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Implementing Mixed Land Use Rooting Jane Jacobs' Concept Of Available online through http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/modul Implementing Mixed Land Use Rooting Jane Jacobs’ Concept of Diversity in Urban Sustainability Implementing Mixed Land Use Rooting Jane Jacobs’ Concept of Diversity in Urban Sustainability Chely Novia Bramiana *) Ratih Widiastuti *) Bangun IR Harsritanto **) *) Faculty of Vocational School Diponegoro University **)Departemen Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro, Abstract nowadays, sustainability has become an important issue in any development project, including area development. This happen because the area development requires space, in this case land. As people developing land, it damages the environment. It means there will be less balance between built environment and natural environment. This calls for concern in urban sustainability. One of the ways to restore the balance is to reduce as much land as possible to be built by maximizing the space. This paper will explore the multiple space use in terms of mixed-use development in different level and also assess mixed land use implementation, which include the concept of diversity in urban sustainability Keywords: mixed land use; mix-used development urban sustainability; trias toponoma; literature review 1. Introduction common consumables energy, materials or water, for Cities around the world are subject to increasing which there are renewable sources. This triad contains levels of environmental impact of the land development. the following three steps: The development of the cities manifested in several 1. In case of step 1 new building development takes problems such as urban sustainability issue and land place within the existing built-up area. Use as little scarcity. One of the problems that has emerged as a ‘fresh’ natural space as possible by using the third result of modern urban planning and land development, dimension of buildings. In the city center it is with its strong emphasis on functional separation, is that necessary to build higher or deeper structures. Within it tends to reduce the kind of combinations and this first step it is also possible to use the dimension of interactions—physical, social as well as visual—that time by appointing more than one function to a support urban qualities and vitality. This calls for a building. This concept will be explained more considering urban sustainability in implementing the extensively within the principle of multiple space use. urban planning policy, particularly in area development 2. When it is not possible to achieve the necessary because it essentially requires space, in this case land. building volume in the already developed and built Urban sustainability requires minimizing the area, then the built up area can be enlarged to the consumption of space and resources, optimizing urban country side of low natural importance. Enlarge the form to facilitate urban flows, protecting both ecosystem city with a so-called ‘green vision’, which for and human health, ensuring equal access to resources recreational functions makes the relatively natural and services, and maintaining cultural and social environment part of these new neighborhoods. This diversity and integrity (Wu, 2009). The idea of urban represents a kind of cascading of this non-renewable sustainability is that the space occupied by the present source. generation should not jeopardize the needs of future 3. The least sustainable option is to extend the built up generation. Whenever an area (or space so-called in this area in a rather natural. In this case, the construction paper) is developed or constructed, it would create of buildings could take place extensively or in other certain level of impact for the nature (Brower and words spread buildings over a large surface in such a Entrop 2010). This calls for intervention in urban policy way that it has little effect on the main natural planning in many aspects, particularly in developing structures of the area. land use policy. Consequently, urban planners need to The objective of this paper is to explore the first ensure sustainable space use. Ultimately, a triad step of Trias Toponoma focusing on the principle of approach developed by Entrop and Brouwers (2010) so- multiple space use. Multiple space use is explained in called ‘Trias Toponoma’ since the space use of a which space can be used for multiple functions in three building is, nevertheless, a different aspect than the different ways: (1) certain spatial functions can be 27 ISSN : 0853-2877 MODUL Vol.17 No.1 Januari-Juni 2017 stacked; for example apartments can be constructed over form, mixed uses should be encouraged in cities, and a shopping mall (location sharing). (2) A function can be zoning discouraged. shared by different user groups with only minor Many concepts are developed to reach urban adaptations; a school can function as an adult education sustainability, such as smart growth, new urbanism and center in the evenings (time sharing). (3) Functions can urban village claimed that they could be the sustainable be mixed; in a residential area specific offices or urban form. However some literature analysis shows industries might also be allowed. that different combinations of these concepts produce a Ultimately, this paper will explore about urban number of distinguished urban forms. Eventually, the sustainability in terms of the first step of trias toponoma. study has identified four models of sustainable urban The focus of this paper will be mixed-use development forms of sustainable urban forms [8]. (also called mixed land use) to maximized the multiple space use, how it match with the sustainable urban Neotraditional Development form; the contribution towards urban sustainability and The vision of neotraditional development was to the drawbacks of it. This paper is organized as follows. enhance the quality of life but not at the expense of the The next section will explain the methodology used in “next generation”—an idea that is compatible with this study. Section III explains the literature review of today’s principles of sustainable development [10]. general concept of urban sustainability then converged There are many type of development that is also based to focus on the need of diversity and land use. The on the neotraditional form of development: transit- extended explanation about mixed land use will be oriented development (TOD), transit village, urban presented in section IV. This paper ends with the village, and new urbanism. conclusion of this study and recommendation for further development Urban Containment Urban containment emphasizes policies of 2. Methodology compactness due to the results of urban sprawl. In The study about mixed land use in this paper is United States, people choose to work and live in the conducted by a literature study and empirical market suburban. This calls the policy makers to reconsidering research. The literature review start by describing the the policy. The goals of containment policy vary widely concept of urban sustainability, then converged to the and include preservation of natural land, as well as concept of diversity introduced by Jane Jacobs then farmland and resource extraction land, whose economic focus on mixed land use development. Empirical market value will not be able to compete with urban research in here means using several case studies from development; cost-efficient construction and use of different literature to analyze and reflect on the impact urban infrastructure; reinvestment in existing urbanized of one particular sustainable technique or measure for areas that might otherwise be neglected; and the creation buildings and fitting the Triad framework, in this case of higher-density land use patterns that encourage a mix Trias Toponoma. of uses and patronage of public transit, leading to a more efficient utilization of land in urbanized areas (Pendall, 3. Concept of Diversity Martin, and Fulton 2004). Concept of urban sustainability Urban planning as a concept has been around for Compact City at least 26 centuries (Stanislawski, 1946), tracked back The distinctive concepts of the compact city are as far as ancient Greece. Any form of urban planning, high density and compactness. It proposes mixed land such as city planning has come a long way since then, uses like the approaches of new urbanism or even though the ancient ideas of grid planning of city neotraditional development. The European layout can still be seen until now. For the past several Commission’s Green Paper advocates very strongly the decades, urban planning has been “unmixing” cities by “compact city,” assuming that it makes urban areas more the use of rigid zoning that separates single land uses environmentally sustainable and improves quality of life into differently colored parts of the city plan. Big city (Commission of European Communities 1990). The such as New York City and Barcelona still keep their compact city is being promoted in the United Kingdom grid layout of the cities. The result is a city with less and throughout Europe as a component of the strategy diversity in local areas and more traffic, as well as formed to tackle the problem of unsustainability. It is reduced safety and diminished attractiveness of local proposed that in more compact cities, travel distances streets (Newman 1997). The consequences of this grid are reduced (thus reducing fuel emissions), rural land is layout is the abundant amount of crossing that requires saved from development, local facilities are supported, many traffic lights and causing traffic congestion in and local areas become more autonomous. certain cross point. Therefore, for a sustainable urban 28 ISSN : 0853-2877 MODUL Vol.17 No.1 Januari-Juni 2017 schedules and are in the place for different purposes, but The Eco City who are able to use many facilities in common. The eco-city is an umbrella metaphor that Most blocks must be short; that is, streets and encompasses a wide range of urban-ecological proposals opportunities to turn corners must be frequent. that aim to achieve urban sustainability.
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