The Double Ponds in Korean Landscape Gardens, 16Th to 19Th Centuries

) ethics ethics berlin.de 趙光祖 -

highlight of the of the highlight

Confucian Confucian kalisch@fu and fundamental fundamental and - -

Freie Universität Berlin as a hee.lee - Jo Gwangho Gwangho Jo

is the Garden Soswaewon Garden Soswaewon the is shed among the literati in literati the among shed

- - in South Jolla province. Afar province. South in Jolla is regarded is regarded well mail: jeongmail: highly venerated teacher, the teacher, venerated highly at the foot of the mountain mountain of the foot the at - E

question Confucian Confucian Confucian reveals the reveals -

his - East Asian Art History, 鼓巖洞 eo n located located essay essay

First in First in When When Kalisch ( Kalisch -

1910). Based on a Based –1910). the sixteenth century, in which neo which in century, the sixteenth 瀟灑園 Goamdong formed the basis of state ideology and life and ideology the basis of state formed divided was elite social the the literati, of philosophy different worldviews given the ofunsustainable In times prevailed. that convictions to their retreated literati many conditions, political towards or out loyalty of country resignation abodes of cultures local Correspondingly, their own ideals. flouri social gatherings urban beyond spaces landscape established specially court culture. it the capital, from flourishing local cultures at that time. at that cultures local flourishing genuine genuine hee Lee period (1392 period . . - - Jeong neo their their

1910) of of 1910) and

theoretical theoretical cultivation

- e’s ideals in ideals e’s made double double made - made double ponds in Korean garden landscapes and and landscapes garden Korean in ponds double made concept of the of the concept - – (1392

nd shape and the naming of the ponds, this this ponds, the of naming the and nd shape reflects the fundamental fundamental reflects the Kingdom

16th to 19th Centuries 16th to 19th

landscape

The paper deals with the man the with deals The paper

landscape garden of the Joseon dynasty, this investigation connects neo connects investigation this dynasty, Joseon the of garden landscape

Garden Garden During the Joseon Joseon the During philosophical and political thoughts as well as the role models of the Joseon literati, and in what way way what in and literati, Joseon the of models role the as well as thoughts political and philosophical building. pond of conception the in involved are plants and flowers fish, the scholars’ ideology, the construction concepts of their landscape gardens, and their practice of self practice their and gardens, landscape of their concepts construction the ideology, scholars’ po the on research Through cultivation.

it and nature, and beings human between relation with the practice subjective both of place a as serves nature. the in experience spirited nature and be can landscape the garden Accordingly, of on best visualization considered the life as well as the realization of one’s life philosophy philosophy of one’s life as theas well life realization Based onnature. concerning the man abstract Theory and Practice: The Double Landscape in Korean Ponds and Practice: Theory Gardens,

Joseon the of centuries 19th to 16th the from depictions garden preserved practical lifestyles as a process of self process as a lifestyles practical Confucian scholar’s theoretical ideology theoretical scholar’s Confucian ponds in Korean Joseon landscape gardens, this ponds gardens, this in Korean Joseon landscape between studythe relation the emphasizes This presentation aims to find aims out This presentation the connotation of the shape of the connotation of ponds shape and naming, as its fish, like elements further of as the implication well in the plants involved flowers and pond landscape.

ART RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE vol.1 Theory and Practice: The Double Ponds in Korean Landscape Gardens, 16th to 19th Centuries

44 ART RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE vol.1 Theory and Practice: The Double Ponds in Korean Landscape Gardens, 16th to 19th Centuries 45

(©

the 林薰 1592)

the thatched the thatched n of stacked n of

shaped ponds. ponds. shaped as follows: as ). The open The open ). m Hun m - of the year 1755 year the of out tree trunk trunk out tree

of the landscape landscape of the -

– 敬命(1533 itting of the light of itting the 髙 stands boldly upon the upon the boldly stands 遊瑞石錄廣風閣

Soswaeweondo of April in the year 1574, 1574, in the year of April

described the garden in described his th to the beautiful area of mount mount of area beautiful to the

to 24 ) which 待鳳臺) which

, are two artificial square artificial are two , Below the pavilion there is a squarely squarely a is there pavilion the Below th Yuseoseongnok

