United States In cooperation with Department of Tennessee Agricultural Agriculture Experiment Station, Soil Survey of Tennessee Department of Natural Agriculture, Johnson Johnson County, Resources County Board of County Conservation Commissioners, and Service United States Department Tennessee of Agriculture, Forest Service

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How To Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey Program, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service has the leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1990. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 2000. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in the publication refer to the conditions in the survey area in 1991. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, the Tennessee Department of Agriculture, the Johnson County Board of County Commissioners, and the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. The survey is a part of the technical assistance furnished to the Johnson County Soil Conservation District. The Johnson County Board of County Commissioners and the Tennessee Department of Agriculture provided financial assistance for the survey. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 CaE—Calvin channery silt loam, 20 to 35 How To Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 percent slopes ...... 33 Contents ...... 5 CaF—Calvin channery silt loam, 35 to 50 Foreword ...... 9 percent slopes ...... 34 General Nature of the County ...... 11 CbrG—Caneyville-Rock outcrop complex, How This Survey Was Made ...... 13 50 to 80 percent slopes...... 35 General Soil Map Units ...... 15 CcE—Cataska channery silt loam, 20 to 35 1. Ditney-Unicoi-Keener ...... 15 percent slopes ...... 36 2. Keener-Lonon ...... 16 CcF—Cataska channery silt loam, 35 to 50 3. Dunning-Statler-Hatboro ...... 16 percent slopes ...... 36 4. Statler-Chagrin-Dillard ...... 17 CcG—Cataska channery silt loam, 50 to 80 5. Burton-Greenlee-Ashe ...... 17 percent slopes ...... 37 6. Ashe-Greenlee-Tusquitee ...... 18 Cg—Chagrin loam, rarely flooded ...... 38 7. Ashe-Maymead-Keener ...... 19 ChE—Chestnut loam, 20 to 35 percent 8. Calvin-Shelocta-Bledsoe...... 19 slopes ...... 39 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 21 ChF—Chestnut loam, 35 to 50 percent AcF—Ashe-Cleveland-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 40 50 to 95 percent slopes, extremely ChG—Chestnut-Ashe complex, 50 to 95 bouldery ...... 22 percent slopes, very stony ...... 40 AsE—Ashe gravelly fine sandy loam, 12 to 25 CjD—Chestnut-Edneyville complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes ...... 23 percent slopes, stony ...... 42 AsF—Ashe gravelly fine sandy loam, 25 to 65 CjE—Chestnut-Edneyville complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes ...... 24 percent slopes, stony ...... 43 BeC—Bledsoe silt loam, 5 to 12 percent Cs—Craigsville cobbly sandy loam, frequently slopes ...... 24 flooded ...... 44 BeD—Bledsoe silt loam, 12 to 20 percent CuD—Cullasaja very cobbly loam, 15 to 30 slopes ...... 25 percent slopes, very stony ...... 44 BeE—Bledsoe silt loam, 20 to 35 percent Di—Dillard loam, rarely flooded ...... 45 slopes ...... 26 DjF—Ditney-Unicoi complex, 50 to 95 percent BsE—Brookshire silt loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, very rocky ...... 46 slopes ...... 27 DtE—Ditney sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent BsF—Brookshire silt loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes ...... 47 slopes ...... 28 DtF—Ditney sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent BtD—Burton loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, slopes ...... 48 stony ...... 28 DtG—Ditney sandy loam, 50 to 80 percent BtE—Burton loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, slopes ...... 48 very stony ...... 29 Du—Dunning silt loam, occasionally flooded ...... 49 BtF—Burton loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, EdE—Edneyville loam, 12 to 25 percent very stony ...... 30 slopes ...... 50 BuF—Burton-Craggey-Rock outcrop complex, EdF—Edneyville loam, 25 to 45 percent windswept, 30 to 95 percent slopes ...... 30 slopes ...... 51 BwD—Burton-Wayah complex, windswept, EvE—Edneyville-Chestnut complex, 30 to 50 15 to 30 percent slopes, stony ...... 31 percent slopes, stony ...... 52 CaD—Calvin channery silt loam, 12 to 20 GrE—Greenlee very cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 32 percent slopes, very stony ...... 53 6

GrF—Greenlee very cobbly loam, 35 to 55 SoF—Soco fine sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent percent slopes, very stony ...... 53 slopes ...... 76 GrG—Greenlee very cobbly loam, 55 to 80 SoG—Soco fine sandy loam, 50 to 80 percent percent slopes, very stony ...... 54 slopes ...... 76 Ht—Hatboro loam, occasionally flooded ...... 55 SrB—Statler loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes ...... 77 Hu—Hatboro sandy loam, frequently flooded ..... 56 SyF—Sylco-Sylvatus complex, 35 to 55 JeD—Jeffrey cobbly loam, 15 to 30 percent percent slopes ...... 78 slopes, very stony ...... 57 TsD—Tusquitee loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 79 JeE—Jeffrey cobbly loam, 30 to 50 percent UcG—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 80 slopes, very stony ...... 58 percent slopes ...... 80 KeC—Keener loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes ...... 58 W—Water ...... 81 KeD—Keener loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes ...... 59 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 83 KeE—Keener loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes ...... 60 Crops and Pasture ...... 83 KeF—Keener loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes ...... 61 Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 85 LoD—Lonon loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes...... 62 Recreation ...... 87 LoE—Lonon loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes ...... 63 Wildlife Habitat ...... 87 MaE—Maymead loam, 20 to 35 percent Engineering ...... 90 slopes ...... 63 Soil Properties ...... 95 MaF—Maymead loam, 35 to 50 percent Engineering Index Properties ...... 95 slopes ...... 64 Physical Properties ...... 96 NcF—Northcove very stony sandy loam, Chemical Properties ...... 97 35 to 50 percent slopes...... 65 Soil Features ...... 97 NcG—Northcove very stony sandy loam, Water Features ...... 98 50 to 80 percent slopes...... 66 Classification of the Soils ...... 99 PgE—Pigeonroost gravelly loam, 7 to 35 Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 99 percent slopes, very stony ...... 67 Ashe Series ...... 99 PgF—Pigeonroost gravelly loam, 35 to 55 Bledsoe Series ...... 100 percent slopes, very stony ...... 67 Brookshire Series ...... 101 PnF—Pineola loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, Burton Series ...... 102 very stony ...... 68 Calvin Series ...... 102 PoE—Porters loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes, Caneyville Series ...... 103 stony ...... 69 Cataska Series ...... 104 PsF—Porters stony loam, 25 to 65 percent Chagrin Series ...... 104 slopes ...... 70 Chestnut Series ...... 105 SaC—Saunook loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..... 71 Cleveland Series ...... 106 ScC—Shelocta silt loam, 5 to 12 percent Craggey Series ...... 106 slopes ...... 71 Craigsville Series ...... 107 ScD—Shelocta silt loam, 12 to 20 percent Cullasaja Series ...... 108 slopes ...... 72 Dillard Series ...... 109 ScE—Shelocta silt loam, 20 to 35 percent Ditney Series ...... 110 slopes ...... 73 Dunning Series ...... 110 ScF—Shelocta silt loam, 35 to 50 percent Edneyville Series ...... 111 slopes ...... 74 Greenlee Series ...... 112 SoE—Soco fine sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent Hatboro Series ...... 112 slopes ...... 75 Jeffrey Series ...... 113 7

Keener Series ...... 114 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 141 Lonon Series ...... 114 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Maymead Series ...... 115 of the Soils ...... 142 Northcove Series...... 116 Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre Pigeonroost Series ...... 117 of Crops and Pasture ...... 144 Pineola Series ...... 117 Table 6.—Prime Farmland ...... 148 Porters Series ...... 118 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Saunook Series ...... 119 Productivity ...... 149 Shelocta Series ...... 119 Table 8.—Recreational Development ...... 162 Soco Series ...... 120 Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 168 Statler Series...... 121 Table 10.—Building Site Development ...... 173 Sylco Series ...... 122 Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 179 Sylvatus Series ...... 122 Table 12.—Construction Materials ...... 185 Tusquitee Series ...... 123 Table 13.—Water Management ...... 191 Unicoi Series ...... 124 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 198 Wayah Series ...... 124 Table 15.—Physical Properties of the Soils ...... 212 References ...... 127 Table 16.—Chemical Properties of the Soils..... 217 Glossary ...... 129 Table 17.—Soil Features ...... 222 Tables ...... 139 Table 18.—Water Features ...... 225 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 140 Table 19.—Classification of the Soils ...... 230 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall...... 141

Issued 2005

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Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in Johnson County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

James W. Ford State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

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Soil Survey of Johnson County, Tennessee

By Nathan T. Hartgrove, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Jack D. Colflesh and Nathan T. Hartgrove, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and A. Lea Mashburn, Johnson County

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, Tennessee Department of Agriculture, Johnson County Board of County Commissioners, and United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service

JOHNSON COUNTY is in the extreme northeastern corner of Tennessee (fig. 1). It is bordered on the northwest by Sullivan County, Tennessee; on the north and northeast by Washington and Grayson Counties, Virginia; on the east and southeast by Ashe and Watauga Counties, North Carolina; and on the Figure 1.—Location of Johnson County in Tennessee. southwest by Carter County, Tennessee. Mountain City, the county seat, is in the east-central part of the county, between the cities of Elizabethton, Tennessee, and Damascus, Virginia. In 1990, according to the History and Settlement Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Johnson County was created in 1836 out of a part Development, the population of the county was of Carter County and was named in honor of Thomas 13,766. Johnson, an early settler. About 1770, a man named Johnson County is irregular in shape and measures Honeycutt made the first settlement in the survey about 14 miles from east to west and 19 miles from area, on Roan Creek near its confluence with the north to south. It covers about 300 square miles, or Watauga River. Other settlements were made soon about 193,700 acres. About 190,200 acres are land, after farther up Roan Creek. Among the early pioneers and about 3,500 acres are water areas. who established homes in the area were Joseph This survey updates the soil survey of Johnson Hoskins, George and Samuel Heatherby, and Joseph County published in 1956 (3). It provides additional Gentry. information and has larger maps, which show the soils At an early period in the county’s history, Nathaniel in greater detail. Taylor came to Roan Creek and established an iron works. The first county seat, Taylorsville, was named General Nature of the County for him. In 1885, the name was changed to Mountain City. This section gives general information about the Many of the county’s early settlers came from North survey area. It describes history and settlement; Carolina and Virginia. A few were from Pennsylvania, industry; transportation; natural resources; and some were immigrants who came directly from physiography, drainage, and geology; and climate. Europe. The early settlers were mainly Scotch-Irish and English, but some were Welsh and French. 12 Soil Survey

Mountain City is in the east-central part of the Johnson County has a good supply of fresh water. county. It was and still is the main trade center for Streams that flow year-round are common. The major Johnson County. Other community centers are Butler area of impounded water is Watauga Lake. and Shady Valley.

Industry Physiography, Drainage, and Geology Johnson County lies entirely within the Blue Ridge The industry of Johnson County includes textiles, Major Land Resource Area. The soils formed under clothing, and footwear. More than 15 firms operate in forest vegetation and are typically light colored. They the county. According to the Tennessee Department of are shallow to very deep over sedimentary rocks Economic and Community Development, these firms (arkose, metasandstone, shale, limestone, and employ about 16 percent of the non-agricultural siltstone) and crystalline igneous and metamorphic population, or 37 percent of the non-farm civilian labor rocks (granite, gneiss, and schist). force. Industrial firms in surrounding counties also The county is physiographically composed of two employ several Johnson County residents. narrow valleys that are situated between high, parallel Residential areas have developed in many areas mountain chains. The valleys are interspersed with of the county. Most of the residential units are knobs and ridges. The highly dissected mountainous single-family dwellings. Prime farmland is being areas exhibit extreme changes in elevation. Elevations used for urban and residential development in many range from about 2,400 to 5,500 feet. The ridges are areas. long and have narrow crests, projecting spurs, and A number of Christmas tree growers operate in deep intervening valleys and coves in which colluvium Johnson County. Christmas trees, mainly Fraser fir, and valley fill have collected. are grown on about 500 acres. There are also several The Watauga River and the South Fork Holston growers of nursery stock. Nursery stock is produced River drain the county. The southern part of the county on about 320 acres. is drained by Roan, Doe, and Cobbs Creeks. These creeks emptied into the Watauga River near Butler Transportation until Watauga Lake was built. Beaverdam and Laurel Creeks flow northeastward from the divide and into the Johnson County has a good network of State and South Fork Holston River in Virginia, a few miles north local highways, roads, and streets. The main traffic from where it enters Tennessee. flow to and from adjoining counties is on two-lane State highways. Major roads and highways and many secondary roads and streets are paved or otherwise Climate improved. Johnson County is served commercially by the Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation Tri-Cities Regional Airport, located about 35 miles for the survey area as recorded at Bristol, Tennessee, west of Mountain City, near Blountville. The airport is in the period 1951 to 1988. Table 2 shows probable served by 6 airlines and has 31 daily arrivals and dates of the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in departures. Car rentals and taxi service are available. spring. Table 3 provides data on the length of the Private and charter air service is also available growing season. through the Johnson County Airport and an aviation In the winter, the average temperature is 37 service in Elizabethton. degrees F, and the average daily minimum temperature is 27 degrees. The lowest temperature on Natural Resources record, which occurred on January 21, 1985, is -21 degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 74 Johnson County has an abundant supply of timber degrees and the average daily maximum temperature and fresh water. Tree production is a major enterprise is 85 degrees. The highest recorded temperature, in the Cherokee National Forest as well as in other which occurred at Bristol on July 7, 1952, is 102 parts of the survey area not suited to agriculture. degrees. Primary production trees are oak, yellow-poplar, Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They hickory, and beech. are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, There are several quarries, gravel mines, and pits growing degree days accumulate by the amount that scattered throughout the county that produce gravel the average temperature each day exceeds a base and limestone products. temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly Johnson County, Tennessee 13

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive the soils. They can observe only a limited number of plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, and the first freeze in fall. supplemented by an understanding of the soil- The total annual precipitation is about 40 inches. Of vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to this, about 21 inches, or 50 percent, usually falls in verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to April through September. The growing season for most determine the boundaries. crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the rainfall during the period of record was 3.65 inches on soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, October 16, 1964. Thunderstorms occur on about 44 texture, size, and shape of soil aggregates, kind and days each year. amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is reaction, and other features that enable them to about 60 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey average at dawn is about 85 percent. The sun shines area and determining their properties, the soil 60 percent of the time possible in summer and 45 scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each northeast. Average windspeed is highest, 9 miles per taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with hour, in spring. precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. How This Survey Was Made Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind This survey was made to provide information about and character of soil properties and the arrangement the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists The information includes a description of the soils and classified and named the soils in the survey area, they miscellaneous areas and their location and a compared the individual soils with similar soils in the discussion of their suitability, limitations, and same taxonomic class in other areas so that they management for specified uses. Soil scientists could confirm data and assemble additional data observed the steepness, length, and shape of the based on experience and research. slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. of the soils in the area generally are collected for They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. scientists interpret the data from these analyses and The profile extends from the surface down into the tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The the soil properties to determine the expected behavior unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all living organisms and has not been changed by other of the soils are field tested through observation of the biological activity. soils in different uses and under different levels of The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey management. Some interpretations are modified to fit area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the local conditions. Data are assembled from other geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural sources, such as research information, production vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and records, and field experience of specialists. For miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind example, data on crop yields under defined levels of of landform or with a segment of the landform. By management are assembled from farm records and observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of survey area and relating their position to specific soil. segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a Predictions about soil behavior are based not only concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, on soil properties but also on such variables as during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the predictable over long periods of time, but they are not kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location predictable from year to year. For example, soil on the landscape. scientists can somewhat accurately predict that a Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge given soil will have a high water table within certain into one another as their characteristics gradually depths in most years. However, they cannot predict change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, that a high water table will always be at a specific level soil scientists must determine the boundaries between in the soil on a specific date. 14

After soil scientists located and identified the The descriptions, names, and delineations of the significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial of the soils in some adjacent survey areas. Differences photographs and identified each as a specific map are the result of a better knowledge of soils, unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, modifications in series concepts, or variations in the roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating intensity of mapping or in the extent of the soils in the boundaries accurately. survey areas. 15

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map shows broad areas that have Drainage class: Well drained a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each Landscape position: Mountain crests, shoulders, and map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural side slopes landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major Parent material: Residuum soils or miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or Typical texture of surface layer: Sandy loam miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or Slope: Steep to extremely steep miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit Unicoi can occur in another but in a different pattern. The general soil map can be used to compare the Depth class: Shallow suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, Landscape position: Mountain side slopes areas where the soils are not suitable can be Parent material: Residuum identified. Typical texture of surface layer: Very cobbly sandy Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable loam for planning the management of a farm or field or for Slope: Extremely steep selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. Keener The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics Depth class: Very deep that affect management. Drainage class: Well drained Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, colluvial fans, and mountain coves 1. Ditney-Unicoi-Keener Parent material: Colluvium Typical texture of surface layer: Loam Shallow to very deep, sloping to extremely steep, well Slope: Sloping to very steep drained and somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in residuum and colluvium derived from Minor Soils metasandstone and quartzite and sandstone rock • Brookshire soils that formed in very deep loamy outcrops colluvium, in coves • Cataska soils that formed in shallow loamy Setting residuum, on mountain ridges Landscape: Mountains • Lonon soils that formed in very deep loamy Slope range: 20 to 95 percent colluvium, in coves and on footslopes • Northcove soils that formed in very deep cobbly or Composition stony colluvium, in coves Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 46 • Maymead soils that formed in very deep loamy Extent of soils in the map unit: colluvium, in coves Ditney soils—30 percent • Soco soils that formed in moderately deep loamy Unicoi soils—25 percent residuum, on mountain ridges Keener soils—11 percent Minor soils—34 percent Use and Management Soil Properties and Qualities Land use: Mixed woodland, consisting of hardwood, eastern white pine, and Virginia pine, in most Ditney areas Depth class: Moderately deep Primary limitations: Depth to bedrock in areas of the 16 Soil Survey

Ditney and Unicoi soils; rock outcrops associated Use and Management with the Unicoi soils; slope in most areas Land use: Mixed woodland; many of the less sloping areas are cleared and used for cropland, pasture, 2. Keener-Lonon or hay Primary limitations: Slope in many areas Very deep, sloping to very steep, well drained soils that formed in colluvium from metasandstone, quartzite, and siltstone 3. Dunning-Statler-Hatboro Very deep, nearly level and gently sloping, poorly Setting drained and well drained soils that formed in mixed Landscape: Coves, mountain foothills, and valleys alluvium Slope range: 5 to 50 percent Setting Composition Landscape: Valleys Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 16 Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Extent of soils in the map unit: Composition Keener soils—44 percent Lonon soils—34 percent Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 1 Minor soils—22 percent Extent of soils in the map unit: Dunning soils—33 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Statler soils—27 percent Hatboro soils—24 percent Keener Minor soils—16 percent Depth class: Very deep Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, colluvial Dunning fans, and mountain coves Depth class: Very deep Parent material: Colluvium Drainage class: Poorly drained Typical texture of surface layer: Loam Landscape position: Flood plains and areas at stream Slope: Sloping to very steep heads Lonon Parent material: Alluvium Typical texture of surface layer: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep Slope: Nearly level Drainage class: Well drained Landscape position: Benches, footslopes, and Statler toeslopes Depth class: Very deep Parent material: Colluvium Drainage class: Well drained Typical texture of surface layer: Loam Landscape position: Low stream terraces Slope: Moderately steep and steep Parent material: Alluvium Typical texture of surface layer: Loam Minor Soils Slope: Nearly level and gently sloping • Craigsville soils that formed in very deep cobbly or Hatboro stony alluvium, on mountain flood plains • Northcove soils that formed in very deep cobbly or Depth class: Very deep stony alluvium, in coves and on footslopes Drainage class: Poorly drained • Shelocta soils that formed in very deep loamy Landscape position: Flood plains colluvium, on footslopes and in coves Parent material: Alluvium • Statler soils that formed in very deep loamy Typical texture of surface layer: Silt loam alluvium, on low stream terraces Slope: Nearly level • Ditney soils that formed in moderately deep loamy Minor Soils residuum, on mountain ridges • Unicoi soils that formed in shallow cobbly or stony • Chagrin soils that formed in deep loamy alluvium, on residuum, on mountain ridges flood plains Johnson County, Tennessee 17

• Dillard soils that formed in very deep loamy alluvium, Typical texture of surface layer: Loam on low stream terraces Slope: Nearly level • Keener soils that formed in very deep loamy Minor Soils colluvium, on footslopes and in coves • Hatboro soils that formed in very deep loamy Use and Management alluvium, on flood plains Land use: Most areas are cleared and used for • Calvin soils that formed in moderately deep loamy cropland, hay, or pasture residuum, on upland ridges Primary limitations: High water table and flooding in • Shelocta soils that formed in very deep loamy areas of the Dunning and Hatboro soils colluvium, in coves, on footslopes, and on benches • Keener soils that formed in very deep loamy colluvium, in coves and on footslopes 4. Statler-Chagrin-Dillard Use and Management Very deep and deep, nearly level and gently sloping, Land use: Most areas are cleared and used for well drained and moderately well drained soils that cropland, pasture, or hay formed in mixed alluvium on low stream terraces and Primary limitations: Rare flooding and susceptibility to flood plains wetness in areas of the Chagrin and Dillard soils Setting Landscape: Valleys 5. Burton-Greenlee-Ashe Slope range: 1 to 4 percent Moderately deep and very deep, moderately steep to Composition extremely steep, well drained and somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in residuum and Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 2 colluvium from crystalline igneous and metamorphic Extent of soils in the map unit: rocks, such as granite, gneiss, or schist Statler soils—37 percent Chagrin soils—26 percent Setting Dillard soils—13 percent Minor soils—24 percent Landscape: Mountains Slope range: 12 to 95 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Composition Statler Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 4 Depth class: Very deep Extent of soils in the map unit: Drainage class: Well drained Burton soils—37 percent Landscape position: Low stream terraces Greenlee soils—16 percent Parent material: Alluvium Ashe soils—10 percent Typical texture of surface layer: Loam Minor soils—37 percent Slope: Nearly level and gently sloping Soil Properties and Qualities Chagrin Burton Depth class: Deep Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep Landscape position: Flood plains Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Alluvium Landscape position: Ridge crests, shoulders, and side Typical texture of surface layer: Loam slopes at high elevations Slope: Nearly level Parent material: Residuum Typical texture of surface layer: Loam Dillard Slope: Moderately steep to extremely steep Depth class: Very deep Greenlee Drainage class: Moderately well drained Landscape position: Low stream terraces and Depth class: Very deep toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Alluvium Landscape position: Coves and benches 18 Soil Survey

Parent material: Colluvium Soil Properties and Qualities Typical texture of surface layer: Very cobbly loam Slope: Very steep and extremely steep Ashe Ashe Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively Depth class: Moderately deep drained Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Landscape position: Mountain ridge crests, shoulders, Landscape position: Mountain ridge crests, shoulders, and side slopes and side slopes Parent material: Residuum Parent material: Residuum Typical texture of surface layer: Gravelly fine sandy Typical texture of surface layer: Gravelly fine sandy loam loam Slope: Moderately steep to extremely steep Slope: Moderately steep to extremely steep Minor Soils Greenlee • Hatboro soils that formed in very deep, poorly Depth class: Very deep drained loamy alluvium, on flood plains Drainage class: Well drained • Pigeonroost soils that formed in moderately deep Landscape position: Coves and benches loamy residuum, on mountain ridges Parent material: Colluvium • Pineola soils that formed in moderately deep loamy Typical texture of surface layer: Very cobbly loam residuum, on mountain ridges Slope: Very steep and extremely steep • Porters soils that formed in deep loamy residuum, on mountain ridges Tusquitee • Craggey soils that formed in shallow loamy Depth class: Very deep residuum, on mountain ridges Drainage class: Well drained Use and Management Landscape position: Mountain coves, benches, and footslopes Land use: Mixed woodland in most areas Parent material: Colluvium Primary limitations: Depth to bedrock in areas of the Typical texture of surface layer: Loam Ashe and Burton soils; high, frigid, exposed Slope: Sloping to moderately steep elevations in areas of the Burton soils; slope in most areas Minor Soils • Burton soils that formed in moderately deep loamy 6. Ashe-Greenlee-Tusquitee residuum, at high mountain elevations • Craggey soils that formed in shallow loamy Moderately deep and very deep, sloping to extremely residuum, at high mountain elevations steep, well drained and somewhat excessively drained • Edneyville soils that formed in very deep loamy soils that formed in residuum and colluvium from residuum, on mountain ridges crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks • Hatboro soils that formed in very deep, poorly drained loamy alluvium, on flood plains Setting • Maymead soils that formed in very deep loamy colluvium, in coves Landscape: Mountains • Porters soils that formed in deep loamy residuum, Slope range: 8 to 95 percent on mountain ridges Composition Use and Management Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 11 Extent of soils in the map unit: Land use: Mixed woodland in most areas; some small Ashe soils—41 percent areas are cleared and used mainly for pasture, Greenlee soils—17 percent hay, or Christmas tree production Tusquitee soils—12 percent Primary limitations: Depth to bedrock in areas of the Minor soils—30 percent Ashe soils; slope in most areas Johnson County, Tennessee 19

7. Ashe-Maymead-Keener • Saunook soils that formed in very deep loamy colluvium, on benches and footslopes Moderately deep and very deep, sloping to extremely • Calvin soils that formed in moderately deep loamy steep, somewhat excessively drained and well drained residuum, on upland ridges soils that formed in residuum derived from crystalline Use and Management rocks and colluvium derived mainly from metasedimentary rocks Land use: Mixed woodland in many areas; less sloping areas are cleared and used for cropland, hay, or Setting pasture Primary limitations: Depth to bedrock in areas of the Landscape: Mountains and foothills Calvin soils; slope in many areas Slope range: 5 to 95 percent Composition 8. Calvin-Shelocta-Bledsoe Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 2 Extent of soils in the map unit: Moderately deep to very deep, gently sloping to very Ashe soils—35 percent steep, well drained soils that formed in residuum and Maymead soils—16 percent colluvium from siltstone or limestone Keener soils—16 percent Minor soils—33 percent Setting Soil Properties and Qualities Landscape: Foothills and valleys Slope range: 5 to 50 percent Ashe Composition Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 18 Landscape position: Mountain ridge crests, shoulders, Extent of soils in the map unit: and side slopes Calvin soils—38 percent Parent material: Residuum Shelocta soils—20 percent Typical texture of surface layer: Gravelly fine sandy Bledsoe soils—15 percent loam Minor soils—27 percent Slope: Moderately steep to extremely steep Soil Properties and Qualities Maymead Calvin Depth class: Very deep Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Landscape position: Mountain coves, footslopes, and Landscape position: Ridgetops, shoulders, and side benches slopes Parent material: Colluvium Parent material: Residuum Typical texture of surface layer: Loam Typical texture of surface layer: Channery silt loam Slope: Steep and very steep Slope: Moderately steep to very steep Keener Shelocta Depth class: Very deep Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, colluvial Landscape position: Coves, footslopes, and benches fans, and mountain coves Parent material: Colluvium Parent material: Colluvium Typical texture of surface layer: Silt loam Typical texture of surface layer: Loam Slope: Gently sloping to very steep Slope: Sloping to very steep Bledsoe Minor Soils Depth class: Deep • Shelocta soils that formed in very deep loamy Drainage class: Well drained colluvium, on footslopes and in coves Landscape position: Side slopes and footslopes 20

Parent material: Colluvium • Statler soils that formed in very deep loamy Typical texture of surface layer: Silt loam alluvium, on stream terraces Slope: Sloping to steep • Maymead soils that formed in very deep loamy colluvium, in coves and on footslopes Minor Soils Use and Management • Caneyville soils that formed in moderately deep clayey residuum, on upland ridges Land use: Many areas are cleared and used for • Lonon soils that formed in very deep loamy cropland, pasture, or hay; some of the steeper colluvium, on benches and footslopes areas remain in woodland • Keener soils that formed in very deep loamy Primary limitations: Slope in many areas; depth to colluvium, on benches and footslopes bedrock in areas of the Calvin soils 21

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps complex that it was impractical to make enough represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous survey area. The map unit descriptions in this section, areas on the landscape. along with the maps, can be used to determine the The presence of included areas in a map unit in no suitability and potential of a unit for specific uses. They way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. also can be used to plan the management needed for The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure those uses. More information is given under the taxonomic classes but rather to separate the heading “Use and Management of the Soils.” landscape into landforms or landform segments that A map unit delineation on a map represents an area have similar use and management requirements. The dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or delineation of such segments on the map provides miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and sufficient information for the development of resource named according to the taxonomic classification of the plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the taxonomic class, there are precisely defined limits for soils and miscellaneous areas. the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes phenomena, and they have the characteristic general facts about the unit and gives the principal variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of hazards and limitations to be considered in planning some observed properties may extend beyond the for specific uses. limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the without including areas of other taxonomic classes. surface layer, all the soils of a series have major Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and and arrangement. some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic Soils of one series can differ in texture of the classes. surface layer, slope, stoniness, degree of erosion, and Most included soils have properties similar to those other characteristics that affect their use. Because of of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus such differences, a soil series is divided into soil they do not affect use and management. These are phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. phase commonly indicates features that affect use or Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, management. For example, Bledsoe silt loam, 5 to 12 however, have properties and behavioral percent slopes, is a phase of the Bledsoe series. characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to Some map units are made up of two or more major require different management. These are called soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally complexes. A complex consists of two or more soils or are in small areas and could not be mapped miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in separately because of the scale used. Some small such small areas that they cannot be shown areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar The included areas of contrasting soils or in all areas. Chestnut-Ashe complex, 50 to 95 percent miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit slopes, very stony, is an example. descriptions. A few included areas may not have been This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in areas have little or no soil material and support little or the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so no vegetation. The Rock outcrop part of Unicoi-Rock 22 Soil Survey

outcrop complex, 50 to 80 percent slopes, is an Cleveland example. Surface layer: Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the 1 to 4 inches—brown cobbly fine sandy loam soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms Subsoil: used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. 4 to 15 inches—yellowish brown cobbly sandy loam Substratum: AcF—Ashe-Cleveland-Rock outcrop 15 inches—hard granitic gneiss bedrock complex, 50 to 95 percent slopes, Rock outcrop extremely bouldery Rock outcrops occur as individual rocks, ledges, or bluffs. Many loose boulders and stones also occur Composition scattered on the soil surface. Ashe soil: Averaging about 40 percent of map units, Inclusions but ranging between 30 and 50 percent of each mapped area Contrasting inclusions: Cleveland soil: Averaging about 30 percent of map • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of units, but ranging between 20 and 40 percent of more than 40 inches each mapped area • Areas of soils that have a high content of rock Rock outcrop: Averaging about 20 percent of map fragments throughout units, but ranging between 10 and 30 percent of Similar inclusions: each mapped area • Areas of soils that have relatively few boulders or Setting surface stones Landscape position: Side slopes of mountain ridges Use and Management Major uses: Woodland in most areas Row crops and small grain Properties and Features of the Ashe and Cleveland Soils Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Permeability: Moderately rapid • Because areas of this map unit are so steep, Available water capacity: Ashe—low; Cleveland—very droughty, and rocky, agricultural production of any type low is virtually prohibited. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Pasture and hay Flood hazard: None Suitability: Unsuited Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Management concerns and considerations: Depth to bedrock: Ashe—0 to 40 inches; Cleveland—0 • Because of a moisture deficiency, caused by the to 20 inches limited depth to bedrock, and equipment limitations, Typical Profile caused by boulders, rock outcrops, and extremely steep slopes, the establishment and maintenance of Ashe pasture and hay are difficult. Surface layer: 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly fine sandy loam Woodland Subsurface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 4 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during Subsoil: harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe 10 to 26 inches—yellowish brown loam operation of equipment and the types of equipment 26 to 32 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam that may be used. Substratum: • Because of the limited depth to bedrock, there is a 32 inches—hard bedrock windthrow hazard in established stands and a Johnson County, Tennessee 23

susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate Inclusions moisture. Contrasting inclusions: • Plant competition is a concern in areas of the Ashe • Areas of Greenlee soils that have a high content of soil unless competing vegetation is controlled. rock fragments and have bedrock at a depth of more • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine than 60 inches and shortleaf pine. • Areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at a • Christmas tree species suited for planting on the depth of less than 20 inches deeper Ashe soil include Norway spruce, Fraser fir, and Scotch pine. Similar inclusions: • Areas of Maymead soils that have bedrock at a Urban development depth of more than 40 inches Suitability: Poorly suited • Small areas of soils that do not have hard bedrock Management concerns and considerations: between depths of 20 and 40 inches but do have soft, • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations weathered bedrock at these depths affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of Use and Management the limitations, there would be considerable expense in the design and construction of buildings or facilities Row crops and small grain that function properly. Suitability: Unsuited Interpretive Group Management concerns and considerations: Land capability subclass: 7e • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop production is impractical. AsE—Ashe gravelly fine sandy loam, 12 Pasture and hay to 25 percent slopes Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Setting • The slope and the limited available water capacity Landscape position: Mountain ridge crests, shoulders, restrict the use of this soil for hayland. and side slopes • Good pasture management is recommended to Major uses: Woodland in most areas control erosion and maintain productivity. It includes liming and fertilizing according to soil test Soil Properties and Features recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Low or moderate Woodland Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Suitability: Moderately suited Flood hazard: None Management concerns and considerations: Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe operation of equipment and the types of equipment Typical Profile that may be used. • Seedling mortality and susceptibility to windthrow Surface layer: are management concerns because excessive 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly fine sandy loam drainage causes a moisture deficiency and leads to Subsurface layer: shallow rooting. 4 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam • Plant competition is a concern unless competing vegetation is controlled. Subsoil: • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine 10 to 26 inches—yellowish brown loam and various Christmas tree species. 26 to 32 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam Urban development Substratum: 32 inches—hard schist Suitability: Poorly suited 24 Soil Survey

Management concerns and considerations: Use and Management • The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of Row crops and small grain the limitations, there would be considerable expense in Suitability: Unsuited the design and construction of buildings or facilities Management concerns and considerations: that function properly. • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Interpretive Group equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop production is impractical. Land capability subclass: 6e Pasture and hay AsF—Ashe gravelly fine sandy loam, 25 Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited to 65 percent slopes Suitability for hay: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: • Because of a moisture deficiency caused by the Setting limited depth to bedrock and an equipment limitation Landscape position: Mountain ridges, shoulders, and on very steep slopes, the establishment and side slopes maintenance of hay and pasture are difficult. Major uses: Woodland in most areas Woodland Soil Properties and Features Suitability: Moderately suited Permeability: Moderately rapid Management concerns and considerations: Available water capacity: Low or moderate • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained operation of equipment and the types of equipment Flood hazard: None that may be used. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid • Seedling mortality and susceptibility to windthrow Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches are concerns because the excessive drainage causes a moisture deficiency and leads to shallow rooting. Typical Profile • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Surface layer: vegetation is controlled. 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly fine sandy loam • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine and various Christmas tree species. Subsurface layer: 4 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Urban development Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 10 to 26 inches—yellowish brown loam Management concerns and considerations: 26 to 32 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam • The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of Substratum: the limitations, there would be considerable expense in 32 inches—hard schist the design and construction of buildings or facilities Inclusions that function properly. Contrasting inclusions: Interpretive Group • Areas of Greenlee soils that have a high content of Land capability subclass: 7e rock fragments and have bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches • Areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches BeC—Bledsoe silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes Similar inclusions: • Areas of Maymead soils that have bedrock at a Setting depth of more than 40 inches • Small areas of soils that do not have hard bedrock Landscape position: Footslopes and side slopes between depths of 20 and 40 inches but do have soft, Major uses: Hay, pasture, or crop production in most weathered bedrock at these depths areas Johnson County, Tennessee 25

Soil Properties and Features concern. Seeds and seedlings grow well if competing vegetation is controlled. Permeability: Moderately slow • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Available water capacity: High northern red oak. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Well drained Urban development Flood hazard: None Suitability: Moderately suited Soil reaction: Moderately acid to mildly alkaline Management concerns and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The high clay content and moderate shrink-swell Typical Profile potential of the subsoil are limitations affecting most urban uses. These features can present problems for Surface layer: excavations, some sanitary facilities, and the 0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam construction of footers and basements. Careful design Subsoil: and construction may minimize these limitations. 7 to 60 inches—strong brown silty clay loam Interpretive Group Inclusions Land capability subclass: 4e Similar inclusions: • Small areas of eroded soils that have more clay in the surface layer BeD—Bledsoe silt loam, 12 to 20 percent • Small areas of soils that have bedrock between slopes depths of 40 and 60 inches Setting Use and Management Landscape position: Footslopes and side slopes of Row crops and small grain upland ridges Major uses: Hay or pasture in most areas Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Soil Properties and Features • Erosion is a severe hazard if cultivated crops are Permeability: Moderately slow grown. Available water capacity: High • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet contour farming, crop rotations, and the use of cover Drainage class: Well drained crops are important practices for controlling erosion Flood hazard: None and maintaining productivity. Soil reaction: Moderately acid to mildly alkaline • Regular crop rotation is necessary in most sloping Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches areas. • The use of terraces, grassed waterways, field Typical Profile borders, and filter strips in the appropriate places can Surface layer: help to prevent sediment in runoff water from entering 0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam streams and bodies of water. Subsoil: Pasture and hay 7 to 60 inches—strong brown silty clay loam Suitability: Well suited Inclusions Management concerns and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting pasture and Similar inclusions: hayland. • Small areas of eroded soils that have more clay in • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred the surface layer grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • Small areas of soils that have bedrock between schedule are important management practices. depths of 40 and 60 inches Woodland Use and Management Suitability: Well suited Row crops and small grain Management concerns and considerations: • Plant competition is the only significant management Suitability: Poorly suited 26 Soil Survey

Management concerns and considerations: Soil Properties and Features • Erosion is a severe hazard if cultivated crops are Permeability: Moderately slow grown. Available water capacity: High • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet contour farming, crop rotations, and the use of cover Drainage class: Well drained crops are important practices for controlling erosion Flood hazard: None and maintaining productivity. Soil reaction: Moderately acid to mildly alkaline • The use of contour strips, grassed waterways, field Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches borders, and filter strips on moderately steep slopes helps to prevent sediment in runoff water from entering Typical Profile streams and bodies of water. Surface layer: Pasture and hay 0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam Suitability: Moderately suited Subsoil: Management concerns and considerations: 7 to 60 inches—strong brown silty clay loam • The slope may limit the use of this soil for hayland. Inclusions • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Similar inclusions: schedule are important management practices. • Small areas of eroded soils that have more clay in • Good pasture management is recommended to the surface layer control erosion and maintain productivity. It includes • Small areas of soils that have bedrock between liming and fertilizing according to soil test depths of 40 and 60 inches recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Use and Management Woodland Row crops and small grain Suitability: Moderately suited Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an harvesting and reforestation and limits the operation of equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop equipment. production is impractical. • Plant competition is a concern unless competing vegetation is controlled. Pasture and hay • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited northern red oak. Suitability for hay: Poorly suited Urban development Management concerns and considerations: • The slope limits the use of this soil for hayland. Suitability: Poorly suited • Good pasture management is essential in controlling Management concerns and considerations: erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming • The slope and the clayey subsoil are limitations and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. the limitations, there would be considerable expense in the design and construction of buildings or facilities Woodland that function properly. Suitability: Moderately suited Interpretive Group Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Land capability subclass: 6e harvesting and reforestation. • The use of equipment when the soil is wet can BeE—Bledsoe silt loam, 20 to 35 percent cause excessive rutting or miring. Equipment use can slopes be delayed until the soil is dry, and gravel or other suitable subgrade material can be added to the main Setting roads. Landscape position: Side slopes of upland ridges • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Major uses: Pasture in most areas vegetation is controlled. Johnson County, Tennessee 27

• Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Similar inclusions: northern red oak. • Areas of Maymead soils that do not have a dark surface layer Urban development • Areas of soils that have more clay in the Suitability: Poorly suited subsoil Management concerns and considerations: • The slope and the clayey subsoil are limitations Use and Management affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of the limitations, there would be considerable expense in Row crops and small grain the design and construction of buildings or facilities Suitability: Unsuited that function properly. Management concerns and considerations: • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Interpretive Group equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Land capability subclass: 7e production is impractical.

