro- tated the development of search engines and web directories. pagandistic techniques enables us to design a heuristic that Most people with online access use a search engine to get in- follows anti-propagandistic practices in order to recognize a formed and make decisions that may have medical, financial, spamming network. In society, recognition of an untrustwor- cultural, political, security or other important implications thy message (in the opinion of a particular person or other [10, 37, 23, 29]. Moreover, 85% of the time, people do not social entity) is a reason for questioning the entities that rec- look past the first ten results returned by the search en- ommend the message. Entities that are found to strongly gine [35]. Given this, it is not surprising that anyone with support more untrustworthy messages become untrustwor- a web presence struggles for a place in the top ten posi- thy themselves. So, social distrust is propagated backwards tions of relevant web search results. The importance of the for a number of steps. Our heuristic simulates this behavior top-10 placement has given birth to a new industry, which on the trust neighborhood of a spammer. claims to sell know-how for prominent placement in search In our experiments, we examined trust neighborhoods of results and includes companies, publications, and even con- web sites, both trustworthy and not. Our findings suggest ferences. Some of them are willing to bend the truth in order that spamming networks can be reliably recognized from to fool the search engines and their customers, by creating their relationship to a single untrustworthy starting point by web pages containing web spam. backward propagation of distrust. Further, nodes involved Web spamming is the practice of manipulating web pages in a spamming network can be divided into two groups: in order to cause search engines to rank some web pages those that have content similar to the starting site (aka “link higher than they would without any manipulation.1 The farms”), and those that have dissimilar content (aka “mu- motive is usually commercial, but can also be political, or tual admiration societies”). Our tool explores thousands of religious. nodes within minutes and could be deployed at the browser- The creators of web spam are often specialized companies level, making it possible to resolve the moral question of who selling their expertise as a service, but can also be the web should be making the decision of weeding out spammers in masters of the companies and organizations that would be favor of the end user. their customers. Spammers attack search engines through text and link manipulations [22, 18]: Categories and Subject Descriptors 1We should mention here that there is not a complete agree- H.3.3 [Information Storage and Retrieval]: Information ment on the definition of web spam among authors, which Search and Retrieval; H.3.m [Information Storage and leads to some confusion. Moreover, to people unfamiliar Copyright is held by the author/owner(s). with web spam, the term is mistaken for email spam. A WWW2005, May 10–14, 2005, Chiba, Japan. more descriptive name for it would be “search engine rank- . ing manipulation” or “adversarial information retrieval”. • Text spam: This includes excessively repeating text indicate that at least 8% of all pages indexed is spam [12] and/or adding irrelevant text on the page that will while experts consider web spamming the single most diffi- cause incorrect calculation of page relevance; adding cult challenge web searching is facing today [22]. misleading meta-keywords or irrelevant “anchor text” In this paper we first examine the reasons web spamming that will cause incorrect application of rank heuristics. has been so successful and its relationship to social propa- ganda. Then, we develop heuristics that are able to recog- • Link spam: This technique aims to change the per- nize web neighborhoods, especially untrustworthy ones. We ceived structure of the webgraph in order to cause in- present experimental results that show considerable success correct calculation of page reputation. Such examples in recognizing spamming neighborhoods. Finally, we dis- are the so-called “link-farms”, “mutual admiration so- cuss what we believe should be a frame for the long-term cieties”, page “awards”, domain flooding (plethora of approach to web spam. domains that re-direct to a target site), etc. Both kinds of spam aim to boost the ranking of spammed 2. THE WEBGRAPH AS A SOCIAL NET- web pages. Sometimes cloaking is included as a third spam- WORK ming technique [22, 19]. Cloaking aims to serve different The web is typically represented by a directed graph [8]. pages to search engine robots and to web browsers (users). The nodes in the webgraph are the pages (or sites) that These pages could be created statically or dynamically. Static reside on servers on the internet. Arcs correspond to hy- pages, for example, may employ hidden links and/or hidden perlinks that appear on web pages (or sites). The theory text