. Gwangpunggak ( The woodblock print woodblock print The …]

[ A hollowed pond. shaped channels the water to the pond. To the west the To pond. the to water the channels stand bamboos of hundreds ponds, the of the of west the To of jade. fields like there 1584), and On the side opposite of the waterfall and the the and waterfall of the opposite On the side The mountain water, the vein water, the The mountain covered green valley in form of big and in form valley small green covered – 1. -

Daebongdae 1500 and a main element of the garden accumulates in the the in accumulates garden of the element main and a a on disperses then and rocks the of recesses natural down the into gushing finally plateau, wide stone moss spl and rushing The waterfalls. panels, of silk reminiscent waterfalls, white reflective Clearing of the “Studio from observed best be can Wind” “Studio “Studio Wind”of below Clearing and the Phoenix” Awaiting of “Terrace pavilion ( stone stacked Figure 20 the From Gyeongmyeong scholar Go journey took a Yi with his colleague Mudeungsan ( travelogue Soswaewon) structure with its small space in the center looks like like looks center spacethe in small its with structure boat a on of an bejeweled top elevatio stones.

- ” , 陽

pace pace 瀟灑

aoist Taoist yang 1550, he he 1550, nd a

– 1520 陰

understanding. The The understanding. yin sa cheo Soswae ( , who in turn had just had turn in who , .000 square meters, of of .000 meters, square the young literatus Yang Yang young literatus the of Vivifying of Vivifying Purification

風水 connotates: “the garden in in “the garden connotates: 1557)

– day Seoul) and returned to his to his returned and Seoul) day - Garden (1503

fengshui quality. unrestrained and free

”, which which ”, its philosophical ideals; ones that were, were, that ones ideals; philosophical Confucian worldviews, and the social and social the and worldviews, Confucian - - prefer to translate the garden name in in a name garden the to translate prefer 梁山甫 1519), fell from grace in the course of course the in grace from fell 1519),

The size of the entire complex including a including complex entire of the size The eo n nd the Five Elements. Decorative features of plants, plants, of features Decorative Elements. Five nd the Soswaewon a mirror likewise stones individual trees, and and figurative sense sense figurative “ signifying gardens, outer and inner and residency, family 118 of area an to amounts taken are meters square 4.400 approximately which by Shielded today. extant area garden the up by rivers far and near and ranges and mountain stone and groves bamboo high by circumscribed s ideal an represents garden this walls, clay to according large and buildings the of placement and choice of principles the follow rocks political party disputes, party political Sanbo – (1482

intellectual background of Yang Sanbo. The garden garden The Sanbo. Yang of background intellectual his own of utopia the projected here designer religious of his teacher. spirit in the moreover, for or sense in a life at the royal court anymore. He anymore. court royal the at a life in or sense for capital in the official an career as his up gave (present Hanyang passed the civil service examinations, saw no hope saw serviceexaminations, civil the passed paternal home. During the years paternal home. During created his own garden that incorporated natural incorporated his created own garden that with a stream mountain a and formations rock southwest; the to northeast the from flowing waterfall Soswae the “Literatus himself then on calling from Life” Unrestrained Living an garden the he designated penname his 處士). After “ which the spirit is purified and invigorated, invigorated, and purified is spirit the which a thunderstorm ofrain in the effect with comparable onfalling I of the leaves bamboo Therefore, trees”. would

–

the the 1,8 .

. a

(Chin. (Chin.

c . (1130 the fish the like clear clear like - 觀書有感) recluses in in recluses cultivation cultivation ) 小塘魚泳 2008) - -

, 一鑑朱熹 author

eoyeong the of playing fish of fish playing in a

up the clear water clear up the

pick topic . was what . purpose For this Guanshuyougan Sodang ) 3

. 聊足貯淸猗無心垂釣絲 . hotography by hotography

P (

fig

( , play in the mirrored image of the of the image in the mirrored play ) depicts not only the mirror depicts not only

Confucian master Xi Zhu master Confucian first pond orrowed from the poem “Thoughts and “Thoughts poem the from orrowed yilmu first pond, in a rectangular shape and and shape rectangular a in pond, first I have no desire to throw a fishing line. a fishing to throw desire no I have -