Pasture and hay BsE—Brookshire silt loam, 20 to 35 Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited percent slopes Suitability for hay: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Setting • Good pasture management is essential in controlling erosion and maintaining productivity. It Landscape position: North- and east-facing mountain includes liming and fertilizing according to soil test coves recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding Major uses: Woodland, consisting of upland oaks and overgrazing. other hardwoods, in most areas Woodland Soil Properties and Features Suitability: Moderately suited Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid Management concerns and considerations: Available water capacity: High • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet harvesting and reforestation. Drainage class: Well drained • The use of equipment when the soil is wet can Flood hazard: None cause excessive rutting or miring. Equipment use can Soil reaction: Strongly acid be delayed until the soil is dry, and gravel or other Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches suitable subgrade material can be added to the main Typical Profile roads. • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Surface layer: vegetation is controlled. 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and 1 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam eastern white pine. 6 to 8 inches—dark brown loam Urban development Subsoil: 8 to 18 inches—strong brown loam Suitability: Poorly suited 18 to 53 inches—strong brown gravelly loam Management concerns and considerations: • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. Substratum: Because of the severity of this limitation, there would 53 to 65 inches—reddish yellow gravelly loam be considerable expense in the design and Inclusions construction of buildings or facilities that function properly. Contrasting inclusions: • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of Interpretive Group less than 40 inches • Areas of soils that have a high content of rock Land capability subclass: 6e fragments throughout 28 Soil Survey

BsF—Brookshire silt loam, 35 to 50 Management concerns and considerations: percent slopes • Good pasture management is essential in controlling erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming and fertilizing according to soil test Setting recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding Landscape position: North- and east-facing mountain overgrazing. coves Major uses: Woodland consisting of upland oaks and Woodland other hardwoods in most areas Suitability: Poorly suited Soil Properties and Features Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Available water capacity: High operation of equipment and the types of equipment Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet that may be used. Drainage class: Well drained • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Flood hazard: None vegetation is controlled. Soil reaction: Strongly acid • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches eastern white pine. Typical Profile Urban development Surface layer: 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter Suitability: Poorly suited 1 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam Management concerns and considerations: 6 to 8 inches—dark brown loam • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of this limitation, there would Subsoil: be considerable expense in the design and 8 to 18 inches—strong brown loam construction of buildings or facilities that function 18 to 53 inches—strong brown gravelly loam properly. Substratum: 53 to 65 inches—reddish yellow gravelly loam Interpretive Group Inclusions Land capability subclass: 7e Contrasting inclusions: • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches BtD—Burton loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, • Areas of soils that have a high content of rock stony fragments throughout Setting Similar inclusions: • Areas of Maymead soils that do not have a dark Landscape position: Summits and shoulders surface layer Major uses: Woodland in most areas • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil Soil Properties and Features Use and Management Permeability: Moderately rapid Row crops and small grain Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Unsuited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns and considerations: Flood hazard: None • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches production is impractical. Pasture and hay Typical Profile Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Surface layer: Suitability for hay: Unsuited 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown and dark brown loam Johnson County, Tennessee 29

Subsoil: BtE—Burton loam, 15 to 35 percent 14 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy slopes, very stony loam Substratum: Setting 21 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown and Landscape position: Summits, shoulders, and yellowish brown saprolite that crushes to loamy backslopes fine sand Major uses: Woodland in most areas 28 inches—unweathered amphibolite Soil Properties and Features Inclusions Permeability: Moderately rapid Contrasting inclusions: Available water capacity: Moderate • Areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet than 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained • Areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of more Flood hazard: None than 40 inches Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Similar inclusions: • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil Typical Profile • Areas of soils that have lighter colored surface Surface layer: layers 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown and dark brown loam Use and Management Subsoil: 14 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay loam Suitability: Poorly suited Substratum: Management concerns and considerations: 21 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish • Because of the high, frigid elevations, the stones on brown saprolite that crushes to loamy fine sand the soil surface, and the severe hazard of erosion, the 28 inches—unweathered amphibolite production of cultivated crops and the maintenance of Inclusions hayland are difficult. • Good pasture management is essential in Contrasting inclusions: maintaining productivity. • Areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches Woodland • Areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of more Suitability: Moderately suited than 40 inches Management concerns and considerations: Similar inclusions: • There is a hazard of windthrow in established stands • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil due to the limited depth to bedrock. • Areas of soils that have lighter colored surface • Trees suitable for planting include Fraser fir and red layers spruce. Use and Management Urban development Suitability: Poorly suited Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay Management concerns and considerations: Suitability: Unsuited • The depth to bedrock is the major limitation affecting Management concerns and considerations: urban uses. Because of the severity of this limitation, • Because of the frigid elevations, the stones on the there would be considerable expense in the design soil surface, and the severe hazard of erosion, crop and construction of buildings and facilities that function production is impractical. properly. • Good pasture management is essential in maintaining productivity. Interpretive Group Woodland Land capability subclass: 4e Suitability: Moderately suited 30 Soil Survey

Management concerns and considerations: • Areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of more • There is a hazard of windthrow in established stands than 40 inches due to the limited depth to bedrock. Similar inclusions: • Because of the slope, there is an erosion hazard • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil during harvesting and reforestation and a moderate • Areas of soils that have lighter colored surface equipment limitation. layers • Trees suitable for planting included Fraser fir and red spruce. Use and Management Urban development Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Suitability: Unsuited • The depth to bedrock and the slope are major Management concerns and considerations: limitations affecting urban uses. Because of the • Because of the high, frigid elevations, the stones on severity of the limitations, there would be considerable the soil surface, and the severe erosion hazard on the expense in the design and construction of buildings very steep slopes, crop production is impractical. and facilities that function properly. Woodland Interpretive Group Suitability: Poorly suited Land capability subclass: 7e Management concerns and considerations: • There is a hazard of windthrow in established stands due to the limited depth to bedrock. BtF—Burton loam, 35 to 55 percent • There is a severe hazard of erosion during slopes, very stony harvesting and reforestation and an equipment limitation on very steep slopes. Setting • Trees suitable for planting include Fraser fir and red spruce. Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders Major uses: Woodland in most areas Urban development Soil Properties and Features Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Permeability: Moderately rapid • The depth to bedrock and the slope are the major Available water capacity: Moderate limitations affecting urban uses. Because of the Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet severity of the limitations, there would be considerable Drainage class: Well drained expense in the design and construction of buildings Flood hazard: None and facilities that function properly. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Interpretive Group Typical Profile Land capability subclass: 7e Surface layer: 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown and dark brown loam Subsoil: BuF—Burton-Craggey-Rock outcrop 14 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy complex, windswept, 30 to 95 percent loam slopes Substratum: Composition 21 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown saprolite that crushes to loamy fine sand Burton soil: Averaging about 40 percent of map units, 28 inches—unweathered amphibolite but ranging between 30 and 50 percent of each mapped area Inclusions Craggey soil: Averaging about 30 percent of map Contrasting inclusions: units, but ranging between 20 and 40 percent of • Areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less each mapped area than 20 inches Rock outcrop: Averaging about 20 percent of map Johnson County, Tennessee 31

units, but ranging between 10 and 30 percent of • Areas of soils that have a high content of rock each mapped area fragments throughout Setting Use and Management Landscape position: Mountain crests, shoulders, and Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay side slopes at high elevations Major uses: Woodland in most areas Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Properties and Features • Because areas of this map unit are so steep, cold, of the Burton and Craggey Soils droughty, and rocky, agricultural production of any type Permeability: Moderately rapid is virtually prohibited. Available water capacity: Burton—moderate; Woodland Craggey—very low Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Burton—well drained; Craggey— Management concerns and considerations: somewhat excessively drained • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during Flood hazard: None harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid operation of equipment and the types of equipment Depth to bedrock: Burton—20 to 40 inches; Craggey— that may be used. less than 20 inches • Because of the limited depth to bedrock, there is a windthrow hazard in established stands and a Typical Profile susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate Burton moisture. • Areas at the high, frigid, exposed elevations are Surface layer: susceptible to severe wind and frost damage, which 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown and dark brown loam substantially limits productivity. Subsoil: • Trees suitable for planting include Fraser fir and red 14 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy spruce. loam Urban development Substratum: Suitability: Poorly suited 21 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish Management concerns and considerations: brown saprolite that crushes to loamy fine sand • The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations 28 inches—unweathered amphibolite bedrock affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of Craggey the limitations, there would be considerable expense in the design and construction of buildings or facilities Surface layer: that function properly. 0 to 4 inches—black muck (about 30 percent fiber, 15 percent rubbed) Interpretive Group 4 to 9 inches—very dark brown mucky loam Land capability subclass: 7e Subsurface layer: 9 to 11 inches—dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam Substratum: BwD—Burton-Wayah complex, 11 to 25 inches—unweathered amphibolite bedrock windswept, 15 to 30 percent slopes, Rock outcrop stony Rock outcrops occur as individual rocks, ledges, or Composition bluffs. Some loose stones or boulders also occur scattered on the soil surface in some areas. Burton soil: Averaging about 60 percent of map units, but ranging between 55 and 65 percent of each Inclusions mapped area Contrasting inclusions: Wayah soil: Averaging about 35 percent of map units, • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of but ranging between 20 and 45 percent of each more than 40 inches mapped area 32 Soil Survey

Setting Use and Management Landscape position: Mountain crests, shoulders, and Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay side slopes at high elevations Major uses: Woodland consisting mostly of fir and Suitability: Unsuited spruce Management concerns and considerations: • Because areas of this map unit are so steep, cold, Soil Properties and Features and droughty, agricultural production of any type is virtually prohibited. Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Moderate Woodland Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns and considerations: Flood hazard: None • The limited depth to bedrock in the Burton soil Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid causes a windthrow hazard in established stands. Depth to bedrock: Burton—0 to 40 inches; Wayah— • Seedling mortality is a concern because of the cold, more than 60 inches droughty nature of the soils. • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Typical Profile harvesting and reforestation and limits the operation of Burton equipment. • Areas at the high, frigid, exposed elevations are Surface layer: susceptible to severe wind and frost damage, which 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown and dark brown loam substantially limits productivity. Subsoil: • Trees suitable for planting include Fraser fir and red 14 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy spruce. loam Urban development Substratum: Suitability: Poorly suited 21 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish Management concerns and considerations: brown saprolite that crushes to loamy fine sand • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. 28 inches—unweathered amphibolite bedrock The limited depth to bedrock in the Burton soil is an Wayah additional limitation. Because of the severity of these limitations, there would be considerable expense in the Surface layer: design and construction of buildings or facilities that 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and dark brown loam function properly. Subsoil: Interpretive Group 12 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam Land capability subclass: 7e Substratum: 24 to 61 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand saprolite CaD—Calvin channery silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: Setting • Areas of Craggey soils that have bedrock at a depth Landscape position: Ridgetops, shoulders, and side of less than 20 inches slopes • Small areas of organic soils that range from less Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used for hay than 10 inches to as much as 25 inches thick over or pasture bedrock • Small areas of soils that have a high content of rock Soil Properties and Features fragments throughout Permeability: Moderately rapid Similar inclusions: Available water capacity: Low • Areas of soils that have bedrock between depths of Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet 40 and 60 inches Drainage class: Well drained Johnson County, Tennessee 33

Flood hazard: None • The slope limits the operation of equipment in some Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid areas. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • Plant competition is a concern unless competing vegetation is controlled. Typical Profile • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine Surface layer: and Virginia pine. 0 to 3 inches—reddish brown channery silt loam Urban development Subsurface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 3 to 8 inches—reddish brown channery loam Management concerns and considerations: Subsoil: • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations 8 to 22 inches—reddish brown very channery loam affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of 22 to 33 inches—reddish brown very channery clay the limitations, there would be considerable expense in loam the design and construction of buildings or facilities that function properly. Substratum: 33 to 38 inches—reddish brown extremely channery Interpretive Group loam 38 inches—weathered siltstone bedrock Land capability subclass: 4e Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: CaE—Calvin channery silt loam, 20 to 35 • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of percent slopes less than 20 inches Similar inclusions: Setting • Areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments and/or Landscape position: Ridge shoulders and side slopes more clay in the subsoil Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used for hay Use and Management or pasture

Row crops and small grain Soil Properties and Features Suitability: Poorly suited Permeability: Moderately rapid Management concerns and considerations: Available water capacity: Low • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet the severe erosion hazard and the limited available Drainage class: Well drained water capacity. Flood hazard: None Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Pasture and hay Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Suitability: Moderately suited Management concerns and considerations: Typical Profile • The limited available water capacity restricts the use Surface layer: of this soil for hayland. 0 to 3 inches—reddish brown channery silt loam • Good pasture management is recommended to control erosion and maintain productivity. It includes Subsurface layer: liming and fertilizing according to soil test 3 to 8 inches—reddish brown channery loam recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding Subsoil: overgrazing. 8 to 22 inches—reddish brown very channery loam Woodland 22 to 33 inches—reddish brown very channery clay loam Suitability: Moderately suited Management concerns and considerations: Substratum: • Seedling mortality is a concern due to a moisture 33 to 38 inches—reddish brown extremely channery deficiency and is worse on south- and west-facing loam slopes. 38 inches—weathered siltstone bedrock 34 Soil Survey

Inclusions CaF—Calvin channery silt loam, 35 to 50 Contrasting inclusions: percent slopes • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches Setting Similar inclusions: Landscape position: Side slopes of upland ridges • Areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments and/or Major uses: Many areas are in woodland; some areas more clay in the subsoil are cleared and used as pasture Use and Management Soil Properties and Features Permeability: Moderately rapid Row crops and small grain Available water capacity: Low Suitability: Unsuited Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Management concerns and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Flood hazard: None equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid production is impractical. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Pasture and hay Typical Profile Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Surface layer: Suitability for hay: Unsuited 0 to 3 inches—reddish brown channery silt loam Management concerns and considerations: Subsurface layer: • The slope and the limited available water capacity 3 to 8 inches—reddish brown channery loam restrict the use of this soil for hayland. • Good pasture management is essential in controlling Subsoil: erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming 8 to 22 inches—reddish brown very channery loam and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, 22 to 33 inches—reddish brown very channery clay controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. loam Substratum: Woodland 33 to 38 inches—reddish brown extremely channery Suitability: Moderately suited loam Management concerns and considerations: 38 inches—weathered siltstone bedrock • Seedling mortality is a concern due to a moisture Inclusions deficiency and is worse on south- and west-facing slopes. Contrasting inclusions: • The slope limits the operation of equipment in some • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of areas. less than 20 inches • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Similar inclusions: vegetation is controlled. • Areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments and/or • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine more clay in the subsoil and Virginia pine. Use and Management Urban development Suitability: Poorly suited Row crops and small grain Management concerns and considerations: Suitability: Unsuited • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations Management concerns and considerations: affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an the limitations, there would be considerable expense in equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop the design and construction of buildings or facilities production is impractical. that function properly. Pasture and hay Interpretive Group Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Land capability subclass: 6e Suitability for hay: Unsuited Johnson County, Tennessee 35

Management concerns and considerations: Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral • Because of a moisture deficiency caused by the Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches limited depth to bedrock and an equipment limitation on very steep slopes, the establishment and Typical Profile maintenance of hay and pasture are difficult. Caneyville Woodland Surface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 0 to 4 inches—brown silty clay loam Management concerns and considerations: Subsoil: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during 4 to 29 inches—yellowish red and red clay harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe operation of equipment and the types of equipment Substratum: that may be used. 29 inches—limestone bedrock • Seedling mortality is a concern due to a moisture Rock outcrop deficiency and is worse on south- and west-facing slopes. Limestone rock outcrops occur as individual rocks, • Plant competition is a concern unless competing ledges, or bluffs. Some loose stones or boulders also vegetation is controlled. occur scattered on the soil surface in some areas. • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine Inclusions and Virginia pine. Contrasting inclusions: Urban development • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of Suitability: Poorly suited more than 40 inches Management concerns and considerations: • Areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less • The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations than 20 inches that are extremely difficult to overcome. Use and Management Interpretive Group Land capability subclass: 7e Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: CbrG—Caneyville-Rock outcrop complex, • Because areas of this map unit are so steep and 50 to 80 percent slopes rocky, agricultural production of any type is virtually prohibited. Composition • Because of a moisture deficiency, caused by the limited depth to bedrock, and equipment limitations, Caneyville soil: Averaging about 65 percent of map caused by the rock outcrops and extremely steep units, but ranging between 50 and 70 percent of slopes, the establishment and maintenance of pasture each mapped area are difficult. Rock outcrop: Averaging about 25 percent of map units, but ranging between 15 and 35 percent of Woodland each mapped area Suitability: Poorly suited Setting Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Landscape position: Side slopes of upland ridges harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Major uses: Most areas are in woodland; some areas operation of equipment and the types of equipment are cleared and used as pasture that may be used. • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Properties and Features of the Caneyville Soil vegetation is controlled. Permeability: Moderately slow • Trees suitable for planting include white oak and Available water capacity: Low or moderate eastern white pine. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Urban development Drainage class: Well drained Flood hazard: None Suitability: Poorly suited 36 Soil Survey

Management concerns and considerations: Use and Management • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of Row crops and small grain the limitations, there would be considerable expense in Suitability: Unsuited the design and construction of buildings or facilities Management concerns and considerations: that function properly. • Because areas of this soil are so steep, shallow, and droughty, agricultural production of any type is virtually Interpretive Group prohibited. Land capability subclass: 7e Pasture and hay Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited CcE—Cataska channery silt loam, 20 to Suitability for hay: Unsuited 35 percent slopes Management concerns and considerations: • Because of a moisture deficiency caused by the limited depth to bedrock and an equipment limitation Setting on steep slopes, the establishment and maintenance Landscape position: Mountain ridge crests, shoulders, of hay and pasture are difficult. and side slopes Woodland Major uses: Woodland consisting of Virginia pine, upland oaks, and mixed hardwoods in most areas Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Soil Properties and Features • Because of the shallow depth to bedrock, there is a windthrow hazard in established stands and a Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate Available water capacity: Very low moisture. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Drainage class: Excessively drained vegetation is controlled. Flood hazard: None • Virginia pine is suitable for planting. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Urban development Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Surface layer: • The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations 0 to 1 inch—slightly decomposed forest litter that are extremely difficult to overcome. 1 to 2 inches—dark brown channery silt loam Interpretive Group Subsurface layer: 2 to 5 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam Land capability subclass: 7e Subsoil: 5 to 18 inches—strong brown and brown very channery silt loam CcF—Cataska channery silt loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes Substratum: 18 inches—weathered siltstone Setting Inclusions Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes of Contrasting inclusions: mountain ridges • Areas of Keener or Northcove soils that are more Major uses: Woodland consisting of Virginia pine, than 60 inches to bedrock, in concave positions upland oaks, and mixed hardwoods in most areas • Areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of more than 20 inches Soil Properties and Features Similar inclusions: Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid • Small areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments Available water capacity: Very low throughout Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Johnson County, Tennessee 37

Drainage class: Excessively drained susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate Flood hazard: None moisture. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe operation of equipment. Typical Profile • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Surface layer: vegetation is controlled. 0 to 1 inch—slightly decomposed forest litter • Virginia pine is suitable for planting. 1 to 2 inches—dark brown channery silt loam Urban development Subsurface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 2 to 5 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam Management concerns and considerations: Subsoil: • The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations 5 to 18 inches—strong brown and brown very that are extremely difficult to overcome. channery silt loam Interpretive Group Substratum: Land capability subclass: 7e 18 inches—weathered siltstone Inclusions CcG—Cataska channery silt loam, 50 to Contrasting inclusions: 80 percent slopes • Areas of Keener or Northcove soils that have bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches, in concave Setting positions • Areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of more Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes of than 20 inches mountain ridges Major uses: Woodland consisting of Virginia pine, Similar inclusions: upland oaks, and mixed hardwoods in most areas • Small areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments throughout Soil Properties and Features Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid Use and Management Available water capacity: Very low Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Row crops and small grain Drainage class: Excessively drained Suitability: Unsuited Flood hazard: None Management concerns and considerations: Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • Because areas of this soil are so steep, shallow, and Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches droughty, agricultural production of any type is virtually Typical Profile prohibited. Surface layer: Pasture and hay 0 to 1 inch—slightly decomposed forest litter Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited 1 to 2 inches—dark brown channery silt loam Suitability for hay: Unsuited Subsurface layer: Management concerns and considerations: 2 to 5 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam • Because of a moisture deficiency caused by the limited depth to bedrock and an equipment limitation Subsoil: on very steep slopes, the establishment and 5 to 18 inches—strong brown and brown very maintenance of hay and pasture are difficult. channery silt loam Substratum: Woodland 18 inches—weathered siltstone Suitability: Poorly suited Inclusions Management concerns and considerations: • Because of the shallow depth to bedrock, there is a Contrasting inclusions: windthrow hazard in established stands and a • Areas of Keener or Northcove soils that have 38 Soil Survey

bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches, in concave Available water capacity: High positions High water table: An apparent water table at a depth of • Areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of more 4 to 6 feet in February and March than 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained Flood hazard: Rare flooding for brief duration from Similar inclusions: November to May • Small areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments Soil reaction: Moderately acid to neutral throughout Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Use and Management Typical Profile Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—brown loam Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Subsoil: • Because areas of this soil are so steep, shallow, and 7 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown loam droughty, agricultural production of any type is virtually 20 to 40 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam prohibited. Substratum: • Because of a moisture deficiency, caused by the 40 to 60 inches—brown gravelly loamy fine sand limited depth to bedrock, and an equipment limitation on extremely steep slopes, the establishment and Inclusions maintenance of hay and pasture are difficult. Contrasting inclusions: Woodland • Small areas of soils in depressions and lower areas that are poorly drained, somewhat poorly drained, or Suitability: Poorly suited moderately well drained Management concerns and considerations: • Because of the shallow depth to bedrock, there is a Similar inclusions: windthrow hazard in established stands and a • Small areas of soils that have more rock fragments susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate in the subsoil moisture. Use and Management • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Row crops and small grain operation of equipment and the types of equipment that may be used. Suitability: Well suited • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Management concerns and considerations: vegetation is controlled. • This soil is suited to most crops, grasses, and • Virginia pine is suitable for planting. legumes that are adapted to the local climate. • Species that are seeded late in spring or that can Urban development tolerate early season flooding are best suited. Suitability: Poorly suited Pasture and hay Management concerns and considerations: • The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations Suitability: Well suited that are extremely difficult to overcome. Management concerns and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting pasture and Interpretive Group hayland. Land capability subclass: 7e • The wetness due to flooding may hinder early hay cutting operations in some years. Cg—Chagrin loam, rarely flooded Woodland Suitability: Well suited Setting Management concerns and considerations: Landscape position: Flood plains • Plant competition is the only significant management Major uses: Hay, crops, or pasture in most areas concern. Seeds and seedlings grow well if competing vegetation is controlled. Soil Properties and Features • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Permeability: Moderate northern red oak. Johnson County, Tennessee 39

Urban development Similar inclusions: • Areas of Ashe soils that have hard bedrock between Suitability: Poorly suited depths of 20 and 40 inches Management concerns and considerations: • The flooding is a limitation that is extremely difficult Use and Management to overcome. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Unsuited Land capability subclass: 1 Management concerns and considerations: • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an ChE—Chestnut loam, 20 to 35 percent equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop slopes production is impractical. Pasture and hay Setting Suitability: Poorly suited Landscape position: Tops and shoulders of mountain Management concerns and considerations: ridges • Because of a moisture deficiency caused by the Major uses: Much of this map unit is in woodland, but limited depth to bedrock and an equipment limitation many areas are cleared and in pasture; some on steep slopes, the establishment and maintenance areas are used for growing Christmas trees of hay and pasture are difficult. • Good pasture management is essential in controlling Soil Properties and Features erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming Permeability: Moderately rapid and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, Available water capacity: Low controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Flood hazard: None Suitability: Moderately suited Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Management concerns and considerations: Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • The slope causes an erosion hazard during harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Typical Profile operation of equipment and the types of equipment Surface layer: that may be used. 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter • Susceptibility to windthrow is a concern due to the 2 to 3 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam limited rooting depth. • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Subsurface layer: vegetation is controlled. 3 to 8 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine Subsoil: and yellow-poplar. 8 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam • Fraser fir is an example of a Christmas tree species suitable for planting. Substratum: 16 to 29 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam Urban development 29 inches—soft, weathered granitic gneiss bedrock Suitability: Poorly suited Inclusions Management concerns and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations Contrasting inclusions: affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of • Areas of soils in concave positions that have more the limitations, there would be considerable expense in clay in the subsoil than the Chestnut soil and have the design and construction of buildings or facilities bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches that function properly. • Areas of Greenlee soils that have a high content of rock fragments and have bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches, in concave positions Interpretive Group • Small areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches Land capability subclass: 7e 40 Soil Survey

ChF—Chestnut loam, 35 to 50 percent equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop slopes production is impractical.

Setting Pasture and hay Landscape position: Side slopes of mountain ridges Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Major uses: Much of this map unit is in woodland, but Suitability for hay: Unsuited many areas are cleared and in pasture; some Management concerns and considerations: areas are used for growing Christmas trees • Because of a moisture deficiency caused by the limited depth to bedrock and an equipment limitation Soil Properties and Features on very steep slopes, the establishment and Permeability: Moderately rapid maintenance of pasture are difficult. Available water capacity: Low • Good pasture management is essential in controlling Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming Drainage class: Well drained and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, Flood hazard: None controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Woodland Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Surface layer: Management concerns and considerations: 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during 2 to 3 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe operation of equipment and the types of equipment Subsurface layer: that may be used. 3 to 8 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam • Susceptibility to windthrow is a concern due to the Subsoil: limited rooting depth. 8 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam • Plant competition is a concern unless competing vegetation is controlled. Substratum: • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine 16 to 29 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam and yellow-poplar. 29 inches—soft, weathered granitic gneiss bedrock • Fraser fir is an example of a Christmas tree species Inclusions suitable for planting. Contrasting inclusions: Urban development • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil than Suitability: Poorly suited the Chestnut soil and have bedrock at a depth of more Management concerns and considerations: than 60 inches, in concave positions • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations • Areas of Greenlee soils that have a high content of affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of rock fragments and have bedrock at a depth of more the limitations, there would be considerable expense in than 60 inches, in concave positions the design and construction of buildings or facilities • Small areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at that function properly. a depth of less than 20 inches Similar inclusions: Interpretive Group • Areas of Ashe soils that have hard bedrock between depths of 20 and 40 inches Land capability subclass: 7e

Use and Management ChG—Chestnut-Ashe complex, 50 to 95 Cropland percent slopes, very stony Suitability: Unsuited Composition Management concerns and considerations: • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Chestnut soil: Averaging about 50 percent of map Johnson County, Tennessee 41

units, but ranging between 40 and 60 percent of the Chestnut and Ashe soils and have bedrock each mapped area at a depth of more than 60 inches, in concave Ashe soil: Averaging about 35 percent of map units, positions but ranging between 20 and 50 percent of each • Areas of Greenlee soils that have a high content of mapped area rock fragments and have bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches, in concave positions Setting • Small areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at Landscape position: Side slopes of mountain ridges a depth of less than 20 inches Major uses: Much of this map unit is in woodland, but many areas are cleared and used as pasture Use and Management Soil Properties and Features Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay Permeability: Moderately rapid Suitability: Unsuited Available water capacity: Low Management concerns and considerations: Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Drainage class: Chestnut—well drained; Ashe— equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop somewhat excessively drained production is impractical. Flood hazard: None • Because of a moisture deficiency, caused by the Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid limited depth to bedrock, and the equipment limitation Depth to bedrock: Chestnut—0 to 40 inches to soft on very steep slopes, the establishment and bedrock; Ashe—0 to 40 inches to hard bedrock maintenance of pasture are difficult. Typical Profile Woodland Chestnut Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Surface layer: • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe 2 to 3 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam operation of equipment and the types of equipment 3 to 8 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam that may be used. Subsoil: • Susceptibility to windthrow is a concern due to the 8 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam limited rooting depth. • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Substratum: vegetation is controlled. 16 to 29 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam • Seedling mortality is a concern in areas of the Ashe 29 to 60 inches—soft, weathered granitic gneiss soil due to a moisture deficiency and is worse on bedrock south- and west-facing slopes. Ashe • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine and yellow-poplar. Surface layer: • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly fine sandy loam Fraser fir, Norway spruce, and Scotch pine. Subsurface layer: Urban development 4 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Suitability: Poorly suited Subsoil: Management concerns and considerations: 10 to 26 inches—yellowish brown loam • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations 26 to 32 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of Substratum: the limitations, there would be considerable expense in 32 inches—hard bedrock the design and construction of buildings or facilities that function properly. Inclusions Interpretive Group Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil than Land capability subclass: 7e 42 Soil Survey

CjD—Chestnut-Edneyville complex, 15 to Inclusions 30 percent slopes, stony Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at a Composition depth of less than 20 inches • Areas of Greenlee soils that have a high content of Chestnut soil: Averaging about 50 percent of map rock fragments throughout units, but ranging between 40 and 60 percent of each mapped area Similar inclusions: Edneyville soil: Averaging about 30 percent of map • Areas of Ashe soils that have hard bedrock between units, but ranging between 20 and 40 percent of depths of 20 and 40 inches each mapped area • Areas of soils that have bedrock between depths of 40 and 60 inches Setting Use and Management Landscape position: Crests, shoulders, and side slopes of mountain ridges Row crops and small grain Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used for pasture, but several areas are in woodland Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Soil Properties and Features • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Permeability: Moderately rapid equipment limitation caused by the slope and Available water capacity: Chestnut—low; Edneyville— stoniness, crop production is impractical. moderate Pasture and hay Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Well drained Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Flood hazard: None Suitability for hay: Unsuited Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Management concerns and considerations: Depth to bedrock: Chestnut—0 to 40 inches to soft • The stoniness and the slope limit the use of the soils bedrock; Edneyville—more than 60 inches for hayland. • Good pasture management is essential in controlling Typical Profile erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, Chestnut controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Surface layer: Woodland 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter 2 to 3 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam Suitability: Moderately suited 3 to 8 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Subsoil: harvesting and reforestation and limits the operation of 8 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam equipment. Substratum: • Susceptibility to windthrow is a concern in areas of 16 to 29 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam the Chestnut soil due to the limited rooting depth. 29 to 60 inches—soft, weathered granitic gneiss • Plant competition is a concern unless competing bedrock vegetation is controlled. • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine Edneyville and yellow-poplar. Surface layer: • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include 0 to 8 inches—dark brown loam Fraser fir, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce. Subsoil: Urban development 8 to 22 inches—brown and strong brown loam Suitability: Poorly suited 22 to 28 inches—strong brown sandy loam Management concerns and considerations: Substratum: • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. 28 to 62 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark gray The limited depth to bedrock in the Chestnut soil is an saprolite that crushes to fine sandy loam additional limitation. Because of the severity of these Johnson County, Tennessee 43

limitations, there would be considerable expense in the Subsoil: design and construction of buildings or facilities that 8 to 22 inches—brown and strong brown loam function properly. 22 to 28 inches—strong brown sandy loam Interpretive Group Substratum: 28 to 62 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark gray Land capability subclass: 6e saprolite that crushes to fine sandy loam

CjE—Chestnut-Edneyville complex, 30 to Inclusions 50 percent slopes, stony Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at a Composition depth of less than 20 inches • Areas of Greenlee soils that have a high content of Chestnut soil: Averaging about 50 percent of map rock fragments throughout units, but ranging between 40 and 60 percent of each mapped area Similar inclusions: Edneyville soil: Averaging about 30 percent of map • Areas of Ashe soils that have hard bedrock between units, but ranging between 20 and 40 percent of depths of 20 and 40 inches each mapped area • Areas of soils that have bedrock between depths of 40 and 60 inches Setting Landscape position: Crests, shoulders, and side Use and Management slopes of mountain ridges Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used for Row crops and small grain pasture, but several areas are in woodland Suitability: Unsuited Soil Properties and Features Management concerns and considerations: • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Permeability: Moderately rapid equipment limitation caused by the slope and Available water capacity: Chestnut—low; Edneyville— stoniness, crop production is impractical. moderate Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Pasture and hay Drainage class: Well drained Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Flood hazard: None Suitability for hay: Unsuited Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Management concerns and considerations: Depth to bedrock: Chestnut—0 to 40 inches to soft • Good pasture management is essential in controlling bedrock; Edneyville—more than 60 inches erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming Typical Profile and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Chestnut Woodland Surface layer: 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter Suitability: Moderately suited 2 to 3 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam Management concerns and considerations: 3 to 8 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Subsoil: operation of equipment and the types of equipment 8 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam that may be used. Substratum: • Susceptibility to windthrow is a concern in areas of 16 to 29 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam the Chestnut soil due to the limited rooting depth. 29 to 60 inches—soft, weathered granitic gneiss • Plant competition is a concern unless competing bedrock vegetation is controlled. • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine Edneyville and yellow-poplar. Surface layer: • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include 0 to 8 inches—dark brown loam Fraser fir, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce. 44 Soil Survey

Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Poorly suited Row crops and small grain Management concerns and considerations: • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. Suitability: Poorly suited The limited depth to bedrock in the Chestnut soil is an Management concerns and considerations: additional limitation. Because of the severity of these • Rock fragments in the surface layer seriously hinder limitations, there would be considerable expense in the or prevent tillage operations in most areas. design and construction of buildings or facilities that Pasture and hay function properly. Suitability: Poorly suited Interpretive Group Management concerns and considerations: Land capability subclass: 7e • Rock fragments in and on the soil prevent the use of mowers, disks, and other equipment needed for hay cutting or pasture renovation in most areas. Cs—Craigsville cobbly sandy loam, frequently flooded Woodland Suitability: Well suited Setting Management concerns and considerations: • Plant competition is the only significant management Landscape position: Mountain flood plains concern. Seeds and seedlings grow well if competing Major uses: Woodland in most areas vegetation is controlled. • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine Soil Properties and Features and yellow-poplar. Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid Urban development Available water capacity: Low or moderate Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns and considerations: Flood hazard: Frequent flooding for very brief duration • The flooding is a limitation that is extremely difficult from November to May to overcome. Soil reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Interpretive Group Land capability subclass: 3s Typical Profile Surface layer: 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter CuD—Cullasaja very cobbly loam, 15 to 1 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly sandy loam 30 percent slopes, very stony Subsurface layer: 4 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy Setting loam Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, and Subsoil: toeslopes 9 to 40 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly sandy Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used for loam pasture 40 to 63 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly sandy loam Soil Properties and Features Permeability: Moderately rapid Inclusions Available water capacity: Low Similar inclusions: Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • Small areas of Northcove soils that are not subject Drainage class: Well drained to flooding Flood hazard: None • Small areas that consist mainly of cobbles, stones, Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid or boulders and have little or no soil material Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Johnson County, Tennessee 45

Typical Profile Urban development Surface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter Management concerns and considerations: 2 to 12 inches—very dark brown very cobbly loam • The slope and the large stones in the soil are 12 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the fine sandy loam severity of the limitations, there would be considerable expense in the design and construction of buildings or Subsoil: facilities that function properly. 15 to 46 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown very cobbly fine sandy loam Interpretive Group Substratum: Land capability subclass: 7s 46 to 60 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly loamy sand Di—Dillard loam, rarely flooded Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: Setting • Small areas of Ashe or Chestnut soils that have Landscape position: Low stream terraces and bedrock between depths of 20 and 40 inches toeslopes • Areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used for throughout than the Cullasaja soil pasture, hay, or crop production Similar inclusions: Soil Properties and Features • Areas of Greenlee soils that do not have a dark surface layer Permeability: Moderate in the subsoil and very slow in the substratum Use and Management Available water capacity: Moderate High water table: An apparent water table at a depth of Row crops and small grain 2 to 3 feet from December to April Drainage class: Moderately well drained Suitability: Unsuited Flood hazard: Rare flooding for very brief duration Management concerns and considerations: from November to May • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Soil reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid, except equipment limitation caused by the slope and rock in limed areas fragments, crop production is impractical. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Pasture and hay Typical Profile Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Surface layer: Suitability for hay: Unsuited 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown loam Management concerns and considerations: • Rock fragments in the surface layer and the slope Subsurface layer: are severe limitations affecting pasture and hayland 6 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam management. Subsoil: Woodland 10 to 30 inches—yellowish brown and light yellowish brown clay loam Suitability: Moderately suited 30 to 42 inches—gray clay loam Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Substratum: harvesting and reforestation. 42 to 60 inches—mottled gravelly sandy loam • The slope and the rock fragments in and on the soil Inclusions limit the use of equipment. • Seedling mortality is a concern because of the Contrasting inclusions: droughty nature of this soil. • Areas of Calvin soils that are well drained, have a • Plant competition is a concern unless competing high content of rock fragments throughout, and have vegetation is controlled. shale bedrock between depths of 20 and 40 inches, on • Fraser fir is suitable for planting. adjacent slopes 46 Soil Survey

