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Survey of British Colonial Development Policy
No. E 68-A RESTRICTED r:;: ONE '\f ..- tf\rhi.§..l report is restricted to use within the Bank Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized SURVEY OF BRITISH COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY November 9. 1949 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Economic Department Prepared by: B. King TABLE OF CONTE.t-J'TS Page No. I. PREFACE (and Map) • • • • • • • • • t • • .. .. i II. SPi!IMARY • • •••• .. .. ., . , . · .. iv , . III. THE COLONIES UP TO 1940' •• .. .. .. .. • • • 1 TJi.BLES I '& II • .'. .. • • • • • • • • 8 . IV. THE COLONIES SINCE, 1940 ••• • • • • • • • • 10 TABlES III to VI • • • 0 • • • • • • • • 29 APPElIIDIX - THE CURRENCY SYSTEMS OF' THE cOtOlUAL EI'!PlRE .....,,,.,. 34 (i) I. PREFACE The British Colonial :empire is a sO!!lm-:hat loose expression embracing some forty dependencies of the United Kingdom. For the purposes of this paper the term vdll be used to cover all dependencies administered through the Colonial Office on December 31" 1948 cmd" in addition, the three :30uth African High Cowmission territories, which are under the control of the Commonwealth Relations Office. This definition is adopted" since its scope is the same as that of the various Acts of Parliament passed since lSll.~O to Dovcloptx;nt promote colomal development, including the Overseas Resourceshct y::rLcl1 established the Colonial Development Corporation. A full list of the~e ter:-itories 17ill be found in the list following. It [;hould be noted th'lt in conform..i.ty vri th the provisions of the recent Acts vIhieh apply only to flcolonies not possessing responsible govermnent,uYthe definition given above excludes the self-governing colony of Southern :Ehodesia, v(nose rela- tions with the United Kinr;dom are conducted through the Co:nmonlrealth Relations Office. -
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
RESTRICTED L/2167 GENERAL AGREEMENT ON 4 March 1964 TARIFFS AND TRADE Limited Distribution Original: English SUBMISSION BY THE SOUTHERN RHODESIAN GOVERNMENT FOR THE INFORMATION OF CONTRACTING PARTIES Following the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland on 31 December 1963 and the resumption by the Southern Rhodesian Government on 1 January 1964 of its former status as a contracting party to the General Agreement, the Southern Rhodesian Government wishes to inform contracting parties that it has adapted to its own use the former Federal customs..and excise legislation and, for its part, is applying on a provisional l>a si s .the terms and provisions of the trade agreements concluded by the former Federal Government with the Governments of the Commonwealth of Australia.,..the Republic of South Africa, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Swaziland and Basutoland, Canada, Portugal and Japan. The Southern Rhodesian Government would also inform contracting parties that in so far as trade with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland is concerned its objective has been to disturb 3s little as possible the trading arrangements which existed up to £0, December 1963. Attached at Appendix A^ is a copy of a joint statement issued by the Northern and Southern Rhodesian ftovernments on 31 December 1963 regarding the interim arrangaments relating to trade between the two territories which became effective on 1 January 1964 and which will remain in force until replaced by alternative arrangements. At Appendix Bl is a copy of the Trade Agreement entered into between the Government of Nyasaland and the Government of Southern Rhodesia on 6 January 1964. -
Nyasa Clandestine Migration Through Southern Rhodesia Into the Union of South Africa: 1920S – 1950S
Settling in Motion: Nyasa Clandestine Migration through Southern Rhodesia into the Union of South Africa: 1920s – 1950s Anusa Daimon Centre for Africa Studies University of the Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa Abstract Illegal African migration into South Africa is not uniquely a post-apartheid phenomenon. It has its antecedents in the colonial/apartheid period. The South Africa colonial economy relied heavily on cheap African labour from both within and outside the Union. Most foreign migrant labourers came from the then Nyasaland (Malawi) and Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) through official channels of the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association (WNLA). WNLA was active throughout the Southern Africa and competed for the same labour resource with other regional supranational ‘native’ labour recruitment agencies, providing various incentives to lure and transport potential employees to its bustling South African gold and diamond mining industry. However, not all migrant labourers found their way through formal WNLA channels. Using archival material from repositories in Harare (Zimbabwe), Zomba (Malawi), Grahamstown (South Africa), London and Oxford (UK), the article casts light on illicit migration mainly by Malawian labourers (Nyasas) through Southern Rhodesia into South Africa between the 1920s and 1950s. It argues that many transient Nyasas subverted the inhibitive WNLA contractual obligations by clandestinely migrating independently into the Union. They also exploited the labour recruitment infrastructure used by the state and labour bureaus to swiftly move across Southern Rhodesia. In essence, Nyasas settled in motion, using Southern Rhodesia as a stepping-stone or springboard en-route to the more lucrative Union of South Africa. An appreciation of such informal migration opens up space for creating a more comprehensive historiography of labour migration in Southern Africa. -