(

2 ut it is enough to to is enough ut it The

he fish The fish owner garden b So, 方塘未一畝魚戱主人影 The square pond is not even as big as as big even not is pond The square m . The . Functioning as a mirror, the pond constantly constantly the pond as a mirror, . Functioning ), which means to reflect or to inspect. The inspect. or to to reflect which means ), 3 small pond created? pond created? small self of concept the reflects pond first The Feelings after Reading” ( by Gim Inhu by Gim the indicates This poem Figure throwa sometimes would Yang that said also It is “Swimming poem The pond. the rod into fishing Pond” ( Fish in a Small

measuring 2.8 x 2.8 m, is located directly under under directly located is m, x 2.8 2.8 measuring pavilion thatched of the noble gentleman in a symbolic way. way. The a symbolic in gentleman noble of the garden owner named the Yigam pond yijian was b term by the neo by the water, but also the lifestyle of the literati of the lifestyle also but water, garden. In the eyes of the scholars, scholars, of the eyes In the garden. 1200) aware. and attentive stay to oneself upon calls relation to the pond in an empathic way: an empathic pond in the to relation

the .

1 written written …] Cavity” Cavity” [

. 2)

. ig f (

under the bamboo. under the

of the year 1755 of the year

1560), a literati friend a 1560), literati

. – (1510 2008) 高低竹下池

瀟灑園圖 ) (1548) (1548) 刳木通流) the pond through the pond by channels made through

author

金麟厚 the

] … The Water transfer through the cavity transfer through the Water The There had been a watermill that diverted watermill been had a There

bamboo there is a lotus pond. The water water pond. The lotus a is there bamboo to flows stones. Below the Bamboo thickets, on the thickets, the Bamboo Below stones. water mill. a is there pond, of the side north [ 亭下鑿小池刳木引澗水注之池西有鉅竹百挺玉立可賞竹西有蓮池甃以石引小池由竹下過蓮池之北又有水碓一區 To a pond on the upper side side upper pond on the a To 委曲通泉脉 The vein of the spring runs through the cavity the through runs spring the of vein The . . Additionally, the woodblock print print woodblock the Additionally, 1)

. hotography by hotography ig f Gomoktongryu P Soswaeweondo illustrates how the water flows from the main water water the main from flows water the how illustrates pond second the to then and pond to the first stream ( Figure 2. (

continuously flowing water finely into the valley into the finely water flowing continuously A poem titled „The Water runs through the the through runs Water „The titled poem A ( of Yang Sanbo, describes the water of describes Yang vein the as Sanbo, after thought: Chinese cosmological by Gim Inhu by Gim

ART RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE vol.1 Theory and Practice: The Double Ponds in Korean Landscape Gardens, 16th to 19th Centuries

46 ART RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE vol.1 Theory and Practice: The Double Ponds in Korean Landscape Gardens, 16th to 19th Centuries 47

花花之蓮, – (1017 亭亭凈

. d by the , ； 2008)

, 予謂菊, 濯清漣而不妖 . , 周敦頤 Alas! ) by Chinese the 香遠益清 ,

2 花之富貴者也 , is defined as one that one that as is defined , hotography by author 愛蓮說 P 牡丹, ( ead of being played in the hands. hands. in the played ead being of

不蔓不枝； er Zhou Dunyi Dunyi Zhou er fragrance 可遠觀而不可褻玩焉

second pond , Ailianshuo

( in which the flower, arising from the mud from arising flower, the which in 隱逸者也！之君子者也。噫植中通外直, But, I only love But, the out of I only lotus, which grows love washe is unstained, yet the mud stem the tantalizing; not is but ripples, water it hollow, and is inside and its straight grows scent its branches; and vines has creeping no is really stalk distance, its in the is milder a from enjoyed be can it upright; and clean inst distance, of the the is hermit the chrysanthemum I say and the nobility while peonyflowers, is the the is lotus the whereas flowers; the of wealth of the flowers. gentleman 予獨愛蓮之出淤泥而不染

. The

4 a presents pond lower the into planted The lotus the lotus towards of love feelings of the reminder Yang continuously. nurtured be to are that flower the of Love the “On poem the of fond especially was Lotus“ think Confucian 1073), soft with its literati Confucian a of virtue the represents gentleman: Figure