• Areas of soils that are somewhat poorly drained or Unicoi soil: Averaging about 40 percent of map units, poorly drained, commonly in small depressions but ranging between 30 and 50 percent of each mapped area Similar inclusions: • Areas of soils that have less clay and more sand in Setting the subsoil Landscape position: Mountainsides • Small areas of well drained soils Major uses: Woodland in most areas Use and Management Soil Properties and Features Row crops and small grain Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Ditney—low; Unicoi—very Suitability: Well suited low Management concerns and considerations: Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • This soil is suited to most crops, grasses, and Drainage class: Ditney—well drained; Unicoi— legumes that are adapted to the local climate. somewhat excessively drained • Crops that are seeded late in spring and that can Flood hazard: None tolerate wetness in the root zone are best suited. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Pasture and hay Depth to bedrock: Ditney—20 to 40 inches; Unicoi—7 to 20 inches Suitability: Well suited Management concerns and considerations: Typical Profile • This soil has few limitations affecting pasture and Ditney hayland. • Plant species that can tolerate wetness in the root Surface layer: zone are best suited. 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter 1 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam Woodland Subsurface layer: Suitability: Well suited 4 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Management concerns and considerations: • Plant competition is the only significant management Subsoil: concern. Seeds and seedlings grow well if competing 8 to 24 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loam vegetation is controlled. Substratum: • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar, 24 to 27 inches—partially weathered metasandstone eastern white pine, and black walnut. 27 inches—hard metasandstone Urban development Unicoi Suitability: Poorly suited Surface layer: Management concerns and considerations: 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter • The wetness due to the high water table is the main 2 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly limitation affecting urban uses. It is a special concern sandy loam for septic tank absorption fields and residential developments. Subsurface layer: 3 to 7 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam Interpretive Group Subsoil: Land capability subclass: 2w 7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly sandy loam DjF—Ditney-Unicoi complex, 50 to 95 Substratum: percent slopes, very rocky 15 inches—hard metasandstone Inclusions Composition Similar inclusions: Ditney soil: Averaging about 45 percent of map units, • Areas of Northcove soils that have bedrock at a but ranging between 30 and 60 percent of each depth of more than 60 inches mapped area • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil Johnson County, Tennessee 47

Use and Management Typical Profile Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay Surface layer: 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter Suitability: Unsuited 1 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam Management concerns and considerations: • Because areas of this map unit are so steep and Subsurface layer: rocky, agricultural production of any type is virtually 4 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam prohibited. Subsoil: Woodland 8 to 24 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loam Suitability: Poorly suited Substratum: Management concerns and considerations: 24 to 27 inches—partially weathered metasandstone • The slope causes an erosion hazard during 27 inches—hard metasandstone harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe operation of equipment and the types of equipment Inclusions that may be used. Contrasting inclusions: • Because of the limited depth to bedrock, there is a • Small areas of Unicoi or Cataska soils that have a windthrow hazard in established stands and a high content of rock fragments and have bedrock susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate within a depth of 20 inches moisture. • Plant competition is a concern in areas of the Ditney Similar inclusions: soil unless competing vegetation is controlled. • Areas of soils that have less sand and more clay in • Trees suitable for planting include Virginia pine and the subsoil shortleaf pine. • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches Urban development Suitability: Poorly suited Use and Management Management concerns and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations Row crops and small grain affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of Suitability: Unsuited the limitations, there would be considerable expense in Management concerns and considerations: the design and construction of buildings or facilities • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an that function properly. equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Interpretive Group production is impractical. Land capability subclass: 7s Pasture and hay Suitability: Poorly suited DtE—Ditney sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent Management concerns and considerations: slopes • The slope and the limited available water capacity restrict the use of this soil for hayland. Setting • Good pasture management is essential in controlling Landscape position: Mountain ridge crests, shoulders, erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming and sides slopes and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, Major uses: Woodland in most areas controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Soil Properties and Features grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Permeability: Moderately rapid schedule are important management practices. Available water capacity: Low Woodland Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Moderately suited Flood hazard: None Management concerns and considerations: Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • The slope limits the operation of equipment in some Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches areas. 48 Soil Survey

• Plant competition is a concern unless competing Similar inclusions: vegetation is controlled. • Areas of soils that have less sand and more clay in • Trees suitable for planting include shortleaf pine and the subsoil eastern white pine. • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Row crops and small grain • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of Suitability: Unsuited the limitations, there would be considerable expense in Management concerns and considerations: the design and construction of buildings or facilities • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an that function properly. equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop production is impractical. Interpretive Group Pasture and hay Land capability subclass: 7e Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited DtF—Ditney sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent Suitability for hay: Unsuited slopes Management concerns and considerations: • Pasture management is essential in controlling Setting erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming and fertilizing according to soil test Landscape position: Side slopes of mountain ridges recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding Major uses: Woodland in most areas overgrazing. Soil Properties and Features Woodland Permeability: Moderately rapid Suitability: Moderately suited Available water capacity: Low Management concerns and considerations: Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Drainage class: Well drained harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Flood hazard: None operation of equipment. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches vegetation is controlled. • Trees suitable for planting include shortleaf pine and Typical Profile eastern white pine. Surface layer: Urban development 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter Suitability: Poorly suited 1 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam Management concerns and considerations: Subsurface layer: • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations 4 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of the limitations, there would be considerable expense in Subsoil: the design and construction of buildings or facilities 8 to 24 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loam that function properly. Substratum: Interpretive Group 24 to 27 inches—partially weathered metasandstone 27 inches—hard metasandstone Land capability subclass: 7e

Inclusions DtG—Ditney sandy loam, 50 to 80 percent Contrasting inclusions: slopes • Small areas of Unicoi or Cataska soils that have a Setting high content of rock fragments and have bedrock within a depth of 20 inches Landscape position: Side slopes of mountain ridges Major uses: Woodland in most areas Johnson County, Tennessee 49

Soil Properties and Features harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe operation of equipment and the types of equipment Permeability: Moderately rapid that may be used. Available water capacity: Low or moderate • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet vegetation is controlled. Drainage class: Well drained • Trees suitable for planting include shortleaf pine and Flood hazard: None eastern white pine. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Urban development Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Surface layer: • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of 1 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam the limitations, there would be considerable expense in Subsurface layer: the design and construction of buildings or facilities 4 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam that function properly. Subsoil: Interpretive Group 8 to 24 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loam Land capability subclass: 7e Substratum: 24 to 27 inches—partially weathered metasandstone 27 inches—hard metasandstone Du—Dunning silt loam, occasionally flooded Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: Setting • Small areas of Unicoi or Cataska soils that have a Landscape position: Flood plains and areas at stream high content of rock fragments and have bedrock heads within a depth of 20 inches Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used for Similar inclusions: cropland, hay, or pasture • Areas of soils that have less sand and more clay in Soil Properties and Features the subsoil • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of Permeability: Slow more than 40 inches Available water capacity: High High water table: An apparent water table at a depth of Use and Management 0 to 0.5 foot from January to April Drainage class: Poorly drained or very poorly drained Cropland Flood hazard: Occasional flooding for brief duration Suitability: Unsuited from December to May Management concerns and considerations: Soil reaction: Moderately acid to mildly alkaline • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Typical Profile production is impractical. Surface layer: Pasture and hay 0 to 12 inches—very dark gray silt loam Suitability: Unsuited Subsoil: Management concerns and considerations: 12 to 32 inches—grayish brown clay • Because of the slope and low available water capacity, the establishment and maintenance of Substratum: pasture are extremely difficult. 32 to 60 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam Woodland Inclusions Suitability: Moderately suited Contrasting inclusions: Management concerns and considerations: • Areas of Statler or Dillard soils that are well drained • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during or moderately well drained and that have less clay and 50 Soil Survey

more sand in the subsoil than the Dunning soil, on EdE—Edneyville loam, 12 to 25 percent adjacent stream terraces slopes • Small areas of well drained or moderately well drained soils in the higher areas on the flood plain Setting Similar inclusions: Landscape position: Mountain crests and shoulders • Areas of Hatboro soils that have less clay and more Major uses: Most areas are in woodland, but several sand in the subsoil and do not have a dark surface areas are cleared and used for pasture layer Soil Properties and Features Use and Management Permeability: Moderately rapid Row crops and small grain Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Moderately suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns and considerations: Flood hazard: None • The flooding and the wetness in the root zone are Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid the major limitations affecting crop production. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Crops that require a short growing season and than can tolerate wetness and flooding are best suited. Typical Profile Pasture and hay Surface layer: 0 to 8 inches—dark brown loam Suitability: Moderately suited Management concerns and considerations: Subsoil: • The high water table and the occasional flooding are 8 to 22 inches—brown and strong brown loam the main limitations affecting pasture and hayland. 22 to 28 inches—strong brown sandy loam • The wetness hinders early hay cutting operations in Substratum: some years. 28 to 62 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark gray • Permitting grazing when the soil is saturated can saprolite that crushes to fine sandy loam cause compaction of the soil surface and thus result in slower infiltration rates and loss of the stand. Inclusions • Plant species that can tolerate wetness and flooding Contrasting inclusions: are best suited. • Small areas of Chestnut or Ashe soils that have Woodland bedrock between depths of 20 and 40 inches • Areas of soils that have bedrock between depths of Suitability: Poorly suited 40 and 60 inches Management concerns and considerations: • The flooding and wetness cause an equipment Similar inclusions: limitation during the wetter parts of the year. • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil • The high water table leads to shallow rooting, which Use and Management causes a windthrow hazard in established stands. • The shallow root zone and the flooding increase Row crops and small grain seedling mortality rates. • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Suitability: Unsuited vegetation is controlled. Management concerns and considerations: • Trees suitable for planting include sweetgum and • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an American sycamore. equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop production and adequate soil conservation are difficult. Urban development Pasture and hay Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Suitability: Poorly suited • The flooding and wetness are limitations that are Management concerns and considerations: extremely difficult to overcome. • The slope and the limited available water capacity restrict the use of this soil for hayland. Interpretive Group • Good pasture management is recommended to Land capability subclass: 3w control erosion and maintain productivity. It includes Johnson County, Tennessee 51

liming and fertilizing according to soil test Substratum: recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding 28 to 62 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark gray overgrazing. saprolite that crushes to fine sandy loam Woodland Inclusions Suitability: Moderately suited Contrasting inclusions: Management concerns and considerations: • Small areas of Chestnut or Ashe soils that have • The slope causes an erosion hazard during bedrock between depths of 20 and 40 inches harvesting and reforestation and limits the operation of • Areas of soils that have bedrock between depths of equipment. 40 and 60 inches • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Similar inclusions: vegetation is controlled. • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine and yellow-poplar. Use and Management • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include Scotch pine and Norway spruce. Row crops and small grain Urban development Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Suitability: Poorly suited • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Management concerns and considerations: equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. production is impractical. Because of the severity of this limitation, there would be considerable expense in the design and Pasture and hay construction of buildings or facilities that function Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited properly. Suitability for hay: Unsuited Interpretive Group Management concerns and considerations: • Good pasture management is essential in controlling Land capability subclass: 6e erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, EdF—Edneyville loam, 25 to 45 percent controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. slopes Woodland Setting Suitability: Moderately suited Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes of Management concerns and considerations: mountain ridges • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during Major uses: Most areas are in woodland, but several harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe areas are cleared and used for pasture operation of equipment and the types of equipment that may be used. Soil Properties and Features • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Permeability: Moderately rapid vegetation is controlled. Available water capacity: Moderate • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet and yellow-poplar. Drainage class: Well drained • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include Flood hazard: None Scotch pine and Norway spruce. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Urban development Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Surface layer: • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. 0 to 8 inches—dark brown loam Because of the severity of this limitation, there would Subsoil: be considerable expense in the design and 8 to 22 inches—brown and strong brown loam construction of buildings or facilities that function 22 to 28 inches—strong brown sandy loam properly. 52 Soil Survey

Interpretive Group Substratum: 16 to 29 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam Land capability subclass: 7e 29 to 60 inches—soft, weathered granitic gneiss bedrock EvE—Edneyville-Chestnut complex, 30 to Inclusions 50 percent slopes, stony Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at a Composition depth of less than 20 inches, on points of ridges Edneyville soil: Averaging about 40 percent of map • Areas of Greenlee soils that have a high content of units, but ranging between 25 and 55 percent of rock fragments throughout each mapped area Similar inclusions: Chestnut soil: Averaging about 35 percent of map • Areas of Ashe soils that have hard bedrock between units, but ranging between 20 and 50 percent of depths of 20 and 40 inches each mapped area • Areas of soils that have bedrock between depths of Setting 40 and 60 inches Landscape position: Crests, shoulders, and side Use and Management slopes of mountain ridges Major uses: Most areas are in woodland; some areas Row crops and small grain are cleared and used for pasture Suitability: Unsuited Soil Properties and Features Management concerns and considerations: Permeability: Moderately rapid • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Available water capacity: Edneyville—moderate; equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Chestnut—low production is impractical. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Well drained Pasture and hay Flood hazard: None Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Suitability for hay: Unsuited Depth to bedrock: Edneyville—more than 60 inches; Management concerns and considerations: Chestnut—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock • The slope and rock fragments in and on the soil are severe limitations affecting pasture and hayland Typical Profile management. Edneyville • Good pasture management is essential in controlling erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming Surface layer: and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, 0 to 8 inches—dark brown loam controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Subsoil: 8 to 22 inches—brown and strong brown loam Woodland 22 to 28 inches—strong brown sandy loam Suitability: Poorly suited Substratum: Management concerns and considerations: 28 to 62 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark gray • The slope causes an erosion hazard during saprolite that crushes to fine sandy loam harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe operation of equipment. Chestnut • Susceptibility to windthrow is a concern in areas of the Chestnut soil due to the limited rooting depth. Surface layer: • Plant competition is a concern unless competing 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter vegetation is controlled. 2 to 3 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine 3 to 8 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam and yellow-poplar. Subsoil: • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include 8 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Fraser fir, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce. Johnson County, Tennessee 53

Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Poorly suited Cropland Management concerns and considerations: • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. Suitability: Unsuited The limited depth to bedrock in the Chestnut soil is an Management concerns and considerations: additional limitation. Because of the severity of these • Because areas of this soil are so steep and rocky, limitations, there would be considerable expense in the agricultural production of any type is virtually design and construction of buildings or facilities that prohibited. function properly. Pasture and hay Interpretive Group Suitability: Unsuited Land capability subclass: 7e Management concerns and considerations: • Because of rock fragments in and on the soil and the slope, the use of mowers, disks, and other equipment GrE—Greenlee very cobbly loam, 15 to 35 needed for hay cutting or pasture renovation is percent slopes, very stony restricted in most areas. Woodland Setting Suitability: Moderately suited Landscape position: Mountain coves and benches Management concerns and considerations: Major uses: Woodland in most areas • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Soil Properties and Features harvesting and reforestation. • The slope and the rock fragments in and on the soil Permeability: Moderately rapid limit the use of equipment. Available water capacity: Low • Seedling mortality is a concern due to a moisture Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet deficiency and is worse on south- and west-facing Drainage class: Well drained slopes. Flood hazard: None • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid vegetation is controlled. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine Typical Profile and yellow-poplar. Surface layer: Urban development 0 to 6 inches—brown very cobbly loam Suitability: Poorly suited Subsoil: Management concerns and considerations: 6 to 22 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly • The slope and the large stones in the soil are loam limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the 22 to 47 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly fine severity of the limitations, there would be considerable sandy loam expense in the design and construction of buildings or Substratum: facilities that function properly. 47 to 65 inches—brownish yellow extremely cobbly sandy loam Interpretive Group Inclusions Land capability subclass: 7s Contrasting inclusions: • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches GrF—Greenlee very cobbly loam, 35 to 55 • Areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at a percent slopes, very stony depth of less than 20 inches, on adjacent side slopes Setting Similar inclusions: • Small areas that consist primarily of stones, cobbles, Landscape position: Mountain coves and benches and boulders and have very little soil material Major uses: Woodland in most areas 54 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Features Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during Permeability: Moderately rapid harvesting and reforestation. Available water capacity: Low • The slope and the rock fragments in and on the soil Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet limit the safe operation of equipment and the types of Drainage class: Well drained equipment that may be used. Flood hazard: None • Seedling mortality is a concern due to a moisture Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid deficiency and is worse on south- and west-facing Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches slopes. • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Typical Profile vegetation is controlled. Surface layer: • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine 0 to 6 inches—brown very cobbly loam and yellow-poplar. Subsoil: Urban development 6 to 22 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Suitability: Poorly suited loam Management concerns and considerations: 22 to 47 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly fine • The slope and the large stones in the soil are sandy loam limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the Substratum: severity of the limitations, there would be considerable 47 to 65 inches—brownish yellow extremely cobbly expense in the design and construction of buildings or sandy loam facilities that function properly. Interpretive Group Inclusions Land capability subclass: 7s Contrasting inclusions: • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches • Areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock GrG—Greenlee very cobbly loam, 55 to 80 at a depth of less than 20 inches, on adjacent side percent slopes, very stony slopes Similar inclusions: Setting • Small areas that consist primarily of stones, cobbles, Landscape position: Mountain coves and boulders and have very little soil material Major uses: Woodland in most areas Use and Management Soil Properties and Features Row crops and small grain Permeability: Moderately rapid Suitability: Unsuited Available water capacity: Low Management concerns and considerations: Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • Because areas of this soil are so steep and rocky, Drainage class: Well drained agricultural production of any type is virtually Flood hazard: None prohibited. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Pasture and hay Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Typical Profile Suitability for hay: Unsuited Surface layer: Management concerns and considerations: 0 to 6 inches—brown very cobbly loam • Rock fragments in and on the soil prevent the use of mowers, disks, and other equipment needed for hay Subsoil: cutting or pasture renovation in most areas. 6 to 22 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly loam Woodland 22 to 47 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly fine Suitability: Poorly suited sandy loam Johnson County, Tennessee 55

Substratum: expense in the design and construction of buildings or 47 to 65 inches—brownish yellow extremely cobbly facilities that function properly. sandy loam Interpretive Group Inclusions Land capability subclass: 7s Contrasting inclusions: • Small areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches Ht—Hatboro loam, occasionally flooded • Areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches, on adjacent side slopes Setting Similar inclusions: Landscape position: Flood plains • Small areas that consist primarily of stones, cobbles, Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used for and boulders and have very little soil material cropland, hay, or pasture Use and Management Soil Properties and Features Permeability: Moderate Row crops and small grain Available water capacity: High Suitability: Unsuited High water table: An apparent water table at a depth of Management concerns and considerations: 0 to 0.5 foot from October to May • Because areas of this soil are so steep and rocky, Drainage class: Poorly drained agricultural production of any type is virtually Flood hazard: Occasional flooding for very brief prohibited. duration from November to May Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral above a Pasture and hay depth of 30 inches and moderately acid or slightly Suitability: Unsuited acid below a depth of 30 inches Management concerns and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Because of a moisture deficiency due to the high Typical Profile content of rock fragments and an equipment limitation on extremely steep slopes, the establishment and Surface layer: maintenance of pasture are difficult. 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Subsoil: Woodland 10 to 32 inches—grayish brown clay loam Suitability: Poorly suited Substratum: Management concerns and considerations: 32 to 60 inches—grayish brown stratified sandy loam • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during and loamy sand harvesting and reforestation. • The slope and the rock fragments in and on the soil Inclusions limit the safe operation of equipment and the types of Contrasting inclusions: equipment that may be used. • Small areas of Dillard and Statler soils that are • Seedling mortality is a concern due to a moisture moderately well drained or well drained and have more deficiency and is worse on south- and west-facing clay in the subsoil than the Hatboro soil, on adjacent slopes. stream terraces • Plant competition is a concern unless competing • Small areas of well drained or moderately well vegetation is controlled. drained soils on the higher parts of the flood plain • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine and yellow-poplar. Similar inclusions: • Areas of Dunning soils that have more clay and less Urban development sand in the subsoil and have a dark surface layer Suitability: Poorly suited Use and Management Management concerns and considerations: • The slope and the large stones in the soil are Row crops and small grain limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of the limitations, there would be considerable Suitability: Moderately suited 56 Soil Survey

Management concerns and considerations: Flood hazard: Frequent flooding for very brief duration • The flooding and the wetness in the root zone are from November to May the major limitations affecting crop production. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral above a • Crops that require a short growing season and that depth of 30 inches and moderately acid or slightly can tolerate wetness and flooding are best suited. acid below a depth of 30 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Pasture and hay Typical Profile Suitability: Moderately suited Management concerns and considerations: Surface layer: • The high water table and the occasional flooding are 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam the main limitations affecting pasture and hayland. Subsoil: • The wetness hinders early hay cutting operations in 10 to 32 inches—grayish brown clay loam some years. • Permitting grazing when the soil is saturated can Substratum: cause compaction of the soil surface and thus result in 32 to 60 inches—grayish brown stratified sandy loam slower infiltration rates and loss of the stand. and loamy sand • Plant species that can tolerate wetness and flooding Inclusions are best suited. Contrasting inclusions: Woodland • Small areas of Dillard and Statler soils that are Suitability: Poorly suited moderately well drained or well drained and have more Management concerns and considerations: clay in the subsoil than the Hatboro soil, on adjacent • The flooding and wetness cause an equipment stream terraces limitation during the wetter parts of the year. • Small areas of well drained or moderately well • The high water table leads to shallow rooting and drained soils on the higher parts of the flood plain thus causes a windthrow hazard in established stands. Similar inclusions: • Trees suitable for planting include sweetgum and • Areas of Dunning soils that have more clay and less American sycamore. sand in the subsoil and have a dark surface layer Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Row crops and small grain • The flooding and wetness are limitations that are Suitability: Moderately suited extremely difficult to overcome. Management concerns and considerations: Interpretive Group • The flooding and the wetness in the root zone are the major limitations affecting crop production. Land capability subclass: 3w • Crops that require a short growing season and that can tolerate wetness and flooding are best suited. Hu—Hatboro sandy loam, frequently Pasture and hay flooded Suitability: Moderately suited Management concerns and considerations: Setting • The high water table and the frequent flooding are the main limitations affecting pasture and hayland. Landscape position: Flood plains • The wetness hinders early hay cutting operations in Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used for some years. cropland, hay, or pasture • Permitting grazing when the soil is saturated can cause compaction of the soil surface and thus result in Soil Properties and Features slower infiltration rates and loss of the stand. Permeability: Moderate • Plant species that can tolerate wetness and flooding Available water capacity: High are best suited. High water table: An apparent water table at a depth of Woodland 0 to 0.5 foot from October to May Drainage class: Poorly drained Suitability: Poorly suited Johnson County, Tennessee 57

Management concerns and considerations: rock fragments throughout and have bedrock at a • The flooding and wetness cause an equipment depth of more than 60 inches limitation during the wetter parts of the year. Similar inclusions: • The high water table leads to shallow rooting, which • Areas of Ditney soils that do not have a dark surface causes a windthrow hazard in established stands. layer • Trees suitable for planting include sweetgum and • Areas of soils that have less sand and more clay in American sycamore. the subsoil Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Row crops and small grain • The flooding and wetness are limitations that are Suitability: Unsuited extremely difficult to overcome. Management concerns and considerations: Interpretive Group • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an equipment limitation caused by the slope and rock Land capability subclass: 4w fragments in and on the soil, crop production is impractical. JeD—Jeffrey cobbly loam, 15 to 30 Pasture and hay percent slopes, very stony Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hay: Unsuited Setting Management concerns and considerations: Landscape position: Crests and shoulders of mountain • Because of rock fragments in and on the soil, the ridges use of mowers, disks, and other equipment needed for Major uses: Woodland in most areas hay cutting is restricted in most areas. • Because of a moisture deficiency, caused by the Soil Properties and Features limited depth to bedrock, and an equipment limitation, Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid caused by rock fragments on the soil surface, the Available water capacity: Low establishment and maintenance of pasture are difficult. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Flood hazard: None Suitability: Moderately suited Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Management concerns and considerations: Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • In many areas, the slope and rock fragments on the surface interfere with the use of mechanical Typical Profile equipment. Surface layer: • Plant competition is a concern unless competing 0 to 4 inches—partially decomposed forest litter vegetation is controlled. 4 to 13 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and cobbly loam eastern white pine. Subsoil: Urban development 13 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy Suitability: Poorly suited loam Management concerns and considerations: Substratum: • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations 29 inches—hard quartzite bedrock affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of the limitations, there would be considerable expense in Inclusions the design and construction of buildings or facilities that function properly. Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of Maymead or Brookshire soils that have Interpretive Group bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches • Areas of Northcove soils that have a high content of Land capability subclass: 6e 58 Soil Survey

JeE—Jeffrey cobbly loam, 30 to 50 Suitability for hay: Unsuited percent slopes, very stony Management concerns and considerations: • Because of a moisture deficiency caused by the limited depth to bedrock and an equipment limitation Setting on very steep slopes, the establishment and Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes of maintenance of pasture are difficult. mountain ridges Woodland Major uses: Woodland in all areas Suitability: Moderately suited Soil Properties and Features Management concerns and considerations: Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Available water capacity: Low harvesting and reforestation. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • The slope and the rock fragments on the soil surface Drainage class: Well drained limit the safe operation of equipment and the types of Flood hazard: None equipment that may be used. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches vegetation is controlled. • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Typical Profile eastern white pine. Surface layer: Urban development 0 to 4 inches—partially decomposed forest litter 4 to 13 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown Suitability: Poorly suited cobbly loam Management concerns and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations Subsoil: affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of 13 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy the limitations, there would be considerable expense in loam the design and construction of buildings or facilities Substratum: that function properly. 29 inches—hard quartzite bedrock Interpretive Group Inclusions Land capability subclass: 7e Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of Maymead or Brookshire soils that have bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches KeC—Keener loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes • Areas of Northcove soils that have a high content of rock fragments throughout and have bedrock at a Setting depth of more than 60 inches Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, and Similar inclusions: colluvial fans • Areas of Ditney soils that do not have a dark surface Major uses: Most areas are in woodland; some areas layer are cleared and used for agriculture • Areas of soils that have less sand and more clay in the subsoil Soil Properties and Features Use and Management Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate Row crops and small grain Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Unsuited Flood hazard: None Management concerns and considerations: Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop production is impractical. Typical Profile Pasture and hay Surface layer: Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Johnson County, Tennessee 59

Subsurface layer: • Trees suitable for planting include northern red oak 2 to 7 inches—yellowish brown loam and yellow-poplar. Subsoil: Urban development 7 to 45 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown Suitability: Moderately suited clay loam Management concerns and considerations: 45 to 63 inches—strong brown very cobbly loam • The slope and the large stones in the subsoil are Inclusions limitations affecting urban uses. Special designs for structures and facilities may minimize or overcome Contrasting inclusions: these limitations. • Areas of Northcove soils that have a high content of rock fragments throughout Interpretive Group Similar inclusions: Land capability subclass: 3e • Areas of Maymead soils that have more sand and less clay in the subsoil • Areas that have significant quantities of rock KeD—Keener loam, 12 to 20 percent fragments scattered on the soil surface slopes Use and Management Setting Row crops and small grain Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, colluvial fans, and coves Suitability: Moderately suited Major uses: Woodland in most areas Management concerns and considerations: • Erosion is a moderate hazard if cultivated crops are Soil Properties and Features grown. Permeability: Moderate • Rock fragments in the surface layer may hinder Available water capacity: Moderate tillage operations in some areas. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Drainage class: Well drained contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Flood hazard: None control erosion, increase infiltration rates, and maintain Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid soil tilth. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The use of terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips in the appropriate places can Typical Profile help to prevent sediment in runoff water from entering streams and bodies of water. Surface layer: 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Pasture and hay Subsurface layer: Suitability: Well suited 2 to 7 inches—yellowish brown loam Management concerns and considerations: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Subsoil: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting 7 to 45 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown schedule are important management practices. clay loam • Good pasture management is recommended to 45 to 63 inches—strong brown very cobbly loam control erosion and maintain productivity. It includes liming and fertilizing according to soil test Inclusions recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding Contrasting inclusions: overgrazing. • Areas of Northcove soils that have a high content of Woodland rock fragments throughout Suitability: Well suited Similar inclusions: Management concerns and considerations: • Areas of Maymead soils that have more sand and • Plant competition is the only significant management less clay in the subsoil concern. Seeds and seedlings grow well if competing • Areas that have significant quantities of rock vegetation is controlled. fragments scattered on the soil surface 60 Soil Survey

Use and Management limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of the limitations, there would be considerable Row crops and small grain expense in the design and construction of buildings or facilities that function properly. Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Interpretive Group • Erosion is a severe hazard if cultivated crops are Land capability subclass: 4e grown. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, crop rotations, and the use of cover KeE—Keener loam, 20 to 35 percent crops are important practices in controlling erosion slopes and maintaining productivity. • The use of contour strips, grassed waterways, field Setting borders, and filter strips on moderately steep slopes helps to prevent sediment in runoff water from entering Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, colluvial streams and bodies of water. fans, and coves Major uses: Woodland in most areas Pasture and hay Soil Properties and Features Suitability: Moderately suited Management concerns and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • Ensuring proper fertility and maintaining an Available water capacity: Moderate adequate stand help to increase production and Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet reduce sediment and nutrient runoff on moderately Drainage class: Well drained steep pastures and hayland. Flood hazard: None • Good pasture management is recommended to Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid control erosion and maintain productivity. It includes Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches liming and fertilizing according to soil test Typical Profile recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Surface layer: 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Woodland Subsurface layer: Suitability: Moderately suited 2 to 7 inches—yellowish brown loam Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Subsoil: harvesting and reforestation and limits the operation of 7 to 45 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown equipment. clay loam • Locating roads and trails as closely to the contour as 45 to 63 inches—strong brown very cobbly loam possible, protecting permanent access roads by the Inclusions use of gravel, installing water breaks and culverts, and closing roads that are no longer used may reduce the Contrasting inclusions: hazard of erosion. • Areas of Northcove soils that have a high content of • Equipment tracks or tires can cause rutting or miring rock fragments throughout during rainy periods, especially where the soil is Similar inclusions: eroded into the subsoil. The use of equipment can be • Areas of Maymead soils that have more sand and delayed until the soil is dry, and gravel or other suitable less clay in the subsoil subgrade material can be added to the main roads. • Areas that have significant quantities of rock • Plant competition is a concern unless competing fragments scattered on the soil surface vegetation is controlled. • Trees suitable for planting include northern red oak Use and Management and yellow-poplar. Urban development Row crops and small grain Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Management concerns and considerations: • The slope and the large stones in the subsoil are • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Johnson County, Tennessee 61

equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid production is impractical. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Pasture and hay Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Surface layer: Management concerns and considerations: 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • Ensuring proper fertility and maintaining an adequate stand help to increase production and Subsurface layer: reduce sediment and nutrient runoff on steep pastures 2 to 7 inches—yellowish brown loam and hayland. Subsoil: • Good pasture management is essential in controlling 7 to 45 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming clay loam and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, 45 to 63 inches—strong brown very cobbly loam controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Inclusions Woodland Contrasting inclusions: Suitability: Moderately suited • Areas of Northcove soils that have a high content of Management concerns and considerations: rock fragments throughout • The slope causes an erosion hazard during harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Similar inclusions: operation of equipment and the types of equipment • Areas of Maymead soils that have more sand and that may be used. less clay in the subsoil • Plant competition is a concern unless competing • Areas that have significant quantities of rock vegetation is controlled. fragments scattered on the soil surface • Trees suitable for planting include northern red oak and yellow-poplar. Use and Management Urban development Row crops and small grain Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Management concerns and considerations: • The slope and the large stones in the subsoil are • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop severity of the limitations, there would be considerable production is impractical. expense in the design and construction of buildings or facilities that function properly. Pasture and hay Interpretive Group Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hay: Unsuited Land capability subclass: 6e Management concerns and considerations: • Good pasture management is essential in controlling KeF—Keener loam, 35 to 50 percent erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming slopes and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Setting Woodland Landscape position: Benches, colluvial fans, and Suitability: Moderately suited coves Management concerns and considerations: Major uses: Woodland in most areas • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Soil Properties and Features operation of equipment and the types of equipment Permeability: Moderate that may be used. Available water capacity: Moderate • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet vegetation is controlled. Drainage class: Well drained • Trees suitable for planting include northern red oak Flood hazard: None and yellow-poplar. 62 Soil Survey

Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Poorly suited Row crops and small grain Management concerns and considerations: • The slope and the large stones in the subsoil are Suitability: Poorly suited limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the Management concerns and considerations: severity of the limitations, there would be considerable • Erosion is a severe hazard if cultivated crops are expense in the design and construction of buildings or grown. facilities that function properly. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, crop rotations, and the use of cover Interpretive Group crops are important practices in controlling erosion Land capability subclass: 7e and maintaining productivity. • The use of contour strips, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips on moderately steep slopes LoD—Lonon loam, 12 to 20 percent helps to prevent sediment in runoff water from entering slopes streams and bodies of water. Pasture and hay Setting Suitability: Moderately suited Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, and Management concerns and considerations: toeslopes • Ensuring proper fertility and maintaining an Major uses: Some areas are in woodland, but several adequate stand help to increase production and areas are used for pasture, hay, or crop production reduce sediment and nutrient runoff on moderately Soil Properties and Features steep pastures and hayland. • Good pasture management is recommended to Permeability: Moderate control erosion and maintain productivity. It includes Available water capacity: High liming and fertilizing according to soil test Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding Drainage class: Well drained overgrazing. Flood hazard: None Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid, Woodland except in limed areas Suitability: Moderately suited Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Typical Profile harvesting and reforestation and limits the operation of Surface layer: equipment. 0 to 2 inches—brown loam • Locating roads and trails as closely to the contour as possible, protecting permanent access roads by the Subsurface layer: use of gravel, installing water breaks and culverts, and 2 to 6 inches—strong brown loam closing roads that are no longer used may reduce the Subsoil: hazard of erosion. 6 to 29 inches—yellowish red loam • Equipment tracks or tires can cause rutting or miring 29 to 50 inches—yellowish red clay loam during rainy periods, especially where the soil is 50 to 65 inches—red loam eroded into the subsoil. The use of equipment can be delayed until the soil is dry, and gravel or other suitable Inclusions subgrade material can be added to the main roads. • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Contrasting inclusions: vegetation is controlled. • Small areas of Northcove soils that have a high • Trees suitable for planting include northern red oak content of rock fragments throughout and yellow-poplar. Similar inclusions: Urban development • Areas of Keener soils that have browner colors in the subsoil Suitability: Poorly suited • Small areas of soils that have significant quantities Management concerns and considerations: of cobbles or stones scattered on the soil surface • The slope and the large stones in the subsoil are Johnson County, Tennessee 63

limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop severity of the limitations, there would be considerable production is impractical. expense in the design and construction of buildings or Pasture and hay facilities that function properly. Suitability: Poorly suited Interpretive Group Management concerns and considerations: Land capability subclass: 4e • Ensuring proper fertility and maintaining an adequate stand help to increase production and LoE—Lonon loam, 20 to 35 percent reduce sediment and nutrient runoff on steep pastures slopes and hayland. • Good pasture management is essential in controlling Setting erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, and controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. toeslopes Major uses: Some areas are in woodland, but several Woodland areas are used for pasture, hay, or crop production Suitability: Moderately suited Soil Properties and Features Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Permeability: Moderate harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Available water capacity: High operation of equipment and the types of equipment Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet that may be used. Drainage class: Well drained • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Flood hazard: None vegetation is controlled. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid, • Trees suitable for planting include northern red oak except in limed areas and yellow-poplar. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Urban development Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Surface layer: Management concerns and considerations: 0 to 2 inches—brown loam • The slope and the large stones in the subsoil are Subsurface layer: limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the 2 to 6 inches—strong brown loam severity of the limitations, there would be considerable expense in the design and construction of buildings or Subsoil: facilities that function properly. 6 to 29 inches—yellowish red loam 29 to 50 inches—yellowish red clay loam Interpretive Group 50 to 65 inches—red loam Land capability subclass: 6e Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: MaE—Maymead loam, 20 to 35 percent • Small areas of Northcove soils that have a high slopes content of rock fragments throughout Similar inclusions: Setting • Areas of Keener soils that have browner colors in Landscape position: Mountain coves, footslopes, and the subsoil benches • Small areas of soils that have significant quantities Major uses: Woodland in most areas of cobbles or stones scattered on the soil surface Use and Management Soil Properties and Features Permeability: Moderately rapid Row crops and small grain Available water capacity: Moderate Suitability: Unsuited Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Management concerns and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Flood hazard: None 64 Soil Survey

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches vegetation is controlled. • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Typical Profile eastern white pine. Surface layer: Urban development 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter 2 to 4 inches—dark brown loam Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Subsurface layer: • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. 4 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Because of the severity of this limitation, there would Subsoil: be considerable expense in the design and 8 to 18 inches—strong brown loam construction of buildings or facilities that function 18 to 38 inches—strong brown gravelly loam properly. Substratum: Interpretive Group 38 to 63 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly Land capability subclass: 6e loam Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: MaF—Maymead loam, 35 to 50 percent • Small areas of Northcove soils that have a high slopes content of rock fragments throughout Setting Similar inclusions: • Areas of Keener soils that have less sand and more Landscape position: Mountain coves clay in the subsoil Major uses: Woodland in most areas Use and Management Soil Properties and Features Row crops and small grain Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Moderate Suitability: Unsuited Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Management concerns and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Flood hazard: None equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid production is impractical. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Pasture and hay Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Surface layer: • The slope and the limited available water capacity 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter restrict the use of this soil for hayland. 2 to 4 inches—dark brown loam • Ensuring proper fertility and maintaining an Subsurface layer: adequate stand help to increase production and 4 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown loam reduce sediment and nutrient runoff on steep pastures and hayland. Subsoil: • Good pasture management is essential in controlling 8 to 18 inches—strong brown loam erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming 18 to 38 inches—strong brown gravelly loam and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, Substratum: controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. 38 to 63 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly Woodland loam Suitability: Moderately suited Inclusions Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Contrasting inclusions: harvesting and reforestation and limits the operation of • Small areas of Northcove soils that have a high equipment. content of rock fragments throughout Johnson County, Tennessee 65

Similar inclusions: Soil Properties and Features • Areas of Keener soils that have less sand and more Permeability: Moderately rapid clay in the subsoil Available water capacity: Low Use and Management Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Well drained Row crops and small grain Flood hazard: None Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Suitability: Unsuited Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Management concerns and considerations: • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Typical Profile equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop production is impractical. Surface layer: 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter Pasture and hay 1 to 2 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Subsurface layer: Suitability for hay: Unsuited 2 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown very stony sandy Management concerns and considerations: loam • Good pasture management is essential in controlling erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming Subsoil: and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, 5 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very stony sandy controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. loam 24 to 38 inches—yellowish brown extremely stony Woodland sandy loam Suitability: Moderately suited Substratum: Management concerns and considerations: 38 to 63 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly • The slope causes an erosion hazard during sandy loam harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe operation of equipment and the types of equipment Inclusions that may be used. • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Contrasting inclusions: vegetation is controlled. • Small areas of Keener or Lonon soils that have • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and fewer rock fragments and more clay in the subsoil than eastern white pine. the Northcove soil Urban development Similar inclusions: • Small areas that consist mostly of stones, cobbles, Suitability: Poorly suited or boulders and have very little soil material Management concerns and considerations: • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. Use and Management Because of the severity of this limitation, there would be considerable expense in the design and Row crops and small grain construction of buildings or facilities that function properly. Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Interpretive Group • Because areas of this soil are so steep, narrow, and Land capability subclass: 7e rocky, agricultural production of any type is virtually prohibited.