with colors or small font sizes noticeable by a crawler of social networks [38] also uses directed graphs to repre- but not by a human. Dynamic pages might change content sent relationships between social entities. The nodes (called on the fly depending on the visitor, fake the clickstream or “actors”) correspond to social entities (e.g., people, institu- query stream, submit millions of pages to “add-URL” forms tions, ideas). Arcs (called “ties”) correspond to social rela- of search engines, etc. We consider the false links and text tions between the entities they connect (e.g., has influence themselves to be the spam, while, strictly speaking, cloaking on, knows, trusts). is a tool that helps spammers hide their attacks. This connection is more than a similarity in descriptions. Since anyone can be an author on the web, these prac- The web itself is a social creation, and both PageRank and tices have naturally created a question of information reli- HITS are socially inspired algorithms [6, 26]. Socially in- ability. An audience used to trusting the written word of spired systems are subject to socially inspired attacks, how- newspapers and books is unable, unprepared or unwilling ever. Not surprisingly then, the theory of propaganda [28] to think critically about the information obtained from the can provide intuition into the dynamics of the web. web. In a recent study [16] we found that while college For example, PageRank is based on the assumption that students regard the web as a primary source of informa- the reputation of an entity (a web site in this case) can be tion, many do not check more than a single source, and measured as a function of both the number and reputation have trouble recognizing trustworthy sources online. In par- of other entities recommending it. A link to a web page ticular, two out of three students are consistently unable is counted as a “vote of confidence” to this web site, and to differentiate between facts and advertising claims, even in turn, the reputation of a page is divided among those “infomercials.” At the same time, they have considerable it is recommending [6]. Since HTML does not provide for confidence in their abilities to distinguish trustworthy sites “positive” and “negative” links, all links are taken as posi- from non-trustworthy ones, especially when they feel tech- tive. This is not always true, but is considered a reasonable nically competent. We have no reason to believe that the assumption. general public will perform any better than well-educated More importantly, there is also the implicit assumption is students. In fact, a recent analysis of internet related fraud that hyperlink “voting” is taking place independently, with- by a major Wall Street law firm [10] put the blame squarely out prior agreement or central control. Spammers, like social on the investors for the success of stock fraud cases. propagandists, are groups of sites that are able to gather a One of the reasons behind the users’ difficulty to distin- large number of such “votes of confidence” by design, thus guish trustworthy from untrustworthy information comes breaking the assumption of independence in a hyperlink.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Full Circle Magazine #33 Contents ^ Full Circle Ubuntu Women P.28
    full circle ISSUE #33 - January 2010 CCRREEAATTEE AA MMEEDDIIAA CCEENNTTEERR WWIITTHH UUBBUUNNTTUU,, AANN AACCEERR RREEVVOO && BBOOXXEEEE full circle magazine #33 contents ^ full circle Ubuntu Women p.28 Program In Python - Pt7 p.08 Ubuntu Games p.31 My Story p.19 MOTU Interview p.24 Read how Ubuntu is used in public education, and why one man made the switch to Linux. Ubuntu, Revo & Boxee p.13 Command & Conquer p.05 The Perfect Server - Pt3 p.15 Review - Exaile p.23 Letters p.26 Top 5 - Sync. Clients p.35 The articles contained in this magazine are released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. This means you can adapt, copy, distribute and transmit the articles but only under the following conditions: You must attribute the work to the original author in some way (at least a name, email or URL) and to this magazine by name ('full circle magazine') and the URL www.fullcirclemagazine.org (but not attribute the article(s) in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you must distribute the resulting work under the same, similar or a compatible license. full circle magazine #33 contents ^ EDITORIAL This magazine was created using : Welcome to another issue of Full Circle magazine. ast month, Andrew gave us his Top 5 Media Center applications. This month I've written a How-To on using Ubuntu on an Acer Aspire Revo to create the foundation for Boxee. For under £150 I've created a fantastic media center L which not only looks great, it's fully customizable! That's my media center story, but don't forget to read the My Story articles which this month focus on Ubuntu, Linux and open-source in public education, as well as how one man went from using old (modern at the time) computers, to using Ubuntu.