. , e ig f The The BC. (

h the (Jiang (Jiang

idealized idealized

discovered discovered century

state in the in the state

the th With the small small the With

lotus pond lotus e chance to meet to e meet chance 文王 Fishing Fishing is closely

770), exampl 770), for – and took him in his his in him took and peaceful

(712 The act act of fishing as a partThe 杜甫 (701−762) (701−762) once observed in scholar lifestyle echoes echoes lifestyle scholar 李白 - haired fisherman haired ), who lived in the 11 in who 姜太公),lived

From the first pond flows the water down to down to water the pond flows the first From

. Measuring 5.5 x 4.0 m, it is bigger than the first the bigger than is it 4.0 m, 5.5 x . Measuring last last verse of the poem “No desire to throw a fishing line” by Yang Sanbo is associated with the lifestyle Jiang Duke Grand the master, Chinese of a Taigong coach back the to court. recluse of the It is said that he spent years in his old age fishing, fishing, age in his old years he spent said that It is but with a hook straight and without bait. The story who wise man, retreated of a lifestyle the describes was fishing not for a fish, butreal th Wen Finally, King ruler. a wise - this white life of Yang Sanbo in his own garden. country. square a is which pond, the second 4) pond. pond with fish, the young literati scholar expresses expresses scholar literati the young fish, pond with wise again a come may there someday that hope his ruler would who restore a

environment. Du Fu Fu Du environment. hutChengdu. in grass thatched his of the garden related to the reclusive lifestyle; hermits find leisure find leisure hermits lifestyle; reclusive the to related natural quiet, a in fishing in and tranquility swimming in the water are associated wit associated water are the in swimming was he pond, clear and deep a in fish the admiration filled with ofthought the retiring. a easiness, and freedom, happiness, of emotion This is or trouble. worry any without condition life of retreated with the hermit further connected in with nature. literati harmony As Chinese great the poet Li Bai once built a small pavilion on water for fishing, in in fishing, on water for pavilion a built once small

. 6 . )

the the (fig

lotus lotus fig. 7 fig.

愛蓮軒)

pond by it , named it , named Donggwoldo), Donggwoldo), shows Painting of of Painting (

“ 1720), in love in love 1720), , as plum trees plum as , Confucian academy - the It suffices to say say to suffices It 西園小亭, in 1692 in 東闕圖)

of Chanting Plum of Chanting – (1661

The neo Aeyreonheon 詠梅軒)

detail of detail in the back garden of garden back the in

肅宗昌德宮 . and renamed the renamed and

House ink on paper and silk, Korea University and silk,Korea ink paper on

28) identification with the with the identification - - 06 Painting ofPalaces Eastern Painting - 1992, p. 141) p. 1992,

(Donggwoldo (Donggwoldo Seowon sojeong Seowon

4 愛蓮亭, 1759), titled “West Garden with a Garden 1759), “West titled Yeongmaeheon – detail of , as the 愛蓮池, as

essed 2017 strong self strong One of the double ponds, the ponds, double One of The

Donggwoldo Changdoekgung ( Acc (1676

, A The king Sukjong Sukjong The king is displayed in the painting by Jeong Seon by Jeong painting in the displayed is ( https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/gallery.php?sid=773&i

the name “House of Loving Lotuses” is one of Lotuses” “House of the name Loving

5 . igure 6) Small Pavilion” ( Pavilion” Small pond 鄭敾 Yaeryeonji Eastern Palaces” F 1830, and 1826 between dated that pond in a at pavilion for a popular names the most gardens. literati Figure 5. Namgye Seowon ndex=2 with lotus, built a pavilion a pavilion built with lotus, palace palace Aeryeonjeong Aeryeonjeong

Museum “House of Loving Lotus” ( Lotus” Loving of “House the “ other and the are planted around the dormitories. dormitories. the around planted are Blossoms” ( Blossoms”

- – (1450

, it is an , is an it ) 隔澗芙蕖 1105), who who 1105),

Zhou Dunyi Zhou amgye Seowon Seowon amgye his Chinese role role his Chinese 鄭汝昌

– (1045 Lotus at a Distance a at Lotus in honor of the of in honor

garden also mirror the the mirror also garden .

