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The Rhine: Germany's River, Not Germany's Boundary
Source: E.M. Arndt, Deutschlands Fluss, aber nicht Deutschlands Gränze, English trl. UvA Talen / SPIN. the French was as bad as it was foolish. One would have The Rhine: Germany’s river, not Germany’s thought that ten years, indeed twenty years, of blindness and misfortune might have sent a little light into their dark minds boundary and brought the errants back into line, especially since the French had long ago overturned their own proof, but far from it. There are still many who behave, indeed who exhaust Ernst Moritz Arndt themselves in deductions and proofs, as if the Rhine as the border between France and Germany is something indispu- table and settled. So effective is constant repetition, and so little are most Germans – who pride themselves on their ‘The Rhine is France’s natural boundary’ is what Sully proved profundity in thought and speech – accustomed to thinking. 1600 and 1610; ‘the Rhine is France’s natural boundary,’ The empty echoing of foreign opinions, especially the proclaimed Richelieu in 1625 and 1635; ‘the Rhine is France’s echoing of French hocus-pocus and sophistries, has sadly natural boundary,’ declared Count d’Avaux in the 1640s at become too much of a fashion on this side of the Rhine, in Münster, in the holy places where Hermann the Cheruscan had the country where thoroughness and depth of thought is once made a dufferent typeof declaration to the Romans; ‘the supposed to reside. Given this state of affairs, especially this Rhine is France’s natural boundary,’ resounded from 1670 to sad state of German minds and hearts, I consider it not super- 1700 in Louvois’ and Colbert’s speeches in Louis XIV’s council fluous to present our ancient, magnificent and holy River of state, and the court poets Boileau and Racine sang it in the Rhine, what it was, is and will be, to the good German antechamber; ‘the Rhine is France’s natural boundary’ cried the people, who are confused by too many political prattlers and monsters on the Seine from 1790 to 1800. -
Caesar 54 Bc
CAESAR 54 BC INTRODUCTION Caesar 54BC, the fourth Campaign of Caesar in Gaul covers in fact the major invasion of the southern part of Britania (present-day England) by Julius Caesar. The Roman objective is to capture as many hostages as possible from the hostile local tribes. The Briton player must use all means at his disposal to prevent the suc- cess of the raid, to discourage further Roman invasions. Caesar 54BC lasts 14 turns, each of 2 weeks, between April and November 54 BC. The Romans, led by Caes- ar, are launching a campaign over the southern part of the island of Britania. • The Roman player must capture as fast as possible the stringholds of the opposing Briton tribes and take hostages from them, with the help of his famous general, his legions and his fleet. • His Briton opponent must prevent this, using his war chariots, coastal tribes and opportunities created by storms and bad weather hampering Roman supply. The game event cards allow full replay ability thanks to the numerous various situations that their create on the diplomatic, military, political or economical fields Average duration: 1h30 Favored side: none GAME DURATION Hardest side to play: none Caesar 54BC lasts 14 turns, each of 2 weeks, between April and November 54 BC. TheRoman player always moves first, followed by the Briton player. FORCES The Roman player controls the Roman (red), and possible (via Card) the Trinovantes (yellow) units. The Briton player controls the units of the various Briton tribes (Atrebates, Regnii, Catuvellaunii, Cantii, Begae, Incenii, Dobunii, all in variant of tan), as well as the Trinovantes (yellow) and the Menapii (light green). -
Ireland Ireland Is Not the Prime Concern of This Website, and Its Main Author Cannot Claim to Know Its Landscape and History Really Well
Ireland Ireland is not the prime concern of this website, and its main author cannot claim to know its landscape and history really well. Nevertheless Ireland does offer useful insights into the earliest geographical names of western Europe, because it was never conquered by the Roman army. Importantly, there is just one main source for its earliest names: Ptolemy’s Geography names 53 of them. So all of Ireland can be tackled in this one article. The locations of Ptolemy’s Irish names have long been discussed, with recent attempts to improve the logic by Darcy and Flynn (2008), Kleineberg, Marx, and Lelgemann (2012), Warner (2013), and Counihan (2019). The present article was begun partly to help the work of Dmitri Gusev and colleagues, which is still only partly published at a conference. It takes the best Greek spellings from Stückelberger and Graßhoff (2006). Each name is transcribed once into the Latin alphabet and its position in Ptolemy’s text is reported as 2,2,2 or similar. In the words of one website: “The tribal and place-names in Ireland listed by Ptolemy were Celtic, and many survive in Old or Middle Irish forms.” This is a reasonable view, but the hard work of historical linguists (notably de Bernardo Stempel, 2000,2005) to find parallels in Celtic languages for elements in early Irish names has had disappointingly little success. This led Mallory (2013) to stress how much Ptolemy’s text might have been corrupted over the centuries. However, as name- to-place assignments have improved, with better geographical understanding and access to reliable texts, the linkage between Ireland’s earliest names and written Celtic languages has got weaker. -