NcF—Northcove very stony sandy loam, Pasture and hay 35 to 50 percent slopes Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hay: Unsuited Setting Management concerns and considerations: Landscape position: Mountain coves, footslopes, and • Rock fragments in and on the soil prevent the use of benches mowers, disks, and other equipment needed for hay Major uses: Woodland in most areas cutting or pasture renovation in most areas. 66 Soil Survey

Woodland Subsoil: 5 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very stony sandy Suitability: Poorly suited loam Management concerns and considerations: 24 to 38 inches—yellowish brown extremely stony • The slope causes an erosion hazard during sandy loam harvesting and reforestation. • The slope and the rock fragments in and on the soil Substratum: limit the safe operation of equipment. 38 to 63 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly • Seedling mortality is a concern due to a moisture sandy loam deficiency and is worse on south- and west-facing Inclusions slopes. • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Contrasting inclusions: vegetation is controlled. • Small areas of Keener or Lonon soils that have • Eastern white pine is suitable for planting. fewer rock fragments and more clay in the subsoil than the Northcove soil Urban development Similar inclusions: Suitability: Poorly suited • Small areas that consist mostly of stones, cobbles, Management concerns and considerations: or boulders and have very little soil material • The slope and the large stones in the soil are limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the Use and Management severity of the limitations, there would be considerable expense in the design and construction of buildings or Row crops and small grain facilities that function properly. Suitability: Unsuited Interpretive Group Management concerns and considerations: • Because areas of this soil are so steep, narrow, and Land capability subclass: 7s rocky, agricultural production of any type is virtually prohibited. NcG—Northcove very stony sandy loam, Pasture and hay 50 to 80 percent slopes Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Setting • Because of the low available water capacity, the high content of rock fragments in and on the soil, and an Landscape position: Mountain coves, footslopes, and equipment limitation on extremely steep slopes, the benches establishment and maintenance of hay and pasture Major uses: Woodland in most areas are difficult. Soil Properties and Features Woodland Permeability: Moderately rapid Suitability: Poorly suited Available water capacity: Low Management concerns and considerations: Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during Drainage class: Well drained harvesting and reforestation. Flood hazard: None • The slope and the rock fragments in and on the soil Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid limit the safe operation of equipment and the types of Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches equipment that may be used. • Seedling mortality is a concern due to a moisture Typical Profile deficiency and is worse on south- and west-facing slopes. Surface layer: • Plant competition is a concern unless competing 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter vegetation is controlled. 1 to 2 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam • Eastern white pine is suitable for planting. Subsurface layer: Urban development 2 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown very stony sandy loam Suitability: Poorly suited Johnson County, Tennessee 67

Management concerns and considerations: Management concerns and considerations: • The slope and the large stones in the soil are • There is a severe hazard of erosion in the steeper limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the areas. Because of this hazard and the stones on the severity of the limitations, there would be considerable soil surface, the production of cultivated crops is expense in the design and construction of buildings or impractical. facilities that function properly. Pasture Interpretive Group Suitability: Poorly suited Land capability subclass: 7s Management concerns and considerations: • Rock fragments on the soil surface interfere with the use of disks and other equipment needed for pasture PgE—Pigeonroost gravelly loam, 7 to 35 maintenance. percent slopes, very stony Woodland Suitability: Moderately suited Setting Management concerns and considerations: Landscape position: Summits, shoulders, and • There is an erosion hazard and an equipment backslopes limitation in the steeper areas. Major uses: Woodland in most areas • Because of the limited depth to bedrock, there is a windthrow hazard in established stands and a Soil Properties and Features susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate Permeability: Moderate moisture, which is worse on south- and west-facing Available water capacity: Moderate slopes. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Drainage class: Well drained vegetation is controlled. Flood hazard: None • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid and white oak. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Urban development Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Surface layer: Management concerns and considerations: 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam • The depth to bedrock is the main limitation affecting urban uses. The slope is a limitation in the steeper Subsoil: areas. Because of the severity of these limitations, 5 to 24 inches—strong brown clay loam there would be considerable expense in the design 24 to 37 inches—strong brown sandy loam and construction of buildings and facilities that function Substratum: properly. 37 to 45 inches—weathered gneiss bedrock Interpretive Group Inclusions Land capability subclass: 7e Contrasting inclusions: • Edneyville soils that have bedrock at a depth of PgF—Pigeonroost gravelly loam, 35 to 55 more than 60 inches and have less clay in the subsoil percent slopes, very stony than the Pigeonroost soil • Areas of rock outcrop Setting Similar inclusions: Landscape position: Shoulders and backslopes • Areas of soils that have redder colors in the subsoil Major uses: Woodland in most areas • Areas that have a dark surface layer Soil Properties and Features Use and Management Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate Row crops, small grain, and hay Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Unsuited Drainage class: Well drained 68 Soil Survey

Flood hazard: None limitations affecting urban uses. Because of the Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid severity of the limitations, there would be considerable Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches expense in the design and construction of buildings and facilities that function properly. Typical Profile Interpretive Group Surface layer: 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam Land capability subclass: 7e Subsoil: 5 to 24 inches—strong brown clay loam PnF—Pineola loam, 35 to 55 percent 24 to 37 inches—strong brown sandy loam slopes, very stony Substratum: 37 to 45 inches—weathered gneiss bedrock Setting Inclusions Landscape position: Backslopes and shoulders Major uses: Woodland in most areas Contrasting inclusions: • Edneyville soils that have bedrock at a depth of Soil Properties and Features more than 60 inches and have less clay in the subsoil Permeability: Moderate than the Pigeonroost soil Available water capacity: Moderate • Areas of rock outcrop Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Similar inclusions: Drainage class: Well drained • Areas of soils that have redder colors in the subsoil Flood hazard: None • Areas that have a dark surface layer Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Use and Management Typical Profile Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay Surface layer: Suitability: Unsuited 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Management concerns and considerations: • There is a severe hazard of erosion. Because of this Subsurface layer: hazard and the stones on the soil surface, the 10 to 15 inches—brown loam production of cultivated crops is impractical and Subsoil: pasture maintenance is difficult. 15 to 26 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam Woodland Substratum: Suitability: Poorly suited 26 to 29 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Management concerns and considerations: 29 to 45 inches—weathered graywacke • There is a severe erosion hazard during harvesting Inclusions and reforestation and an equipment limitation on very steep slopes. Contrasting inclusions: • Because of the limited depth to bedrock, there is a • Soils that have less clay and a higher content of rock windthrow hazard in established stands and a fragments throughout than the Pineola soil susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 moisture, which is worse on south- and west-facing inches slopes. Similar inclusions: • Plant competition is a concern unless competing • Soils that have redder colors in the subsoil vegetation is controlled. • Pigeonroost soils that have a lighter colored surface • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine layer and white oak. Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Poorly suited Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay Management concerns and considerations: • The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main Suitability: Unsuited Johnson County, Tennessee 69

Management concerns and considerations: Typical Profile • There is a severe hazard of erosion. Because of this Surface layer: hazard and the stones on the soil surface, the 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark production of cultivated crops is impractical and brown loam pasture maintenance is difficult. Subsurface layer: Woodland 11 to 18 inches—brown stony loam Suitability: Poorly suited Subsoil: Management concerns and considerations: 18 to 35 inches—strong brown and brown stony loam • There is a severe erosion hazard during harvesting Substratum: and reforestation and an equipment limitation on very 35 to 42 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown steep slopes. saprolite that crushes to loam • Because of the limited depth to bedrock, there is a 42 inches—gneiss bedrock windthrow hazard in established stands and a susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate Inclusions moisture, which is worse on south- and west-facing Contrasting inclusions: slopes. • Areas of Greenlee soils that have a high content of • Plant competition is a concern unless competing rock fragments throughout and have bedrock at a vegetation is controlled. depth of more than 60 inches • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine • Areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at a and white oak. depth of less than 20 inches Urban development Similar inclusions: • Small areas of soils that do not have a dark surface Suitability: Poorly suited layer and/or have more clay and less sand in the Management concerns and considerations: subsoil • The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main • Small areas of Chestnut or Ashe soils that have limitations affecting urban uses. Because of the bedrock between depths of 20 and 40 inches severity of the limitations, there would be considerable expense in the design and construction of buildings Use and Management and facilities that function properly. Row crops and small grain Interpretive Group Suitability: Poorly suited Land capability subclass: 7e Management concerns and considerations: • Erosion is a severe hazard if cultivated crops are grown. PoE—Porters loam, 15 to 30 percent • Rock fragments in the surface layer seriously hinder slopes, stony or prevent tillage operations in many areas. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, crop rotations, and the use of cover Setting crops are important practices in controlling erosion and maintaining productivity. Landscape position: Crests and shoulders of mountain • The use of contour strips, grassed waterways, field ridges borders, and filter strips helps to prevent sediment in Major uses: Woodland in most areas runoff water from entering streams and bodies of water. Soil Properties and Features Pasture and hay Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Moderate Suitability: Poorly suited Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Management concerns and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • The rock fragments on the soil surface hinder or Flood hazard: None prevent the use of mowers, disks, and other Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid equipment needed for hay cutting or pasture Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches renovation in most areas. 70 Soil Survey

Woodland Substratum: 35 to 42 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown Suitability: Moderately suited saprolite that crushes to loam Management concerns and considerations: 42 inches—gneiss bedrock • The slope causes an erosion hazard during harvesting and reforestation. Inclusions • The slope and the rock fragments on the soil limit Contrasting inclusions: the operation of equipment. • Areas of Greenlee soils that have a high content of • Plant competition is a concern unless competing rock fragments throughout and have bedrock at depth vegetation is controlled. of more than 60 inches • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine • Areas of Cleveland soils that have bedrock at a and yellow-poplar. depth of less than 20 inches • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include Fraser fir, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce. Similar inclusions: • Small areas of soils that do not have a dark surface Urban development layer and/or have more clay and less sand in the Suitability: Poorly suited subsoil Management concerns and considerations: • Small areas of Chestnut or Ashe soils that have • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. bedrock between depths of 20 and 40 inches Because of the severity of this limitation, there would be considerable expense in the design and Use and Management construction of buildings or facilities that function Row crops and small grain properly. Suitability: Unsuited Interpretive Group Management concerns and considerations: Land capability subclass: 6e • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop production is impractical. PsF—Porters stony loam, 25 to 65 percent Pasture and hay slopes Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hay: Unsuited Setting Management concerns and considerations: Landscape position: Side slopes of mountain ridges • Ensuring proper fertility and maintaining an Major uses: Woodland in most areas adequate stand help to increase production and reduce sediment and nutrient runoff on steep and very Soil Properties and Features steep pastures. • Good pasture management is essential in controlling Permeability: Moderately rapid erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming Available water capacity: Moderate and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Drainage class: Well drained Flood hazard: None Woodland Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid Suitability: Poorly suited Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during Typical Profile harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Surface layer: operation of equipment and the types of equipment 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark that may be used. brown stony loam • Plant competition is a concern unless competing vegetation is controlled. Subsurface layer: • Trees suitable for planting include eastern white pine 11 to 18 inches—brown stony loam and yellow-poplar. Subsoil: • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include 18 to 35 inches—strong brown and brown stony loam Fraser fir and Scotch pine. Johnson County, Tennessee 71

Urban development Management concerns and considerations: • Erosion is a severe hazard if cultivated crops are Suitability: Poorly suited grown. Management concerns and considerations: • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. contour farming, crop rotations, and the use of cover Because of the severity of this limitation, there would crops are important practices in controlling erosion be considerable expense in the design and and maintaining productivity. construction of buildings or facilities that function • The use of contour strips, grassed waterways, field properly. borders, and filter strips helps to prevent sediment in Interpretive Group runoff water from entering streams and bodies of water. Land capability subclass: 7e Pasture and hay SaC—Saunook loam, 8 to 15 percent Suitability: Moderately suited slopes Management concerns and considerations: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Setting grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Landscape position: Benches and footslopes • The slope may limit the use of this soil for hayland in Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used as some areas. pasture or for hay and crop production; some areas are in woodland Woodland Soil Properties and Features Suitability: Well suited Management concerns and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • Plant competition is the only significant management Available water capacity: High concern. Seeds and seedlings grow well if competing Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet vegetation is controlled. Drainage class: Well drained • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Flood hazard: None northern red oak. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in the • Fraser fir is a Christmas tree species suitable for surface layer, unless limed, and very strongly acid planting. to slightly acid in the subsoil Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Urban development Typical Profile Suitability: Moderately suited Management concerns and considerations: Surface layer: • The slope is a limitation in some areas. This 0 to 8 inches—dark brown loam limitation can often be overcome by the special design Subsoil: of structures and facilities. 8 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Interpretive Group 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam Land capability subclass: 4e Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of soils that have a high content of rock ScC—Shelocta silt loam, 5 to 12 percent fragments throughout slopes Similar inclusions: Setting • Areas of soils that do not have a dark surface layer • Areas of soils that have less clay and more sand in Landscape position: Benches and footslopes the subsoil Major uses: Some areas are in woodland, but many areas are cleared and used for pasture, hay, or Use and Management crops Row crops and small grain Soil Properties and Features Suitability: Poorly suited Permeability: Moderate 72 Soil Survey

Available water capacity: High Woodland Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Well suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns and considerations: Flood hazard: None • Plant competition is the only significant management Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except in concern. Seeds and seedlings grow well if competing limed areas vegetation is controlled. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Typical Profile northern red oak. Surface layer: Urban development 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter 2 to 4 inches—brown silt loam Suitability: Moderately suited Management concerns and considerations: Subsurface layer: • The slope is a limitation in some areas. This 4 to 12 inches—yellowish brown silt loam limitation can often be overcome by the special design Subsoil: of structures and facilities. 12 to 26 inches—yellowish brown silt loam 26 to 47 inches—strong brown silty clay loam Interpretive Group 47 to 65 inches—strong brown channery silt loam Land capability subclass: 3e Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of Northcove soils that have a high content of ScD—Shelocta silt loam, 12 to 20 percent rock fragments throughout slopes • Areas of Cataska soils that have a high content of rock fragments and have bedrock at a depth of less Setting than 20 inches Landscape position: Benches and footslopes • Small areas of soils that have bedrock between Major uses: Many areas are in woodland, but some depths of 20 and 48 inches areas are cleared and used for pasture, hay, or Similar inclusions: crops • Areas of Keener soils that have more sand and less silt in the subsoil Soil Properties and Features Use and Management Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: High Row crops and small grain Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Moderately suited Flood hazard: None Management concerns and considerations: Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except in • Erosion is a moderate hazard if cultivated crops are limed areas grown. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The use of terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips in the appropriate places can Typical Profile help to prevent sediment in runoff water from entering streams and bodies of water. Surface layer: • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to 2 to 4 inches—brown silt loam control erosion, increase infiltration rates, and maintain Subsurface layer: soil tilth. 4 to 12 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Pasture and hay Subsoil: Suitability: Well suited 12 to 26 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Management concerns and considerations: 26 to 47 inches—strong brown silty clay loam • This soil has few limitations affecting pasture and 47 to 65 inches—strong brown channery silt loam hayland. Johnson County, Tennessee 73

Inclusions Because of the severity of this limitation, there would be considerable expense in the design and Contrasting inclusions: construction of buildings or facilities that function • Areas of Northcove soils that have a high content of properly. rock fragments throughout • Areas of Cataska soils that have a high content of Interpretive Group rock fragments and have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches Land capability subclass: 4e • Small areas of soils that have bedrock between depths of 20 and 48 inches Similar inclusions: ScE—Shelocta silt loam, 20 to 35 percent • Areas of Keener soils that have more sand and less slopes silt in the subsoil Setting Use and Management Landscape position: Coves, benches, and footslopes Row crops and small grain Major uses: Woodland in most areas Suitability: Poorly suited Soil Properties and Features Management concerns and considerations: • Erosion is a severe hazard if cultivated crops are Permeability: Moderate grown. Available water capacity: High • The use of contour strips, grassed waterways, field Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet borders, and filter strips on moderately steep slopes Drainage class: Well drained helps to prevent sediment in runoff water from entering Flood hazard: None streams and bodies of water. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except in • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, limed areas contour farming, crop rotations, and the use of cover Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches crops are important practices in controlling erosion and maintaining productivity. Typical Profile Pasture and hay Surface layer: 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter Suitability: Moderately suited 2 to 4 inches—brown silt loam Management concerns and considerations: • The slope may limit the use of this soil for hayland in Subsurface layer: some areas. 4 to 12 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Subsoil: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting 12 to 26 inches—yellowish brown silt loam schedule are important management practices. 26 to 47 inches—strong brown silty clay loam Woodland 47 to 65 inches—strong brown channery silt loam Suitability: Moderately suited Inclusions Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Contrasting inclusions: harvesting and reforestation and limits the operation of • Areas of Northcove soils that have a high content of equipment. rock fragments throughout • Plant competition is a concern unless competing • Areas of Cataska soils that have a high content of vegetation is controlled. rock fragments and have bedrock at a depth of less • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and than 20 inches northern red oak. • Small areas of soils that have bedrock between depths of 20 and 48 inches Urban development Suitability: Poorly suited Similar inclusions: Management concerns and considerations: • Areas of Keener soils that have more sand and less • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. silt in the subsoil 74 Soil Survey

Use and Management Soil Properties and Features Permeability: Moderate Row crops and small grain Available water capacity: High Suitability: Unsuited Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Management concerns and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Flood hazard: None equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except in production is impractical. limed areas Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Pasture and hay Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Surface layer: • Ensuring proper fertility and maintaining an 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed forest litter adequate stand help to increase production and 2 to 4 inches—brown silt loam reduce sediment and nutrient runoff on steep pastures Subsurface layer: and hayland. 4 to 12 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • Good pasture management is recommended to control erosion and maintain productivity. It includes Subsoil: liming and fertilizing according to soil test 12 to 26 inches—yellowish brown silt loam recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding 26 to 47 inches—strong brown silty clay loam overgrazing. 47 to 65 inches—strong brown channery silt loam Woodland Inclusions Suitability: Moderately suited Contrasting inclusions: Management concerns and considerations: • Areas of Northcove soils that have a high content of • The slope causes an erosion hazard during rock fragments throughout harvesting and reforestation and limits the operation of • Areas of Cataska soils that have a high content of equipment. rock fragments and have bedrock at a depth of less • Plant competition is a concern unless competing than 20 inches vegetation is controlled. • Small areas of soils that have bedrock between • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and depths of 20 and 48 inches northern red oak. Similar inclusions: • Areas of Keener soils that have more sand and less Urban development silt in the subsoil Suitability: Poorly suited Use and Management Management concerns and considerations: • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. Row crops and small grain Because of the severity of this limitation, there would be considerable expense in the design and Suitability: Unsuited construction of buildings or facilities that function Management concerns and considerations: properly. • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Interpretive Group production is impractical. Land capability subclass: 6e Pasture and hay Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited ScF—Shelocta silt loam, 35 to 50 percent Suitability for hay: Unsuited slopes Management concerns and considerations: • Good pasture management is recommended to control erosion and maintain productivity. It includes Setting liming and fertilizing according to soil test Landscape position: Mountain coves recommendations, controlling weeds, and avoiding Major uses: Woodland in most areas overgrazing. Johnson County, Tennessee 75

Woodland Inclusions Suitability: Poorly suited Contrasting inclusions: Management concerns and considerations: • Areas of Unicoi soils that have a high content of rock • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during fragments and have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe inches operation of equipment and the types of equipment • Areas of soils that have a high content of rock that may be used. fragments throughout • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Similar inclusions: vegetation is controlled. • Areas of Ditney soils that have very similar • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and morphology but have hard bedrock between depths of northern red oak. 20 and 40 inches Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Row crops and small grain • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. Suitability: Unsuited Because of the severity of this limitation, there would Management concerns and considerations: be considerable expense in the design and • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an construction of buildings or facilities that function equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop properly. production is impractical. Interpretive Group Pasture and hay Land capability subclass: 7e Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hay: Unsuited SoE—Soco fine sandy loam, 20 to 35 Management concerns and considerations: percent slopes • Good pasture management is essential in controlling erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, Setting controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Landscape position: Crests and shoulders of mountain ridges Woodland Major uses: Woodland in most areas Suitability: Moderately suited Soil Properties and Features Management concerns and considerations: • The slope causes an erosion hazard during Permeability: Moderately rapid harvesting and reforestation and limits the operation of Available water capacity: Moderate equipment. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • Susceptibility to windthrow is a concern in Drainage class: Well drained established stands due to the limited rooting depth. Flood hazard: None • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid vegetation is controlled. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to weathered • Eastern white pine is suitable for planting. bedrock and more than 40 inches to hard bedrock • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include Typical Profile Norway spruce and Fraser fir. Surface layer: Urban development 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter 1 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Subsoil: • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations 4 to 24 inches—yellowish brown loam affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of 24 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam the limitations, there would be considerable expense in Substratum: the design and construction of buildings or facilities 30 inches—weathered metasandstone bedrock that function properly. 76 Soil Survey

Interpretive Group Pasture and hay Land capability subclass: 7e Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hay: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: SoF—Soco fine sandy loam, 35 to 50 • Good pasture management is essential in controlling percent slopes erosion and maintaining productivity. It includes liming and fertilizing according to soil test recommendations, Setting controlling weeds, and avoiding overgrazing. Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes of Woodland mountain ridges Suitability: Poorly suited Major uses: Woodland in most areas Management concerns and considerations: Soil Properties and Features • The slope causes an erosion hazard during harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe Permeability: Moderately rapid operation of equipment. Available water capacity: Moderate • Susceptibility to windthrow is a concern in Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet established stands due to the limited rooting depth. Drainage class: Well drained • Plant competition is a concern unless competing Flood hazard: None vegetation is controlled. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • Eastern white pine is suitable for planting. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to weathered • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include bedrock and more than 40 inches to hard bedrock Norway spruce and Fraser fir. Typical Profile Urban development Surface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter Management concerns and considerations: 1 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations Subsoil: affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of 4 to 24 inches—yellowish brown loam the limitations, there would be considerable expense in 24 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam the design and construction of buildings or facilities that function properly. Substratum: 30 inches—weathered metasandstone bedrock Interpretive Group Inclusions Land capability subclass: 7e Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of Unicoi soils that have a high content of rock SoG—Soco fine sandy loam, 50 to 80 fragments and have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 percent slopes inches • Areas of soils that have a high content of rock Setting fragments throughout Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes of Similar inclusions: mountain ridges • Areas of Ditney soils that have very similar Major uses: Woodland in most areas morphology but have hard bedrock between depths of 20 and 40 inches Soil Properties and Features Use and Management Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Moderate Row crops and small grain Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Unsuited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns and considerations: Flood hazard: None • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to weathered production is impractical. bedrock and more than 40 inches to hard bedrock Johnson County, Tennessee 77

Typical Profile Urban development Surface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed forest litter Management concerns and considerations: 1 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam • The slope and depth to bedrock are limitations affecting most urban uses. Because of the severity of Subsoil: the limitations, there would be considerable expense in 4 to 24 inches—yellowish brown loam the design and construction of buildings or facilities 24 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam that function properly. Substratum: Interpretive Group 30 inches—weathered metasandstone bedrock Land capability subclass: 7e Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of Unicoi soils that have a high content of rock SrB—Statler loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes fragments and have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches Setting • Areas of soils that have a high content of rock fragments throughout Landscape position: Low stream terraces Major uses: Most areas are cleared and used for Similar inclusions: cropland, pasture, or hay • Areas of Ditney soils that have very similar morphology but have hard bedrock between depths of Soil Properties and Features 20 and 40 inches Permeability: Moderate Use and Management Available water capacity: High Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Row crops and small grain Drainage class: Well drained Flood hazard: None Suitability: Unsuited Soil reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid Management concerns and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Because of the severe hazard of erosion and an equipment limitation caused by the slope, crop Typical Profile production is impractical. Surface layer: Pasture and hay 0 to 10 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown loam Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns and considerations: Subsoil: • Because of the equipment limitation on extremely 10 to 27 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam and steep slopes, the establishment and maintenance of loam hay and pasture are difficult. Substratum: Woodland 27 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Inclusions • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during Contrasting inclusions: harvesting and reforestation and limits the safe • Areas of soils in depressions and low-lying areas operation of equipment and the types of equipment that are moderately well drained or somewhat poorly that may be used. drained • Susceptibility to windthrow is a concern in • Areas of soils that have a high content of rock established stands due to the limited rooting depth. fragments throughout • Plant competition is a concern unless competing vegetation is controlled. Similar inclusions: • Eastern white pine is suitable for planting. • Areas of soils that have less clay and more sand in • Christmas tree species suitable for planting include the subsoil Norway spruce and Fraser fir. • Areas of soils that do not have a dark surface layer 78 Soil Survey

Use and Management Soil Properties and Features Permeability: Sylco—moderate; Sylvatus—moderately Row crops and small grain rapid Suitability: Well suited Available water capacity: Very low Management concerns and considerations: Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • This soil is suited to all of the crops, grasses, and Drainage class: Well drained legumes that are adapted to the local climate. Flood hazard: None • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Depth to bedrock: Sylco—20 to 40 inches; Sylvatus— control erosion, increase infiltration rates, and maintain 10 to 20 inches soil tilth. Typical Profile • The use of terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips in the appropriate places can Sylco help to prevent sediment in runoff water from entering Surface layer: streams and bodies of water. 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt Pasture and hay loam Suitability: Well suited Subsoil: Management concerns and considerations: 4 to 22 inches—brown very channery silt loam • This soil has few limitations affecting pasture and Substratum: hayland. 22 to 27 inches—brown extremely channery silt loam Woodland 27 inches—hard phyllite bedrock Suitability: Well suited Sylvatus Management concerns and considerations: Surface layer: • Plant competition is the only significant management 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt concern. Seeds and seedlings grow well if competing loam vegetation is controlled. • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Subsoil: walnut. 2 to 11 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt loam Urban development Substratum: Suitability: Well suited 11 to 16 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery Management concerns and considerations: silt loam • This soil has few limitations affecting urban uses. 16 inches—hard phyllite bedrock Interpretive Group Inclusions Land capability subclass: 2e Contrasting inclusions: • Areas of soils that have more clay and fewer rock SyF—Sylco-Sylvatus complex, 35 to 55 fragments in the subsoil than the Sylco and Sylvatus percent slopes soils • Areas of Keener soils that formed in colluvium and Composition have bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches Sylco soil: Averaging about 47 percent of map units, • Areas of rock outcrop but ranging between 45 to 50 percent of each Similar inclusions: mapped area • Areas of soils that have numerous cobbles or Sylvatus soil: Averaging about 33 percent of map flagstones on the soil surface units, but ranging between 30 to 35 percent of each mapped area Use and Management Setting Row crops, small grain, and pasture and hay Landscape position: Shoulders and backslopes Major uses: Woodland in most areas Suitability: Unsuited Johnson County, Tennessee 79

Management concerns and considerations: Subsurface layer: • There is a severe hazard of erosion. Because of this 10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown loam hazard and the droughty nature of the soils, the Subsoil: production of cultivated crops is impractical and 18 to 42 inches—strong brown loam pasture maintenance is difficult. 42 to 56 inches—strong brown loam Woodland Substratum: Suitability: Poorly suited 56 to 60 inches—yellowish brown and grayish brown Management concerns and considerations: cobbly fine sandy loam • There is a severe erosion hazard during harvesting Inclusions and reforestation and an equipment limitation on very steep slopes. Contrasting inclusions: • Because of the limited depth to bedrock, there is a • Areas of Greenlee soils that contain a high content windthrow hazard in established stands and a of rock fragments throughout susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate • Areas of Ashe or Chestnut soils that have bedrock at moisture, which is worse on south- and west-facing a depth of less than 40 inches slopes. Similar inclusions: • Plant competition is a concern unless competing • Areas of Porters soils that have bedrock between vegetation is controlled. depths of 20 and 40 inches • Eastern white pine is suitable for planting. • Areas of soils that do not have a dark surface layer Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns and considerations: Row crops and small grain • The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main Suitability: Poorly suited limitations affecting urban uses. Because of the Management concerns and considerations: severity of the limitations, there would be considerable • Erosion is a severe hazard if cultivated crops are expense in the design and construction of buildings grown. and facilities that function properly. • The use of contour strips, grassed waterways, field Interpretive Group borders, and filter strips helps to prevent sediment in runoff water from entering streams and bodies of Land capability subclass: 7e water. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, TsD—Tusquitee loam, 8 to 15 percent contour farming, crop rotations, and the use of cover slopes crops are important practices in controlling erosion and maintaining productivity. Setting Pasture and hay Landscape position: Mountain coves, benches, and Suitability: Moderately suited footslopes Management concerns and considerations: Major uses: Woodland in most areas • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Soil Properties and Features schedule are important management practices. Permeability: Moderately rapid Woodland Available water capacity: High Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Well suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns and considerations: Flood hazard: None • Plant competition is the only significant management Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid concern. Seeds and seedlings grow well if competing Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches vegetation is controlled. • Trees suitable for planting include yellow-poplar and Typical Profile eastern white pine. Surface layer: • Christmas tree species suitable for planting are 0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam Fraser fir, Norway spruce, and Scotch pine. 80 Soil Survey

Urban development Rock outcrop Suitability: Moderately suited Sandstone rock outcrops occur as individual rocks, Management concerns and considerations: ledges, or bluffs. Some loose stones or boulders also • The slope is a limitation in some areas. This occur scattered on the soil surface in some areas. limitation can often be overcome by the special design of structures and facilities. Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: Interpretive Group • Small areas of Ditney soils that have fewer rock Land capability subclass: 4e fragments than the Unicoi soil and have bedrock at a depth of more than 20 inches Similar inclusions: UcG—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 50 • Areas of Cataska soils that are underlain by siltstone to 80 percent slopes bedrock Use and Management Composition Unicoi soil: Averaging about 60 percent of map units, Row crops and small grain but ranging between 45 and 75 percent of each Suitability: Unsuited mapped area Management concerns and considerations: Rock outcrop: Averaging about 30 percent of map • Because areas of this map unit are so steep, units, but ranging between 15 and 45 percent of droughty, and rocky, agricultural production of any type each mapped area is virtually prohibited. Setting Pasture and hay Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes of mountain ridges Suitability: Unsuited Major uses: Woodland in most areas Management concerns and considerations: • Because of a moisture deficiency, caused by the Properties and Features of the Unicoi Soil limited depth to bedrock and rocks in the soil, and an equipment limitation, caused by the rock outcrops and Permeability: Moderately rapid extremely steep slopes, the establishment and Available water capacity: Very low maintenance of hay and pasture are difficult. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Drainage class: Excessively drained Woodland Flood hazard: None Suitability: Poorly suited Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Management concerns and considerations: Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches • The slope causes a severe erosion hazard during Typical Profile harvesting and reforestation. • The slope and the rock outcrops limit the safe Unicoi operation of equipment and the types of equipment Surface layer: that may be used. 0 to 2 inches—partially decomposed and highly • Because of the shallow depth to bedrock, there is a decomposed forest litter windthrow hazard in established stands and a 2 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly susceptibility to seedling mortality due to inadequate sandy loam moisture. • Virginia pine is suitable for planting. Subsurface layer: 3 to 7 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam Urban development Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly sandy Management concerns and considerations: loam • The slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and large Substratum: stones in the soil are limitations that are extremely 15 inches—hard metasandstone difficult to overcome. Johnson County, Tennessee 81

Interpretive Group Composition Land capability subclass: 7s This map unit includes small ponds and a portion of Watauga Lake. The Watauga River runs through a small portion of the county, and Roane, Forge, and W—Water Doe Creeks are the major streams dissecting the survey area. Setting Use and Management This map unit consists of small to large, constructed This map unit is used for fishing, canoeing, and or natural bodies of water. It includes small tributaries, other recreational activities and for fire protection. creeks, and rivers. It occurs throughout the survey area. This unit makes up 2,594 acres in Johnson Interpretive Group County. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 3 to more than 89 acres in size. Land capability subclass: None assigned

83

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of Almost all of the steep to extremely steep the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust mountainous regions remain in forest consisting of land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural upland oak, yellow-poplar, Virginia pine, white pine, resources and the environment. Also, it can help to and various minor species. Small areas of pasture prevent soil-related failures in land uses. exist in these areas. Most pasture mixtures include tall In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, fescue and white clover. A hay mixture of fescue, conservationists, engineers, and others collect orchardgrass, and red clover is the most common. The extensive field data about the nature and behavioral largest acreages of crops are in the lower-lying characteristics of the soils. They collect data on valleys. The primary row crops are corn and tobacco. erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that Corn and small grains are grown for hay, silage, or affect various soil uses and management. Field grain. Alfalfa is not commonly grown and makes up experience and collected data on soil properties and less than 100 acres in the county. performance are used as a basis in predicting soil Many of the soils in the survey area are suited to behavior. pasture, provided that the appropriate pasture Information in this section can be used to plan the management techniques are practiced. Legumes use and management of soils for crops and pasture; should be seeded with grasses when pastures are as forestland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, established. Pastures should be periodically renovated highways and other transportation systems, and parks to keep legumes in the stand. Legumes significantly and other recreational facilities; for agricultural waste increase the quality of the pasture. More information management; and as wildlife habitat. It can be used to on pasture seeding and renovation is available from identify the potentials and limitations of each soil for the local office of the Tennessee Agricultural Extension specific land uses and to help prevent construction Service or the Natural Resources Conservation failures caused by unfavorable soil properties. Service. Planners and others using soil survey information Bledsoe, Chagrin, Dillard, Statler, and Keener soils can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on are widely used for crop and pasture production. There productivity and on the environment in all or part of the is also a significant acreage of Lonon soils used for survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain pasture and hay production. Erosion-control or create a land use pattern in harmony with the measures, such as contouring, stripcropping, natural soil. conservation tillage, filter strips, crop residue Contractors can use this survey to locate sources management, and conservation cropping systems, of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use should be used on agricultural land to minimize it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very erosion and maintain long-term soil productivity. firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. On livestock farms which require pasture and hay, Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and the use of legume and grass forage crops in crop others may also find this survey useful. The survey rotations reduces the hazard of erosion on sloping can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and land, provides nitrogen, and improves tilth for the locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, following crop. Using erosion-control measures playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. improves water infiltration, conserves moisture, and prevents surface runoff. Crops and Pasture Erosion-control measures help to maintain production levels of the soil. They also improve water According to the latest Census of Agriculture, quality by decreasing the amount of sediment and cropland makes up 28,000 acres in Johnson County. nutrients entering streams and lakes. Information on Of this total, 10,400 acres are harvested cropland and the design and installation of erosion-control 17,600 acres are in permanent pasture. measures and assistance in conservation planning are 84 Soil Survey

available from the local office of the Natural Resources of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are Conservation Service. likely to increase as new production technology is On all soils in the survey area, additions of lime, developed. The productivity of a given soil compared fertilizer, and pesticides should be based on a soil test, with that of other soils, however, is not likely to the needs of the crops, expected yield levels, and the change. label directions provided for the specific products. The Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown soil testing laboratory of the Tennessee Agricultural in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed Extension Service can help in determining the kinds because the acreage of such crops is small. The local and amounts of lime, fertilizer, and pesticides to apply. office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service Most of the soils in the survey area that are well or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide suited to crop production are also suited to urban information about the management and productivity of uses. Data on specific soils in this survey can be used the soils for those crops. to determine future land use priorities. Risk or loss of important farmland should be weighed against Land Capability Classification limitations and benefits of urban development. The Natural Resources Conservation Service assists Land capability classification shows, in a general landowners and developers in making Farmland way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. Conversion Impact Ratings under the Farmland Crops that require special management are excluded. Protection Policy Act. The soils are grouped according to their limitations for Planners of management systems for individual field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for fields or farms should consider the detailed crops, and the way they respond to management. The information given in the description of each soil under criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific and generally expensive land forming that would information can be obtained from the local office of the change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major Cooperative Extension Service. reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for interpretations designed to show Yields per Acre suitability and limitations of groups of soils for woodland and engineering purposes. The average yields per acre that can be expected In the capability system, soils are generally grouped of the principal crops under a high level of at three levels: capability class, subclass, and unit. management are shown in table 5. In any given year, Only class and subclass are used in this survey. yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in Capability classes, the broadest groups, are the table because of variations in rainfall and other designated by numerals 1 through 8. The numerals climatic factors. The land capability classification of indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower each map unit also is shown in the table. choices for practical use. The classes are defined as The yields are based mainly on the experience and follows: records of farmers, conservationists, and extension Class 1 soils have few limitations that restrict their agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and use. results of field trials and demonstrations are also Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that reduce considered. the choice of plants or that require moderate The management needed to obtain the indicated conservation practices. yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil Class 3 soils have severe limitations that reduce the and the crop. Management can include drainage, choice of plants or that require special conservation erosion control, and protection from flooding; the practices, or both. proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; management, or both. favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, Class 5 soils are not likely to erode but have other phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures them generally unsuitable for cultivation. the smallest possible loss. Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity them unsuitable for cultivation. Johnson County, Tennessee 85

Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have the loss of some prime farmland to industrial and limitations that nearly preclude their use for urban uses. The loss of prime farmland to other uses commercial crop production. puts pressure on marginal lands, which generally are Capability subclasses are soil groups within one more erodible, droughty, and less productive and class. They are designated by adding a small letter e, cannot be easily cultivated. w, or s, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The The map units in the survey area that are letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of considered prime farmland are listed in table 6. This erosion unless close-growing plant cover is list does not constitute a recommendation for a maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil particular land use. On some soils included in the list, interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial as flooding, wetness, or droughtiness, are needed. drainage); and s shows that the soil is limited mainly Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or because it is shallow, droughty, or stony. not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by In class 1 there are no subclasses because the corrective measures. The extent of each listed map soils of this class have few limitations. The capability unit is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the classification of each map unit is given in the section detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in table 5. and management are described under the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important Woodland Management and farmland defined by the U.S. Department of Productivity Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and Originally, most, if not all, of Johnson County was fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is forested. As the county was settled, land was cleared limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes for agricultural purposes. Many of the soils in the that responsible levels of government, as well as county can produce good or excellent stands of individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise commercial hardwood and pulpwood species. In most use of our Nation’s prime farmland. areas, additional management is needed to achieve Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department the best potential production. On better sites, plant of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of competition from undesirable species is a major physical and chemical characteristics for producing concern when establishing a new forest crop. Thinning food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is out mature trees and undesirable species improves available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, production on most established sites. Species pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not conversion and increased stocking are also needed in urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, some areas to improve production. Protection from growing season, and moisture supply are those grazing and fire and control of disease and insects needed for the soil to economically produce sustained also can improve the stands. Common commercial high yields of crops when proper management, species in the county are yellow-poplar, oak, hickory, including water management, and acceptable farming maple, white pine, and Virginia pine. Upland oaks, methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has maple, hickory, yellow-poplar, and American chestnut an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from were dominant in the original native forests. All of precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and these species, except American chestnut, can be growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an found in naturally revegetated stands. acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no Soils vary in their ability to produce trees. Available rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not water capacity and depth of the root zone have major excessively erodible or saturated with water for long effects on tree growth. In addition to soils, elevation, periods, and it is not frequently flooded during the aspect, and climate determine the kinds of trees that growing season or is protected from flooding. The can be grown on a site. The Natural Resources slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed Conservation Service, the Tennessee Division of information about the criteria for prime farmland is Forestry, and the Cooperative Extension Service can available at the local office of the Natural Resources help to determine specific forestland management Conservation Service. needs. A recent trend in land use in some areas has been Woodland owners or forest managers can use 86 Soil Survey

table 7 in planning the use of soils for wood crops. The 25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra assigned the same ordination symbol require the precautions are important. Replanting may be same general management and have about the same necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50 potential productivity. percent. In table 7, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the Windthrow hazard is the likelihood that trees will be degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in uprooted by the wind because the soil is not deep management. enough for adequate root anchorage. The main Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will restrictions that affect rooting are a seasonal high occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where water table and the depth to bedrock, a fragipan, or the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire other limiting layers. A rating of slight indicates that lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have under normal conditions no trees are blown down by been burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion. the wind. Strong winds may damage trees, but they do Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the not uproot them. A rating of moderate indicates that percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no some trees can be blown down during periods when particular prevention measures are needed under the soil is wet and winds are moderate or strong. A ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that rating of severe indicates that many trees can be erosion-control measures are needed in certain blown down during these periods. silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to special precautions are needed to control erosion in which undesirable species are expected to invade and most silvicultural activities. grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and main factors that affect plant competition are depth to conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment the water table and the available water capacity. A generally needed in woodland management or rating of slight indicates that competition from harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the regeneration or suppress the more desirable species. surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the Planted seedlings can become established without surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that normal conditions the kind of equipment and season competition may delay the establishment of desirable of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. species. Competition may hamper stand development, Soil wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully period does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted competition can be expected to prevent regeneration because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet, unless precautionary measures are applied. the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1 The potential productivity of merchantable or to 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index equipment use is severely restricted either as to the and as a volume number. The site index is the average kind of equipment that can be used or the season of height, in feet, that dominant and codominant trees of use. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment a given species attain in a specified number of years. use for more than 3 months. The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are those occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by that woodland managers generally favor in the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value, seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, and marketability. depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of The volume of wood fiber, a number, is the yield the period when the water table is high, rock likely to be produced by the most important trees. This fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, number, expressed as cubic feet per acre per year, and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that indicates the amount of fiber produced in a fully seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand. normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 The first tree listed under common trees for a soil is percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some the indicator species for that soil. problems from seedling mortality can be expected. Suggested trees to plant are those that are suitable Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is for commercial production. Johnson County, Tennessee 87

Recreation dwellings without basements and for local roads and streets in table 10. Johnson County has numerous recreational Camp areas require site preparation, such as facilities, some of which are privately owned. Hunting shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, and related outdoor activities are the dominant types stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and of recreation in the county. The Tennessee Valley installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp Authority provides public picnic areas and boat areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some launching ramps on Watauga Lake. vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and Numerous county and local parks, such as the are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of Backbone Rock Recreation Area, are open to the use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, public. There are extensive recreational areas, absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not including campgrounds. Other facilities in the survey dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders area include a golf course, swimming pools, and rod can greatly increase the cost of constructing and gun clubs. In addition, the Cherokee National campsites. Forest and Appalachian Scenic Trail occupy portions Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most of Johnson County and the U.S. Forest Service vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and maintains several recreational facilities in the county. parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm The survey area has high potential for many types when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to of recreational development. Attention should be given flooding during the period of use, and do not have to such soil characteristics as depth, permeability, slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of texture, slope, and drainage when recreational shaping sites or of building access roads and parking enterprises are developed. areas. The soils of the survey area are rated in table 8 Playgrounds require soils that can withstand according to limitations that affect their suitability for intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil and are not wet or subject to flooding during the features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the season of use. The surface is free of stones and surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. Not considered in the ratings, but important in If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of or a hardpan should be considered. the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water should require little or no cutting and filling. The best impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also once a year during the period of use. They have important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on recreational uses by the duration and intensity of the surface. flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are flooding is essential. firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not In table 8, the degree of soil limitation is expressed subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders properties are generally favorable and that limitations on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that greens is not considered in rating the soils. limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance. Severe means that soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can Wildlife Habitat be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special Michael E. Zeman, State Biologist, Natural Resources design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a Conservation Service, Nashville, helped prepare this section. combination of these measures. The information in table 8 can be supplemented by other information in Wildlife is an important natural resource in Johnson this survey, for example, interpretations for septic tank County, providing a source of revenue through sport absorption fields in table 11 and interpretations for hunting and recreational opportunities such as 88 Soil Survey

photography and bird watching. Popular game species area include the eastern box turtle, skinks, eastern include cottontail rabbit, whitetail deer, ruffed grouse, hognose snakes, copperhead snakes, bullfrogs, and eastern wild turkey, gray squirrel, and fox squirrel. black-bellied salamanders. Common mammals are The whitetail deer is the most popular game animal Hispid cotton rats, moles, and other small rodents. The in the county. Deer populations have experienced relative abundance of non-game species depends on substantial growth during the past few years. Harvest the type and quality of habitat available. records indicate that a four-fold increase in deer The county has some soil types suitable for numbers occurred from the mid 1970’s to 1990. Only a impounding water with embankment ponds and some few eastern wild turkeys were present in the 1950’s, suitable for pit type ponds. Many of the soils have but nucleus flocks have been restored by the limitations, including seepage, piping, and slope. Most Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) ponds are stocked for recreational fishing with rainbow through restocking efforts and sound management trout, largemouth bass, bluegill sunfish, or channel practices. Records indicate that harvests have catfish. Water quality in ponds is typically acidic, which increased five fold since 1983, when huntable limits fish production. The largest lake in the county is populations were considered restored. The forested, Watauga Lake, a 6,430-acre reservoir lying mostly in mountainous habitat type is excellent for the ruffed Carter County but extending into Johnson County. grouse. Grouse numbers are moderate or high Popular sport fish found in Watauga Lake include throughout the county. There are two species of smallmouth bass, crappie, channel catfish, bluegill cottontail rabbit in the county—the eastern cottontail sunfish, striped bass, and walleye. and the New England cottontail. The eastern cottontail Johnson County has a total of 64 miles of warm- occurs in fair numbers in agricultural areas along Doe water streams that provide approximately 151 acres of Creek and Roan Creek and in Shady Valley. The New aquatic habitat. Most streams in the county are also England cottontail occurs in low numbers in forests at cold enough to support trout. Common fish species the higher elevations. There are five species of that occur in streams include smallmouth bass, rock squirrels in the county—the southern flying squirrel, bass, bluegill sunfish, green sunfish, channel catfish, the northern flying squirrel, the pine squirrel (or and several species of darters and minnows. Rainbow “boomer”), the fox squirrel, and the gray squirrel. The trout are stocked in several streams, including Laurel gray squirrel is the most common and has good to Bloomery, Beaverdam, Forge, Upper Roan, and Doe excellent numbers in hardwood forests. The fox Creeks. TWRA usually stocks these streams from squirrel is less numerous. It inhabits areas where March through June. Because of cooler water small woodlots and brushy fencerows occur near temperatures, most streams are only moderately cropland. The southern flying squirrel inhabits forests productive for warm-water fishes, which have fair at low elevations. The “boomer” inhabits areas at high populations. elevations in the Unaka Mountain Range. Small A few small cold-water streams at the higher populations of black bear have part of their large home elevations in the mountains can support the only range in the county. indigenous trout of Tennessee, the brook trout. Waterfowl numbers are low. The highest numbers However, brown trout and rainbow trout now occupy are around Watauga Lake, where open water provides most of the suitable brook trout habitat in the county. resting and feeding habitat. Several species of Watauga Lake has a cold, well oxygenated understory furbearers occur in the county. Wetland furbearers that is suitable for trout, and rainbows have been include mink, muskrat, and beaver. Wetland furbearers stocked. occur in low or moderate numbers along streams, Currently, there is no commercial aquaculture in the small lakes, farm ponds, and Watauga Lake. Upland county. Overall, the terrain is steep, and the soils are furbearers are abundant throughout the county. generally unsuitable for extensive pond construction. Species include bobcat, opossum, raccoon, gray fox, Where high spring flows occur, the potential for and the striped skunk. Many non-game species are commercial trout production is high due to the good abundant in the county. Various species of songbirds water quality. are found associated with different plant communities. There are very few wetlands remaining in Johnson Woodland birds include the Carolina chickadee, tufted County, excluding artificial wetlands such as upland titmouse, pileated woodpecker, and wood thrush. ponds. The wetlands that do occur are primarily non- Openland birds include robins, meadowlarks, and woody meadows and seep areas that are dominated various sparrows. Common birds of prey are the red- by rushes and sedges on Hatboro and Dunning soils. tailed hawk, sparrow hawk, barred owl, and screech The highest potential for wetland restoration exists in owl. Reptiles and amphibians common in the survey restoring these bottomland soils to hardwoods. Johnson County, Tennessee 89

Bottomland hardwoods are generally some of the that are suitable for establishing, improving, or most productive wildlife habitat. Bottomland maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in hardwoods improve the water quality of streams by determining the intensity of management needed for removing nutrients, trapping sediment from runoff, each element of the habitat. lowering water temperatures through shading, and The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or providing leaf litter that feeds aquatic insects. very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element Currently, the last remaining wooded wetlands are or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or also some of the last cranberry bogs in Tennessee. maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, These bogs are in Shady Valley and are unique shrub and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of communities occurring on “second bottoms,” where fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be seeps and wetness persist. established, improved, or maintained in most places. Conservation practices can improve or provide Moderately intensive management is required for quality wildlife habitat. On cropland, planned crop satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that rotations and crop residue use can provide food and limitations are severe for the designated element or needed winter cover for many species of wildlife. kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or Deferred grazing by livestock and fencing can protect maintained in most places, but management is difficult food plots, nesting cover, and even fish habitat by and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates providing stream protection. Field borders and filter that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are strips along streams can protect water quality and very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be provide food, cover, and travel lanes for many species. expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat Selective thinning of woodlands can protect den and is impractical or impossible. quality mast-producing trees. Other practices that can The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the improve wildlife habitat include wildlife upland habitat following paragraphs. management, wildlife wetland habitat management, Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and fish pond management, pasture and hayland seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties management, livestock exclusion, and woodland and features that affect the growth of grain and seed improvement. crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface Some common practices are harmful to wildlife. layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface These harmful practices include indiscriminate burning stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil or use of chemicals, heavy grazing, clean mowing moisture also are considerations. Examples of grain early in the growing (nesting) season, clean fall and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley. plowing, extensive clear cutting of timber, the drainage Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial of wetlands, and the removal of den and mast- grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and producing trees. features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes Technical assistance in the planning or application are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, of wildlife conservation practices is available from the available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, Natural Resources Conservation Service, the flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension also are considerations. Examples of grasses and Service, the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, legumes are fescue, lovegrass, bromegrass, clover, and the Tennessee Division of Forestry. and alfalfa. Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil affect the construction of water impoundments. The properties and features that affect the growth of these kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and the appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing soil moisture also are considerations. Examples of wild plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod, of desirable plants. beggarweed, wheatgrass, and grama. In table 9, the soils in the survey area are rated Hardwood trees and woody understory produce according to their potential for providing habitat for nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. 90 Soil Survey

Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, for building site development, sanitary facilities, sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, construction materials, and water management. The blackberry, and blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing ratings are based on observed performance of the shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils rated soils and on the estimated data and test data in the good are Russian-olive, autumn-olive, and crabapple. “Soil Properties” section. Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil Information in this section is intended for land use properties and features that affect the growth of planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth planning site investigations prior to design and of the root zone, available water capacity, and construction. The information, however, has limitations. wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, For example, estimates and other data generally apply spruce, fir, cedar, and juniper. only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild Because of the map scale, small areas of different herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. soils may be included within the mapped areas of a Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. specific soil. Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants The information is not site specific and does not are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, wildrice, the design and construction of engineering works. saltgrass, cordgrass, rushes, sedges, and reeds. Government ordinances and regulations that Shallow water areas have an average depth of less restrict certain land uses or impose specific design than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are criteria were not considered in preparing the created by dams, levees, or other water-control information in this section. Local ordinances and structures. Soil properties and features affecting regulations should be considered in planning, in site shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, selection, and in design. surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples Soil properties, site features, and observed of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding performance were considered in determining the areas, and ponds. ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described survey, determinations were made about grain-size in the following paragraphs. distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of areas include bobwhite quail, pheasant, meadowlark, the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed field sparrow, cottontail rabbit, and red fox. cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, deciduous and/or coniferous plants and associated available water capacity, and other behavioral grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife characteristics affecting engineering uses. attracted to these areas include wild turkey, ruffed This information can be used to evaluate the grouse, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels, potential of areas for residential, commercial, gray fox, raccoon, deer, and bear. industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy estimates of construction conditions; evaluate or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate shore birds, muskrat, mink, and beaver. alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed Engineering onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; This section provides information for planning land plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, uses related to urban development and to water terraces, and other structures for soil and water management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the conservation; and predict performance of proposed most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given small structures and pavements by comparing the Johnson County, Tennessee 91

performance of existing similar structures on the same stones, slope, and flooding affect the ease of or similar soils. excavation and construction. Landscaping and grading The information in the tables, along with the soil that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in not considered. this survey, can be used to make additional Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface interpretations. and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base special meaning in soil science and are defined in the of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and Glossary. a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on Building Site Development soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, a high Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as with and without basements, small commercial inferred from the engineering classification of the soil), buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and shrink-swell potential, and depth to a high water table landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if affect the traffic-supporting capacity. soil properties and site features are generally Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf favorable for the indicated use and limitations are and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties and maintained. The ratings are based on soil or site features are not favorable for the indicated use properties, site features, and observed performance of and special planning, design, or maintenance is the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and bedrock, and the available water capacity in the upper severe if soil properties or site features are so 40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness, unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or design, significant increases in construction costs, and organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficability possibly increased maintenance are required. Special after vegetation is established. feasibility studies may be required where the soil limitations are severe. Sanitary Facilities Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations observed performance of the soils. The ease of are considered slight if soil properties and site features digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth are generally favorable for the indicated use and the to bedrock, or a very firm dense layer; stone content; limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil texture; and slope. The depth to a seasonal high soil properties or site features are not favorable for the water table and the susceptibility of the soil to flooding indicated use and special planning, design, or affect the time of the year that excavations can be maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the made. Soil texture and depth to the water table affect limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features the resistance of the excavation walls or banks to are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that sloughing or caving. special design, significant increases in construction Dwellings and small commercial buildings are costs, and possibly increased maintenance are structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed required. soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family Table 11 also shows the suitability of the soils for dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good made for small commercial buildings without indicates that soil properties and site features are basements, for dwellings with basements, and for favorable for the use and good performance and low dwellings without basements. The ratings are based maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil on soil properties, site features, and observed properties and site features are moderately favorable performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, for the use and one or more soil properties or site and shrinking and swelling can cause the movement features make the soil less desirable than the soils of footings. A high water table, depth to bedrock, large rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil 92 Soil Survey

properties or site features are unfavorable for the use successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. layer of soil from a source away from the site. Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is should be considered. evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, The ratings in table 11 are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. site features, and observed performance of the soils. Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water table, flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture, and bedrock interfere with installation. stones and boulders, and soil reaction affect trench- Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank type landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings absorption fields, including excessively slow apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or investigation is needed. fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the used to cover compacted solid waste in an area water table is near the surface. There must be sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope require that this material be of a certain thickness. affect the ease of removing and spreading the material Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to wind erosion. hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly After soil material has been removed, the soil impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides material remaining in the borrow area must be thick is required to minimize seepage and contamination of enough over bedrock or the water table to permit ground water. revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a Table 11 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 generally has the best workability, more organic or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from excavated to provide material for the embankments. the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, final cover. and observed performance of the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table, Construction Materials depth to bedrock, flooding, and large stones. Excessive seepage resulting from rapid Table 12 gives information about the soils as a permeability in the soil or a water table that is high source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution topsoil. They are rated as probable or improbable results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater sources of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on overtops the lagoon. Slope and bedrock can cause soil properties and site features that affect the removal construction problems, and large stones can hinder of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal compaction of the lagoon floor. compaction, minor processing, and other standard Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is construction practices are assumed. Each soil is disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and place and used in road embankments in another covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 Johnson County, Tennessee 93

feet high and less exacting in design than higher least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, embankments. large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable The ratings are for the soil material below the source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and gravel. spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation suitability within their profile. The table showing can be established and maintained. The upper 40 engineering index properties provides detailed inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also information about each soil layer. This information can evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow help to determine the suitability of each layer for use area. as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized Plant growth is affected by such properties as soil with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. reaction, available water capacity, and fertility. The The ratings are based on soil properties, site ease of excavating, loading, and spreading is affected features, and observed performance of the soils. The by rock fragments, slope, a water table, soil texture, thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. and thickness of suitable material. Reclamation of the Large stones, a high water table, and slope affect the borrow area is affected by slope, a water table, rock ease of excavation. How well the soil performs in place fragments, and bedrock. after it has been compacted and drained is determined Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a by its strength (as inferred from the engineering depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones classification of the soil) and shrink-swell potential. and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes Soils rated good contain significant amounts of of less than 8 percent. They are naturally fertile or sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of respond well to fertilizer and are not so wet that suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few excavation is difficult. cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. have an appreciable amount of gravel or stones, or They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water not so wet that excavation is difficult. table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They amount of gravel or stones, have slopes of more than are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water table at or 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but near the surface. the material is less than 3 feet thick. The surface layer of most soils is generally Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter commercial use with a minimum of processing. They content. Organic matter greatly increases the are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for for each use vary widely. In table 12, only the plant growth. probability of finding material in suitable quantity is evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific Water Management purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect excavation of the material. Table 13 gives information on the soil properties The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source and site features that affect water management. The of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and the thickness of suitable material, and the content of aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification considered slight if soil properties and site features are are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of generally favorable for the indicated use and grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index limitations are minor and are easily overcome; properties. moderate if soil properties or site features are not A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of favorable for the indicated use and special planning, clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or 94

site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to depth to a permanent water table and permeability of overcome that special design, significant increase in the aquifer. Depth to bedrock and the content of large construction costs, and possibly increased stones affect the ease of excavation. maintenance are required. Drainage is the removal of excess surface and This table also gives for each soil the restrictive subsurface water from the soil. How easily and features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to diversions, and grassed waterways. bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding; seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The slope; and susceptibility to flooding. Depth to bedrock, seepage potential is determined by the permeability of large stones, slope, and the hazard of cutbanks caving the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other affect excavating and grading and the stability of permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the ditchbanks. The productivity of the soil after drainage storage capacity of the reservoir area. may be adversely affected by acidity. Availability of Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings. structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet Irrigation is the controlled application of water to high, constructed to impound water or to protect land supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a design and management of an irrigation system are source of material for embankment fill. The ratings affected by depth to the water table, the need for apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. Large be uniformly mixed and compacted during stones and depth to bedrock affect the construction of construction. a system. The depth of the root zone and soil reaction The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural affect the performance of a system. soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a Terraces and diversions are embankments or a depth even greater than the height of the embankment combination of channels and ridges constructed can affect performance and safety of the embankment. across a slope to control erosion and conserve Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large determine these properties. stones, and depth to bedrock affect the construction of Soil material in embankments must be resistant to terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable severe hazard of water erosion, an excessively coarse compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high maintenance. content of stones or boulders. A high water table Grassed waterways are natural or constructed affects the amount of usable material. It also affects channels, generally broad and shallow, which conduct trafficability. surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth the construction of grassed waterways. Low available below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds water capacity, restricted rooting depth, and restricted that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment permeability adversely affect the growth and ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the maintenance of the grass after construction. original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by 95

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during The Unified system classifies soils according to the course of the soil survey. The data and the properties that affect their use as construction estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, material. Soils are classified according to grain-size are explained on the following pages. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 14 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter soils have layers of contrasting properties within the and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a upper 5 or 6 feet. percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each percentages are estimates determined mainly by layer is indicated. The range in depth and information converting volume percentage in the field to weight on other properties of each layer are given for each percentage. soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated Morphology.” sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 Texture is given in the standard terms used by the inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles field. coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. estimates are based on test data from the survey area Classification of the soils is determined according to or from nearby areas and on field examination. the Unified soil classification system (2) and the The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, system adopted by the American Association of State and plasticity index are generally rounded to the Highway and Transportation Officials (1). nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and 96 Soil Survey

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic percentage points) across classification boundaries, matter, and soil structure. the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the Permeability (Ksat) refers to the ability of a soil to table. transmit water or air. The term “permeability,” as used in soil surveys, indicates saturated hydraulic conductivity (K ). The estimates in the table indicate Physical Properties sat the rate of water movement, in inches per hour, when Table 15 shows estimates of some physical the soil is saturated. They are based on soil properties that affect soil behavior. These estimates characteristics observed in the field, particularly are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is area. The estimates are based on field observations considered in the design of soil drainage systems and and on test data for these and similar soils. septic tank absorption fields. Particle size is the effective diameter of a soil Available water capacity refers to the quantity of particle as measured by sedimentation, sieving, or water that the soil is capable of storing for use by micrometric methods. Particle sizes are expressed as plants. The capacity for water storage is given in classes with specific effective diameter class limits. inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil The broad classes are sand, silt, and clay, ranging layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil from the larger to the smaller. properties that affect the retention of water and the The content of sand, silt, and clay affects the depth of the root zone. The most important properties physical behavior of a soil. Particle size is important for are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk engineering and agronomic interpretations, for density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is determination of soil hydrologic qualities, and for soil an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to classification. be grown and in the design and management of Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an layer is indicated. estimate of the quantity of water actually available to Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil plants at any given time. particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 volume change between the water content of the clod 1 1 millimeters in diameter. at /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) and The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the oven dryness. The amount and type of clay minerals in fertility and physical condition of the soil. They the soil influence volume change. determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrink- to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell swell potential of soils. The shrink-swell potential is low potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil if the soil has a linear extensibility of less than 3 dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and percent; moderate if 3 to 6 percent; high if 6 to 9 kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving percent; and very high if more than 9 percent. If the operations. linear extensibility is more than 3, shrinking and Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at other structures and to plant roots. Special design field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at commonly is needed. 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the the soil at various stages of decomposition. In estimated moist bulk density of each major soil table 15, the estimated content of organic matter is horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell The content of organic matter in a soil can be potential, available water capacity, total pore space, maintained or increased by returning crop residue to and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a the soil. Organic matter affects the available water soil indicates the pore space available for water and capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of roots. Bulk densities of more than 1.4 can restrict nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density Erosion factors are shown in table 15 as the K Johnson County, Tennessee 97

factor (Kw and Kf) and the T factor. Erosion factor K Soil Features indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of several factors Table 17 gives estimates of various soil features. used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and The estimates are used in land use planning that the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to involves engineering considerations. predict average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and A restrictive layer is a nearly continuous layer that rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are has one or more physical or chemical properties that based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and significantly impede the movement of water and air organic matter and on soil structure and permeability. through the soil or that restrict roots or otherwise Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. Other factors provide an unfavorable root environment. Examples being equal, the higher the value, the more susceptible are bedrock, cemented layers, and dense layers. the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. Depth to top is the vertical distance from the Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the soil surface to the upper boundary of the restrictive whole soil. The estimates are modified by the layer. presence of rock fragments. Potential for frost action is the likelihood of upward Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fine- or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation earth fraction, or the material less than 2 millimeters in of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the size. subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, that can occur without affecting crop productivity over density, permeability, content of organic matter, and a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per depth to the water table are the most important factors year. considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation Chemical Properties or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in Table 16 shows estimates of some chemical winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least These estimates are given for the layers of each soil in susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during the survey area. The estimates are based on field thawing cause damage to pavements and other rigid observations and on test data for these and similar structures. soils. Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or layer is indicated. weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of Cation-exchange capacity is the total amount of corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors extractable bases that can be held by the soil, as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated pH of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium value. Soils having a low cation-exchange capacity content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the hold fewer cations and may require more frequent soil. Special site examination and design may be applications of fertilizer than soils having a high cation- needed if the combination of factors results in a severe exchange capacity. The ability to retain cations hazard of corrosion. The steel or concrete in reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution. installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers Effective cation-exchange capacity refers to the is more susceptible to corrosion than steel or concrete sum of extractable bases plus aluminum expressed in in installations that are entirely within one soil layer. terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil. It is For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed determined for soils that have pH of less than 5.5. as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field The pH of each soil horizon is based on many field capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation tests. For many soils, values have been verified by extract. laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation determining the risk of corrosion. extract. 98

Water Features selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic Table 18 gives estimates of various water features. features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for The estimates are used in land use planning that less than a month is not considered a water table. involves engineering considerations. Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short groups according to the rate of water infiltration when periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered the soils are not protected by vegetation, are flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- is considered ponding rather than flooding. duration storms. Duration and frequency are estimated. Duration is The four hydrologic soil groups are: expressed as extremely brief if 0.1 hour to 4 hours, Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low very brief if 4 hours to 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days. mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained Frequency is expressed as none, very rare, rare, sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate occasional, frequent, and very frequent. None means of water transmission. that flooding is not probable; very rare that it is very Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate unlikely but possible under extremely unusual weather when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of conditions (the chance of flooding is less than 1 moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or percent in any year); rare that it is unlikely but possible well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to under unusual weather conditions (the chance of moderately coarse texture. These soils have a flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year); occasional that moderate rate of water transmission. it occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a frequent that it is likely to occur often under normal layer that impedes the downward movement of water weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. than 50 percent in any year but is less than 50 percent These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. in all months in any year); and very frequent that it is Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate likely to occur very often under normal weather (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50 consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell percent in all months of any year). potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that The information is based on evidence in the soil have a clay layer at or near the surface, and soils that profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay are shallow over nearly impervious material. These deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic soils have a very slow rate of water transmission. matter content with increasing depth; and little or no The months in the table indicate the portion of the horizon development. year in which the feature is most likely to be a Also considered are local information about the concern. extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each Water table refers to a saturated zone in the soil. soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on Table 18 indicates, by month, depth to the top (upper the extent of flooding based on soil data is less limit) and base (lower limit) of the saturated zone in specific than that provided by detailed engineering most years. Estimates of the upper and lower limits surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific are based mainly on observations of the water table at flood frequency levels. 99

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the typifies the great group. An example is Typic National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories Dystrochrepts. (4, 5). Beginning with the broadest, these categories FAMILY. Families are established within a are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical and series. Classification is based on soil properties properties and other characteristics that affect observed in the field or inferred from those management. Generally, the properties are those of observations or from laboratory measurements. horizons below plow depth where there is much Table 19 shows the classification of the soils in the biological activity. Among the properties and survey area. The categories are defined in the characteristics considered are particle size, mineral following paragraphs. content, soil temperature regime, soil depth, reaction, ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The and clay activity. A family name consists of the name differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil forming processes and the degree of soil formation. properties. An example is coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An Typic Dystrochrepts. example is Inceptisols. SERIES. The series consists of soils within a SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders family that have horizons similar in color, texture, primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical genesis and are important to plant growth or composition, and arrangement in the profile. properties that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Ochrepts Soil Series and Their Morphology (Och, meaning light-colored surface layer, plus ept, In this section, each soil series recognized in the from Inceptisol). survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into and the material in which it formed are identified for great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area arrangement, and degree of development of of soil that is typical of the series in the survey area is pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature described. The detailed description of each soil regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” great group is identified by the name of a suborder (6). Many of the technical terms used in the and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (4) and in example is Dystrochrepts (Dyst, meaning low base “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (5). Unless otherwise status, plus ochrepts, the suborder of the Inceptisols indicated, colors in the descriptions are for moist soil. that has a light-colored surface layer). Following the pedon description is the range of SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic important characteristics of the soils in the series. subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or The map units of each soil series are described in extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” of the great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some Ashe Series properties that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate transitions to any other Depth class: Moderately deep taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained more adjectives preceding the name of the great Slope range: Moderately steep to extremely steep (12 group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that to 95 percent) 100 Soil Survey

Landscape position: Mountain ridge crests, shoulders, Texture of fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam, and side slopes loam, or sandy loam Parent material: Residuum weathered from crystalline Bw horizon: rocks and affected by creep in the upper part in Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y some areas Value—4 to 6 Typical Pedon Chroma—4 to 8 Texture of fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam, Ashe gravelly fine sandy loam, 25 to 65 percent loam, or sandy loam slopes; 1,500 feet west from the corner of Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina: BC horizon (if it occurs): Hue—10YR or 2.5Y A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly fine sandy Value—5 or 6 loam; weak medium granular structure; very Chroma—4 or 6 friable; many fine and medium roots; 20 percent Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy gravel; few fine mica flakes; strongly acid; clear loam smooth boundary. BA—4 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) R layer: fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky Bedrock—commonly tilted, jointed, and fractured structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; hard crystalline rock, such as granite and common fine and medium pores; 5 percent gravel; gneiss few fine mica flakes; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bw—10 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Bledsoe Series loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Deep friable; few fine and medium roots; many fine and Drainage class: Well drained medium pores; 10 percent gravel; few fine mica Slope range: Sloping to steep (5 to 35 percent) flakes; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Landscape position: Side slopes and footslopes of BC—26 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine upland ridges sandy loam; massive; very friable; 10 percent Parent material: Colluvium derived from limestone gravel and cobbles; few fine mica flakes; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Typical Pedon R—32 inches; hard schist. Bledsoe silt loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes; from Range in Characteristics Mountain City, north on Highway 91 to Cole Spring Road, 1.7 miles on the road to Jenkins Hollow Road, Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock left and 0.3 mile to a gravel road, to the end of the Content and size of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent; gravel road, 1,000 feet south and 45 degrees east gravel, cobbles, or stones from the end of the gravel road: Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, except in limed areas A—0 to 7 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; many Other characteristics: Few or common mica flakes fine faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak throughout the profile fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth A horizon: boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Bt1—7 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty Value—3 or 4 clay loam; common fine faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) Chroma—2 to 6 mottles; strong fine subangular blocky structure; Texture of fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam, firm; many fine and medium roots; many fine and loam, or sandy loam medium pores; common distinct clay films on Other features—where value is 3, the horizon is faces of peds and lining pores; 2 percent gravel; less than 7 inches thick common fine black concretions; moderately acid; BA horizon (if it occurs): gradual wavy boundary. Hue—10YR Bt2—15 to 45 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty Value—4 or 5 clay loam; many fine distinct brownish yellow Chroma—4 or 6 (10YR 6/8) and yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; Johnson County, Tennessee 101

strong fine subangular blocky structure; firm; Slope range: Steep and very steep (20 to 50 percent) common fine and medium roots; common fine and Landscape position: North- and east-facing mountain medium pores; common distinct clay films on coves faces of peds and lining pores; 3 percent gravel; Parent material: Colluvium from metasedimentary common fine black concretions; moderately acid; rocks gradual wavy boundary. Typical Pedon Bt3—45 to 54 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty clay loam; many fine distinct brownish yellow Brookshire silt loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes; 2,000 (10YR 6/8) mottles; moderate fine subangular feet north and 47 degrees west from where the Iron blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium Mountain Trail intersects the Forest Service road at roots; common fine and medium pores; common Shady Gap: distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining Oe—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed forest litter. pores; 15 percent shale channers; common fine A1—1 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) black concretions; moderately acid; clear smooth silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; boundary. many fine and medium roots; 10 percent gravel; BC—54 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. clay loam; many medium distinct brownish yellow A2—6 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak (10YR 6/8) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky medium granular structure; very friable; common structure; friable; common fine pores; 10 percent fine and medium roots; 12 percent gravel; strongly shale channers; common fine black concretions; acid; clear smooth boundary. moderately acid. Bw1—8 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam; Range in Characteristics weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak medium granular; friable; common fine Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and medium and few coarse roots; many fine and Content and size of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent in medium pores; 15 percent gravel; strongly acid; the upper 40 inches and as much as 40 percent gradual smooth boundary. below a depth of 40 inches; limestone, siltstone, Bw2—18 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) shale, or sandstone fragments as much as 15 gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky inches across structure; friable; few fine, medium, and coarse Soil reaction: Moderately acid to mildly alkaline roots; many fine and medium pores; 20 percent A or Ap horizon: gravel; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Bw3—31 to 53 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Value—3 or 4 gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky Chroma—2 to 4 structure; friable; few fine, medium, and coarse Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam roots; few fine and medium pores; 25 percent gravel and cobbles; strongly acid; gradual smooth Bt horizon: boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR C—53 to 65 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) Value—4 to 6 gravelly loam; massive; friable; 30 percent gravel Chroma—3 to 8 and cobbles; strongly acid. Texture of fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay Range in Characteristics BC horizon (if it occurs): Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent Value—4 to 6 throughout the profile; amount typically increases Chroma—3 to 8 as depth increases Texture of fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam, clay Soil reaction: Strongly acid loam, silty clay, or clay A horizon: Brookshire Series Hue—10YR Value—3 Depth class: Very deep Chroma—2 or 3 Drainage class: Well drained Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam 102 Soil Survey

Bw horizon: R—28 inches; unweathered fractured, amphibolite Hue—7.5YR or 10YR bedrock. Value—4 or 5 Range in Characteristics Chroma—4 to 8 Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or silt loam Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Content and size of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent in C horizon: the A horizon, 0 to 35 percent in the B horizon, Hue—7.5YR or 10YR and 0 to 50 percent in the C horizon; gravel, Value—4 to 6 cobbles, or stones Chroma—3 to 8 Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or silt loam Other characteristics: Few or common mica flakes in the A and B horizons and few to many mica flakes Burton Series in the C horizon A horizon: Depth class: Moderately deep Hue—10YR Drainage class: Well drained Value—2 or 3 Slope range: Moderately steep to extremely steep (15 Chroma—1 to 3 to 95 percent) Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Landscape position: Ridge crests, shoulders, and side loam, or sandy loam slopes at high mountain elevations Parent material: Residuum from crystalline rocks Bw horizon: Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y Typical Pedon Value—4 to 6 Burton loam in an area of Burton-Wayah complex, Chroma—3 to 8 windswept, 15 to 30 percent slopes, stony; 10.7 miles Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy northeast of Boone on North Carolina Highway 194, loam, or sandy loam about 1.0 mile northwest on Secondary Road 1346, C horizon: about 2.5 miles northwest on a farm road, 400 feet Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y northwest of the road, in a wooded area of pasture. Value—4 to 6 (This pedon is in Watauga County, North Carolina, Chroma—3 to 8 where Burton soils occur extensively. The extent of this Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy soil type in Johnson County is limited to areas loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy adjoining North Carolina. Data from the soil survey of sand Watauga County were used to represent Burton soils Other features—horizon may be profusely mottled in Johnson County.) in shades of brown, yellow, red, and gray in A1—0 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam; some pedons weak medium granular structure; friable; common R layer: fine and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; very Bedrock—hard, unweathered crystalline rock strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. A2—9 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; common Calvin Series fine and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep Bw—14 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Drainage class: Well drained fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky Slope range: Moderately steep to very steep (12 to 50 structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine mica percent) flakes; 10 percent gravel and cobbles; strongly Landscape position: Ridgetops, shoulders, and side acid; clear wavy boundary. slopes C—21 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Parent material: Residuum from noncalcareous shale and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) loamy fine sand or siltstone saprolite; massive; friable; common fine mica Typical Pedon flakes; 10 percent gravel and cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Calvin channery silt loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes; Johnson County, Tennessee 103

from Mountain City, north on Highway 91 to Cole Value—4 or 5 Springs Road, 1.7 miles on the road to Jenkins Hollow Chroma—2 to 8 Road, turn and go 0.4 mile, 100 feet east of the road: Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam A—0 to 3 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) channery C horizon: silt loam; common fine prominent very dark Hue—2.5YR or 5YR grayish brown (10YR 3/2) mottles; weak fine Value—3 to 5 granular structure; very friable; many fine and Chroma—2 to 4 medium roots; 17 percent shale channers; Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Cr layer: BA—3 to 8 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) channery Bedrock—tilted and fractured siltstone that can be loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very removed with difficulty using hand tools friable; many fine and medium roots; common fine and medium pores; 20 percent shale channers; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Caneyville Series Bw1—8 to 22 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) very channery loam; moderate medium subangular Depth class: Moderately deep blocky structure; very friable; common fine and Drainage class: Well drained medium roots; many fine and medium pores; 40 Slope range: Extremely steep (50 to 80 percent) percent shale channers; very strongly acid; Landscape position: Side slopes of upland ridges gradual wavy boundary. Parent material: Residuum from limestone Bw2—22 to 33 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) very Typical Pedon channery loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium Caneyville silty clay loam in an area of Caneyville- roots; common fine and medium pores; 40 percent Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 80 percent slopes; from shale channers; very strongly acid; gradual Highway 321, north on Gregg’s Bridge Road, about irregular boundary. 1.5 miles to the lake shore, 100 feet east of the road, C—33 to 38 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) in woods: extremely channery loam; massive; very friable; common medium roots; 70 percent shale A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; channers; very strongly acid; gradual wavy many fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) boundary. mottles; moderate fine granular structure; friable; Cr—38 inches; tilted, fractured siltstone; thin lenses of common fine and medium roots; strongly acid; reddish brown loam in voids and fractures. clear smooth boundary. Bt1—4 to 9 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) silty clay; Range in Characteristics many fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches mottles; moderate medium angular blocky Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent in the A structure; firm; common fine and few medium horizon, 25 to 55 percent in subhorizons of the B roots; common fine and medium pores; common horizon, and 40 to 80 percent in the C horizon distinct clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid gradual smooth boundary. Bt2—9 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty clay; A horizon: strong medium and coarse angular blocky Hue—5YR or 7.5YR structure; very firm; few fine roots; few fine pores; Value—2 to 5 common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Chroma—2 to 4 slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam R—29 inches; limestone bedrock. BA horizon (if it occurs): Hue—2.5YR or 5YR Range in Characteristics Value—4 or 5 Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Chroma—3 to 6 Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam upper horizons and 0 to 35 percent in the horizon Bw horizon: just above bedrock Hue—2.5YR or 5YR Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral 104 Soil Survey