esteemed One dormitory is called the is called Onedormitory 黄庭堅

Gyeokganbugeo 3 . ( fragrance comes across the across the comes fragrance

入室勝芝蘭 5) en names of the two buildings buildings two the of names en

閒姿可遠觀 . Yang’s highly highly

clean and upright stalk upright and clean the naming refers Chinese refers to the the naming Confucian Dunyi, Zhou who had Confucian (fig chos

; Confucian academy academy Confucian

- wind of , which built , was which

rought into the room, it is even better than is even better than it room, the into rought ts tranquil appearance can be enjoyed very very enjoyed be can appearance tranquil ts Huang Tingjian Tingjian Huang 香風橫度壑 The valley, b the orchids. 淨植非凡卉 well from a distance from well extraordinarily plant, extraordinarily i With its its With Yang Sanbo Yang Sanbo During the Joseon period, Korean neo period, Korean the Joseon During How the scholar Yang loved the lotus flowers the flowers Yang loved lotus How the scholar model, the neo model, scholarship of Jeong Yeochang Yeochang Jeong of scholarship 灆溪書院

defined the lotus with its gentle fragrance rising from from rising fragrance with gentle lotus its the defined of plant symbolic a representative as the mud The noblemen. “Studio of Clearing Wind” and “Hall of the Moon in Moon the of “Hall and Wind” Clearing of “Studio in Sky” Clearing

1504) has two quadrangular lotus ponds in front of ponds front in lotus has quadrangular 1504) two two dormitories Confucian scholars loved the lotus flower and its its and flower lotus the loved scholars Confucian quadrangular built mostly meaning. They symbolic flowers andlotus planted poem Xi’s ponds after Zhu neo The there. scholar scholar garden designer’s aspiration towards the pure virtues virtues pure the towards aspiration designer’s garden of a nobleman from Mount Stream” Mount from from words applied who also Inhu, Gim friend by his poem: Dunyi the Zhou is also described in a poem titled “ poem a in described also is had compared the refined character of the had refined character compared bright the and wind purifying of the to the clarity rain. after cleared sky in the moon

ART RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE vol.1 Theory and Practice: The Double Ponds in Korean Landscape Gardens, 16th to 19th Centuries

48 ART RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE vol.1 Theory and Practice: The Double Ponds in Korean Landscape Gardens, 16th to 19th Centuries 49

南

李起 Namji Namji

r on silk,

yong yong Seoul National National Seoul ( r

and colo

ink . ) “Stream of Pure Wind” Wind” Pure of “Stream

´s 629, 629, (Namji girohoedo (Namji 117

35) 1 Banquet of ElderBanquet the Officials “ ),

flowing stream. flowing Seon ´s - of June 1629. They came came They of June 1629. 2005, p.2005, 2

Jeong th , Ink and colour on silk, 133 x 58,8 cm, cm, 58,8 x 133 silk, on colour and Ink , mind the virtues of a nobleman. of a virtues the mind shows literati’s the elder official hoe of

Yi Giryong 8 ( 1739

Namji girohoedo Namji of ), Highlights 2007, p. 2007, Highlights

Seoul National University Museum University Seoul National detail ) by the court painter Yi Gi Yi painter by the court ) detail ?), now in the Seoul National University University National Seoul the in ?), now

The (fig.9),

The

) and to call to to call and to ) – (1600

Cheongpung gyedo Cheongpung 池耆老會圖龍 together to enjoy the lotus at the South Pond ( Pond the South at lotus the enjoy to together 南池 116,6 x 72,4 cm. cm. 72,4 x 116,6 Museum Elder of the “Banquet scroll titled hanging The Namji” Pond the at Officials Figure 8. ( Kansong Art Museum connected so that they could successively be filled filled be successively could that they so connected the down from with water University Museum University Museum Figure 9. at the Pond Namji” ( Pond Namji” the at gathering gathering on the 5

) - - 8

. The The learly learly 1761). 1761). fig ).

holding a holding “Stream of “Stream ). We can We can ).