PLAYBOOK by Andrew Ruhnke and Volko Ruhnke
COIN Series, Volume VI PLAYBOOK by Andrew Ruhnke and Volko Ruhnke TABLE OF CONTENTS Falling Sky Tutorial . 2 Credits . .. 45 Roles and Strategy . 18 Card List . 46 Non-Player Examples . 20 Countersheet Scan . 47 Design Notes . 26 Tribes and Forces . 48 Event Text and Notes . 32 © 2015 GMT Games, LLC • P .O . Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 • www .GMTGames .com 2 Falling Sky — PLAYBOOK the Forces display; the Germans do not track Victory; 7 .0 .) Go ahead Falling Sky Tutorial and put four cylinders and those three markers on the Edge Track numbers as noted in that setup section . (If you have not punched First-time players should start here! out the counters, punch what you need as we go .) Welcome to the tutorial for Falling Sky . It will walk you through setup and some game play step by step, getting you going with the Next is the Senate and Legions Track, some red boxes at lower right core mechanics and demonstrating a few of the options available to of the board . We will account here for the attitude of the Senate in each faction . Our purpose here is merely to teach concepts, not to Rome toward Caesar, meaning toward the Roman venture in Gaul suggest optimal strategy—we will leave that to you! (6 .5) . As noted in the Setup, place the Senate marker at “Intrigue” (“Firm” side down) . If you would like to look up specific Rules of Play as we go, we provide the relevant reference numbers in parentheses . Now find the 12 Legions—red cubes—among the Roman forces pieces and move them to the Legions track . -
From Adam to Alemanni to America
This picture of an Oberholzer stained glass was sent to the OFA by Adrian Overholser, Hong Kong, which hangs on the outside of Oberholzer Inn, Oberholz Switzerland From A to A to A Page 1 From Adam to Alemanni to America ©2000Dennis Lee Oberholtzer Printed & Published by Paradise Living Publishing 49 Paradise Lane, Paradise, PA 17562 June 15, 2000 Given for usage by the Overholser Family Association 2019 From A to A to A Page 2 C O N T E N T S Stained Glass of Oberholzer Coat of Arms Cover The Beginnings of our Family 4 Early History of the Suevi (1000-500 b.c.e.) 9 Barbarian Life 15 Map of Zurich Lake & Surrounding Communities 21 Settling in Oberholtz 700-1000 C.E. 22 Hohenstauffen Dynasty 1000-1267 C.E. 30 Habsburg Dynasty 32 Events That Promoted Anabaptism 34 Swiss Independence 36 Research 45 From A to A to A Page 3 THE BEGINNINGS OF OUR FAMILY Antediluvian Percentile Chart of Known Dates F rom Year of Creation % of Weeks # of Weeks # of Years B.C.E. Years Lived 0 Biological creation of Adam 0. 0.00 0.000 4120,Eve of 1st of Tishri * 0 Start of Jubilee Calender 0. 0.00 0.000 4119.0 * 50 First Family Jubilee 2549.0 49. 4069 49 130 Seth born 7.86 6790. 130.57 3990 217 Extinct Calender in Book of Jubilees began 11,284.0 217.0 3902 216 235 Enos born 14.17 12,246. 235.5 3885 235 Men began to proclaim YHWH 12,246. -
Download De Inhoud
Inhoud INLEIDING ...................................................................................................................................... 11 1 HET JAAR -57. DE ADUATUCI ............................................................................................... 25 1.1 De terugtocht der Aduatuci.............................................................................................................. 25 1.2 Volk met forten aan het water ........................................................................................................ 30 1.2.1 Aduatuci .......................................................................................................................................... 30 1.2.2 Cimbri en Teutones........................................................................................................................ 32 1.2.3 Etymologie Aduatuci ...................................................................................................................... 36 1.3 De oorlog tegen de Aduatuci ........................................................................................................... 39 1.3.1 De omsingelingswal ...................................................................................................................... 39 1.3.2 Oppidum aan de ‘Maas’? .............................................................................................................. 43 1.3.3 De droge zomer ............................................................................................................................. -