    [Show full text]
  • TEAM Ling Linux Shell Scripting with Bash
    TEAM LinG Linux Shell Scripting with Bash This Book Is Distributed By http://pdfstore.tk/ Please Make Sure That This E-Book Dont Have Any Or Damage This will cause you Missing Pages And Missing Tutorials.www.pdfstore.tk will automaticly `check . is this book is ready for read Attention :- Before You read this Book Please Visit www.pdfstore.tk and check you can Free Download any kind of Free matirials from www.pdfstore.tk web site TEAM LinG Linux Shell Scripting with Bash Ken O. Burtch DEVELOPER’S LIBRARY Sams Publishing, 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 Linux Shell Scripting with Bash Acquisitions Editor Scott Meyers Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored Managing Editor in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, Charlotte Clapp mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written Project Editor permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with Elizabeth Finney respect to the use of the information contained herein.Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the Copy Editor publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omis- Kezia Endsley sions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use Indexer of the information contained herein. Ken Johnson International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32642-6 Proofreader Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003112582 Leslie Joseph Printed in the United States of America Technical Editor First Printing: February 2004 John Traenkenschuh 07060504 4321 Publishing Coordinator Trademarks Vanessa Evans All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks Multimedia Developer or service marks have been appropriately capitalized.
    [Show full text]
  • Stanley Labounty Takes Big Steps to Lower Their Carbon Footprint
    February 2020 www.clpower.com stanley labounty taking big steps, pg 1 what is all that gear for?, pg 3 district #1 nominating meeting, pg 5 board minutes summary, pg 6 Stanley LaBounty Takes Big Steps to Lower Their Carbon Footprint Carey Hogenson, Marketing Manager This past September, Stanley LaBounty of Two Harbors current forklift vendor and covered the rental fees for a contacted Cooperative Light & Power (CLP) looking month-long rental of an electric forklift. During that time, for ways to reduce the company’s carbon footprint. CLP the electric forklift usage, electric consumption, and other teamed up with its wholesale power provider, Great River useful information was tracked using a data logger. Energy (GRE), to see what options were available to help Stanley LaBounty accomplish its goal. CLP and GRE did a At the end of the month, the data was collected and walkthrough of the Stanley LaBounty plant and discussed a compared to the company’s cost of its propane forklifts. few possible changes where CLP and Stanley LaBounty was able to show it would achieve GRE could assist. significant long-term savings by replacing its existing IC forklifts with One of the options was a new electric lifts and optimize the number program that allows CLP members of forklifts in the fleet to better with a qualifying fleet of forklifts to match the workload of the lifts. try a new electric forklift for a month- long trial period. Multiple studies have Additionally, Stanley LaBounty was shown that using electric forklifts able to capture a substantial CO2 is a great way to reduce fuel and reduction from converting two of its maintenance costs when compared to IC lifts to electric as part of the first internal combustion (IC) forklifts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gl Bal Times
    TMONDHAY, JUNEE 28, 2021 GL BAL TIMwww.thEeglobaltimS es.in INSIDE It’s outdated! A carrot affair, P4 The Rise And Fall Of The Technological Elements We Used To Swear By Aanya Narula, AIS Vas 1, X A 95 per cent of the browser market, broadly questionable name in the internet land - for about 2 decades. scape, Internet Explorer was our good old he innovative prowess of mankind The fall: Recently, Microsoft announced friend. And today as we advance into the has brought about ground-breaking to cut off its support for the Internet Ex - virtual realm, we pull the exit doors on the strides, with these in turn becoming plorer 11 across all of its applications one that helped us foray into the vast History this week, P7 Ta catalyst in the technologically-driven starting August 2021. Following the mas - world of web, in the first place. world we inhabit today. To be precise, the sive user base and popularity that the bygone decade itself saw the rise of many web browser once enjoyed, it even - technological services and applications that tually became slow and filled with gave rise to amazing advancements, Do you think Google’s changing the course of what we do cloud partnership with and how we do it. However, Reliance Jio will boost with such accelerating blazing for its times, it instantly became India’s 5G plans? technological ad - a fitting computer application, attracting vancements, a plethora of people who were still ex - a) Yes come the ac - ploring the web as a new medium for b) No celerated rate creativity.