A horizon: siltstone channers; strongly acid; clear wavy Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Value—3 to 5 Cr—18 inches; weathered, fractured siltstone; thin Chroma—2 or 3 lenses of strong brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam and Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, silt loam, or fine roots filling fractures and voids. silty clay loam Range in Characteristics Bt horizon: Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches to weathered Hue—2.5YR to 10YR bedrock and 20 inches to 4 feet or more to hard Value—4 to 6 bedrock Chroma—4 to 8 Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to 45 percent Texture of fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam or in the A horizon and 35 to 80 percent in the B and silty clay C horizons; fragments as much as 24 inches R layer: across Bedrock—hard, unweathered limestone Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid A horizon: Cataska Series Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—2 to 4 Depth class: Shallow Chroma—2 to 4 Drainage class: Excessively drained Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or silt loam Slope range: Steep to extremely steep (20 to 80 BE horizon (if it occurs): percent) Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Landscape position: Mountain crests, shoulders, and Value—4 or 5 side slopes Chroma—4 or 6 Parent material: Residuum from siltstone or Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or silt loam metasandstone Bw horizon: Typical Pedon Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Cataska channery silt loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes; Value—4 to 6 2.6 miles from Highway 91 on Cross Mountain Road, Chroma—4 to 8 200 feet north of the road: Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or silt loam Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed hardwood leaves Cr layer: and twigs. Bedrock—typically tilted siltstone or A—1 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) channery silt metasandstone loam; weak medium granular structure; very Other features—small amounts of soil material friable; many fine and medium and few coarse commonly occur in bedrock fractures roots; 20 percent siltstone channers; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. BE—2 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Chagrin Series channery silt loam; weak medium granular Depth class: Deep structure; very friable; many fine and medium and Drainage class: Well drained few coarse roots; 20 percent siltstone channers; Slope range: Nearly level (0 to 2 percent) strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Landscape position: Flood plains Bw1—5 to 11 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very Parent material: Mixed alluvium channery silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and many Typical Pedon medium and coarse roots; common fine and Chagrin loam, rarely flooded; south on Highway 421 medium pores; 40 percent siltstone channers; from Mountain City, right onto State Route 167 to its strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. intersection with Minning Town Road, 1,400 feet south Bw2—11 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/4) very and 63 degrees east from the intersection, south of channery silt loam; weak medium subangular Roan Creek: blocky structure; friable; few fine and coarse and common medium roots; few fine pores; 50 percent Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine Johnson County, Tennessee 105

subangular blocky structure; very friable; many Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, or fine and medium roots; common fine and medium sandy loam pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Other features—in some pedons the horizon is Bw1—7 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) mottled in shades of brown, yellow, or gray loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very below a depth of 48 inches; in some pedons friable; common fine and medium roots; common textures are highly stratified fine and medium pores; 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw2—20 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Chestnut Series 4/4) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; Depth class: Moderately deep common fine and medium pores; 2 percent gravel; Drainage class: Well drained slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Slope range: Moderately steep to extremely steep (15 BC—30 to 40 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) to 95 percent) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky Landscape position: Crests, shoulders, and side structure; few fine roots; 5 percent gravel; slopes of mountain ridges moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Parent material: Residuum from crystalline rocks C—40 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loamy Typical Pedon fine sand; massive; friable; 25 percent gravel; moderately acid. Chestnut fine sandy loam in an area of Chestnut- Edneyville complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, stony; Range in Characteristics 11.2 miles northwest of Boone, North Carolina, on Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches U.S. Highway 321, about 1.5 miles north on Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent in the Ap Secondary Road 1202, about 3.8 miles northeast on horizon, 0 to 15 percent to a depth of 40 inches, Secondary Road 1201, about 1.9 miles north on and 0 to 25 percent below a depth of 40 inches Secondary Road 1221, about 0.6 mile northwest on Soil reaction: Moderately acid to neutral Secondary Road 1223, about 0.1 mile southwest on a private road, in a road cut. (This pedon is in Watauga Ap horizon: County, North Carolina, where Chestnut soils occur Hue—7.5YR or 10YR extensively. It is in a slope unit not recognized in Value—4 Johnson County. The extent of this soil type in Chroma—2 to 4 Johnson County is limited to areas adjoining North Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or silt loam Carolina. Data from the soil survey of Watauga County Bw horizon: were used to represent Chestnut soils in Johnson Hue—7.5YR or 10YR County.) Value—4 to 6 Chroma—3 to 6 Oe—0 to 2 inches; partially decomposed forest litter. Texture of fine-earth fraction—commonly silt loam A1—2 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy or loam; range includes sandy loam, fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, and silty clay many fine and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; loam 5 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. BC horizon (if it occurs): A2—3 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine Hue—7.5YR or 10YR sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; Value—4 to 6 friable; many fine and medium roots; common fine Chroma—3 to 6 mica flakes; 5 percent gravel; very strongly acid; Texture of fine-earth fraction—commonly silt loam clear wavy boundary. or loam; range includes sandy loam, fine sandy Bw—8 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, and silty clay gravelly sandy loam; weak medium subangular loam blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium C horizon: roots; common fine mica flakes; 20 percent gravel; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Value—4 to 6 C—16 to 29 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) sandy Chroma—2 to 6 loam; massive; very friable; few fine roots; 106 Soil Survey

common fine mica flakes; 10 percent gravel; very Highway 194, about 0.6 mile east on Secondary Road strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 1113, about 300 feet east on a private road, 2,000 feet Cr—29 to 60 inches; soft granitic gneiss bedrock that southeast to the end of a logging road, 1,000 feet is partly consolidated but can be removed with southwest, in forest. (This pedon is in Watauga difficulty using hand tools. County, North Carolina, where Cleveland soils occur extensively. The extent of this soil type in Johnson Range in Characteristics County is limited to areas adjoining North Carolina. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and Data from the soil survey of Watauga County were more than 40 inches to hard bedrock used to represent Cleveland soils in Johnson County.) Content and size of rock fragments: 5 to 15 percent in Oi—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed forest litter. the A horizon and 5 to 35 percent in the Bw and C A—1 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly fine sandy horizons; gravel or cobbles loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid many fine roots; few fine mica flakes; very strongly Other characteristics: Few to many mica flakes in each acid; clear wavy boundary. horizon Bw—4 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) A horizon: cobbly sandy loam; weak medium subangular Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium Value—2 to 6 roots; common fine mica flakes; very strongly acid; Chroma—1 to 6 abrupt wavy boundary. Texture of fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam or R—15 inches; hard granitic gneiss bedrock. loam Range in Characteristics Other features—where hue is 2 or 3, the horizon is less than 7 inches thick Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent in the A Bw horizon: horizon and 5 to 35 percent in the Bw horizon Hue—5YR to 2.5Y Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Value—4 to 6 Other characteristics: Few or common mica flakes Chroma—4 to 8 throughout the profile Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam A horizon: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR C horizon: Value—2 to 4 Hue—5YR to 2.5Y Chroma—1 to 3 Value—4 to 6 Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, fine Chroma—4 to 8 sandy loam, or loam Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy Bw horizon: sand Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—4 to 6 Cr layer: Chroma—3 or 4 Bedrock—partially weathered bedrock that can be Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, fine removed with difficulty using hand tools sandy loam, or loam R layer: Cleveland Series Bedrock—hard, unweathered crystalline rock Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Craggey Series Slope range: Extremely steep (50 to 95 percent) Landscape position: Side slopes of mountain ridges Depth class: Shallow Parent material: Residuum from crystalline rocks Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Slope range: Steep to extremely steep (30 to 95 Typical Pedon percent) Cleveland cobbly fine sandy loam in an area of Ashe- Landscape position: Ridge crests, shoulders, and side Cleveland-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 95 percent slopes at high mountain elevations slopes; 1.3 miles south of Vilas on North Carolina Parent material: Residuum from crystalline rocks Johnson County, Tennessee 107

Typical Pedon Value—3 Chroma—3 or 4 Craggey muck in an area of Burton-Craggey-Rock Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy outcrop complex, windswept, 15 to 30 percent slopes; loam 8.7 miles northwest of Boone, North Carolina, on U.S. Highway 421, about 2.3 miles west on Secondary R layer: Road 1306, about 2.2 miles north on a farm road to Bedrock—hard, unweathered crystalline rock Potato Hill, 100 feet west of the road, near a transmitter tower. (This pedon is in Watauga County, North Carolina, where Craggey soils occur extensively. Craigsville Series It is in a slope unit not recognized in Johnson County. The extent of this soil type in Johnson County is Depth class: Very deep limited to areas adjoining North Carolina. Data from Drainage class: Well drained the soil survey of Watauga County were used to Slope range: Nearly level (0 to 3 percent) represent Craggey soils in Johnson County.) Landscape position: Mountain flood plains Parent material: Coarse textured alluvium from Oa—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) broken, crushed, metasedimentary rocks and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 30 percent fiber, 15 percent rubbed; many fine and Typical Pedon medium roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Craigsville cobbly sandy loam, frequently flooded; off A—4 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) mucky of State Route 133, southwest of the Sutherland loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many Community, about 900 feet east from where Haunted fine and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; 20 Hollow drains into Beaverdam Creek: percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Oe—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed forest litter. AB—9 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly A—1 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky cobbly sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; very friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; few fine mica flakes; 20 percent gravel; moderately 35 percent cobbles and gravel; strongly acid; clear acid; abrupt wavy boundary. smooth boundary. R—11 to 25 inches; unweathered, fractured, BA—4 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) amphibolite bedrock. very cobbly sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium and Range in Characteristics few coarse roots; 40 percent cobbles and gravel; Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Content and size of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent Bw1—9 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very throughout the profile; gravel, cobbles, or stones cobbly sandy loam; weak medium subangular Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium throughout the profile and few coarse roots; 50 percent cobbles, gravel, Other characteristics: None to common mica flakes and stones; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw2—22 to 40 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Oa horizon: very cobbly sandy loam; weak medium subangular Hue—10YR blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium Value—2 roots; 55 percent cobbles, gravel, and stones; Chroma—1 or 2 strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—muck or mucky peat BC—40 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) A horizon: extremely cobbly sandy loam; weak fine Hue—10YR subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine Value—2 or 3 and medium roots; 70 percent cobbles, gravel, and Chroma—1 to 3 stones; strongly acid. Texture of fine-earth fraction—mucky loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Range in Characteristics AB horizon (if it occurs): Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Hue—5YR to 10YR Content of rock fragments: 5 to 60 percent in the A 108 Soil Survey

horizon and 35 to 70 percent in the B and C this soil type in Johnson County is limited to areas horizons adjoining North Carolina. Data from the soil survey of Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, Watauga County were used to represent Cullasaja except in limed areas soils in Johnson County.) A horizon: Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed forest litter. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Oe—1 to 2 inches; partially decomposed forest litter. Value—3 or 4 A1—2 to 12 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very Chroma—2 to 4 cobbly loam; weak medium granular structure; Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, fine friable; many fine and medium roots; few fine mica sandy loam, or loam flakes; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. A2—12 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) BA horizon (if it occurs): very cobbly fine sandy loam; weak medium Hue—7.5YR or 10YR granular structure; friable; many medium and Value—4 or 5 coarse roots; few fine mica flakes; very strongly Chroma—4 or 6 acid; clear wavy boundary. Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam or loam Bw1—15 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Bw horizon: 4/4) very cobbly fine sandy loam; weak medium Hue—5YR to 10YR subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine Value—4 or 5 roots; few fine mica flakes; very strongly acid; Chroma—4 or 6 clear wavy boundary. Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam or loam Bw2—31 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very cobbly fine sandy loam; weak medium BC horizon (if it occurs): subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine Hue—5YR to 10YR roots; few fine mica flakes; very strongly acid; Value—4 or 5 gradual wavy boundary. Chroma—4 or 6 C—46 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam or loam cobbly loamy sand; massive; very friable; few fine C horizon (if it occurs): roots; few fine mica flakes; very strongly acid. Hue—5YR to 10YR Range in Characteristics Value—4 or 5 Chroma—3 to 6 Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam or Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent in the A loamy sand horizon and 35 to 80 percent in the B and C horizons Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Cullasaja Series Other characteristics: Few or common mica flakes throughout the profile Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained A horizon: Slope range: Moderately steep and steep (15 to 30 Hue—5YR to 10YR percent) Value—2 or 3 Landscape position: Benches and footslopes Chroma—1 to 3 Parent material: Colluvium derived from crystalline Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy rocks loam Typical Pedon Bw horizon: Hue—5YR to 10YR Cullasaja very cobbly loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes, Value—3 to 6 very stony; 7.4 miles west of Boone on U.S. Highway Chroma—3 to 8 321, about 3.9 miles south on Secondary Road 1122, Texture of fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam, about 1.0 mile south on Secondary Road 1129, about sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam 1,200 feet northwest on a private road, in a road cut. (This pedon is in Watauga County, North Carolina, C horizon: where Cullasaja soils occur extensively. The extent of Hue—5YR to 10YR Johnson County, Tennessee 109

Value—3 to 6 Cg—42 to 60 inches; mottled gray (10YR 6/1), Chroma—4 to 8 strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and yellowish Texture of fine-earth fraction—loamy sand or brown (10YR 5/6) gravelly sandy loam; massive; sandy loam loose; 35 percent gravel and cobbles; strongly acid.

Dillard Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Drainage class: Moderately well drained Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent in the A Slope range: Nearly level (0 to 3 percent) horizon and the lower part of the Bt horizon, 0 to Landscape position: Low stream terraces and 15 percent in the upper part of the Bt horizon, and toeslopes 0 to 35 percent in the C horizon Parent material: Mixed alluvium Soil reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid, except in limed areas Typical Pedon Other characteristics: Few or common mica flakes Dillard loam, rarely flooded; in the Little Doe A or Ap horizon: Community, about 950 feet north and 29 degrees east Hue—10YR from where Robinson Hollow Road intersects State Value—3 to 5 Route 67: Chroma—3 or 4 Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy granular and subangular blocky structure; very loam, or sandy loam friable; many very fine and fine roots; mildly AB horizon (if it occurs): alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR AB—6 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Value—4 or 5 loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Chroma—3 or 4 friable; many very fine and fine roots; few fine Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy pores; 2 percent gravel; few fine black concretions; loam mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt1—10 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay Bt horizon: loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y friable; common very fine and fine roots; many fine Value—5 or 6 pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds Chroma—4 to 8 and lining pores; 2 percent gravel; common fine Texture of fine-earth fraction—clay loam or sandy black concretions; strongly acid; gradual wavy clay loam boundary. Other features—common or many mottles or Bt2—19 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) redoximorphic features in shades of gray and clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky brown in the lower part of horizon structure; firm; common very fine and fine roots; BCg horizon (if it occurs): few fine and medium pores; common distinct clay Hue—10YR to 5Y films on faces of peds and lining pores; 2 percent Value—5 to 7 gravel; common fine black (10YR 2/1) manganese Chroma—1 or 2 concentrations; common medium distinct strong Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam or fine brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron accumulations and gray sandy loam (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Cg horizon: BCg—30 to 42 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; Hue—10YR to 5Y common coarse yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Value—5 to 7 mottles; weak fine and medium subangular blocky Chroma—1 or 2 structure; very friable; few fine roots; few fine and Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam or fine medium pores; 5 percent gravel; common coarse sandy loam distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron Other features—horizon may have common or accumulations; strongly acid; clear wavy many mottles or redoximorphic features in boundary. shades of red, brown, yellow, or gray 110 Soil Survey

Ditney Series BE horizon (if it occurs): Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Depth class: Moderately deep Value—5 Drainage class: Well drained Chroma—6 Slope range: Steep to extremely steep (20 to 95 Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy loam percent) Bw horizon: Landscape position: Mountain ridge crests, shoulders, Hue—7.5YR or 10YR and side slopes Value—4 or 5 Parent material: Residuum from metasedimentary Chroma—4 to 6 rocks Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy loam Typical Pedon Cr layer (if it occurs): Ditney sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes; about Bedrock—partially weathered sandstone that can 1,000 feet north and 9 degrees west from where the be removed with difficulty using hand tools Iron Mountain Trail intersects the Forest Service road R layer: at Shady Gap: Bedrock—hard metasandstone Oe—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed forest litter. A—1 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very Dunning Series friable; many fine and medium and few coarse Depth class: Very deep roots; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth Drainage class: Poorly drained boundary. Slope range: Nearly level (0 to 3 percent) BE—4 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy Landscape position: Flood plains and areas at stream loam; weak medium granular structure; very heads friable; many fine and medium and few coarse Parent material: Mixed alluvium roots; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Bw1—8 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) cobbly loam; weak medium subangular blocky Dunning silt loam, occasionally flooded; in Shady structure; friable; common fine and medium and Valley, 2,200 feet north and 4 degrees east from few coarse roots; many fine and medium pores; 20 where Brinkley Road intersects Orchard Road: percent cobbles and gravel; very strongly acid; Apg—0 to 12 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt gradual smooth boundary. loam; common fine distinct dark grayish brown Bw2—18 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) (2.5Y 4/2) mottles; moderate fine subangular cobbly loam; weak medium subangular blocky blocky structure parting to moderate medium structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; many granular; very friable; common fine and medium fine and medium pores; 30 percent cobbles and roots; few medium brown (10YR 4/3) and black gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth (10YR 2/1) concentrations and stains; mildly boundary. alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Cr—24 to 27 inches; partially weathered Bg—12 to 32 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay; metasandstone. many medium faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) R—27 inches; hard metasandstone. mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; Range in Characteristics firm; few very fine and fine roots; few fine and medium pores; common medium brown (10YR Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches 4/3) and black (10YR 2/1) concentrations and Content of rock fragments: 5 to 20 percent in the A stains; common fine faint gray (2.5Y N/0) iron horizon and 10 to 30 percent in the subsoil depletions; common medium prominent strong Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron accumulations; mildly A horizon: alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Hue—10YR Cg—32 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty Value—3 or 4 clay loam; many medium faint olive (5Y 5/4) Chroma—2 or 3 mottles; massive; firm; 2 percent gravel; common Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy loam medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and Johnson County, Tennessee 111

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron accumulations; 1,000 feet southeast of the junction of State Roads mildly alkaline. 1325 and 1389. (This pedon is in Ashe County, North Carolina, where Edneyville soils occur extensively. The Range in Characteristics extent of this soil type in Johnson County is limited to areas adjoining North Carolina. Data from the soil Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches surveys of Ashe and Watauga Counties, North Content of rock fragments: Generally none in the Carolina, were used to represent Edneyville soils in solum; subhorizons of the C horizon can contain Johnson County.) as much as 30 percent Soil reaction: Moderately acid to mildly alkaline Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; Other characteristics: Thickness of the mollic epipedon moderate medium granular structure; very friable; ranges from 10 to 24 inches many fine roots; few fine mica flakes; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Ap horizon: Bw1—8 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loam; weak Hue—neutral or 10YR to 5Y fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Value—2 or 3 friable; few fine roots; few fine mica flakes; many Chroma—1 to 3 fine pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam, silty clay smooth boundary. loam, or silty clay Bw2—12 to 22 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; Other features—horizon commonly has mottles or weak fine and medium subangular blocky redoximorphic features in shades of red, brown, structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine mica olive, or gray flakes; many fine pores; 5 percent gravel; very Bg horizon: strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Hue—neutral, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or 5GY BC—22 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy Value—3 to 6 loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Chroma—1 or 2 friable; many fine pores; few fine mica flakes; 10 Texture of fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam, silty percent gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy clay, or clay boundary. Other features—horizon commonly has mottles or C—28 to 62 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic features in shades of red, brown, and dark gray (10YR 4/1) saprolite that crushes to olive, or gray fine sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine mica flakes; strongly acid. Cg horizon: Hue—neutral, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or 5GY Range in Characteristics Value—3 to 6 Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Chroma—1 or 2 Content and size of rock fragments: Dominantly 0 to Texture of fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam, silty 35 percent but as much as 50 percent in the A and clay, or clay C horizons in some pedons; gravel, cobbles, or stones Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Edneyville Series Other characteristics: Few or common mica flakes throughout the profile Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained A or Ap horizon: Slope range: Moderately steep to very steep (12 to 45 Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y percent) Value—2 to 5 Landscape position: Mountain ridge crests, shoulders, Chroma—1 to 4 and side slopes Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Parent material: Residuum weathered from crystalline loam, or sandy loam rocks and affected in the upper part by soil creep Bw horizon: on the steeper slopes Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y Value—4 to 7 Typical Pedon Chroma—3 to 8 Edneyville loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes; 1 mile Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy southwest of Grayson on State Road 1325, about loam, or sandy loam 112 Soil Survey

BC horizon (if it occurs): Content of rock fragments: Typically 35 to 60 percent Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y in the A and B horizons and 35 to 80 percent in Value—4 to 7 the C horizon Chroma—3 to 8 Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Other characteristics: None to common mica flakes loam, or sandy loam throughout the profile C horizon: A horizon: Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of Hue—7.5YR or 10YR 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8, or it is multicolored Value—2 to 5 Texture of fine-earth fraction—saprolite that Chroma—1 to 4 crushes and rubs to fine sandy loam, sandy Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy loam, loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand loam, or sandy loam Other features—where both value and chroma are 3 or less, the horizon is less than 7 inches thick Greenlee Series Bw horizon: Depth class: Very deep Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Drainage class: Well drained Value—4 to 6 Slope range: Very steep and extremely steep (35 to 80 Chroma—3 to 8 percent) Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Landscape position: Mountain coves and benches loam, or sandy loam Parent material: Colluvium weathered from crystalline C horizon: rocks Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Typical Pedon Value—4 to 6 Chroma—3 to 6 Greenlee very cobbly loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy very stony; 200 feet south of a four-wheel-drive road loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand between Flat Springs Branch and Bear Pen Ridge, 4,000 feet south and 72 degrees west from the corner of Johnson County, Tennessee, and Grayson and Hatboro Series Washington Counties, Virginia: Depth class: Very deep A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very cobbly loam; Drainage class: Poorly drained weak fine granular structure; very friable; many Slope range: Nearly level (0 to 3 percent) fine and medium roots; 40 percent cobbles, gravel, Landscape position: Flood plains and stones; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth Parent material: Mixed alluvium boundary. Bw1—6 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Typical Pedon very cobbly loam; weak fine subangular blocky Hatboro loam, occasionally flooded; in Shady Valley, structure; very friable; many fine and medium along Green Mountain Branch, about 1,000 feet south roots; 45 percent cobbles, gravel, and stones; very and 38 degrees west from the intersection of strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Highways 91 and 421: Bw2—22 to 47 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) very cobbly fine sandy loam; weak fine Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR subangular blocky structure; very friable; common 3/2) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure fine and few medium roots; 50 percent cobbles, parting to moderate medium granular; very friable; gravel, and stones; very strongly acid; gradual many fine and medium roots; few fine pores; few smooth boundary. fine brown (10YR 4/3) and black (10YR 2/1) C—47 to 65 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) concentrations and stains; slightly acid; abrupt extremely cobbly sandy loam; massive; loose; 75 smooth boundary. percent cobbles, gravel, and stones; very strongly Bg1—10 to 24 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) acid. clay loam; common fine faint olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky Range in Characteristics structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches common fine and medium brown (10YR 4/3) and Johnson County, Tennessee 113

black (10YR 2/1) concretions and stains; common Typical Pedon medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron Jeffrey cobbly loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes, very accumulations; strongly acid; gradual wavy stony; 7.6 miles northeast of Vilas on U.S. Highway boundary. 421, about 2.5 miles southwest on Secondary Road Bg2—24 to 32 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay 1233 to Mabel, 3.6 miles northwest on Secondary loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very Road 1227, about 100 feet west on Secondary Road friable; few fine roots; few fine and medium pores; 1225, about 2,100 feet north on a private road to common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Vaught Gap, 1,900 feet west along the State line. (This iron accumulations; strongly acid; gradual wavy pedon is in Watauga County, North Carolina, where boundary. Jeffrey soils occur extensively. The extent of this soil Cg—32 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) type in Johnson County is limited to areas adjoining stratified sandy loam and loamy sand; massive; North Carolina. Data from the soil survey of Watauga loose; common fine prominent strong brown County were used to represent Jeffrey soils in (7.5YR 5/8) iron accumulations; moderately acid. Johnson County.) Range in Characteristics Oi—0 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed forest litter. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Oe—2 to 4 inches; partially decomposed forest litter. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the A A1—4 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly and B horizons and 0 to 80 percent in the C loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; horizon many fine and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral above a 30 percent cobbles and gravel; extremely acid; depth of 30 inches and moderately acid to slightly clear wavy boundary. acid below a depth of 30 inches A2—9 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) cobbly loam; weak medium granular structure; A horizon: friable; many fine and medium roots; few fine mica Hue—10YR flakes; 20 percent cobbles and gravel; very Value—3 or 4 strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Chroma—2 or 3 Bw—13 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, silt loam, or cobbly sandy loam; weak medium subangular sandy loam blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few Bg horizon: fine mica flakes; 30 percent cobbles and gravel; Hue—neutral or 10YR to 5Y very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Value—4 to 7 R—29 inches; hard quartzite bedrock. Chroma—1 or 2 Range in Characteristics Texture of fine-earth fraction—clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt loam Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Content of rock fragments: 15 to 30 percent in the A Cg horizon: horizon and 5 to 30 percent in the Bw and C Hue—neutral or 10YR to 5Y horizons Value—4 to 7 Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Chroma—1 or 2 throughout the profile Texture of fine-earth fraction—stratified sandy, Other characteristics: None or few mica flakes silty, or clayey material or gravelly sediments throughout the profile A horizon: Jeffrey Series Hue—10YR Value—2 or 3 Depth class: Moderately deep Chroma—2 or 3 Drainage class: Well drained Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy Slope range: Moderately steep to very steep (15 to 50 loam percent) Landscape position: Tops and sides of mountain Bw horizon: ridges Hue—10YR Parent material: Residuum from metasedimentary Value—4 or 5 rocks Chroma—3 to 6 114 Soil Survey

Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, fine Other characteristics: In some pedons, a discontinuity sandy loam, or loam below the control section that has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 5 to 8 and is R layer: loam, clay loam, or clay in the fine-earth fraction Bedrock—hard, unweathered quartzite or metasandstone A horizon: Hue—10YR Value—3 or 4 Keener Series Chroma—2 to 4 Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy Depth class: Very deep loam Drainage class: Well drained Slope range: Sloping to very steep (5 to 50 percent) BA horizon (if it occurs): Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, colluvial Hue—7.5YR or 10YR fans, and mountain coves Value—4 to 6 Parent material: Colluvium from metasedimentary Chroma—4 or 6 rocks Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy loam Typical Pedon Bt horizon: Keener loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes; about 1,100 Hue—7.5YR or 10YR feet south and 3 degrees west from where Cross Value—5 or 6 Mountain Road intersects the Forest Service road to Chroma—6 or 8 Shady Gap: Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, clay loam, or A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy clay loam loam; weak medium granular structure; very BC horizon (if it occurs): friable; many fine and medium roots; 15 percent Hue—7.5YR or 10YR gravel and cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt irregular Value—5 or 6 boundary. Chroma—6 or 8 BA—2 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, clay loam, or weak fine granular structure; very friable; many sandy clay loam fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt1—7 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Lonon Series friable; common fine and medium and few coarse Depth class: Very deep roots; common fine and medium pores; few faint Drainage class: Well drained clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear Slope range: Moderately steep and steep (12 to 35 smooth boundary. percent) Bt2—23 to 45 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay Landscape position: Benches, footslopes, and loam; moderate medium subangular blocky toeslopes structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; Parent material: Colluvium weathered from common fine and medium pores; few faint clay metasedimentary rocks films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical Pedon BC—45 to 63 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very Lonon loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes; off State Route cobbly loam; weak fine subangular blocky 133 in the Sutherland Community, about 1,000 feet structure; friable; 50 percent cobbles and gravel; north and 65 degrees east from the north end of a strongly acid. tunnel at Backbone Rock: Range in Characteristics A—0 to 2 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches granular structure; very friable; many fine and Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent in the A medium and few coarse roots; strongly acid; clear horizon, 0 to 30 percent in the Bt horizon, and 10 smooth boundary. to 50 percent in the BC horizon BA—2 to 6 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid moderate medium granular structure; very friable; Johnson County, Tennessee 115

many fine, medium, and coarse roots; strongly Value—4 to 6 acid; gradual smooth boundary. Chroma—4 to 8 Bt1—6 to 14 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) loam; Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, clay loam, or weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; sandy clay loam many fine, medium, and coarse roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Maymead Series Bt2—14 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Very deep friable; few fine and medium roots; many fine and Drainage class: Well drained medium pores; few faint clay films on faces of Slope range: Steep and very steep (20 to 50 percent) peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Landscape position: Mountain coves, footslopes, and Bt3—29 to 50 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay benches loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Parent material: Colluvium from metasedimentary structure; friable; common fine and medium pores; rocks common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly Typical Pedon acid; clear smooth boundary. BC—50 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) loam; common Maymead loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes; along medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) Morgan Branch, about 4,100 feet south and 51 and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; massive; degrees east from where Old Draft Road intersects friable; strongly acid. Draught Creek Road: Range in Characteristics Oi—0 to 2 inches; partially decomposed forest litter. A—2 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches fine granular structure; very friable; many fine, Content and size of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent in medium, and coarse roots; 15 percent gravel; the upper 40 inches and 0 to 60 percent below a moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. depth of 40 inches; content and size of fragments BA—4 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) typically increase as depth increases loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid, many fine and medium and few coarse roots; 15 except in limed areas percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth A or Ap horizon: boundary. Hue—5YR to 10YR Bw1—8 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam; Value—2 to 5 weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; Chroma—2 to 4 many fine and medium and few coarse roots; Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy common fine and medium pores; 15 percent loam gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Other features—where both value and chroma are Bw2—18 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) 3 or less, the horizon is less than 7 inches thick gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium and BA horizon (if it occurs): few coarse roots; 25 percent gravel; strongly acid; Hue—5YR to 10YR gradual smooth boundary. Value—4 or 5 Bw3—28 to 38 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Chroma—4 or 6 gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy structure; friable; common fine and medium and loam few coarse roots; 30 percent gravel and cobbles; Bt horizon: strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Hue—2.5YR or 5YR C—38 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Value—4 to 6 extremely gravelly loam; massive; very friable; 65 Chroma—4 to 8 percent gravel and cobbles; strongly acid. Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam Range in Characteristics BC horizon (if it occurs): Depth to bedrock: More than 40 inches Hue—2.5YR or 5YR Content of rock fragments: 15 to 30 percent in the A 116 Soil Survey

and Bw horizons and 30 to 70 percent in the C very stony sandy loam; weak medium granular horizon structure; very friable; many fine and medium and Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid few coarse roots; 40 percent stones, cobbles, and gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. A horizon: Bw1—5 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very Hue—10YR stony sandy loam; weak medium subangular Value—4 or 5 blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium Chroma—2 or 3 and few coarse roots; 50 percent stones, cobbles, Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy and gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth loam, or sandy loam boundary. BA horizon (if it occurs): Bw2—13 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Hue—7.5YR or 10YR very stony sandy loam; weak medium subangular Value—4 or 5 blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium Chroma—3 or 4 roots; 55 percent stones, cobbles, and gravel; Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. loam, or sandy loam Bw3—24 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) extremely stony sandy loam; weak fine subangular Bw horizon: blocky structure; very friable; few fine and medium Hue—7.5YR or 10YR roots; 70 percent stones, cobbles, and gravel; Value—4 or 5 strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—4 or 6 C—38 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy extremely cobbly sandy loam; massive; very loam, or sandy loam friable; few fine roots; 75 percent cobbles, gravel, C horizon: and stones; strongly acid. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Range in Characteristics Value—4 or 5 Chroma—4 or 6 Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Content and size of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent loam, or sandy loam in the A and Bw horizons and and 35 to 80 percent in the C horizon; size ranges from gravel or channers to boulders Northcove Series Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Depth class: Very deep A horizon: Drainage class: Well drained Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Slope range: Very steep and extremely steep (35 to 80 Value—2 to 5 percent) Chroma—2 to 4 Landscape position: Mountain coves, footslopes, and Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy benches loam, or sandy loam Parent material: Colluvium from metasedimentary BA horizon (if it occurs): rocks Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Typical Pedon Value—4 to 6 Chroma—3 to 8 Northcove very stony sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy slopes; in the Sutherland Community, along Reservoir loam, or sandy loam Branch, about 3,700 feet north and 82 degrees east from the north side of the Backbone Rock tunnel: Bw horizon: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Oi—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed forest litter. Value—4 to 6 A—1 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very stony Chroma—3 to 8 sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; 40 loam, or sandy loam percent stones, cobbles, and gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. C horizon: BA—2 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Johnson County, Tennessee 117

Value—4 to 6 Value—3 to 5 Chroma—3 to 8 Chroma—2 to 6 Texture of fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam, Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam sandy loam, or loamy sand Bt horizon: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Pigeonroost Series Value—4 to 6 Chroma—4 to 8 Depth class: Moderately deep Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy clay loam, Drainage class: Well drained loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Slope range: Sloping to very steep (7 to 55 percent) BC horizon (if it occurs): Landscape position: Summits, shoulders, and Hue—7.5YR or 10YR backslopes Value—4 to 6 Parent material: Residuum derived from gneiss, schist, Chroma—4 to 8 and granite Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy clay loam, Typical Pedon loam, or clay loam Pigeonroost loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes; about 2.25 Cr layer: miles southeast of Providence, Virginia, approximately Bedrock—weathered gneiss bedrock that can be 0.45 mile northeast of the intersection of Highways removed with difficulty using hand tools VA-637 and VA-636, approximately 0.9 mile northwest of the intersection of Highways VA-637 and VA-631. (This pedon is in Grayson County, Virginia, where Pineola Series Pigeonroost soils occur extensively. It is in a surface Depth class: Moderately deep texture phase and a slope phase not recognized in Drainage class: Well drained Johnson County. The extent of this soil type in Slope range: Very steep and extremely steep (35 to 55 Johnson County is limited to a small area adjoining percent) Virginia. Data from the soil survey of Grayson County Landscape position: Summits, shoulders, and were used to represent Pigeonroost soils in Johnson backslopes County.) Parent material: Residuum from metasedimentary A—0 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) rocks, such as metasandstone, metagraywacke, loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many and phyllite very fine and fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt Typical Pedon smooth boundary. Bt—5 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay Pineola loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes; about 2.15 loam; moderate medium subangular blocky miles southwest of Whitetop, Virginia, approximately structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; 2.1 miles southwest of the intersection of Highways common distinct clay films on faces of peds; very VA-755 and VA-726, about 0.83 mile northeast of the strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. North Carolina corner. (This pedon is in Grayson BC—24 to 37 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy County, Virginia, where Pineola soils occur extensively. loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; It is in a slope phase not recognized in Johnson friable; few very fine roots; very strongly acid; County. The extent of this soil type in Johnson County abrupt wavy boundary. is limited to a small area adjoining Virginia. Data from Cr—37 to 45 inches; weathered gneiss bedrock. the soil survey of Grayson County were used to represent Pineola soils in Johnson County.) Range in Characteristics A—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; more than 60 inches to hard bedrock many fine and common medium roots; 10 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent in the A gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. and Bt horizons and 0 to 15 percent in the BC BA—10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak horizon medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid fine and few medium roots; 10 percent gravel; A horizon: strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Bt—15 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay 118 Soil Survey

loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; rocks and affected by soil creep in the upper part friable; common fine and few medium roots; on the steeper slopes common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 15 Typical Pedon percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. C—26 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Porters stony loam, 25 to 65 percent slopes; 3 miles gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; 25 percent northwest of Todd on Old Field Ball Mountain, on the gravel; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. east side of a private road. (This pedon is in Ashe Cr—29 to 45 inches; weathered metagraywacke. County, North Carolina, where Porters soils occur extensively. The extent of this soil type in Johnson Range in Characteristics County is limited to areas adjoining North Carolina. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and Data from the soil surveys of Ashe and Watauga more than 60 inches to hard bedrock Counties, North Carolina, were used to represent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent in the A Porters soils in Johnson County.) and Bt horizons and 0 to 50 percent in the C A1—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) horizon stony loam; moderate medium granular structure; Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid very friable; many fine roots; few fine mica flakes; A horizon: 20 percent stones, gravel, and cobbles; strongly Hue—7.5YR or 10YR acid; clear smooth boundary. Value—2 or 3 A2—7 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) stony Chroma—1 to 4 loam; weak medium granular structure; very Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam friable; common fine roots; few fine mica flakes; 20 percent stones, gravel, and cobbles; strongly acid; BA horizon (if it occurs): clear smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR BA—11 to 18 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) stony loam; Value—4 or 5 weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Chroma—3 or 4 few fine roots; few fine mica flakes; 25 percent Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam gravel, cobbles, and stones; moderately acid; clear Bt horizon: smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Bw—18 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) stony Value—4 to 6 loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Chroma—4 to 8 friable; few fine mica flakes; 20 percent gravel, Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy clay loam, cobbles, and stones; moderately acid; clear loam, or clay loam smooth boundary. BC—30 to 35 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) stony loam; C horizon: weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR few fine mica flakes; 35 percent gravel, cobbles, Value—3 to 8 and stones; moderately acid; gradual wavy Chroma—1 to 8 boundary. Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, fine C—35 to 42 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR sandy loam, or loam 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) saprolite that Cr layer: crushes to very gravelly loam; massive; friable; few Bedrock—weathered metagraywacke that can be fine mica flakes; moderately acid. removed with difficulty using hand tools R—42 inches; gneiss bedrock. Range in Characteristics Porters Series Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Content and size of rock fragments: Commonly 0 to 15 Depth class: Deep percent but can range to as much as 35 percent; Drainage class: Well drained gravel, cobbles, or stones Slope range: Moderately steep to extremely steep (15 Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid to 65 percent) Other characteristics: Few or common mica flakes in Landscape position: Mountain ridges and side slopes the A and B horizons and few to many mica flakes Parent material: Residuum weathered from crystalline in the C horizon Johnson County, Tennessee 119