– (1692 West GardenWest with a

真景山水 . ) ´s

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1637), who, after passing passing after who, 1637), , Yi Chunje 2005, 2005, , ink and light ink xcolour40 , and silk, on light ) – 三

extant anymore today, was today, anymore extant beop hoe - 1759 C - (1561 ne trees, elm trees and centuries and trees elm ne trees,

jingyeong sansu jingyeong gyedo Cheongpung (Seowon sojeong)

金尙容

bubyeokchal , depicts the former estate of the neo of the estate the former , depicts cedars and, particularly, three rectangular three rectangular and, particularly, cedars

7 . Jeong Seon (1676 Seon Jeong . Another painting by Jeong Seon, Jeong by painting Another The depicted garden belonged to the minister minister the to belonged garden depicted The 7 official Yi approaches his pavilion pavilion his Yi approaches official

tall igure Confucian scholar and Prime Kim Minister Prime and scholar Confucian Sangyong (1739) Pure Wind” Wind” ( Pure high A official’s hat. high a wearing and walking stick In behind. closely follows zither, a carrying servant, with lotus. pond a is there pavilion grass the of front Jeong Seon illustrates this in the manner of the “true “true the of manner the in this illustrates Seon Jeong ( style” landscape and literati scholar Yi Chunje Yi Chunje scholar and literati F Pavilion Small 66,7 cm. Private collection ( collection Private cm. 66,7

the state examinations in 1590, held a high post as postas held high a 1590, in examinations the state by ofThe prime the Stream minister. “Estate Pure is which notWind”, old lotus ponds (samdang located on the slope of Mount Inwangsan in the Inwangsan of slope Mount on the located In hanging a long Seoul. of northwest the capital Kim of estate the renders artist the format, scroll the defines wash, and a bluish in Sangyong c and ascending gradually surrounding, structured vegetation and rocks from a bird’s eye eye bird’s a from rocks and vegetation structured brush thick and strong repeated, using by view strokes ( painting in the elements the of many recognize willows, sources: which in historical are stated pi many bamboos,

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also means openness and and openness means also their connected by a connected waterway

] , the ponds are two connected, ) ☱☱ the conversation of friends and and of friends the conversation “Thatched House of Dasan” House of Dasan” “Thatched

, 다산초당도 ] 泽易經）: Xiang commentary Xiang

“ ；君子以朋友 dui , and promoting the the promoting , and ponds ze ink and coloron paper, 22.3 그림-

. 1812, 초의- (lake or marsh trigram) in the “Book of “Book in the trigram) or marsh (lake

Yijing （Yijing Choui Seonsa Choui trigram trigram

）, Two representing Two symbols encourages of the stimulus [ Dui. The form other, the over one marsh, accordance in man, superior [ [ 丽泽，兑 exploring this is a stack of two exchanges, the exchange the exchange exchanges, a stack of two is this is pond (

and the exchange of two waters is a feature feature a is waters of two exchange the and this observes gentleman The exchange. of the friends, making feature, teaching thus and ://silhak.ggcf.kr/archives/exhibit/dasans th exile/ In other words, the lake or marsh trigram trigram or marsh lake the words, In other The two The two - 10.

兌卦 of

, , ) with others symbolizes the power with which the forces of of which the forces with the power symbolizes The 58 Changes” Figure gua chodangdo convey a special symbolic meaning based on a on a based symbolic meaning special a convey princip Taoist of the idea philosophical to the According 辞 collection - place better understanding, accepting understanding, better

ir the the type type at the at in – (1786

丁若鏞

of Vivifying of Vivifying

re daybreak he he re daybreak , located , located ) mixed type, one type, mixed to enjoy the lotus the lotus to enjoy . The second second . The

a 草衣禪師 Confucian academy academy Confucian o the utmost. o the Garden - 茶山草堂圖）by the same size and shape, built shape, andsize same The Garden of Vivifying Garden of Vivifying The 茶山草堂 . The complex belonged to belonged complex The . Chodang ) in Gangjin 茶山) District in Gangjin releases. releases. In this way, washe the two ponds of two different sizes, different of two ponds two

a crucial aspect of garden design design of garden aspect a crucial

Dasan Dasan ). The third is third ). The fully fully shows, there were originally two originally were there shows, 康津縣) is