    [Show full text]
  • Web Design for Developers
    What Readers Are Saying About Web Design for Developers This is the book I wish I had had when I started to build my first web- site. It covers web development from A to Z and will answer many of your questions while improving the quality of the sites you produce. Shae Murphy CTO, Social Brokerage As a web developer, I thought I knew HTML and CSS. This book helped me understand that even though I may know the basics, there’s more to web design than changing font colors and adding margins. Mike Weber Web application developer If you’re ready to step into the wonderful world of web design, this book explains the key concepts clearly and effectively. The comfortable, fun writing style makes this book as enjoyable as it is enlightening. Jeff Cohen Founder, Purple Workshops This book has something for everyone, from novice to experienced designers. As a developer, I found it extremely helpful for my day-to- day work, causing me to think before just putting content on a page. Chris Johnson Solutions developer From conception to launch, Mr. Hogan offers a complete experience and expertly navigates his audience though every phase of develop- ment. Anyone from beginners to seasoned veterans will gain valuable insight from this polished work that is much more than a technical guide. Neal Rudnik Web and multimedia production manager, Aspect This book arms application developers with the knowledge to help blur the line that some companies place between a design team and a development team. After all, just because someone is a “coder” doesn’t mean he or she can’t create an attractive and usable site.
    [Show full text]
  • Event Based Propagation Approach to Constraint Configuration Problems
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research 2009 Event based propagation approach to constraint configuration problems Rajhdeep Jandir San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Jandir, Rajhdeep, "Event based propagation approach to constraint configuration problems" (2009). Master's Theses. 3659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.g49s-e6we https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3659 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EVENT BASED PROPAGATION APPROACH TO CONSTRAINT CONFIGURATION PROBLEMS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Computer Science San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Rajhdeep Jandir May 2009 UMI Number: 1470965 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 1470965 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Knowledge Models with Semantic Technologies
    Max Völkel Personal Knowledge Models with Semantic Technologies Personal Knowledge Models with Semantic Technologies Max Völkel 2 Bibliografische Information Detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://pkm. xam.de abrufbar. Covergestaltung: Stefanie Miller Herstellung und Verlag: Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt c 2010 Max Völkel, Ritterstr. 6, 76133 Karlsruhe This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Fran- cisco, California, 94105, USA. Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Wirtschaftswis- senschaften (Dr. rer. pol.) von der Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) genehmigte Dissertation von Dipl.-Inform. Max Völkel. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 14. Juli 2010 Referent: Prof. Dr. Rudi Studer Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Klaus Tochtermann Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Satzger Vorsitzende der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Christine Harbring Abstract Following the ideas of Vannevar Bush (1945) and Douglas Engelbart (1963), this thesis explores how computers can help humans to be more intelligent. More precisely, the idea is to reduce limitations of cognitive processes with the help of knowledge cues, which are external reminders about previously experienced internal knowledge. A knowledge cue is any kind of symbol, pattern or artefact, created with the intent to be used by its creator, to re- evoke a previously experienced mental state, when used. The main processes in creating, managing and using knowledge cues are analysed. Based on the resulting knowledge cue life-cycle, an economic analysis of costs and benefits in Personal Knowledge Management (PKM) processes is performed.