GENERAL AGREEMENT on ^ TARIFFS and TRADE *> *****1958
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON ^ TARIFFS AND TRADE *> *****1958 Limited Distribution APPLICATION OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT Territories to which the Agreement is applied Annexed hereto is a list of the contracting parties and of the territories (according to information available to the secretariat) in respect of which the application of the Agreement has been made effective. This list is a revision of that which appeared in document G/5 under date of 17 March 1952. If there are any inaccuracies in this list, the contracting parties concerned are requested to notify the Executive Secretary not later than 1 October 1958 so that a revised list can be issued, if necessary, before the opening of the Thirteenth Session* L/843 Paee 2 Contracting parties to GATT and territories In respeot ot which the application of the Agreement has been made affective AUSTRALIA (Including Tasmania) AUSTRIA BELGIUM BELGIAN CONGO RUANDA-URUNDI (Trust Territory) BRAZIL (Including islands: Fernando de Noronha (including Rocks of Sao Pedro, Sao Paolo, Atoll das Rocas) Trinidad and Martim Vas) BURMA CANADA CEYLON CHILE (Including the islands of: Juan Fernandez group, Easter Islands, Sala y Gomez, San Feliz, San Ambrosio and western part of Tierra del Fuego) CUBA (Including Isle of Pines and some smaller islands) CZECHOSLOVAKIA DENMARK (Including Greenland and the Island of Disko, Faroe Islands, Islands of Zeeland, Funen, Holland, Falster, Bornholm and some 1700 small islands) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (Including islands: Saona, Catalina, Beata and some smaller ones) FINLAND FRANCE (Including Corsica and Islands off the French Coast, the Saar and the principality of Monaco)! ALGERIA CAMEROONS (Trust Territory) FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA FRENCH GUIANA (Including islands of St. -
Malawi Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Geography, History and the Economy Geography Malawi is a landlocked country bordered to the north and northeast by the United Republic of Tanzania, to the east, south and southwest by the People's Republic of Mozambique and to the west by the Republic of Zambia. It is 901 kilometres long and ranges in width from 80 to 161 kilometres. The country has a total area of 118,484 square kilometres, of which 94,276 square kilometres is land area. Fifty-six percent of the land area is arable. Malawi's most striking topographic feature is the Rift Valley which runs through the entire length of the country, passing through Lake Malawi in the northem and central part of the country to the Shire Valley in the south. To the west and south of the lake are fertile plains and high mountain ranges whose main peaks range from 1,698 to 3,002 metres. The country is divided into three administrative regions; Northern, Central and Southern. There are twenty-four districts, five in the Northern Region, nine in the Central Region and ten in the Southern Region. In each district there are Traditional Authorities (or chiefs) and the smallest administrative unit is the village. There are 43 Traditional Authorities in the Northcrn Region, 79 in the Central Region and 83 in the Southern Region. Malawi experiences a tropical continental climate with some maritime influences. Rainfall and temperature are greatly influenced by the lake and altitude, which varies from 37 to 3,050 meters above sea level. -
Annual Report of the Colonies. Nyasaland 1922
This document was created by the Digital Content Creation Unit University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2010 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No. 1162. NYASALAND. REPORT FOR 1922. (For Report for 1921 see No. 1158.) LONDON: PRINTED & PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE to be purchased trough any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses! Imperial House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, and 28 Abingdon Street, London, S.W.I; York Street, Manchester; 1 St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; or 120 George Street, Edinburgh. 1923. Price 61. Net. COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No. 1162. NYASALAND. ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1922.* GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL. BOUNDARIES. The territory comprised in the Nyasaland Protectorate is a strip about 520 miles in length and varying from 50 to 100 miles in width. It lies approximately between latitude S. 9° 45', and 17° 16', and longitude E. 33° and 36°. The area is roughly 40,000 square miles, or about one-third the area of the British Ioles. The most southerly portion of the Protectorate is about 130 miles from the sea as the crow flies. This strip falls naturally into two divisions: (1) consisting of the western shore of Lake Nyasa, with the high tablelands separating it from the basin of the Loangwa river in Northern Rhodesia, and (2) the region lying between the watershed of the Zambesi river and Shire river on the west, and the Lakes Chiuta and Chilwa and the river Ruo, an affluent of the Shire, on the east, including the mountain systems of the Shire Highlands and Mlanje, and a small portion, also mountainous, of the south-eastern coast of Lake Nyasa. -
