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Plant Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Jatropha Curcas

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Plant Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Jatropha Curcas PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH JATROPHA CURCAS ACCESSIONS IN SOME LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA BY Jeremiah Olamide OLATUNJI, B. AGRIC. (FUNAAB) 2009 (M.SC/AGRIC./15143/2011-2012) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN CROP PROTECTION DEPARTMENT OF CROP PROTECTION, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA. FEBRUARY, 2016 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work in this dissertation titled „„Plant Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Jatropha curcas Accessions in Some Local Government Areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria‟‟ has been performed by me in the Department of Crop Protection under the supervision of Drs. Chindo, P. S., Alao, S. E. L. and. Agbenin, N. O. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and in the references. No part of this dissertation was previously presented for another degree at any University. Jeremiah Olamide OLATUNJI _______________ ________ Name of Student Signature Date ii CERTIFICATION This dissertation entitled PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH JATROPHA CURCAS ACCESSIONS IN SOME LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA by Jeremiah Olamide OLATUNJI meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Master of Science in Ahmadu Bello University and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Dr. P. S. Chindo _______________ _______________ (Chairman, Supervisory Committee) Signature Date Dr. S. E. L. Alao _______________ _______________ (Member, Supervisory Committee) Signature Date Dr. N. O. Agbenin _______________ _______________ (Member, Supervisory Committee) Signature Date Prof. A. B. Zarafi _______________ _______________ (Head, Department of Crop Protection) Signature Date Prof. K. Bala _______________ _______________ (Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies.) Signature Date iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the glory of God Almighty, the author and finisher of my faith and to the memory of my late father, Elder Abel Olabisi Olatunji. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With profound gratitude to the Almighty, all sufficient God with whom all things are possible and whose mercies endureth forever. I express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Drs. Chindo, P. S., Alao, S. E. L. and Agbenin, N. O from whose pool of knowledge I have been greatly priviledged to learn. My appreciation goes to the Head of Department, Prof. A. B. Zarafi, for providing conducive environment during my studies. My appreciation goes to lecturers in the Department, technical Staff and Mr. I. Donald. I remain grateful to Prof. C. A. Ichekwu, for provision of Jatropha curcas seeds, the National Research Institute for Chemical Technology (NARICT), Basawa, Zaria for allowing me to visit and take samples from their plantation and eHealth System Africa, Kano, for granting me permission to complete the studies. “He who has a father will always go farther, and with a mother you will never be murdered” I thank God for giving me parents like you, Late Elder A. O. Olatunji and Deaconess A. O. Olatunji. You will live long and eat the fruit of your labour in Jesus name (Amen). I am also greatly indebted to my loving and wonderful uncle,Mr. S. O. Atsiangbe and my siblings, Engr. and Mrs. S. O. Olatunji, Mr. and Mrs. S. O.Ilo, Mr. and Mrs. Olatunbosun Olatunji and Olayinka Olatunji, I will forever love and cherish you. To my colleagues and friends, Mr. and Mrs. E. O. Ooju, Messers A. Peter, Y. Lurwanu, O. Anifowose and A. Abdullahi, we are the best combination and meet you at the top in the nearest future. I also wish to appreciate Miss I. Q. Amadi for her love and prayers. v ABSTRACT A study was conducted to determine the genera, frequency and prominence value of plant parasitic nematodes associated with Jatropha curcas accessions in Sabon Gari, Kudan, Giwa and Zaria Local Government Areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria in 2013. Using systematic random method of sampling, 72 soil and root samples were collected from the Jatropha plant stands, and nematodes extracted from the samples using the sieving and decanting and modified Baermann pan methods. Twenty-four genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were recorded in all the locations. Plant-parasitic nematodes recovered includes Scutellonema, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchus, Meloidogyne, Tylenchoryhnchus, Rotylenchus, Longidorus, Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus Heterodera Xiphinema, Tylenchus, Criconemoides, Hemicycliophora, Aphelenchoides, Tetylenchus, Trichodorus, Dorylaimus, Tylenchulus, Telotylenchus, Pratylenchoides, Telotylenchoides, and Rotylenchoides. The most prominent nematode from the soil were Scutellonema with prominence value of 81.09, followed by Meloidogyne and Rotylenchus with prominence values of 46.50 and 39.60 respectively, and from the roots, Scutellonema, Meloidogyne and Rotylenchus with prominence values of 77.15, 50.93 and 26.94, respectively. Scutellonema, Tylenchus and Meloidogyne were the most abundant nematodes from the soil with frequency values of 97.22%, 95.83% and 86.11% respectively, while Meloidogyne, Scutellonema, and Pratylenchus were the most abundant nematodes from the root with frequency values of 55.56%, 34.72% and 25.00% respectively, Reaction of Jatropha curcas accessions; IARJAT2009020, IARJAT2009011, IARJAT2009041 and IARJAT2009016 to infection with 2000 eggs of Meloidogyne incognita was evaluated under controlled environmental conditions in Samaru. There was no significant differences at P=0.05 between the four accessions with respect to vi number of galls/ root at 8 weeks after inoculation and final nematode population count. IARJAT2009016 had the highest galls/ root 10.0 followed by IARJAT2009041with 6.67 galls/ root. However, final population count had IARJAT2009011with 37.27 followed by IARJAT2009016, 28.11 and lowest population 13.50 obtained on IARJAT2009041. Although plant parasitic nematodes were found to be associated with Jatropha curcas on the surveyed areas the pathogenicity test has shown that Meloidogyne incognita is not pathogenic on the Jatropha curcas accessions used. These accessions (IARJAT2009020, IARJAT2009011, IARJAT2009041 and IARJAT2009016) therefore may be used to manage Meloidogyne incognita infected soils in a mixed crop combination. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... ii Certification ................................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... v Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... x List of Figure ................................................................................................................................ xii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Justification ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Cultivation Requirements ................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Botanical Description of Jatropha .................................................................................... 6 2.3 World Jatropha Production Pattern ................................................................................ 7 2.4 Uses of Jatropha ................................................................................................................. 7 2.5 Plant Parasitic Nematodes ................................................................................................ 9 2.6 Jatropha Pests and Diseases Status ................................................................................ 12 2.7 Disease Complexes Involving Root-Knot Nematodes and Jatropha ........................... 13 viii 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................... 14 3.1 Determination of Nematodes Associated with Jatropha Accessions ........................... 14 3.1.1 Survey of Jatropha farms ................................................................................................... 14 3.1.2 Extraction and identification of nematode genera associated with Jatropha ....................
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