A or Ap horizon: this soil type in Johnson County is limited to areas Hue—7.5YR or 10YR adjoining North Carolina. Data from the soil survey of Value—2 or 3 Watauga County were used to represent Saunook Chroma—1 to 4 soils in Johnson County.) Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak loam, or sandy loam medium granular structure; friable; abundant fine BA horizon (if it occurs): roots; common fine mica flakes; strongly acid; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR abrupt wavy boundary. Value—4 or 5 Bt—8 to 35 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Chroma—4 or 6 loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy friable; few fine roots; common fine mica flakes; loam, or sandy loam strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. BC—35 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine Bw horizon: sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky Hue—7.5YR or 10YR structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine mica Value—4 to 6 flakes; very strongly acid. Chroma—3 to 8 Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Range in Characteristics loam, or sandy loam Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches BC horizon (if it occurs): Content of rock fragments: As much as 35 percent in Hue—7.5YR or 10YR the A and Bt horizons and as much as 60 percent Value—4 to 6 in the substratum Chroma—3 to 8 Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in the Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy A horizon, unless limed, and very strongly acid to loam, or sandy loam slightly acid in the B and C horizons Other characteristics: Few or common mica flakes C horizon: throughout the profile Color—variable; commonly multicolored; may be similar to the B horizon Ap or A horizon: Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Hue—7.5YR or 10YR loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand saprolite Value—2 or 3 Chroma—2 to 4 R layer: Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Bedrock—hard crystalline bedrock, such as loam, or sandy loam granite or gneiss Bt horizon: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Saunook Series Value—4 to 6 Chroma—4 to 8 Depth class: Very deep Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, clay loam, or Drainage class: Well drained sandy clay loam Slope range: Sloping and moderately steep (8 to 15 BC horizon (if it occurs): percent) Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Landscape position: Benches and footslopes Value—4 to 6 Parent material: Colluvium derived from crystalline Chroma—4 to 8 rocks Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy Typical Pedon loam Saunook loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes; 6.9 miles east of Boone on U.S. Highway 421, about 2.8 miles Shelocta Series northwest on Secondary Road 1359, about 0.2 mile northwest on Secondary Road 1100, about 800 feet Depth class: Very deep southwest on a farm road, 400 feet south of the road. Drainage class: Well drained (This pedon is in Watauga County, North Carolina, Slope range: Gently sloping to very steep (5 to 50 where Saunook soils occur extensively. The extent of percent) 120 Soil Survey

Landscape position: Mountain coves, footslopes, and A horizon: benches Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Parent material: Mixed colluvium from Value—3 or 4 metasedimentary rocks Chroma—1 to 3 Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam Typical Pedon BE horizon (if it occurs): Shelocta silt loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes; from State Hue—10YR to 2.5Y Route 67 in the Doeville Community, turn on Old Value—4 to 6 Stage Road, turn on Campbell Hollow Road, about 1 Chroma—4 to 8 mile on the road to its intersection with Arnold Hollow Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam Road, about 3,300 feet south and 77 degrees west of the intersection: Bt horizon: Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y Oi—0 to 2 inches; partially decomposed forest litter. Value—4 to 6 A—2 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak Chroma—4 to 8 fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and Texture of fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam or silt medium roots; 5 percent channers; strongly acid; loam clear smooth boundary. BE—4 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt BC horizon (if it occurs): loam; weak fine subangular blocky and weak Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y medium granular structure; friable; common fine Value—4 to 6 and medium and few coarse roots; many fine and Chroma—4 to 8 medium pores; 10 percent channers; strongly acid; Texture of fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam or silt gradual smooth boundary. loam Bt1—12 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak medium granular; common Soco Series medium and coarse roots; many fine and medium Depth class: Moderately deep pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 10 Drainage class: Well drained percent channers; strongly acid; gradual smooth Slope range: Steep to extremely steep (20 to 80 boundary. percent) Bt2—26 to 40 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty Landscape position: Mountain ridge crests and side clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky slopes structure; friable; common medium and coarse Parent material: Residuum from metasedimentary roots; many fine and medium pores; few faint clay rocks films on faces of peds; 15 percent channers; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Bt3—40 to 47 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty Soco fine sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes; from clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky State Route 133, about 2.9 miles on Birch Branch structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; Road, 600 feet west of the road: common fine and medium pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent channers; Oi—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed forest litter. strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. A—1 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine BC—47 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very channery silt loam; weak medium subangular friable; many fine and medium and few coarse blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth roots; 20 percent channers; strongly acid. boundary. Bw1—4 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Range in Characteristics loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Depth to bedrock: More than 48 inches friable; common fine and medium and few coarse Content of rock fragments: 2 to 35 percent in the A roots; many fine and medium pores; 5 percent horizon and 5 to 60 percent in subhorizons of the gravel; very strongly acid; gradual smooth Bt horizon boundary. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except in Bw2—15 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) limed areas loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Johnson County, Tennessee 121

friable; few fine and medium roots; many fine and Typical Pedon medium pores; 10 percent gravel; very strongly Statler loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes; from State Route acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 67, take Doe Creek Road to Roan Creek Road, turn BC—24 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine left and go 1.5 miles, 375 feet north of the road: sandy loam; massive; very friable; 10 percent gravel and cobbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak boundary. fine granular structure; very friable; many very fine Cr—30 to 45 inches; partially weathered and fine roots; common very fine pores; 5 percent metasandstone that can be removed with difficulty gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. using hand tools. BA—7 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak medium granular structure; very Range in Characteristics friable; common very fine and fine roots; common fine and medium pores; 5 percent gravel; Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to weathered moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. bedrock and more than 40 inches to hard bedrock Bt—10 to 22 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent throughout clay loam; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR the profile 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid structure; very friable; common fine and medium A horizon: roots; common fine and medium pores; few faint Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; Value—2 to 5 strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—2 to 6 BC—22 to 27 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam; Texture of fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam or weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very loam friable; common fine and medium roots; common Other features—where both value and chroma fine and medium pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly are 3 or less, the horizon is less than 7 inches acid; gradual smooth boundary. thick C—27 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) gravelly fine sandy loam; massive; very friable; Bw horizon: common fine pores; 25 percent gravel; very Hue—5YR to 2.5Y strongly acid. Value—4 to 6 Chroma—3 to 8 Range in Characteristics Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches loam, or sandy loam Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent in the A BC horizon (if it occurs): and Bt horizons and 0 to 30 percent in the C Hue—7.5YR to 10YR horizon Value—4 to 6 Soil reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid, except Chroma—3 to 8 in limed areas Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy A or Ap horizon: loam, or sandy loam Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Cr layer: Value—2 or 3 Bedrock—multicolored weathered bedrock that is Chroma—2 to 4 partly consolidated but can be removed with Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy difficulty using hand tools loam BA horizon (if it occurs): Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Statler Series Value—4 or 5 Chroma—3 or 4 Depth class: Very deep Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy Drainage class: Well drained loam Slope range: Nearly level and gently sloping (1 to 4 percent) Bt horizon: Landscape position: Low stream terraces Hue—5YR to 10YR Parent material: Mixed alluvium Value—4 to 6 122 Soil Survey

Chroma—3 to 8 70 percent channers; strongly acid; clear wavy Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy clay loam, boundary. clay loam, or loam R—27 inches; hard phyllite bedrock. Other features—in some pedons, the lower part of Range in Characteristics the horizon has mottles in shades of brown, yellow, or gray Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Content of rock fragments: 15 to 45 percent in the A BC horizon (if it occurs): and Bw horizons and 40 to 70 percent in the C Hue—5YR to 10YR horizon Value—4 to 6 Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Chroma—3 to 8 Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy clay loam, A horizon: clay loam, or loam Hue—10YR Value—3 or 4 C horizon: Chroma—2 to 4 Hue—5YR to 10YR Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam Value—4 to 6 Chroma—3 to 8 Bw horizon: Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy clay loam, Hue—7.5YR or 10YR clay loam, or loam Value—3 to 5 Chroma—3 to 6 Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, or Sylco Series silty clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep C horizon: Drainage class: Well drained Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Slope range: Very steep and extremely steep (35 to 55 Value—3 to 5 percent) Chroma—3 to 6 Landscape position: Shoulders and backslopes Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, or Parent material: Residuum weathered from phyllite silty clay loam and metasandstone R layer: Typical Pedon Bedrock—hard phyllite Sylco channery silt loam in an area of Sylco-Sylvatus complex, 7 to 15 percent slopes; about 3.5 miles southeast of Cripple Creek, Virginia, approximately 2.0 Sylvatus Series miles west of the intersection of Highways VA-602 and Depth class: Shallow VA-738, approximately 0.2 mile north of Cold Springs Drainage class: Well drained Church and cemetery. (This pedon is in Grayson Slope range: Very steep and steep (35 to 55 percent) County, Virginia, where Sylco soils occur extensively. It Landscape position: Shoulders and backslopes is in a slope phase not recognized in Johnson County. Parent material: Residuum weathered from phyllite The extent of this soil type in Johnson County is and metasandstone limited to a small area adjoining Virginia. Data from the soil survey of Grayson County were used to represent Typical Pedon Sylco soils in Johnson County.) Sylvatus channery silt loam in an area of Sylco- A—0 to 4 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Sylvatus complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes; about 3.0 channery silt loam; weak medium granular miles southeast of Cripple Creek, Virginia, structure; friable; many very fine roots; 20 percent approximately 0.7 mile east of the intersection of channers; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Highways VA-602 and VA-653, approximately 2 miles Bw—4 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very channery west of Faith Church. (This pedon is in Grayson silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; County, Virginia, where Sylvatus soils occur friable; common very fine roots; 45 percent extensively. It is in a slope phase not recognized in channers; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Johnson County. The extent of this soil type in C—22 to 27 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) extremely Johnson County is limited to a small area adjoining channery silt loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; Virginia. Data from the soil survey of Grayson County Johnson County, Tennessee 123

were used to represent Sylvatus soils in Johnson Landscape position: Mountain coves, benches, and County.) footslopes Parent material: Colluvium weathered from crystalline A—0 to 2 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) rocks channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure; Typical Pedon friable; many fine and very fine roots; 20 percent channers; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth Tusquitee loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes; 0.6 mile east boundary. of Clifton, 0.3 mile south of North Carolina Highway 88 Bw—2 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very on State Road 1128, about 200 yards southeast of the channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky road. (This pedon is in Ashe County, North Carolina, structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; where Tusquitee soils occur extensively. The extent of 50 percent channers; very strongly acid; clear this soil type in Johnson County is limited to areas smooth boundary. adjoining North Carolina. Data from the soil survey of C—11 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Ashe County were used to represent Tusquitee soils in extremely channery silt loam; weak fine Johnson County.) subangular blocky structure; friable; 70 percent Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; channers; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. weak medium granular structure; very friable; R—16 inches; hard phyllite bedrock. many fine and medium roots; 5 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Range in Characteristics BA—10 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 15 to 75 percent in the A friable; few fine roots; few fine mica flakes; 5 and Bw horizons and 45 to 90 percent in the C percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth horizon boundary. Soil reaction: Extremely acid or very strongly acid Bw—18 to 42 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; A horizon: few fine and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; 5 Hue—10YR percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth Value—2 to 5 boundary. Chroma—1 to 4 BC—42 to 56 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam common fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) Bw horizon: mottles; weak medium subangular blocky Hue—7.5YR or 10YR structure; friable; few fine mica flakes; 10 percent Value—5 or 6 cobbles; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Chroma—4 to 8 2C—56 to 60 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, silty 5/6) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly fine clay loam, or clay loam sandy loam; massive; friable; 30 percent cobbles; strongly acid. C horizon: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Range in Characteristics Value—3 to 6 Chroma—1 to 8 Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Texture of fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, silty Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent above a clay loam, or clay loam depth of 40 inches and 0 to 60 percent below a depth of 40 inches R layer: Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid Bedrock—hard phyllite Other characteristics: Few or common mica flakes

Tusquitee Series A or Ap horizon: Hue—5YR to 10YR Depth class: Very deep Value—2 or 3 Drainage class: Well drained Chroma—1 to 4 Slope range: Sloping and moderately steep (8 to 15 Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy percent) loam 124 Soil Survey

BA horizon (if it occurs): cobbly sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky Hue—5YR to 10YR structure; very friable; common fine, medium, and Value—4 coarse roots; 50 percent cobbles and gravel; Chroma—4 or 6 strongly acid; abrupt clear boundary. Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam or fine sandy R—15 inches; hard metasandstone. loam Range in Characteristics Bw horizon: Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches Hue—5YR to 10YR Content of rock fragments: Averages between 35 and Value—4 to 6 65 percent Chroma—3 to 8 Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam A horizon: Hue—10YR BC horizon (if it occurs): Value—3 to 6 Hue—5YR to 10YR Chroma—1 to 4 Value—4 to 6 Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, fine Chroma—3 to 8 sandy loam, or loam Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam BE horizon (if it occurs): Hue—7.5YR or 10YR C horizon: Value—4 or 5 Color—similar to the B horizon or mottled or Chroma—3 or 4 multicolored Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, fine Texture of fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam sandy loam, loam, or loamy sand Bw horizon: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Unicoi Series Value—4 to 6 Chroma—3 to 8 Depth class: Shallow Texture of fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, fine Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained sandy loam, or loam Slope range: Extremely steep (50 to 95 percent) Landscape position: Side slopes of mountain ridges R layer: Parent material: Residuum from metasedimentary Bedrock—hard metasandstone rocks Typical Pedon Wayah Series Unicoi very cobbly sandy loam in an area of Unicoi- Depth class: Very deep Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 80 percent slopes; 800 Drainage class: Well drained feet south and 40 degrees east from McQueen Knob Slope range: Moderately steep and steep (15 to 30 Lookout: percent) Oe—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed forest litter. Landscape position: Ridge crests at high mountain Oa—1 to 2 inches; highly decomposed litter in a elevations fibrous root mat. Parent material: Residuum weathered from crystalline A—2 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) rocks very cobbly sandy loam; weak fine granular Typical Pedon structure; very friable; many fine and medium and few coarse roots; 40 percent cobbles and gravel; Wayah loam in an area of Burton-Wayah complex, strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. windswept, 30 to 60 percent slopes, stony; 10.7 miles BE—3 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly northeast of Boone on North Carolina Highway 194, sandy loam; weak fine and medium granular about 1.0 mile northwest on Secondary Road 1346, structure; very friable; many fine and medium and about 2.3 miles northwest on a farm road, 1,400 feet few coarse roots; 40 percent cobbles and gravel; northwest on another farm road, 100 feet northeast of strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. the road, in a wooded area of pasture. (This pedon is Bw—7 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very in Watauga County, North Carolina, where Wayah soils Johnson County, Tennessee 125

occur extensively. It is in a slope unit not recognized in the A horizon and 0 to 35 percent in the B and C Johnson County. The extent of this soil type in horizons; gravel, cobbles, or stones Johnson County is limited to areas adjoining North Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Carolina. Data from the soil survey of Watauga County throughout the profile were used to represent Wayah soils in Johnson Other characteristics: Few or common mica flakes in County.) the A and B horizons and few to many mica flakes in the C horizon A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; common A horizon: fine roots; few fine mica flakes; very strongly acid; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR clear wavy boundary. Value—2 or 3 A2—6 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; Chroma—1 to 3 weak medium granular structure; friable; common Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy fine roots; common fine mica flakes; very strongly loam, or sandy loam acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Bw—12 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Bw horizon: sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine mica Value—4 to 6 flakes; 5 percent gravel and cobbles; very strongly Chroma—3 to 8 acid; clear wavy boundary. Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy C—24 to 61 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loamy loam, or sandy loam sand saprolite; common streaks of black and white minerals; massive; friable; common fine mica C horizon: flakes; 5 percent gravel and cobbles; strongly acid. Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y Value—4 to 6 Range in Characteristics Chroma—3 to 8 Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Texture of fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy Content and size of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent in loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand

127

References

(1) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

(2) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(3) United States Department of Agriculture. 1956. Soil survey of Johnson County, Tennessee.

(4) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(5) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1992. Keys to soil taxonomy. 5th ed. Soil Surv. Staff, Soil Manage. Support Serv. Tech. Monogr. 19.

(6) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

129

Glossary

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from element of many hillsides. Backslopes in profile the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is are commonly steep, are linear, and may or may similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a not include cliff segments. poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in Base saturation. The degree to which material having carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. cation-exchange properties is saturated with Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as expressed as a percentage of the total cation- granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods exchange capacity. are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary or marine sediment. stream near or at its junction with its main stream. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at deposited on land by streams. the surface. Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where required by one mature cow of approximately the configuration and relief of the landforms are 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 determined or strongly influenced by the month. underlying bedrock. Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic which consists of an illuvial horizon and the features. overlying eluvial horizons. Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, after the removal of soil for construction and other subject to flooding. uses. Revegetation and erosion control are Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 extremely difficult. centimeters) in diameter. Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above an accumulation of illuvial clay. the ground surface; the point on a tree where Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. Available water capacity (available moisture Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water biological methods to make conditions favorable available for use by most plants. It is commonly for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition defined as the difference between the amount of from woody vegetation and thus allow understory soil water at field moisture capacity and the grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed increases forage production and thus reduces the as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for inches, in a 40-inch profile or to a limiting layer is some species of wildlife. expressed as: Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a Very low ...... 0 to 2 inches nearby central area for transport to a processing Low ...... 2 to 4 inches facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of Moderate ...... 4 to 6 inches a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement High ...... more than 6 inches similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees Backslope. The geomorphic component that forms generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or the steepest inclined surface and principal the entire log is suspended. 130 Soil Survey

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil moved by creep, slide, or local wash and particles and in tiny spaces between particles. deposited at the base of steep slopes. Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning capillary water in the soil. or establishing terraces, diversions, and other Catena. A sequence of soils on a landscape that water-control structures on a complex slope is formed in similar kinds of parent material but have difficult. different characteristics as a result of differences Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil in relief and drainage. or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. or so small in area that it is not practical to map The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, them separately at the selected scale of mapping. magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. The pattern and proportion of the soils or Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, areas. expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some volume of soft soil under load. other stated pH value. The term, as applied to Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a but is more precise in meaning. plane that typically takes the form of concentric Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as compounds making up concretions. If formed in much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. oxide are generally considered a type of Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation redoximorphic concentration. through the use of chemicals. Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or combination with needed cultural and more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen management practices. In a good conservation hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal cropping system, the soil-improving crops and plow depth. practices more than offset the effects of the soil- Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, practices in a conservation cropping system less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 include the use of rotations that contain grasses percent silt. and legumes and the return of crop residue to the Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low soil. Other practices include the use of green content of iron, manganese, and clay because of manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper the chemical reduction of iron and manganese tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A control. type of redoximorphic depletion. Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 resistance of soil material to rupture and to centimeters) in diameter. penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 puddled soil material; and the manner in which the percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded soil material behaves when subject to rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 compression. Terms describing consistence are centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” is 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that extremely cobbly soil material is more than 60 follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing percent. Johnson County, Tennessee 131

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the crops or summer fallow. surface for the specified use. Control section. The part of the soil on which Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly classification is based. The thickness varies determined by and approximately conforming to among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that the dip of the underlying bedrock. part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, and 40 or 80 inches. generally a terrace, built to protect downslope Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. action that dissolves or weakens concrete or Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and uncoated steel. duration of wet periods under conditions similar to Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to those under which the soil formed. Alterations of improve and protect the soil between periods of the water regime by human activities, through regular crop production, or a crop grown between either drainage or irrigation, are not a trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. consideration unless they have significantly Cropping system. Growing crops according to a changed the morphology of the soil. Seven planned system of rotation and management classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— practices. excessively drained, somewhat excessively Crop residue management. Returning crop residue drained, well drained, moderately well drained, to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and organic matter content, and fertility and helps to very poorly drained. These classes are defined in control erosion. the “Soil Survey Manual.” Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, farming operations on sloping farmland in such a from an area. way that tillage is across the general slope. Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the or colloidal suspension from one place to another living branches and their foliage. within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material Crystalline rock. A term describing both igneous and through eluviation are eluvial; those that have metamorphic rocks such as granite, gneiss, or received material are illuvial. schist. Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). which all horizons between the upper boundary of The average annual increase per acre in the saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a volume of the stand by its age. As the stand perched water table in a soil in which saturated increases in age, the mean annual increment layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated continues to increase until mortality begins to layers within 2 meters of the surface. reduce the rate of increase. The point where the Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by is called the culmination of the mean annual such processes as gravitational creep. increment. Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations processes acting over long geologic periods and tend to cave in or slough. resulting in the wearing away of mountains and Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting the building up of such landscape features as grazing land for a prescribed period. flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that erosion. has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human digging and can affect filling and compacting. or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over such as a fire, that exposes the surface. bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; or cliff breaking the general continuity of more moderately deep soils, 20 to 40 inches; shallow gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from soils, 10 to 20 inches; and very shallow soils, less erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. than 10 inches. Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the 132 Soil Survey

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged by or sand for construction purposes. use or disturbance. Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in productivity through accumulation of moisture. porosity and content of organic matter and low or Summer fallow is common in regions of limited moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. tilled for at least one growing season for weed When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher control and decomposition of plant residue. bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under into the soil. pressure rather than to deform slowly. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper moisture. Frost action can damage roads, balance, for the growth of specified plants when buildings and other structures, and plant roots. light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers factors are favorable. especially to the processes or soil-forming factors Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a responsible for the formation of the solum, or true soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 resulting in the reduction of iron and other days after a soaking rain; also called normal field elements in the profile and in gray colors. capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed capacity. waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated grass as protection against erosion. Conducts soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the surface water away from cropland. downhill side of the road. Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 Firebreak. An area cleared of flammable material to centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a stop or help control creeping or running fires. It pebble. also serves as a line from which to work and to Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 facilitate the movement of firefighters and percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock equipment. Designated roads also serve as fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as firebreaks. 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving subject to frequent or occasional flooding. crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, of maturity or soon after maturity. slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of 38 centimeters) long. the material below the water table. Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by stream and is subject to flooding unless protected running water and through which water ordinarily artificially. runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is action, as a fluvial plain. an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. tillage. Footslope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. except by blasting or by the use of special Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants equipment that is not commonly used in (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. construction. Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or and development because of given physical and layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey biological factors by which it may be differentiated and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium from other stands. carbonate, or other substance. Johnson County, Tennessee 133

High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. from these crops can be used to control erosion Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable until the next crop in the rotation is established. part of the organic matter in mineral soils. These crops return large amounts of organic Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped matter to the soil. according to their runoff potential. The soil Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as properties that influence this potential are those much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on commonly of limited summit area and having a a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting well defined outline; hillsides generally have when the soil is not frozen. These properties are slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction depth to a seasonal high water table, the between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged dependent on local usage. wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not the surface, having distinct characteristics considered but are separate factors in predicting produced by soil-forming processes. In the runoff. identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a represents the major horizons. Numbers or molten or partially molten state. Major varieties lowercase letters that follow represent include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation andesite, basalt, and granite. of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, follows: material is removed from an upper horizon and O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and deposited in a lower horizon. decaying plant residue. Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is surface in which an accumulation of humified absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was immediate surface of soil or other material, as originally part of a B horizon. contrasted with percolation, which is movement of E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main water through soil layers or material. feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which some combination of these. water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A conditions. horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates transition from the overlying A to the underlying C the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; rate at which water is applied at the surface. (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soil browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate; a combination of these. the rate decreases with application time. C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected constant but is a variable depending on the net by soil-forming processes and does not have the irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in properties typical of the overlying soil material. inches per hour, is expressed as follows: The material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike that in which the solum formed. If the Less than 0.2 ...... very low material is known to differ from that in the solum, 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low letter C. 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high the soil. 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. More than 2.5 ...... very high 134 Soil Survey

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, mineralogical composition, chemical composition, that flows for prolonged periods only when it or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. receives ground-water discharge or long, Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. continued contributions from melting snow or other Metasedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock such as surface and shallow subsurface sources. shale, siltstone, or sandstone that has been Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low slightly altered by metamorphic processes such content of iron and manganese oxide because of as heat and pressure. Such rocks retain much of chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay their original appearance and physical properties content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A but have altered mineralogical characteristics. type of redoximorphic depletion. Examples are metasandstone and arkose. Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and production of crops. low in organic material. Its bulk density is more Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by than that of organic soil. limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop forming numerous depressions or small basins. production and prevention of soil damage. Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no landforms. natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy soil and loose rock, generally when wet or loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. saturated. The speed and distance of movement, Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay as well as the amount of soil and rock material, loam, or silty clay loam. vary greatly. Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the adversely affect the specified use of the soil. upper part of the subsoil. Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, other material by percolating water. including the texture, structure, porosity, Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, passes from a plastic to a liquid state. and biological properties of the various horizons, Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay and the thickness and arrangement of those particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less horizons in the soil profile. than 52 percent sand particles. Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from follows: abundance—few, common, and many; these crops is not adequate to control erosion until size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— the next crop in the rotation is established. These faint, distinct, and prominent. The size crops return little organic matter to the soil. measurements are of the diameter along the Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 support loads. millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). with the surrounding soil material and cannot be Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding making up masses are calcium carbonate, lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated or manganese oxide generally are considered a mass or in a group forming a chain or range. type of redoximorphic concentration. Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment of three simple variables hue, value, and chroma. for seeding, brush management, and other For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with management practices. hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4. Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. silt loam, or silt. (See Reaction, soil.) Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal Johnson County, Tennessee 135

structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch manganese oxide are common compounds Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch types of redoximorphic concentrations. Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and features that affect its use and management. For water. example, slope, stoniness, and flooding. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and various stages of decomposition. The content of alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) organic matter in the surface layer is described as Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or follows: pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent Plasticity index. The numerical difference between Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent moisture content within which the soil remains Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent plastic. High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent changes from semisolid to plastic. Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the below the plowed layer. movement of water and the growth of roots. For Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, depressions. Unless the soils are artificially and traffic pan. drained, the water can be removed only by Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and percolation or evapotranspiration. mineral material in which soil forms. Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a permeability, the soil may not adequately filter granule, a prism, or a block. effluent from a waste disposal system. Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse-grained soil or soil A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to material consisting mainly of particles of nearly permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from the same size. Because there is little difference in about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 size of the particles, density can be increased only square meters), depending on the variability of the slightly by compaction. soil. Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where Percolation. The downward movement of water surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult through the soil. or expensive to install. Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). through the soil adversely affects the specified Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content use. of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water no properties restricting the penetration of roots to or air to move downward through the profile. The this depth. rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil specific management purposes, under appropriate physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated conditions of weather and soil moisture, and at the hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil proper time of day. Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for the engineering profession and with traditional producing a specified plant or sequence of plants usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow under specific management. continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending describing permeability, measured in inches per through all its horizons and into the parent hour, are as follows: material. 136 Soil Survey

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that weathered or partly weathered mineral material maintains enough cover to protect the soil and that accumulated as consolidated rock maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the disintegrated in place. desirable vegetation. This practice increases the Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm necessary to conserve soil and water. machinery. Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH means during road construction. It is commonly on 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction the uphill side of the road. because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, values, are: pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Extremely acid ...... less than 4.4 Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 by plant roots. Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 channels from an area. The water that flows off the Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 surface of the land without sinking into the soil is Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 before reaching surface streams is called ground- Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, fragments ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist features resulting from the accumulation of iron or of quartz. As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 manganese oxide. An indication of chemical percent or more sand and not more than 10 reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. percent clay. Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly which iron and manganese oxide or a combination sand-sized particles. of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material underlying removed. These zones are indications of the the soil and grading to hard bedrock below. chemical reduction of iron resulting from Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive saturation. pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced into an unlined auger hole. matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha- Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal dipyridyl, and other features indicating the flood plain (or first bottom) of a river. chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles manganese compounds resulting from saturation. deposited from suspension in water. The chief Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; The chemical reduction results from nearly shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A sand is consolidated into sandstone. type of redoximorphic feature. Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the use. loose earth material above the solid rock. Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) considered collectively. Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, almost alike, except for differences in texture of Johnson County, Tennessee 137

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have units in this survey. This is done to facilitate joining horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, soil maps with adjacent survey areas. and arrangement. Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a practices are required to ensure satisfactory clay deposit. performance of the soil for a specific use. Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water soil material from the land surface by the action of into the soil. rainfall and surface runoff. Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 swelling can damage roads, dams, building inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones foundations, and other structures. It can also adversely affect the specified use of the soil. damage plant roots. Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and mineral form is called quartz. other equipment commonly used in construction. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine properties resulting from the integrated effect of sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil climate and living matter acting on earthy parent that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 material, as conditioned by relief over periods of percent clay. time. Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 silt-sized particles. millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic between specified size limits. The names and criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in and have similar conservation needs or the United States are as follows: management requirements for the major land uses Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 in the survey area. Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 limestone has been dissolved. Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 based on the height of the dominant stand at an Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average Clay ...... less than 0.002 height attained by dominant and codominant trees in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C 75 feet, the site index is 75. horizon, in which the processes of soil formation Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of wet. the material in these horizons are unlike those of Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the the material below the solum. The living roots and horizontal. Percent slope is vertical distance plant and animal activities are largely confined to divided by horizontal distance, then multiplied by the solum. 100. Thus, a 20 percent slope is a vertical change Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In this centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 survey, classes for simple slopes are as follows: inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent or 0 to 3 percent Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers Gently sloping ...... 2 to 5 percent that interfere with or prevent tillage. Sloping ...... 5 to 12 percent Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic Moderately steep ...... 12 to 20 percent arrangement of strips or bands that provide Steep ...... 20 to 35 percent vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water Very steep ...... 35 to 50 percent erosion. Extremely steep ...... more than 50 percent Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil particles into compound particles or aggregates. Other slope breaks are used for some of the map The principal forms of soil structure are—platy 138

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with that is too thin for the specified use. rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related and granular. Structureless soils are either to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling single grained (each grain by itself, as in dune emergence, and root penetration. sand) or massive (the particles adhering Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the base without any regular cleavage, as in many of a hill; part of a footslope. hardpans). Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily the solum below plow depth. rich in organic matter and is used to topdress Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, in extremely small amounts. They are essential to or EB) below the surface layer. plant growth. Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth banks of fill material. from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the “Ap horizon.” lowlands along streams. Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions areas that are excavated at an angle across a of these horizons. sloping road. They are used to reduce the Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed downward velocity of water and divert it off and across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight away from the road surface. Water bars can easily angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts be driven over if constructed properly. surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or Weathering. All physical and chemical changes flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the field generally is built so that the field can be earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage changes result in disintegration and has a deep channel that is maintained in decomposition of the material. permanent sod. Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat coarse-grained particles that are well distributed or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, normally can be easily increased in density and and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with textural classes, in order of increasing proportion poorly graded soil. of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam much that it does not recover when placed in a classes may be further divided by specifying humid, dark chamber. “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by the wind. 139

Tables 140 Soil Survey

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1951-88 at Bristol, Tennessee)

______|______Temperature | Precipitation | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | |______10 will have-- | Average | |______will have-- | Average |Aver- Month |Average|Average|Average| Maximum | Minimum |number of|Average| | |number of| age | daily | daily | | temp. | temp. | growing | | Less | More |days with|snow- |maximum|minimum| | higher | lower | degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch|fall ______| | | | than-- | than-- | days* | | | | or more | | o__F | __oF | __oF | o__F | o__F | Units_____ | In__ | In__ | In__ | | In__ | | | | | | | | | | | January--| 43.8 | 24.8 | 34.3 | 70 | -5 | 18 | 3.35 | 2.10| 4.47| 9 | 6.5 | | | | | | | | | | | February-| 48.5 | 27.5 | 38.0 | 74 | 2 | 24 | 3.47 | 2.07| 4.73| 8 | 5.1 | | | | | | | | | | | March----| 57.8 | 34.8 | 46.3 | 80 | 14 | 70 | 3.84 | 2.17| 5.31| 9 | 2.4 | | | | | | | | | | | April----| 68.0 | 43.6 | 55.8 | 86 | 25 | 194 | 3.39 | 1.90| 4.70| 8 | 0.6 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 76.2 | 52.4 | 64.3 | 89 | 34 | 443 | 3.65 | 2.12| 5.00| 8 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | June-----| 83.0 | 60.2 | 71.6 | 93 | 44 | 648 | 3.44 | 1.93| 4.76| 8 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | July-----| 85.5 | 64.3 | 74.9 | 95 | 52 | 772 | 4.31 | 2.40| 6.00| 8 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | August---| 85.0 | 63.3 | 74.2 | 95 | 50 | 750 | 3.18 | 1.85| 4.35| 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | September| 79.9 | 56.8 | 68.4 | 92 | 40 | 552 | 3.03 | 1.62| 4.26| 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | October--| 69.2 | 44.7 | 57.0 | 85 | 26 | 248 | 2.38 | 0.98| 3.56| 5 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | November-| 57.7 | 35.5 | 46.6 | 78 | 15 | 56 | 3.02 | 1.94| 4.00| 7 | 1.2 | | | | | | | | | | | December-| 48.1 | 28.5 | 38.3 | 73 | 5 | 21 | 3.38 | 1.92| 4.67| 8 | 2.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average| 66.9 | 44.7 | 55.8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme| --- | --- | --- | 97 | -7 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total--| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3,796 | 40.44 | 35.60| 45.14| 91 | 18.6 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F). Johnson County, Tennessee 141

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1951-88 at Bristol, Tennessee)

______| |______Temperature Probability | | | | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 7 | Apr. 17 | May 1 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 31 | Apr. 13 | Apr. 26 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 18 | Apr. 3 | Apr. 16 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 1 | Oct. 17 | Oct. 10 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 6 | Oct. 23 | Oct. 14 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 15 | Nov. 3 | Oct. 23 ______| | |

Table 3.—Growing Season

(Recorded for the period 1951-88 at Bristol, Tennessee)

______| Daily minimum temperature |______during growing season Probability | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than ______| 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 219 | 192 | 174 | | | 8 years in 10 | 227 | 199 | 179 | | | 5 years in 10 | 242 | 213 | 189 | | | 2 years in 10 | 257 | 227 | 198 | | | 1 year in 10 | 265 | 234 | 203 ______| | | 142 Soil Survey

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent symbol | | | ______| | | | | | AcF |Ashe-Cleveland-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 95 percent slopes, | | | extremely bouldery------| 726 | 0.4 AsE |Ashe gravelly fine sandy loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 3,817 | 2.0 AsF |Ashe gravelly fine sandy loam, 25 to 65 percent slopes------| 5,850 | 3.0 BeC |Bledsoe silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 1,319 | 0.7 BeD |Bledsoe silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 1,123 | 0.6 BeE |Bledsoe silt loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 2,644 | 1.4 BsE |Brookshire silt loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 176 | * BsF |Brookshire silt loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 320 | 0.2 BtD |Burton loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, stony------| 20 | * BtE |Burton loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony------| 21 | * BtF |Burton loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony------| 20 | * BuF |Burton-Craggey-Rock outcrop complex, windswept, 30 to 95 | | | percent slopes------| 1,968 | 1.0 BwD |Burton-Wayah complex, windswept, 15 to 30 percent slopes, stony| 20 | * CaD |Calvin channery silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 5,077 | 2.6 CaE |Calvin channery silt loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 4,764 | 2.5 CaF |Calvin channery silt loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 4,913 | 2.5 CbrG |Caneyville-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 1,073 | 0.6 CcE |Cataska channery silt loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 1,978 | 1.0 CcF |Cataska channery silt loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 3,034 | 1.6 CcG |Cataska channery silt loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 2,221 | 1.1 Cg |Chagrin loam, rarely flooded------| 1,559 | 0.8 ChE |Chestnut loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 216 | 0.1 ChF |Chestnut loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 684 | 0.4 ChG |Chestnut-Ashe complex, 50 to 95 percent slopes, very stony-----| 24 | * CjD |Chestnut-Edneyville complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, stony----| 73 | * CjE |Chestnut-Edneyville complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, stony----| 90 | * Cs |Craigsville cobbly sandy loam, frequently flooded------| 2,484 | 1.3 CuD |Cullasaja very cobbly loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes, very stony| 477 | 0.2 Di |Dillard loam, rarely flooded------| 798 | 0.4 DjF |Ditney-Unicoi complex, 50 to 95 percent slopes, very rocky-----| 110 | * DtE |Ditney sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 9,185 | 4.7 DtF |Ditney sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 16,318 | 8.4 DtG |Ditney sandy loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 4,874 | 2.5 Du |Dunning silt loam, occasionally flooded------| 430 | 0.2 EdE |Edneyville loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 324 | 0.2 EdF |Edneyville loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes------| 784 | 0.4 EvE |Edneyville-Chestnut complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, stony----| 208 | 0.1 GrE |Greenlee very cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony-| 1,437 | 0.7 GrF |Greenlee very cobbly loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony-| 2,233 | 1.2 GrG |Greenlee very cobbly loam, 55 to 80 percent slopes, very stony-| 713 | 0.4 Ht |Hatboro loam, occasionally flooded------| 1,153 | 0.6 Hu |Hatboro sandy loam, frequently flooded------| 15 | * JeD |Jeffrey cobbly loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes, very stony------| 369 | 0.2 JeE |Jeffrey cobbly loam, 30 to 50 percent slopes, very stony------| 52 | * KeC |Keener loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 2,982 | 1.5 KeD |Keener loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 5,171 | 2.7 KeE |Keener loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 9,482 | 4.9 KeF |Keener loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 9,200 | 4.7 LoD |Lonon loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 9,282 | 4.8 LoE |Lonon loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 6,089 | 3.1 MaE |Maymead loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 1,287 | 0.7 MaF |Maymead loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 6,049 | 3.1 NcF |Northcove very stony sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 3,625 | 1.9 NcG |Northcove very stony sandy loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 5,502 | 2.8 PgE |Pigeonroost gravelly loam, 7 to 35 percent slopes, very stony--| 29 | * PgF |Pigeonroost gravelly loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony-| 32 | * PnF |Pineola loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony------| 31 | * | | |