Migrated Archives): Ceylon
Colonial administration records (migrated archives): Ceylon Following earlier settlements by the Dutch and Despatches and registers of despatches sent to, and received from, the Colonial Portuguese, the British colony of Ceylon was Secretary established in 1802 but it was not until the annexation of the Kingdom of Kandy in 1815 that FCO 141/2180-2186, 2192-2245, 2248-2249, 2260, 2264-2273: the entire island came under British control. In Open, confidential and secret despatches covering a variety of topics including the acts and ordinances, 1948, Ceylon became a self-governing state and a the economy, agriculture and produce, lands and buildings, imports and exports, civil aviation, railways, member of the British Commonwealth, and in 1972 banks and prisons. Despatches regarding civil servants include memorials, pensions, recruitment, dismissals it became the independent republic under the name and suggestions for New Year’s honours. 1872-1948, with gaps. The years 1897-1903 and 1906 have been of Sri Lanka. release in previous tranches. Below is a selection of files grouped according to Telegrams and registers of telegrams sent to and received from the Colonial Secretary theme to assist research. This list should be used in conjunction with the full catalogue list as not all are FCO 141/2187-2191, 2246-2247, 2250-2263, 2274-2275 : included here. The files cover the period between Open, confidential and secret telegrams on topics such as imports and exports, defence costs and 1872 and 1948 and include a substantial number of regulations, taxation and the economy, the armed forces, railways, prisons and civil servants 1899-1948. -
Agricultural Change in Nyasaland: 1945-1960 235
R. W. KETTLEWELL* AGRICULTURAL CHANGE IN NYASALAND: 1945-196ot:t: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY The fifteen postwar years in Nyasaland, 1945-60, represent a well-defined period covering in the main the final phase of the colonial govern ment's preparation of the Protectorate for assumption of full responsibility for its own affairs. It was a period in which the importance of agriculture to the econ omy of the country and the livelihood of its people was recognized, and a deter mined attempt made to develop it. These were formative years of great signifi cance. Progress in the first part of the period was somewhat inhibited by the inevitable difficulties of getting under way after the war: there were shortages of experienced personnel, equipment, and fertilizer. And after a peak of achieve ment, there came some deceleration of development towards the end of the period owing to increasing preoccupation with political affairs. Much of the following account of postwar events is necessarily framed in general terms, for accurate definition and measurement of progress, particularly as it concerns African farmers, was frequently impossible. Detailed data could not be obtained: there is intrinsic difficulty in eliciting this kind of information, and the government field staff was preoccupied with advisory and other duties. Nevertheless a reasonably accurate picture of agricultural change can be given. The form and sequence of this record reflect the nature of Nyasaland's post war development. After brief introductory descriptions of the physical, demo graphic, and historical background there is an outline of government policy and other factors that influenced change, followed by an account of the changes them selves set in relation to policy. -
Zimbabwe Case Study on Trade Negotiations
Working Paper ZIMBABWE CASE STUDY ON TRADE NEGOTIATIONS Richard Hess October 2001 Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD UK 2 ISBN 0085003 565 1 © Overseas Development Institute 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. 3 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 5 Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Zimbabwe Background ......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Zimbabwe’s economic structure 7 Agriculture 7 Manufacturing 7 Mining 7 Transport and Communications 8 The Financial Sector 8 Current situation 9 1.2 Trade strategy 11 1.3 Time series trade and investment data 12 Exports 13 Export products 14 Export markets 15 Imports 16 By product 16 By source 17 Investment 18 1.4 Overview of existing trade agreements 21 World Trade Organization 21 ACP/EU Partnership Agreement 22 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 23 Southern African Development Community (SADC) 24 Zimbabwe/South Africa Bilateral Agreement 25 Zimbabwe’ Bilateral Agreements with Botswana, Malawi and Namibia 27 2. Trade Negotiations in the Last 10 Years -