)

who spent his exile time teaching and teaching and time exile his who spent ” very special way: way: Befo very special . Dasan chodangdo Dasan discussed above, the the above, discussed the ponds in “ the hyeon hyeon

consists of consists - （ of Vivifying of Vivifying Purification) Dasan Chodang Dasan fig. 10 fig. his exile life, Jeong built two square ponds in in ponds two square built life, Jeong his exile

twin ponds of twin ponds

1836), ( own own

was applied in many scholar gardens of the ofthe scholar gardens many in was applied – 1762 embedded in a natural environment (like environment a natural in embedded

1866) Dasan” Dasan” Choui Seonsa Buddhist master (Gangjin Yakyong Jeong scholar Joseon great the ( Dasan ( Dasan (Dasan Tea Mountain During of his the garden Garden Purification has two ponds which are connected with connected are which ponds two has Purification This each other. and period. Joseon design. pond garden of types essential are three There The first still pond one Only fish. playing the and fragrance House of As exists today. “Thatched the painting

ponds in the garden, connected by a watercourse like like watercourse by a connected garden, the ponds in those of writing books. Before being exiled, he enjoyed lotus he Before exiled, enjoyed being writing books. province, Gyeonggi the in hometown his in flowers in his get and pond the lotus on boat a be in would already the When buds. lotus to the possible as as close the daybreak, the of the at moment blossom flowers strong fragrance t flowers the lotus able to enjoy entails neo in the (like by side side Purification Namgye Seowon Namgye example being the garden of the Thatched House of House of Thatched the being the garden example

ART RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE vol.1 Theory and Practice: The Double Ponds in Korean Landscape Gardens, 16th to 19th Centuries

50 ART RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE vol.1 Theory and Practice: The Double Ponds in Korean Landscape Gardens, 16th to 19th Centuries 51 ,

，

, 1995; 1995;

본

2005: pp. pp. 2005: Isang

1992 (2nd (2nd 1992 이상윤

, edited and 한국의 hoe 为两兑相叠

(Chinese ，

1992, p. 140. p. 1992, C

讲习探索，推广

. . See Roderick loved plum

Book of Changes 관점에서 1759)

Dongguk Dongguk

sasangui silhyeon,

– 홍관표 -

, See Yang,

Confucian scholar Yi

(Royal Archives), 39.

103; 103; - - –

jogyeong 说：本卦水交流是兑卦的卦象。 Gwangju: Gwangju

Seoul: after Zhou Dunyi. . 384. 384.

28)

View Landscape.

103. 103. 周易 . .

– - ) . – Donggwoldo , 讀古詩詞網 1570) also 苘两 06- 미술사적 ; Cheolhak Sangyun 文化財管理局 James Legge – 28)

- 而广交朋友， “

Seoul: MunhwabuSeoul: Munhwajae . 2010

《象辞》从连，藏書閣 06- , .

- p. 29 p. pp. 383 pp. 愛蓮堂

hee. : ,

Yuseoseongnok (1501 plantedlot of a plum trees around - 실현

AA25_24513_007_0001, edited by edited AA25_24513_007_0001, , 2005: pp. 234 2005: pp. ,

Soswaewon, Yang Yang Sanboui Soswaewon, , 2015: pp. 83 pp. 2015: , Jungang Yeonguwon 315. - 文化部泽相

(4th edition)

Korean True

in p. 양산보의이상 两

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2017. 2: pp. 71 2: pp. 2017.

su. Hangukui Jeontong

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Hong/Yi 2010 blossoms and his dormitory; he also loved lotusmuch that he so called his studio the “Hall ofLotus” Loving ( Hwang 276– It is wellIt known that the neo Ancient Poetry) https://fanti.dugushici.com/ancient_proses/70529 ( Hong See Y L See Xu Goryeobong Jangseogak See 兑为泽，君子观此卦象，见闻. Gwalliguk edition). 공저. Chinese Text Project =gb English translation: G002+AKS Hangukhak misulsajeok gwanjeomeseo bon Soswaewon 철학사상의 translated by Youngsook Pak & Whitfield. London: Saffron, 2005. 전통조경 소쇄원, Paintings by Chong Son (1676 Son Chong by Paintings University Press 소쇄원,