Historical Review
THE ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW NO. XCII.—OCTOBER 1908' Downloaded from The Germans of Caesar ir. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ E will now consider rather moro in detail the composition of the W confederacy which Ariovistua led. Caeear thus enumerate* the tribes commanded by that chief in the order in which they were ranged in the battlefield : gencratimque constitutrunt Hantdet, MoTcomanoB, Tnbocot, Vangionet, Nemett$, Scdasiot . SUCCOB.1 The Harades did not originally form a part of the confederacy. They arrived in Gaul Beparately. In the address of the Aeduan at University of Sussex on August 31, 2015 Divitiacus, reported by Caesar in chapter ixxi. of his first book, we are told : ptncis mengitms ante Harodnm milia hominnm xxir ad earn veniuent, qnibai looas %o aedea pararentur. In this passage, be it noted, the Harxides are not qualified as Germans, In chapter xxivii. we read again of them as acting quite Beparately : Aedai qoeetam qaod Huudot, qm naper in Gftliiun truuport&ij Msent, fines eomni popnlareotor. Here, again, they are not described as Germane, and are found acting independently of Ariovistua. It w*s later only that they joined his confederacy. We may leave them out of consideration therefore for the present- In regnrd to the Suevi, it would seem that theirs also was a contingent of foreignera which had joined the forces of Ariovistua. He had married a daughter of the Suevian king, and it was not 1 Comm. d» B. O. i. 61. VOL. XJUI —NO. XCII. 8 6- • All righti roerr»d. 628 THE GERMANS OF CAESAR Oct. unnatural that the hitter Bhould supply him with a contingent. -
The Celts in the West. Germany and Gaul
THE GREATNESS AND DECLINE OF THE CELTS CHAPTER IV THE CELTS IN THE WEST. GERMANY AND GAUL I CELTS AND GERMANS IN the middle valley of the Danube the development of the Celtic settlements had been checked by the Getae and Dacians. The Boii advanced to the Theiss, but their sway extended no further. Beyond that there were doubtless Gauls in Transylvania, just as there were Saxons later. Celtic culture spread in this region, and the Dacians became Celticized. On the Black Sea, an inscription from Olbia [C.I.G., 2058. Cf. LXX, 3, pp. 441 ff.; CXLIX, 34, pp. 50 - 61; Pliny, iv, 97; Müllenhoff, CCCLXII, ii, pp. 110 ff.] records the appearance of the Sciri, who were probably Germans, in the company of the Galatians. But they were soon absorbed. In the same parts, at the same date, we find a much more important people, though of uncertain origin, the Bastarnae. [A. Bauer, in CXLIX, clxxxv, 2, 1918.] They are mentioned for the first time at the beginning of the second century, as newcomers on the Lower Danube. All these barbarians were employed as auxiliaries down to the time of the collision. In 182 Philip of Macedon sent them against the Dardanians. [Livy, 40, 57.] In 179 there was a great drive of the Bastarnae, with which the Macedonians had great difficulty in dealing. Some ancient writers, particularly Polybios, [Polyb., 26, 9; 29 ff.] who lived at the time of these events, regard the Bastarnae as Galatians. [Müllenhoff, op. cit., ii, p. 104.] Ptolemy, [Ptol., i, 3, 5, 19.] on the other hand, makes them Germans, and in this he is justified by the names found among them. -
The Multiple Faces of the Countryside: Monetization in the North West of Gaul During the High Empire (1 St -3 Rd C
The Multiple Faces of the Countryside: Monetization in the North West of Gaul during the High Empire (1 st -3 rd c. AD) Johan van Heesch To cite this version: Johan van Heesch. The Multiple Faces of the Countryside: Monetization in the North West of Gaul during the High Empire (1 st -3 rd c. AD). Stéphane Martin. Monnaies et monétarisation dans les campagnes de la Gaule du Nord et de l’Est, de l’âge du Fer à l’Antiquité tardive, 91, Ausonius éditions, pp.89-108, 2016, Scripta Antiqua 9782356131737. hal-01852660 HAL Id: hal-01852660 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01852660 Submitted on 2 Aug 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Multiple Faces of the Countryside: Monetization in the North West of Gaul during the High Empire (1st-3rd c. AD) Johan van Heesch This paper is about the monetization, or the evolution of coin use in the countryside during the High Empire in the North-Western part of Roman Gaul, i.e. the civitates of the Menapians and the Nervians (fig. 1). It will also touch on the question of coin use at the end of the Iron Age. -
PDF Download the Gallic