Board Christopher
International Symposium on “Old Worlds-New Worlds”: The History of Colonial Cartography 1750-1950 Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 21 to 23 August 2006 Working Group on the History of Colonial Cartography in the 19th and 20 th centuries International Cartographic Association (ICA-ACI) The British War Office 1:250,000 mapping of Cape Colony 1906-1914 Dr Christopher Board formerly Senior Lecturer, London School of Economics [email protected] Abstract After the second Anglo-Boer War when the two coastal colonies were joined by two new ones previously Boer republics the British were keen to remap the entire territory of South Africa. Despite plans drawn up in 1903 only three projects were begun. There are a few references to similar mapping of the Southern Transvaal and a preliminary paper on the Cape Colony Reconnaissance series by Board. The latter series at 1:250,000 covered the north-west region of the Colony, 35 sheets were surveyed and/or compiled but only 33 were published. The Royal Engineer Survey teams responsible for mapping the Cape Colony were withdrawn in November 1911 leaving most of the rest of the Colony to rely on poor maps of varying accuracy and quality dating to the recent war or before it. This paper not only charts the progress of mapping the series known as GSGS1764 from analysing published maps, but draws on collections in London and Cambridge which contain unpublished compilation material and the elusive model sheet for the series. Its discovery and description throw light on the War Office’s requirements for mapping in the dying days of an era of colonial mapping. -
Geographic Names
GEOGRAPHIC NAMES CORRECT ORTHOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES ? REVISED TO JANUARY, 1911 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 PREPARED FOR USE IN THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE BY THE UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHIC BOARD WASHINGTON, D. C, JANUARY, 1911 ) CORRECT ORTHOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES. The following list of geographic names includes all decisions on spelling rendered by the United States Geographic Board to and including December 7, 1910. Adopted forms are shown by bold-face type, rejected forms by italic, and revisions of previous decisions by an asterisk (*). Aalplaus ; see Alplaus. Acoma; township, McLeod County, Minn. Abagadasset; point, Kennebec River, Saga- (Not Aconia.) dahoc County, Me. (Not Abagadusset. AQores ; see Azores. Abatan; river, southwest part of Bohol, Acquasco; see Aquaseo. discharging into Maribojoc Bay. (Not Acquia; see Aquia. Abalan nor Abalon.) Acworth; railroad station and town, Cobb Aberjona; river, IVIiddlesex County, Mass. County, Ga. (Not Ackworth.) (Not Abbajona.) Adam; island, Chesapeake Bay, Dorchester Abino; point, in Canada, near east end of County, Md. (Not Adam's nor Adams.) Lake Erie. (Not Abineau nor Albino.) Adams; creek, Chatham County, Ga. (Not Aboite; railroad station, Allen County, Adams's.) Ind. (Not Aboit.) Adams; township. Warren County, Ind. AJjoo-shehr ; see Bushire. (Not J. Q. Adams.) Abookeer; AhouJcir; see Abukir. Adam's Creek; see Cunningham. Ahou Hamad; see Abu Hamed. Adams Fall; ledge in New Haven Harbor, Fall.) Abram ; creek in Grant and Mineral Coun- Conn. (Not Adam's ties, W. Va. (Not Abraham.) Adel; see Somali. Abram; see Shimmo. Adelina; town, Calvert County, Md. (Not Abruad ; see Riad. Adalina.) Absaroka; range of mountains in and near Aderhold; ferry over Chattahoochee River, Yellowstone National Park. -
172 POPULATION 28.—Areas and Populations of the Countries Or
172 POPULATION 28.—Areas and Populations of the Countries or Areas of the World 1956—continued Continent and Country Area Population Continent and Country Area sq. miles sq. miles Africa—concluded America, North—concluded TERRITORIES AND TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES—concluded DEPENDENCIES—concluded United Kingdom—concluded Netherlands— •Kenya 224,960 6,150 Netherlands Antilles17 •Mauritius, excl.dependencies 720 569 •Nigeria, Federation of 339,169 31,834 United Kingdom— Eastern Region 7,640 •Bahama Islands 4,400 Lagos (capital) » SIS •Bermuda 20 Northern Region %64,m 17,390 •British Honduras 8,867 Western Region West Indies, Federation of •Rhodesia and Nyasaland 46,376 the— Federation of 7,260 •Barbados 166 Northern Rhodesia 487,640 2,180 •Jamaica, excl. dependen Nyasaland m, iso 2,600 cies 4,411 Southern Rhodesia 49,177 2,480 •Cayman Islands 93 *St. Helena and dependencies 150,333 5" •Turks and Caicos Is... 202 •Seychelles and dependencies 162 40 •Leeward Islands 422 •Sierra Leone (Colony and 156 •Trinidad and Tobago.... 1,980 Protectorate) 27,925 2,100 •Windward Islands 826 •Swaziland 6,704 237 •Uganda 93,981 5,593 United States— •Zanzibar and Pemba.... 1,026 Alaska 586,401 Canal Zone 553 Puerto Rico 3,435 2 TRUST TERRITORIES Virgin Islands (U.S.) " 133 •Cameroons (Br. Adm.) 34,081 1,534 Cameroons (Fr. Adm.) — 166.796 3,188 America, South Ruandi-Urundi (Belg. Adm.). 20,916 4,433 Somaliland (Ital. Adm.).. 178.201 1,300 Argentina.. 1,072,748 •Tanganyika (Br. Adm.)... 362,688 8,456 Bolivia 424,163 Togoland (Fr. Adm.) 22,008 1,088 Brazil 3,287,204 Chile 286,397 Colombia.