Kalisch,

hoe, ee- ) ) ) ) 0) ) ) 5 4 3 8 9) 6) 2) 1 Donggwoldo Notes 1 7 Works Hong, https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=26039&remap C L

is es The The

Joseon Joseon

is stocked is stocked two ponds” ponds” two “ “The Garden of Garden “The

, Confucian - together, and achieve together, and through the same vein of vein same the through up

concept is realized in the in the is realized concept . The concept of the double double of the concept The . ”

In the neo the In grow the figurative landscape imagery imagery landscape figurative the other with lotus flowers. On the On flowers. lotus with other gua - f realizing of his ideology. his ideology. of realizing f as water flows freely from one to the the to one from freely flows water as and the

dui functions are different: one pond pond one different: are functions

for the pursuit of higher aims such as “learn “learn as such aims higher of pursuit the for ponds and finely rushes ponds and down finely rushes into valley. the ir systems The garden designer was withdrawn from The gardenthe designer from was withdrawn Two ponds connected by a waterway. Water Water waterway. a by connected ponds Two the Confucian life philosophy of the young scholar, of scholar, philosophy life the young Confucian - water stream, which symbolizes the method of method which the symbolizes water stream, allowed allowed politics. of life the everyday beyond together” intertwined space and concept of concept and space intertwined as well the way o way the as well of ponds with plants fishes and in with connection Taoist, of aspects theoretical the reflect the pavilions neo

and the with fish and and th together, joined ponds are hand, two other eyes. delight the and the mind cultivate helps to flows from the main mountain stream and pass stream mountain the main flows from both other of each are independent they hand, one On the ponds garden in his own turmoil political mountain and lake are united in their action. The The action. their in united are lake and mountain the exchange symbolizes element lake/marsh liquid or people, knowledge the pool of wealth, between they way the as well as them, between concord other. each mirror this society, Vivifying Purification Vivifying construction of the ponds in both private gardens and, gardens and, private both ponds in the of construction The gardens. academy the scholars, young for the of space the illustrate concretely ponds double are they thoughts: conceptual metaphysical, other each with connected other, both ponds rarely dry up. Likewise, friends friends up. Likewise, dry rarely ponds both other, together who study a ponds stand two the Although teaching. and learning independently,

their scholarly accomplishments by stimulating and and by stimulating accomplishments their scholarly another. one awakening

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. 103. 및 Seoul

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in ，2015, 행적

Seoul: 中国历代名中國哲學的

1643 nyeon 1643”

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and Chao Liao

zhexuede 33, 도록.

2007.

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石守謙

Yunchenwenhua 소장품 화원 2018 : 以朝鮮時代文人藝術中的

Eun)

, - Soswaewon siseon — “Zhongguo “Zhongguo

chien

Zhouyi quanyi/Zhongguo lidai . , 항도부산

Guizhou: Guizhou Renmin hee, . -

박물관 [Compilation of on the poems . Taipei 전후한 1991.

梁宰寧. , ” (The contextualization” (The Chinese of 轉接與跨界：東亞文化意象之傳佈 thatched pavilionin literati (chojeong) quanyi congshu quanyi -

Jeong 103. , 徐子宏 before and after Gyemisahaeng), in 廖肇亨 (Behaviorand Activities of Painter Lee Gi

83–

. by . by Shih Shou t ofJoseon the period as an example), Jaeyeong

Hyangdobusan ryong 활동 gyemisahyeanguil jeonhuhan hwawon Yi Giryongui haengjeok hwaldong mit 계미사행을 瀟灑園詩選 Soswaewon], Gwangju: Gwangmyeong Chulpansa, 1995 mingzhu 著全译丛书, Chubanshe heng pp. 서울대학교 National University Museum mailuohua Hanguo yu Joseonyi meixue: shidai wenren yishu zhōngde caoting weili 脈絡化與韓國美學 philosophy and Korean aesthetics: the concept of the grass ar Ed Cultural Foundation 草亭為例 jie yu kua jie: Dongya wenhua yixiang zhi chuanbu Kalisch Zihong Jeongeun Jeong (Lee, -

ee Yang, Xu, Yi, Seoul National University Museum Highlights L

ART RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE vol.1 Theory and Practice: The Double Ponds in Korean Landscape Gardens, 16th to 19th Centuries