    [Show full text]
  • Adult Autologous Transplant Manual
    1 2 Table of Contents IMPORTANT PHONE NUMBERS ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1 – WELCOME .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 STEPS OF AUTOLOGOUS TRANSPLANT ............................................................................................................................................................. 9 PREPARATION .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 CONDITIONING ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 TRANSPLANT ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 BEFORE ENGRAFTMENT ............................................................................................................................................................................. 19 AFTER ENGRAFTMENT ..............................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Upgrade Issues
    Upgrade issues Graph of new conflicts libsiloh5-0 libhdf5-lam-1.8.4 (x 3) xul-ext-dispmua (x 2) liboss4-salsa-asound2 (x 2) why sysklogd console-cyrillic (x 9) libxqilla-dev libxerces-c2-dev iceape xul-ext-adblock-plus gnat-4.4 pcscada-dbg Explanations of conflicts pcscada-dbg libpcscada2-dev gnat-4.6 gnat-4.4 Similar to gnat-4.4: libpolyorb1-dev libapq-postgresql1-dev adacontrol libxmlada3.2-dev libapq1-dev libaws-bin libtexttools2-dev libpolyorb-dbg libnarval1-dev libgnat-4.4-dbg libapq-dbg libncursesada1-dev libtemplates-parser11.5-dev asis-programs libgnadeodbc1-dev libalog-base-dbg liblog4ada1-dev libgnomeada2.14.2-dbg libgnomeada2.14.2-dev adabrowse libgnadecommon1-dev libgnatvsn4.4-dbg libgnatvsn4.4-dev libflorist2009-dev libopentoken2-dev libgnadesqlite3-1-dev libnarval-dbg libalog1-full-dev adacgi0 libalog0.3-base libasis2008-dbg libxmlezout1-dev libasis2008-dev libgnatvsn-dev libalog0.3-full libaws2.7-dev libgmpada2-dev libgtkada2.14.2-dbg libgtkada2.14.2-dev libasis2008 ghdl libgnatprj-dev gnat libgnatprj4.4-dbg libgnatprj4.4-dev libaunit1-dev libadasockets3-dev libalog1-base-dev libapq-postgresql-dbg libalog-full-dbg Weight: 5 Problematic packages: pcscada-dbg hostapd initscripts sysklogd Weight: 993 Problematic packages: hostapd | initscripts initscripts sysklogd Similar to initscripts: conglomerate libnet-akamai-perl erlang-base screenlets xlbiff plasma-widget-yawp-dbg fso-config- general gforge-mta-courier libnet-jifty-perl bind9 libplack-middleware-session-perl libmail-listdetector-perl masqmail libcomedi0 taxbird ukopp
    [Show full text]
  • * His Is the Original Ubuntuguide. You Are Free to Copy This Guide but Not to Sell It Or Any Derivative of It. Copyright Of
    * his is the original Ubuntuguide. You are free to copy this guide but not to sell it or any derivative of it. Copyright of the names Ubuntuguide and Ubuntu Guide reside solely with this site. This guide is neither sold nor distributed in any other medium. Beware of copies that are for sale or are similarly named; they are neither endorsed nor sanctioned by this guide. Ubuntuguide is not associated with Canonical Ltd nor with any commercial enterprise. * Ubuntu allows a user to accomplish tasks from either a menu-driven Graphical User Interface (GUI) or from a text-based command-line interface (CLI). In Ubuntu, the command-line-interface terminal is called Terminal, which is started: Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal. Text inside the grey dotted box like this should be put into the command-line Terminal. * Many changes to the operating system can only be done by a User with Administrative privileges. 'sudo' elevates a User's privileges to the Administrator level temporarily (i.e. when installing programs or making changes to the system). Example: sudo bash * 'gksudo' should be used instead of 'sudo' when opening a Graphical Application through the "Run Command" dialog box. Example: gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list * "man" command can be used to find help manual for a command. For example, "man sudo" will display the manual page for the "sudo" command: man sudo * While "apt-get" and "aptitude" are fast ways of installing programs/packages, you can also use the Synaptic Package Manager, a GUI method for installing programs/packages. Most (but not all) programs/packages available with apt-get install will also be available from the Synaptic Package Manager.
