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Prevention of Corruption in the Public Sector in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

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Prevention of Corruption in the Public Sector in Eastern Europe and Central Asia OECD Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia Prevention of Corruption in the Public Sector in Eastern Europe and Central Asia OECD Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia Prevention of Corruption in the Public Sector in Eastern Europe and Central Asia About the OECD The OECD is a forum in which governments compare and exchange policy experiences, identify good practices in light of emerging challenges, and promote decisions and recommendations to produce better policies for better lives. The OECD’s mission is to promote policies that improve economic and social well-being of people around the world. Find out more at www.oecd.org. About the Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia Established in 1998, the main objective of the Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ACN) is to support its member countries in their efforts to prevent and fight corruption. It provides a regional forum for the promotion of anti-corruption activities, the exchange of information, elaboration of best practices and donor coordination via regional meetings and seminars, peer-learning programmes, and thematic projects. ACN also serves as the home for the Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan. Find out more at www.oecd.org/corruption/acn. This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. © OECD 2015 Foreword This cross-country report on prevention of public sector corruption analyses the preventive measures that have proven to be effective and successful in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The review focuses on twenty-one countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia and includes examples from OECD countries. The report is based on questionnaires that were completed by governments, NGOs and international partners in participating countries. In addition, good practice examples presented during expert seminars in 2013 and 2014, contributions by the Advisory Group and additional research also feature in the report. The majority of the report was prepared in 2014. The purpose of this review is to highlight national practices that may be of wider interest. It serves as a valuable reference point for policy reforms and reviews in this region. The report is prepared as part of the OECD Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia Work Programme for 2013–2015. It is one of three cross- country studies within the programme: prevention of corruption in the public sector, law enforcement and criminalisation of corruption, and business integrity. PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 3 Table of contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Part I. International standards and approaches to the prevention of corruption Chapter 1. Approaches to the prevention of corruption ..................................................................... 15 Chapter 2. Frameworks of corruption prevention policies ................................................................. 21 Chapter 3. Inventory of reviewed prevention measures ..................................................................... 25 Part II. Successful preventive measures taken in Eastern Europe and Central Asia Chapter 4. Using research on corruption in anti-corruption policy making ....................................... 37 Chapter 5. Anti-corruption assessments of legal acts ......................................................................... 41 Chapter 6. Corruption risk assessment in public institutions ............................................................. 49 Chapter 7. Internal anti-corruption / integrity plans in public institutions ......................................... 55 Chapter 8. Measuring, assessing and monitoring implementation of anti-corruption measures ........ 59 Chapter 9. Effective and innovative engagement of civil society organizations ................................ 65 Chapter 10. Anti-corruption and ethics training and education ............................................................ 69 Chapter 11. Awareness raising campaigns ........................................................................................... 73 Chapter 12. Innovative approaches and measures to prevent conflicts of interest ............................... 77 Chapter 13. Responsibility for and expertise in corruption prevention within public institutions ....... 81 Chapter 14. Approaches to anti-corruption coordination ..................................................................... 85 Chapter 15. Prevention of corruption in management of public finances ............................................ 89 Chapter 16. The preventing role of state audit institutions ................................................................... 93 Chapter 17. Electronic services, simplification and unification of public services .............................. 95 Chapter 18. Access to information as a tool for preventing corruption .............................................. 101 Chapter 19. Tools for reporting corruption, whistleblower protection and rewards .......................... 105 Part III. Trends and recommendations Chapter 20. Trends in prevention of corruption in Eastern Europe and Central Asia ........................ 111 Chapter 21. Regional policy recommendations .................................................................................. 115 Notes .................................................................................................................................................... 118 PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 5 Boxes Box 1. UNCAC: Preventive functions as reflected in the United Nations Convention against Corruption ............................................................................................................. 16 Box 2. Finland: Underlying principles for the good reputation of the Finnish public administration ......................................................................................................... 17 Box 3. Slovenia: Main characteristics of an integrity plan ........................................................... 27 Box 4. Estonia: Survey results used as indicators in anti-corruption strategy .............................. 38 Box 5. Serbia: Assessing integrity plans based on the experience of service users - health care, local self-government and judicial system ......................... 39 Box 6. Moldova: Comprehensive anti-corruption assessment of legislation practiced since 2006 .......................................................................................................................... 42 Box 7. Armenia: Regulatory guillotine ......................................................................................... 44 Box 8. Lithuania: Assessment of anti-corruption risks in sectors by anti-corruption body .......... 47 Box 9. Lithuania: Examples of results of corruption risk analysis in 2012 .................................. 51 Box 10. Kazakhstan: Risk Analysis in the Ministry of Emergency Situations ............................... 53 Box 11. Slovenia: Implementation of the integrity plans ............................................................... 56 Box 12. Latvia: Management of corruption risks in the Road Traffic Safety Directorate .............. 57 Box 13. Romania: Thematic evaluation missions in public institutions ......................................... 59 Box 14. FYROM: Monitoring implementation of the State Anti-Corruption Programme ............. 60 Box 15. Georgia: Monitoring and evaluation Methodology ........................................................... 63 Box 16. Bulgaria, Latvia: Civil society monitoring of candidates for public posts ........................ 66 Box 17. Estonia: Public service ethics training ............................................................................... 71 Box 18. Measuring the impact of awareness-raising activities ....................................................... 75 Box 19. Slovenia: Cross-checking databases to control incompatibilities...................................... 79 Box 20. The United States: Designated agency ethics officials...................................................... 82 Box 21. Georgia: Anti-Corruption Coordination Council .............................................................. 86 Box 22. Albania, Estonia, Turkey: Developing anti-corruption networks...................................... 87 Box 23. Estonia: Open data on local budgets ................................................................................. 89 Box 24. Georgia: State Audit Office contributes to uncovering corruption ................................... 93 Box 25. Successful e-procurement solutions: Examples from an EU study ................................... 97 Box 26. Azerbaijan, Georgia: Public service halls ......................................................................... 99 Box 27. Georgia: Mandatory proactive online publication ..........................................................
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