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ED 059 157 SP 005 501 Secondary Level Teachers DOCUMENT RESUME ED 059 157 SP 005 501 AUTHOR Indire, Filemona F.; Hanson, John W. TITLE Secondary Level Teachers: Supply and Demand in Kenya. INSTITUTION Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. African Studies Center. SPONS AGENCY American Council on Education, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 71 NOTE 141p.; Country Study No. 14 AVAILABLE FROMDirector, Institute for International Studies, 513 Erickson Hall, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, Mich. 48823 ($2.00) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS Foreign Countries; *Overseas Employment; *Secondary Education; *Secondary School Teachers; *Teacher Education; *Teacher Supply and Demand IDENTIFIERS *Kenya ABSTRACT This study is one of a series of 15 which comprises a comprehensive report on the supply of secondary level teachersin Englishspeaking Africa. Each is focused on the problem of determining the likely demand for overseas personnel for staffing secondary level institutions through 1975, and each attempts to analyze the problem of teacher supply within the context of the social and economic conditions of the country. The experiencein Kenya is unique in several respects and is particularlyinfluenced by the rapid development of self-help or harambee schools which haveled to the very rapid growth of the educational system inthe past decade. The staffing needs of these schools will influence the need for further expatriate assistance. Another unique featureis the recognition through newlyapproved salary scales of the specialized nature of the task of the teacher educator, and a thirdis the high priority which the governmemt has given to the staffing of all secondary level institutions. Other topics examined include the projected expansion of other types of secondary level education, programs for the preparation of teachers,major factors in their recruitment and retention, projected gaps in the teaching force, priorities in the provision and use of expatriate teachers, and recommendations of primary concern to Kenyan authorities. Related documents are ED 045 613 through ED 045 620. (MID) SECONDARY LEVEL TEACHERS: CI SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN La U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN- IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY. Filemona F. Indire University of Nairobi and John W. Hanson Michigan State University Country Study No. 14 Cooperating Organizations Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities Afro-Anglo-American Program in Teacher Education for Africa (now the Association for Teacher Education in Africa) Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada Inter-University Council of the United Kingdcm Ministry of Overseas Development (now the Overseas Development Administration) Project Steering Committee Arthur J. Lewis, Chairman Frederick Harbison David C. Munroe Karl Bigelow Glen Taggart Roger Wilson John W. Hanson, Project Director This paper may not be quoted without thewritten consent of the author or the issuing organization. lb -PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPY- RIGHTED MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Trihn W. Hanson TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PER- MISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER Copyright (E) 1971 By the Board of Trustees Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan OVERSEAS LIAISON COMMITTEE Under the aegis of the American Council on Education, the Overseas Liaison Committee serves as an independent, academiclink between leaders of higher education in the United States and those in developing countires. Members of the Committee are university and college presidents and other prominent educatorsin the United States with experience in Africa. Since its formation in 1959, the Committee's major purpose has been the advancement of post-secondaryeducation in Africa. The current study of the supply of the demand for secondary level school teachers in English-speaking Africa represents alogical extension of this interest into a closely related area. The Committee shares a practical understanding of educational development in Africa, as expressed by African leaders themselves, with other academic bodies and with donor agencies, public and private, national and international. It further seeks to enable African educators to share their approaches to African educational problems, with special emphasis on rural transformation andengineering education. Finally, it isin a position to send out expert teams for evaluations, support studies of a preliminary nature, supply specialized assistance to African institutions for short-term activities, and conduct inter-African conferences of educational specialists. OVERSEAS LIAISON COMMITTEE 1 American Council on Education One Dupont Circle Washington, D. C. 20036 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION 1 Social, Economic and Demographic Factors likely to Influence Educationa, Development 1 Land, People and Economy 2 The Strength of the Economy and Potential Economic Constraints on Education 6 SECTION I: RECENT AND PROSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA 11 The Recent Development Plaa and Accual Performance... 