    [Show full text]
  • Ubuntu:Precise Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin)
    Ubuntu:Precise - http://ubuntuguide.org/index.php?title=Ubuntu:Precise&prin... Ubuntu:Precise From Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin) Introduction On April 26, 2012, Ubuntu (http://www.ubuntu.com/) 12.04 LTS was released. It is codenamed Precise Pangolin and is the successor to Oneiric Ocelot 11.10 (http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Oneiric) (Oneiric+1). Precise Pangolin is an LTS (Long Term Support) release. It will be supported with security updates for both the desktop and server versions until April 2017. Contents 1 Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 General Notes 1.2.1 General Notes 1.3 Other versions 1.3.1 How to find out which version of Ubuntu you're using 1.3.2 How to find out which kernel you are using 1.3.3 Newer Versions of Ubuntu 1.3.4 Older Versions of Ubuntu 1.4 Other Resources 1.4.1 Ubuntu Resources 1.4.1.1 Unity Desktop 1.4.1.2 Gnome Project 1.4.1.3 Ubuntu Screenshots and Screencasts 1.4.1.4 New Applications Resources 1.4.2 Other *buntu guides and help manuals 2 Installing Ubuntu 2.1 Hardware requirements 2.2 Fresh Installation 2.3 Install a classic Gnome-appearing User Interface 2.4 Dual-Booting Windows and Ubuntu 1 of 212 05/24/2012 07:12 AM Ubuntu:Precise - http://ubuntuguide.org/index.php?title=Ubuntu:Precise&prin... 2.5 Installing multiple OS on a single computer 2.6 Use Startup Manager to change Grub settings 2.7 Dual-Booting Mac OS X and Ubuntu 2.7.1 Installing Mac OS X after Ubuntu 2.7.2 Installing Ubuntu after Mac OS X 2.7.3 Upgrading from older versions 2.7.4 Reinstalling applications after
    [Show full text]
  • July/Aug 2021
    JULY/AUGUST 2021 CONNECTION SEEING IS BELIEVING STARS Louisa Eye Care ventures into aesthetics AND STRIPES ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE Kentucky couple creates Broadband extends art American flag art beyond the theatre INDUSTRY NEWS Rural Connections By SHIRLEY BLOOMFIELD, CEO NTCA–The Rural Broadband Association Partnering to fend off cyberattacks n recent years, we’ve learned even the biggest of corporations, including IMicrosoft, Target and Marriott, are vul- TIPS FOR SECURE ONLINE SHOPPING nerable to cyberattack. Then, last year, the pandemic increased the number of remote workers, moving more technology from the onvenience and a seemingly endless supply of options drives online shop- office into homes. ping, which is safe as long as you take a few straightforward precautions. “The pandemic gave cybercriminals the CThe Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency offers a few straight- opportunity to discover new malware fami- forward tips to ensure that no one uses your personal or financial information for lies, successful new tactics and ‘double extor- their gain. tion’ strategies,” says Roxanna Barboza, our Industry and Cybersecurity Policy analyst. THE THREATS “And since then, they have further honed their 1. Unlike visiting a physical store, shopping online opens the doors to threats like skills to exploit fear, gather intelligence and malicious websites or bogus email messages. Some might appear as charities, attack.” particularly after a natural disaster or during the holidays. If this sounds like the trailer for a horror film you have no interest in seeing, I promise 2. Vendors who do not properly secure — encrypt — their online systems may allow you, the possible impacts of a cyber breach an attacker to intercept your information.
    [Show full text]