THE GALLIC WAR PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Julius Caesar,H.J. Edwards | 642 pages | 01 Jul 1989 | HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9780674990807 | English | Cambridge, Mass, United States The Gallic War PDF Book However, although Caesar's bias is evident, this does not mean that the work has no value at all. As the Romans advanced towards the coast the Menapii and the Morini withdrew into their swamps, and the Romans were unable to catch them. Whatever their true motive, the Veneti revolt began when they seized Q. Oxford World's Classics. A poor harvest meant that Caesar's winter quarters were spread out over a larger area than normal, making them vulnerable to surprise attacks. The Romans followed the retreating Belgae, inflicting heavy casualties on them. During his lifetime, Caesar was regarded as one of the best orators and prose authors in Latin — even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style. Coins displaying images of the Gallic Wars were used to advertise and emphasise Caesar's military achievements during his war with Pompey. Caesar was clearly not satisfied with the results of this first expedition. There were two possible routes that the migrating Helvetii could take to cross Gaul. In return Caesar's command was to be extended for another five years. This time Caesar was in a vengeful mood, apparently angered by the Veneti's failure to respect the rights of ambassadors. After a month long siege the town fell to the Romans, and everybody in the place was killed. That morning a delegation of German leaders came to the Roman camp, apparently to apologise for the clash of the previous day. -
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Guus Besuijen • Guus Besuijen A STUDY OF THE ROMAN SETTLEMENT AT AARDENBURG AND ITS METAL FINDS Beneath the surface of Aardenburg, a small town in the south-western part of the Netherlands, lie the remains of a Roman settlement that is presumed to have been named Rodanum. Extensive archaeological •RODANVM• excavations from the late 1950’s to the late 1980’s revealed that the Roman settlement was similar in size or even larger than the modern community at this location. Its centre was formed by a large castellum- type fortification wall that enclosed several large stone buildings. The settlement was connected to the sea by a natural watercourse that de- fined its economic and logistical importance in the region. Rodanum’s military function was to secure the regional coast against attacks by Germanic tribes via the North Sea, which occurred around AD 175. It continued to be inhabited until the late third century or the begin- ning of the fourth century, after which the settlement was deserted until the early Middle Ages. The first part of this study provides an overview of Aardenburg du ring the Roman period, in which its economic and military functions within the region are explored. In particular, the military and civilian character of the town is discussed. The second part contains a study of the metal objects and aims to present significant additional infor- mation. This part concludes with a critical review of the current state of research at this site. Sidestone •RODANVM• ISBN 978-90-8890-016-7 A STUDY OF THE ROMAN SETTLEMENT Sidestone Press RODANVM ISBN: 978-90-8890-016-7 AT AARDENBURG AND ITS METAL FINDS Bestelnummer: SSP36650001 • 69351647 9 789088 900167 This is an Open Access publication. -
Reconstructing the Chronology of Caesar's Gallic Wars
Histos 11 (2017) 1–74 RECONSTRUCTING THE CHRONOLOGY OF CAESAR’S GALLIC WARS1 Abstract: Caesar dates only the beginning of his first campaign and rarely mentions routes, distances, and times consumed. No detailed timelines for Caesar’s Gallic Wars exist. This gap can be filled by exploiting available clues in Caesar’s text (e.g., astronomical and sea- sonal events) and Cicero’s letters, and by determining the routes Caesar is likely to have chosen, average traveling and marching speeds (based on data in Caesar’s works and those of other authors), and the days required to cover the distances involved. Modern, digital maps based upon a GIS interface make it possible to measure distances with unprecedented precision. The resulting chronology, though often still speculative, is much more reliable than anything suggested previously. Keywords: Caesar, Gallic wars, chronology, speed of army movements, application of digital maps Introduction: General Assumptions, Principles, and Data2 In the middle of the nineteenth century, German scholars wrote monumental commentaries on Caesar’s Gallic War and Civil War. Those works, published 1 The reconstruction presented here is the result of work we originally did for the The Landmark Julius Caesar (Raaflaub (2017)). Planned as an appendix, it proved too large to be in included in that volume. A much condensed version will be placed on the website of the publisher (Pantheon). We thank Robert Strassler, the editor of the Landmark series, and Edward Kastenmeier at Pantheon for the permission to publish the full version in Histos, and the journal’s editor, Christopher Krebs, for accepting our submission on short notice.