13 The Potent:I:al Impact of Expansion of Primary Education 15 The Development of Harambee Schools 20 Other Educational Options Open to Primary School Leavers 27 The Potential Impact of Efforts to Equalize Opportunity for Secondary Education by Geographic Region 30 Constraints Likely to Affect Expansion of Secondary Schools 32 sECTION II: PROJECTED EXPANSION OF OTHER TYPES OF SECONDARY LEVEL EDUCATION 41 The Projected Development of Primary TeacUer Trdining in Kenya 41 Projected Expansion of Secondary Technical and Vocational Education 46 Probable Expansion of Lower and Intermediate Agricultural Training Through 1975 51 SECTION III: PRODUCTION AND RETENTION OF SECONDARY LEVEL TEACHERS 55 The Expatriate Component at the End of the 19601s 55 The Supply and Quality of Secondary School Staff in Recent Years 55 Projected Localisacion of the Secondary School Teaching Force in the Kenya Development Plan, 1970-1974 61 Keuyan Programs for the Preparation of Technical Teachers and Industrial Arts Teachers 75 The Kenyan Program for the Preparation of Agricultural Teachers for 'Secondary Schools and Teachers Colleges 80 Kenyan Programs for zhe Preparation of Other Practical Arts Teachers 84 The Kenyan Program for the Preparation of Teachers College Tutors 87 Major Factors in the Recruitment and Retention of Teachers 89 t 4 SECTION IV: PRINCIPAL PRIORITIES, PROJECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 97 Projected Gaps in the Kenyan Teaching Force and Priorities in the Provision and Use of Expatriate Teachers 98 Recommendations of Primary Concern to Kenyan Authorities 105 APPENDICES REFERENCES QUOTED vi LIST OF TABLES Page Education of the Migrants 1. Cross-Tabulations of the ,, 3 & Education oftheir Fathers (Percentage) ('000 Population) .. 5 2. Projected Population by Age Percentage Primary AgeChildren at SchoolAccording to 3. 6 Projects ('000) Current Prices Gross DomesticProduct at Factor Cost, 4. 7 (Kb Million) G.P.D. Per CapitaWorker in Agriculture and 5. 7 Non-Agriculture of G.D.P. Per Worker .. 8 6. Average Wage as a Percentage Expenditure in Total Government 7. Recurrent Educational .. 9 Recurrent Expenditure Growth According to Plan1965-1970 (Maintained and 8. 14 Assisted Schools) of School, 1960-1969 16 9. Teachers in Service by Type Primary School System on 10. Projected Enrolment in Kenya Assumption of Six PercentAnnual Increase inStandard I .. 17 Intakes, Development Plan,1970-1974 Estimated 1967 Occupationsof 1966 Primary School 11. 18 Leavers Secondary Schools for AfricanStudents 12. The Development of ... 21 in Kenya, 1945-1968 Harambee Schools, 1966 23 13. Curricular Offerings in Junior Harambee School CandidateResults in the Kenya 14. 24 Secondary School Examination,1967 ... Provision of Education, 15. Regional Variations in ... 31 1967-1968 for Educatior Kb000 34 16. Projected Recurrent Expenditure 1968-1974 .... 36 17. A.Planned Expansion ofSecondary Education, 17. B.Enrolment in Kenya SecondarySchools, 1968 and 36 Projected (Maintained andAssisted Schools Only) 18. Requirements and Supply of Primary School Teachers 42 19. First Year Enrolments, Primary Teacher TrainingColleges 43 20. Output of Primary Teachers from Teachers Training Colleges 43 21. Performance on Teacher Certificate Examination, 1970 ... 44 22. Agricultural Education Commission Estimates of Additional Staff Required for Farmers TrainingCenters, 1970-1980 53 23. Projected Students Enrolments and Outputat Agricultural Training Institutions (Kenya Development Plan, 1970-1974) 53 24. Staffing of Secondary Schools in RecentYears 56 25. Development Plan Projections of the Demand and Supply for Teachers: SecondarN Schools and PrimaryTeacher Training Colleges (Maintained and Assisted Schools) 62 26. Planned Production of Teachers for SecondarySchools and Primary Teacher Training Colleges (KenyaDevelopment Plan 1970-1974) 63 27. Degree and Post Graduate Students StudyingEducation in the University of Nairobi (Formerly UniversityCollege Nairobi) 65 28. Initial Plan for Kenyan Support of KSTC Staff (Presumably Kenyans) 73 29. Anticipated Intake of Technical Teacher Traineesto Meet Estimated Demand 77 30. Salary Scales for Kenyan Secondary TechnicalTeachers... 79 31. Home Economics Students at the University of Nairobi, 1970-1971 85
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