See footnote at end of table. Johnson County, Tennessee 143

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils—Continued ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent symbol | | | ______| | | | | | PoE |Porters loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes, stony------| 296 | 0.2 PsF |Porters stony loam, 25 to 65 percent slopes------| 243 | 0.1 SaC |Saunook loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 846 | 0.4 ScC |Shelocta silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 2,428 | 1.3 ScD |Shelocta silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 3,150 | 1.6 ScE |Shelocta silt loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 2,588 | 1.3 ScF |Shelocta silt loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 732 | 0.4 SoE |Soco fine sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 1,606 | 0.8 SoF |Soco fine sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 4,238 | 2.2 SoG |Soco fine sandy loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 1,512 | 0.8 SrB |Statler loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes------| 2,974 | 1.5 SyF |Sylco-Sylvatus complex, 35 to 55 percent slopes------| 71 | * TsD |Tusquitee loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 2,367 | 1.2 UcG |Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 23,661 | 12.2 W |Water------| 2,594 | 1.3 | |______|______| Total------| 193,761 | 100.0 ______| | |

* Less than 0.1 percent. 144 Soil Survey

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. They are for nonirrigated areas. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume|Tall fescue-| Tobacco and soil name | capability | | | hay | ladino | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | AcF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 3.50 | --- Ashe-Cleveland- | | | | | | Rock outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | AsE------| 6e | --- | --- | 2.00 | 4.00 | --- Ashe | | | | | | | | | | | | AsF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 3.50 | --- Ashe | | | | | | | | | | | | BeC------| 4e | 75.00 | 20.00 | 5.50 | 6.00 | 1,800.00 Bledsoe | | | | | | | | | | | | BeD------| 6e | 50.00 | 15.00 | 4.00 | 5.50 | 1,300.00 Bledsoe | | | | | | | | | | | | BeE------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- Bledsoe | | | | | | | | | | | | BsE------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 5.50 | --- Brookshire | | | | | | | | | | | | BsF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Brookshire | | | | | | | | | | | | BtD------| 4e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Burton | | | | | | | | | | | | BtE, BtF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Burton | | | | | | | | | | | | BuF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Burton-Craggey- | | | | | | Rock outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | BwD------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- Burton-Wayah | | | | | | | | | | | | CaD------| 4e | 60.00 | 12.00 | 5.00 | 6.00 | --- Calvin | | | | | | | | | | | | CaE------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 4.50 | --- Calvin | | | | | | | | | | | | CaF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Calvin | | | | | | | | | | | | CbrG------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Caneyville-Rock | | | | | | outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Johnson County, Tennessee 145

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume|Tall fescue-| Tobacco and soil name | capability | | | hay | ladino | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | CcE, CcF, CcG------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Cataska | | | | | | | | | | | | Cg------| 1 | 135.00 | 30.00 | 5.00 | 8.00 | 2,200.00 Chagrin | | | | | | | | | | | | ChE------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 4.00 | --- Chestnut | | | | | | | | | | | | ChF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 3.50 | --- Chestnut | | | | | | | | | | | | ChG------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Chestnut-Ashe | | | | | | | | | | | | CjD------| 6e | --- | --- | 2.50 | 4.50 | --- Chestnut- | | | | | | Edneyville | | | | | | | | | | | | CjE------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 4.00 | --- Chestnut- | | | | | | Edneyville | | | | | | | | | | | | Cs------| 3s | 70.00 | 12.00 | 1.50 | 4.50 | --- Craigsville | | | | | | | | | | | | CuD------| 7s | 60.00 | 10.00 | 1.50 | 4.50 | --- Cullasaja | | | | | | | | | | | | Di------| 2w | 100.00 | 18.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 1,900.00 Dillard | | | | | | | | | | | | DjF------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Ditney-Unicoi | | | | | | | | | | | | DtE------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 3.00 | --- Ditney | | | | | | | | | | | | DtF, DtG------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Ditney | | | | | | | | | | | | Du------| 3w | 120.00 | 20.00 | 4.00 | 6.00 | --- Dunning | | | | | | | | | | | | EdE------| 6e | --- | --- | 3.00 | 5.00 | --- Edneyville | | | | | | | | | | | | EdF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Edneyville | | | | | | | | | | | | EvE------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 4.00 | --- Edneyville- | | | | | | Chestnut | | | | | | | | | | | | GrE, GrF, GrG------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Greenlee | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 146 Soil Survey

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume|Tall fescue-| Tobacco and soil name | capability | | | hay | ladino | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | Ht------| 3w | 115.00 | 23.00 | 3.50 | 6.00 | --- Hatboro | | | | | | | | | | | | Hu------| 4w | 110.00 | 20.00 | 3.50 | 5.00 | --- Hatboro | | | | | | | | | | | | JeD------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 6.00 | --- Jeffrey | | | | | | | | | | | | JeE------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- Jeffrey | | | | | | | | | | | | KeC------| 3e | 95.00 | 15.00 | 3.40 | 7.00 | 2,500.00 Keener | | | | | | | | | | | | KeD------| 4e | 85.00 | 12.00 | 3.20 | 6.00 | 2,300.00 Keener | | | | | | | | | | | | KeE------| 6e | --- | --- | 2.50 | 5.50 | --- Keener | | | | | | | | | | | | KeF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 4.50 | --- Keener | | | | | | | | | | | | LoD------| 4e | 75.00 | 13.00 | 4.00 | 5.00 | 2,000.00 Lonon | | | | | | | | | | | | LoE------| 6e | --- | --- | 2.50 | 4.50 | --- Lonon | | | | | | | | | | | | MaE------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 5.50 | --- Maymead | | | | | | | | | | | | MaF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Maymead | | | | | | | | | | | | NcF------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | 2.50 | --- Northcove | | | | | | | | | | | | NcG------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Northcove | | | | | | | | | | | | PgE------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 3.50 | --- Pigeonroost | | | | | | | | | | | | PgF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 3.00 | --- Pigeonroost | | | | | | | | | | | | PnF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 3.00 | --- Pineola | | | | | | | | | | | | PoE------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 6.00 | --- Porters | | | | | | | | | | | | PsF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Porters | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Johnson County, Tennessee 147

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume|Tall fescue-| Tobacco and soil name | capability | | | hay | ladino | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | SaC------| 4e | 90.00 | 15.00 | 5.00 | 7.00 | 2,400.00 Saunook | | | | | | | | | | | | ScC------| 3e | 100.00 | 15.00 | 4.50 | 8.00 | 2,300.00 Shelocta | | | | | | | | | | | | ScD------| 4e | 80.00 | 13.00 | 4.00 | 7.00 | 2,000.00 Shelocta | | | | | | | | | | | | ScE------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 6.00 | --- Shelocta | | | | | | | | | | | | ScF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- Shelocta | | | | | | | | | | | | SoE------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 3.50 | --- Soco | | | | | | | | | | | | SoF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 3.00 | --- Soco | | | | | | | | | | | | SoG------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Soco | | | | | | | | | | | | SrB------| 2e | 125.00 | 22.00 | 5.00 | 7.00 | 2,400.00 Statler | | | | | | | | | | | | SyF------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Sylco-Sylvatus | | | | | | | | | | | | TsD------| 4e | 90.00 | 15.00 | 3.50 | 6.00 | 2,400.00 Tusquitee | | | | | | | | | | | | UcG------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Unicoi-Rock | | | | | | outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | ______| | | | | |

* Animal unit month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. 148 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not considered prime farmland)

______| Map | Soil name ______symbol | | Cg |Chagrin loam, rarely flooded Di |Dillard loam, rarely flooded SrB |Statler loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes ______| Johnson County, Tennessee 149 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| AcF: | Ashe------| 4R |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 62 | 100 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 70 57 white pine | |eastern white pine--| 81 143 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| 57 --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 57 86 | Cleveland----| 3R |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 57 | 86 |eastern white pine, | |chestnut oak------| 45 29 shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 70 114 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| 60 43 | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | Rock outcrop.| | | AsE: | Ashe------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 62 | 100 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 70 57 white pine | |eastern white pine--| 81 143 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| 57 --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 57 86 | AsF: | Ashe------| 4R |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 62 | 100 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 70 57 white pine | |eastern white pine--| 81 143 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| 57 --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 57 86 | BeC: | Bledsoe------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|black walnut------| --- | |northern red oak, | |sugar maple------| --- white ash, | |white ash------| --- oak, yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 104 114 | 150 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| BeD: | Bledsoe------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Severe |black walnut------| --- | |northern red oak, | |sugar maple------| --- white ash, | |white ash------| --- oak, yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 104 114 | BeE: | Bledsoe------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Severe |black cherry------| --- | |northern red oak, | |black walnut------| --- white ash, | |slippery elm------| --- oak, yellow-poplar | |sugar maple------| --- | |white ash------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 104 114 | BsE: | Brookshire---| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 80 | 57 |black walnut, | |yellow-poplar------| 100 114 eastern white | pine, yellow- | poplar | BsF: | Brookshire---| 8R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 80 | 57 |black walnut, | |yellow-poplar------| 100 114 eastern white | pine, yellow- | poplar | BtD, BtE, BtF:| | Burton------| 2R |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Slight |Fraser fir------| --- | | |northern red oak----| 40 29 | |red spruce------| --- | BuF: | Burton------| 2R |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Fraser fir------| --- | | |northern red oak----| 40 29 | |red spruce------| --- | Craggey------| 2R |Severe |Slight |Fraser fir------| --- | | |northern red oak----| 40 29 | |red spruce------| --- | Rock outcrop.| | | Johnson County, Tennessee 151 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| BwD: | Burton------| 2R |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Slight |Fraser fir------| --- | | |northern red oak----| 40 29 | |red spruce------| --- | Wayah------| 2R |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Fraser fir------| --- | | |northern red oak----| 40 29 | |red spruce------| --- | CaD, CaE: | Calvin------| 5F |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |northern red oak----| 77 | 57 |Virginia pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 80 72 eastern white | pine, red pine | CaF: | Calvin------| 5R |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Slight |Severe |northern red oak----| 77 | 57 |Virginia pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 80 72 eastern white | pine, red pine | CbrG: | Caneyville---| 4R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|black oak------| 71 | 57 |eastern white pine, | |eastern redcedar----| 46 57 northern red oak, | |hickory------| --- white ash, | |sugar maple------| --- oak, yellow-poplar | |white ash------| 72 43 | |white oak------| 64 43 | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86 | Rock outcrop.| | | CcE: | Cataska------| 2R |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| 50 | 29 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 50 --- | |scarlet oak------| 50 29 | CcF, CcG: | Cataska------| 2R |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| 50 | 29 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 50 --- | |scarlet oak------| 50 29 | 152 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| Cg: | Chagrin------| 5A |Slight |Severe |black cherry------| --- | walnut, | |black walnut------| --- eastern white | |northern red oak----| 86 72 pine, northern | |sugar maple------| 86 57 oak, red pine, | |white ash------| --- white ash, | |white oak------| --- oak, yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 96 100 | ChE: | Chestnut-----| 10R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|black oak------| 71 | 57 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 69 57 white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 78 143 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57 yellow-poplar | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 68 57 | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| 70 57 | |yellow-poplar------| 97 100 | ChF: | Chestnut-----| 10R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|black oak------| 71 | 57 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 69 57 white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 78 143 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57 yellow-poplar | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 68 57 | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| 70 57 | |yellow-poplar------| 97 100 ChG: | Chestnut-----| 10R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|black oak------| 71 | 57 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 69 57 white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 78 143 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57 yellow-poplar | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 68 57 | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| 70 57 | |yellow-poplar------| 97 100 | Johnson County, Tennessee 153 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| ChG: | Ashe------| 4R |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 62 | 100 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 70 57 white pine | |eastern white pine--| 81 143 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| 57 --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 57 86 | CjD: | Chestnut-----| 10R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|black oak------| 71 | 57 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 69 57 white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 78 143 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57 yellow-poplar | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 68 57 | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| 70 57 | |yellow-poplar------| 97 100 | Edneyville---| 12R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 75 | 114 |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- northern red oak, | |eastern white pine--| 90 172 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 83 57 yellow-poplar | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 64 100 | |yellow-poplar------| 98 100 | CjE: | Chestnut-----| 10R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|black oak------| 71 | 57 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 69 57 white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 78 143 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57 yellow-poplar | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 68 57 | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| 70 57 | |yellow-poplar------| 97 100 | 154 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| CjE: | Edneyville---| 12R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 75 | 114 |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- northern red oak, | |eastern white pine--| 90 172 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 83 57 yellow-poplar | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 64 100 | |yellow-poplar------| 98 100 | Cs: | Craigsville--| 4F |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 80 | 114 |eastern white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 90 172 yellow-poplar | |northern red oak----| 80 57 | |yellow-poplar------| 95 100 | CuD: | Cullasaja----| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |black cherry------| --- | |Fraser fir, | |northern red oak----| 92 72 northern oak, | |yellow birch------| --- yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 109 114 | Di: | Dillard------| 12A |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 | 114 |black walnut, | |eastern white pine--| 90 172 eastern | |shortleaf pine------| 75 114 pine, yellow- | |yellow-poplar------| 95 100 poplar | DjF: | Ditney------| 3R |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 114 eastern | |northern red oak----| 60 43 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86 pine | Unicoi------| 5R |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 50 | 72 pine | |chestnut oak------| 50 29 | |pitch pine------| 40 57 | |scarlet oak------| 50 29 | DtE: | Ditney------| 3R |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 114 eastern | |northern red oak----| 60 43 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86 pine | Johnson County, Tennessee 155 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| DtF, DtG: | Ditney------| 3R |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 114 eastern | |northern red oak----| 60 43 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86 pine | Du: | Dunning------| 6W |Slight |Severe |American sycamore---| --- | sycamore, | |black willow------| --- pin oak, swamp | |boxelder------| --- white oak, | |pin oak------| 95 86 sweetgum | |red maple------| --- | |swamp white oak-----| --- | |sweetgum------| 95 114 | EdE: | Edneyville---| 12R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 75 | 114 |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- northern red oak, | |eastern white pine--| 90 172 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 83 57 yellow-poplar | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 64 100 | |yellow-poplar------| 98 100 | EdF: | Edneyville---| 12R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 75 | 114 |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- northern red oak, | |eastern white pine--| 90 172 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 83 57 yellow-poplar | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 64 100 | |yellow-poplar------| 98 100 | EvE: | Edneyville---| 12R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 75 | 114 |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- northern red oak, | |eastern white pine--| 90 172 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 83 57 yellow-poplar | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 64 100 | |yellow-poplar------| 98 100 | 156 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| EvE: | Chestnut-----| 10R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|black oak------| 71 | 57 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 69 57 white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 78 143 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57 yellow-poplar | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 68 57 | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| 70 57 | |yellow-poplar------| 97 100 | GrE, GrF, GrG:| | Greenlee-----| 8R |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |eastern white pine, | |black locust------| --- yellow-poplar | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | |eastern white pine--| 98 186 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |red maple------| --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 101 114 | Ht, Hu: | Hatboro------| 3W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Slight |American sycamore---| 60 | 43 |eastern white pine | |pin oak------| 60 43 | |red maple------| 60 43 | JeD: | Jeffrey------| 5R |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 70 | 114 |eastern pine, | |northern red oak----| 60 43 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 80 72 | JeE: | Jeffrey------| 5R |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 70 | 114 |eastern pine, | |northern red oak----| 60 43 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 80 72 | KeC: | Keener------| 4A |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 | 114 |Virginia pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57 northern oak, | |yellow-poplar------| 115 129 yellow-poplar | Johnson County, Tennessee 157 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| KeD, KeE: | Keener------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 | 114 |Virginia pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57 northern oak, | |yellow-poplar------| 115 129 yellow-poplar | KeF: | Keener------| 4R |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 | 114 |Virginia pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57 northern oak, | |yellow-poplar------| 115 129 yellow-poplar | LoD, LoE: | Lonon------| 11R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|black oak------| --- | |eastern white pine | |chestnut oak------| --- | |eastern white pine--| 86 157 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |red maple------| --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 74 57 | MaE: | Maymead------| 6R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Severe |northern red oak----| 75 | 57 |black walnut, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86 eastern white | pine, yellow- | poplar | MaF: | Maymead------| 6R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 75 | 57 |black walnut, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86 eastern white | pine, yellow- | poplar | NcF, NcG: | Northcove----| 10R |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |eastern white pine | |black oak------| --- | |chestnut oak------| --- | |eastern white pine--| 80 143 | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | 158 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| PgE: | Pigeonroost--| 12R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 114 eastern | |northern red oak----| 60 43 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86 pine | PgF: | Pigeonroost--| 12R |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 114 eastern | |northern red oak----| 60 43 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86 pine | PnF: | Pineola------| 4R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 75 | 114 |Fraser fir, Norway | |eastern white pine--| 90 172 spruce, eastern | |northern red oak----| 75 57 white pine, yellow- | |shortleaf pine------| 75 114 poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 98 100 | PoE: | Porters------| 7R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 | 114 |Fraser fir, Norway | |black locust------| --- spruce, Scotch | |eastern white pine--| 89 157 pine, eastern | |hickory------| --- white pine, yellow- | |northern red oak----| 75 57 poplar | |red maple------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 70 114 | |yellow-poplar------| 96 100 | PsF: | Porters------| 7R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 | 114 |Fraser fir, Scotch | |black locust------| --- pine, eastern | |eastern white pine--| 89 157 pine, yellow- | |hickory------| --- poplar | |northern red oak----| 75 57 | |red maple------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 70 114 | |yellow-poplar------| 96 100 | Johnson County, Tennessee 159 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| SaC: | Saunook------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| --- | |Fraser fir, eastern | |eastern white pine--| 104 186 pine, | |northern red oak----| --- northern oak, | |red maple------| --- yellow-poplar | |scarlet oak------| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 107 114 | ScC: | Shelocta-----| 4A |Slight |Severe |American beech------| --- | |black walnut, | |cucumbertree------| --- eastern white | |red maple------| 81 --- pine, northern red | |scarlet oak------| 80 57 oak, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 77 129 pine, white ash, | |white oak------| 77 57 white oak, yellow- | |yellow-poplar------| 99 100 poplar | ScD, ScE: | Shelocta-----| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Severe |American beech------| --- | |black walnut, | |cucumbertree------| --- eastern white | |red maple------| 81 --- pine, northern red | |scarlet oak------| 80 57 oak, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 77 129 pine, white ash, | |white oak------| 77 57 white oak, yellow- | |yellow-poplar------| 99 100 poplar | ScF: | Shelocta-----| 4R |Severe |Slight |American beech------| --- | |black walnut, | |cucumbertree------| --- eastern white | |red maple------| 81 --- pine, northern red | |scarlet oak------| 80 57 oak, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 77 129 pine, white ash, | |white oak------| 77 57 white oak, yellow- | |yellow-poplar------| 99 100 poplar | SoE: | Soco------| 11R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| 68 57 shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 85 157 | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 76 57 | |shortleaf pine------| 61 86 | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- 160 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| SoF, SoG: | Soco------| 11R |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| 68 57 shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 85 157 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 76 57 | |shortleaf pine------| 61 86 | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | SrB: | Statler------| 8A |Slight |Severe |eastern white pine--| 90 | 129 |black walnut, | |hickory------| --- eastern white | |northern red oak----| --- pine, yellow- | |red maple------| --- poplar | |white oak------| 80 57 | |yellow-poplar------| 100 114 | SyF: | Sylco------| 5R |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86 --- | |eastern white pine--| 70 114 | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86 | Sylvatus-----| 5R |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 45 | 57 |Virginia pine | |northern red oak----| 55 43 | |yellow-poplar------| 70 57 | TsD: | Tusquitee----| 8A |Slight |Severe |black cherry------| --- | |Fraser fir, black | |black locust------| --- walnut, eastern | |black walnut------| --- white pine, yellow- | |eastern hemlock-----| --- poplar | |eastern white pine--| 100 186 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow birch------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 103 114 | Johnson County, Tennessee 161 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and|Ordi- | Equip- soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| UcG: | Unicoi------| 5R |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 50 | 72 pine | |chestnut oak------| 50 29 | |pitch pine------| 40 57 | |scarlet oak------| 50 29 | Rock outcrop.| | | W. | Water | | ______162 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | AcF: | | | | | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | Cleveland------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | AsE: | | | | | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | AsF: | | | | | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | BeC: | | | | | Bledsoe------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope | | | | | BeD: | | | | | Bledsoe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope | | | | | BeE: | | | | | Bledsoe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope | | | | slope | | | | | | BsE, BsF: | | | | | Brookshire-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | BtD: | | | | | Burton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | slope | slope | slope | | too acid | | | | | BtE, BtF: | | | | | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones | too acid | too acid | slope | | slope | | | | | too acid | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 163

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | BuF: | | | | | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | Craggey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | depth to rock | fragile | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | BwD: | | | | | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | Wayah------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | too acid | | | | | CaD: | | | | | Calvin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | CaE, CaF: | | | | | Calvin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | CbrG: | | | | | Caneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope | | | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | CcE, CcF, CcG: | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | Cg: | | | | | Chagrin------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | flooding | | small stones | | | | | | | ChE, ChF: | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | 164 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | ChG: | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | CjD: | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | CjE: | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Cs: | | | | | Craigsville----|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | | large stones | small stones | large stones | large stones | | | | | CuD: | | | | | Cullasaja------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | large stones | | | slope | | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Di: | | | | | Dillard------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | flooding | | percs slowly | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | DjF: | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones | small stones | small stones | slope | | small stones | | | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | DtE, DtF, DtG: | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Du: | | | | | Dunning------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding | wetness | wetness | erodes easily | wetness | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | | EdE: | | | | | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 165

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | EdF: | | | | | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | EvE: | | | | | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | | | | | | GrE, GrF, GrG: | | | | | Greenlee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | large stones | | | slope | slope | too acid | | | small stones | | droughty | | | | | Ht, Hu: | | | | | Hatboro------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | | | JeD: | | | | | Jeffrey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | JeE: | | | | | Jeffrey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | KeC: | | | | | Keener------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | KeD: | | | | | Keener------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | KeE, KeF: | | | | | Keener------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | LoD: | | | | | Lonon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | too acid | | | | | LoE: | | | | | Lonon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | too acid | too acid | too acid | | too acid | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | Maymead------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | 166 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | NcF, NcG: | | | | | Northcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | slope | too acid | too acid | slope | | too acid | | | small stones | | | | | | | PgE, PgF: | | | | | Pigeonroost----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | PnF: | | | | | Pineola------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones | | | slope | | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | PoE: | | | | | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | PsF: | | | | | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | Saunook------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | | too acid | | | too acid | | | | | | | ScC: | | | | | Shelocta------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | ScD: | | | | | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | ScE, ScF: | | | | | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | SoE, SoF, SoG: | | | | | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | too acid | | | | | | | SrB: | | | | | Statler------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | SyF: | | | | | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope | | | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | Sylvatus------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones | small stones | small stones | slope | small stones | slope | | | small stones | | small stones | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 167

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | TsD: | | | | | Tusquitee------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | large stones | | | | | slope | | | | | UcG: | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones | small stones | small stones | slope | | small stones | | | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | ______| | | | | 168 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | AcF: | | | | | | | | | | Ashe------|Very |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland------|Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | poor | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | AsE: | | | | | | | | | | Ashe------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | AsF: | | | | | | | | | | Ashe------|Very |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | BeC: | | | | | | | | | | Bledsoe------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | BeD: | | | | | | | | | | Bledsoe------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | BeE: | | | | | | | | | | Bledsoe------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | BsE, BsF: | | | | | | | | | | Brookshire------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | BtD: | | | | | | | | | | Burton------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | BtE: | | | | | | | | | | Burton------|Very |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | BtF: | | | | | | | | | | Burton------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | BuF: | | | | | | | | | | Burton------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Craggey------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 169

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | BwD: | | | | | | | | | | Burton------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Wayah------|Poor |Fair |Good |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | poor | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CaD: | | | | | | | | | | Calvin------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CaE: | | | | | | | | | | Calvin------|Very |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CaF: | | | | | | | | | | Calvin------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CbrG: | | | | | | | | | | Caneyville------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | CcE, CcF, CcG: | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cg: | | | | | | | | | | Chagrin------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | ChE, ChF: | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | ChG: | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Ashe------|Very |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CjD: | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Edneyville------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CjE: | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Edneyville------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | 170 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | Cs: | | | | | | | | | | Craigsville-----|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CuD: | | | | | | | | | | Cullasaja------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Di: | | | | | | | | | | Dillard------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DjF: | | | | | | | | | | Ditney------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | DtE, DtF, DtG: | | | | | | | | | | Ditney------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Du: | | | | | | | | | | Dunning------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good | poor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EdE: | | | | | | | | | | Edneyville------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | EdF: | | | | | | | | | | Edneyville------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | EvE: | | | | | | | | | | Edneyville------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | GrE, GrF, GrG: | | | | | | | | | | Greenlee------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Ht, Hu: | | | | | | | | | | Hatboro------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair | | | | | | | | | | JeD: | | | | | | | | | | Jeffrey------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | JeE: | | | | | | | | | | Jeffrey------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | KeC: | | | | | | | | | | Keener------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 171

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | KeD: | | | | | | | | | | Keener------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | KeE: | | | | | | | | | | Keener------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | KeF: | | | | | | | | | | Keener------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LoD: | | | | | | | | | | Lonon------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LoE: | | | | | | | | | | Lonon------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | | | | | | Maymead------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NcF, NcG: | | | | | | | | | | Northcove------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | PgE, PgF: | | | | | | | | | | Pigeonroost-----|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | PnF: | | | | | | | | | | Pineola------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | PoE: | | | | | | | | | | Porters------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | PsF: | | | | | | | | | | Porters------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | | | | | | Saunook------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | ScC: | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | ScD: | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | ScE: | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | 172 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | ScF: | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | SoE, SoF, SoG: | | | | | | | | | | Soco------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | SrB: | | | | | | | | | | Statler------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | SyF: | | | | | | | | | | Sylco------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Sylvatus------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | TsD: | | | | | | | | | | Tusquitee------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | UcG: | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 173 Table 10.—Building Site Development (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence an entry indicates that no rating is applicable) ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| AcF: | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Cleveland------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | AsE, AsF: | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | BeC: | Bledsoe------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope | BeD, BeE: | Bledsoe------|Severe: |Severe: | slope low strength | slope | BsE, BsF: | Brookshire------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | BtD: | Burton------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock large stones slope frost action | slope too acid | depth to rock | BtE, BtF: | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: | slope large stones | depth to rock slope | too acid | 174 Soil Survey Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| BuF: | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Craggey------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | BwD: | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Wayah------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | cutbanks cave too acid | CaD, CaE, CaF: | Calvin------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | CbrG: | Caneyville------|Severe: |Severe: | slope low strength | depth to rock slope | depth to rock | Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | CcE, CcF, CcG: | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Cg: | Chagrin------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight | cutbanks cave flooding | frost action | Johnson County, Tennessee 175 Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| ChE, ChF: | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | ChG: | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | CjD, CjE: | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Edneyville------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Cs: | Craigsville-----|Severe: |Severe: | large stones flooding | cutbanks cave large stones | CuD: | Cullasaja------|Severe: |Severe: | large stones | slope | cutbanks cave | Di: | Dillard------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight | wetness flooding low strength | wetness | DjF: | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: | slope large stones | depth to rock small stones | depth to rock | 176 Soil Survey Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| DtE, DtF, DtG: | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Du: | Dunning------|Severe: |Severe: | wetness flooding | wetness low strength | wetness | EdE, EdF: | Edneyville------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | EvE: | Edneyville------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | GrE, GrF, GrG: | Greenlee------|Severe: |Severe: | large stones | slope too acid | cutbanks cave droughty | Ht, Hu: | Hatboro------|Severe: |Severe: | wetness flooding | cutbanks cave wetness frost action | wetness | JeD, JeE: | Jeffrey------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | KeC: | Keener------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | large stones slope | slope | KeD, KeE, KeF: | Keener------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Johnson County, Tennessee 177 Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| LoD, LoE: | Lonon------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | too acid | MaE, MaF: | Maymead------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | NcF, NcG: | Northcove------|Severe: |Severe: | large stones slope | slope too acid | PgE, PgF: | Pigeonroost-----|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | PnF: | Pineola------|Severe: |Severe: | slope large stones | slope | PoE, PsF: | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | SaC: | Saunook------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope frost action too acid | low strength | slope | ScC: | Shelocta------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | ScD, ScE, ScF: | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | SoE, SoF, SoG: | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | SrB: | Statler------|Slight |Slight | 178 Soil Survey Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| SyF: | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Sylvatus------|Severe: |Severe: | slope large stones | depth to rock slope | small stones | TsD: | Tusquitee------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope frost action large stones | slope | UcG: | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: | slope large stones | depth to rock small stones | depth to rock | Rock outcrop----|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | W. | Water | | ______Johnson County, Tennessee 179

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | AcF: | | | | | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | Cleveland------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | AsE, AsF: | | | | | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | BeC: | | | | | Bledsoe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | slope | hard to pack | | | | | too clayey | | | | | BeD, BeE: | | | | | Bledsoe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | too clayey | | | | | BsE, BsF: | | | | | Brookshire-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | poor filter | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | BtD: | | | | | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | too acid | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | BtE, BtF: | | | | | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | BuF: | | | | | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | 180 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | BuF: | | | | | Craggey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | seepage | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | small stones | | | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | BwD: | | | | | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | Wayah------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | | too acid | | | | | | | CaD, CaE, CaF: | | | | | Calvin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | CbrG: | | | | | Caneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | area reclaim | slope | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | too clayey | | | | | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | CcE, CcF, CcG: | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | seepage | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Cg: | | | | | Chagrin------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | flooding | seepage | wetness | flooding | thin layer | percs slowly | | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | | | | | ChE, ChF: | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | ChG: | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 181

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | ChG: | | | | | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | CjD, CjE: | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | Cs: | | | | | Craigsville----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | seepage | seepage | poor filter | seepage | seepage | | | | | | | CuD: | | | | | Cullasaja------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | seepage | large stones | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | seepage | | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | Di: | | | | | Dillard------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | wetness | too clayey | wetness | too clayey | wetness | | wetness | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | DjF: | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | DtE, DtF, DtG: | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Du: | | | | | Dunning------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | hard to pack | percs slowly | wetness | too clayey | wetness | too clayey | wetness | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | EdE, EdF: | | | | | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | 182 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | EvE: | | | | | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | GrE, GrF, GrG: | | | | | Greenlee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | seepage | large stones | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | | slope | slope | | too acid | | | | | Ht, Hu: | | | | | Hatboro------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | wetness | wetness | seepage | seepage | wetness | | | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | JeD, JeE: | | | | | Jeffrey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | KeC: | | | | | Keener------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | large stones | seepage | seepage | slope | large stones | percs slowly | slope | | | slope | slope | | | | too clayey | | | | | KeD, KeE, KeF: | | | | | Keener------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | | slope | slope | | | | | | | LoD, LoE: | | | | | Lonon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | too acid | | too acid | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | Maymead------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | | | | NcF, NcG: | | | | | Northcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | seepage | large stones | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | | slope | slope | | too acid | | | | | PgE, PgF: | | | | | Pigeonroost----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 183

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | PnF: | | | | | Pineola------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | large stones | | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | PoE: | | | | | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | PsF: | | | | | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | Saunook------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones | slope | slope | too acid | | | | | | | ScC: | | | | | Shelocta------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | slope | small stones | slope | slope | | | | | | | | ScD, ScE, ScF: | | | | | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | | slope | slope | | small stones | | | | | SoE, SoF, SoG: | | | | | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | SrB: | | | | | Statler------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Good | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | | | | | | | SyF: | | | | | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Sylvatus------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | TsD: | | | | | Tusquitee------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | | | small stones | | | | | 184 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | UcG: | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | ______| | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 185

Table 12.—Construction Materials

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | AcF: | | | | Ashe------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | Cleveland------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Rock outcrop----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | AsE: | | | | Ashe------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | AsF: | | | | Ashe------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | BeC, BeD: | | | | Bledsoe------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | BeE: | | | | Bledsoe------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | slope | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | BsE, BsF: | | | | Brookshire------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | BtD: | | | | Burton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | large stones | | | | too acid | | | | BtE, BtF: | | | | Burton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | large stones | depth to rock | | | slope | | | | too acid | | | | 186 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | BuF: | | | | Burton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | Craggey------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | Rock outcrop----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | BwD: | | | | Burton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | Wayah------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | CaD: | | | | Calvin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | CaE, CaF: | | | | Calvin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | CbrG: | | | | Caneyville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope | low strength | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | slope | | | depth to rock | | | | Rock outcrop----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | CcE, CcF, CcG: | | | | Cataska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | small stones | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock Cg: | | | | Chagrin------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | ChE, ChF: | | | | Chestnut------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | thin layer | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 187

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | ChG: | | | | Chestnut------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | thin layer | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | Ashe------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | CjD: | | | | Chestnut------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | thin layer | thin layer | slope | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | Edneyville------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | CjE: | | | | Chestnut------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | thin layer | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | Edneyville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | Cs: | | | | Craigsville-----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | CuD: | | | | Cullasaja------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | | | | large stones | | | | slope | | | | Di: | | | | Dillard------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | DjF: | | | | Ditney------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | Unicoi------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | DtE, DtF, DtG: | | | | Ditney------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | 188 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | Du: | | | | Dunning------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | thin layer | wetness | | | wetness | | | | EdE: | | | | Edneyville------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | EdF: | | | | Edneyville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | EvE: | | | | Edneyville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | Chestnut------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | thin layer | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | GrE, GrF, GrG: | | | | Greenlee------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | slope | excess fines | excess fines | large stones | | | | too acid | | | | Ht, Hu: | | | | Hatboro------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | wetness | | | | JeD: | | | | Jeffrey------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | JeE: | | | | Jeffrey------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | KeC: | | | | Keener------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | large stones | | | | KeD: | | | | Keener------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | slope | | | large stones | | | | slope | | | | KeE, KeF: | | | | Keener------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | large stones | | | | slope | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 189

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | LoD: | | | | Lonon------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | too acid | | | | LoE: | | | | Lonon------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | too acid | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | Maymead------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones NcF, NcG: | | | | Northcove------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | slope | excess fines | excess fines | large stones | | | | too acid | | | | PgE, PgF: | | | | Pigeonroost-----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | PnF: | | | | Pineola------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | large stones | | | | slope | | | | PoE: | | | | Porters------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | depth to rock | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | PsF: | | | | Porters------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | SaC: | | | | Saunook------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | ScC: | | | | Shelocta------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | ScD: | | | | Shelocta------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | 190 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | ScE, ScF: | | | | Shelocta------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | SoE, SoF, SoG: | | | | Soco------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | SrB: | | | | Statler------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | SyF: | | | | Sylco------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | Sylvatus------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | TsD: | | | | Tusquitee------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | UcG: | | | | Unicoi------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Rock outcrop----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | W. | | | | Water | | | | ______| | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 191 Table 13.—Water Management (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence an entry indicates that no rating is applicable) ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| AcF: | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope depth to rock| | droughty depth to rock| rock | Cleveland------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| large stones | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | slope no water deep to water| | depth to rock| rock | AsE, AsF: | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope depth to rock| | droughty depth to rock| rock | BeC, BeD, BeE: | Bledsoe------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| erodes easily| | percs slowly | slope | BsE, BsF: | Brookshire-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope droughty | BtD, BtE, BtF: | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| large stones | slope | droughty depth to rock| rock | 192 Soil Survey Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| BuF: | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope too acid | depth to rock| rock | Craggey------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| | depth to rock| rock | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | slope no water deep to water| | depth to rock| rock | BwD: | Burton------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope too acid | depth to rock| rock | Wayah------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope too acid | CaD, CaE, CaF: | Calvin------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope depth to rock| | droughty depth to rock| | CbrG: | Caneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| erodes easily| easily | depth to rock| slope | depth to rock| rock | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | slope no water deep to water| | depth to rock| rock | CcE, CcF, CcG: | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope seepage no water deep to water| percs slowly large stones | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | Johnson County, Tennessee 193 Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| Cg: | Chagrin------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping cutbanks cave| deep to water| | ChE, ChF: | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope thin layer depth to rock| | droughty depth to rock| rock | ChG: | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope thin layer depth to rock| | droughty depth to rock| rock | Ashe------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope depth to rock| | droughty depth to rock| rock | CjD, CjE: | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope thin layer depth to rock| | droughty depth to rock| rock | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope droughty | Cs: | Craigsville----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | seepage droughty too sandy | soil blowing | CuD: | Cullasaja------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | slope seepage | droughty too sandy | Di: | Dillard------|Slight |Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable |Limitation: | thin layer slow refill wetness | 194 Soil Survey Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| DjF: | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope depth to rock| rock | droughty | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope large stones no water deep to water| | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | DtE, DtF, DtG: | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope depth to rock| rock | droughty | Du: | Dunning------|Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | wetness slow refill flooding erodes easily| easily | percs slowly | wetness | EdE, EdF: | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope droughty | EvE: | Edneyville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope droughty | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope thin layer depth to rock| | droughty depth to rock| rock | GrE, GrF, GrG: | Greenlee------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | slope seepage | droughty too sandy | Johnson County, Tennessee 195 Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| Ht, Hu: | Hatboro------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping cutbanks cave| flooding erodes easily| easily | wetness frost action flooding | subsides wetness | JeD, JeE: | Jeffrey------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope depth to rock| rock | droughty | KeC, KeD, KeE, | KeF: | Keener------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| large stones | slope | LoD, LoE: | Lonon------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | too acid | MaE, MaF: | Maymead------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope | NcF, NcG: | Northcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | slope | droughty | PgE, PgF: | Pigeonroost----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope depth to rock| rock | droughty | PnF: | Pineola------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope droughty | droughty | 196 Soil Survey Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| PoE: | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | PsF: | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope | SaC: | Saunook------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope too acid | ScC, ScD, ScE, | ScF: | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | SoE, SoF, SoG: | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope thin layer too acid depth to rock| rock | depth to rock| | SrB: | Statler------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| | SyF: | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| large stones | slope | droughty depth to rock| | Sylvatus------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| large stones | depth to rock| droughty slope | depth to rock| droughty | TsD: | Tusquitee------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | Johnson County, Tennessee 197 Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| UcG: | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope large stones no water deep to water| | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | Rock outcrop---|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | slope no water deep to water| | depth to rock| rock | W. | Water | | ______198 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties (Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated) ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | AcF: | Ashe------| 0-4 |Gravelly fine |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 5-10 |80-90 |75-90 |60-90 |30-49 |25-35 |NP-7 | sandy loam | 4-32|Loam, sandy |SC-SM, SM |A-4 0-2 5-20 |85-100|80-95 |60-95 |35-49 |25-35 |NP-7 | loam, fine | sandy loam | 32-40|Unweathered --- | bedrock | Cleveland------| 0-15|Cobbly fine |SM |A-2, A-4 | 2-10 5-25 |70-90 |60-80 |50-75 |20-50 0-30 |NP-3 | sandy loam | 15-24|Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop----| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | bedrock | AsE, AsF: | Ashe------| 0-4 |Gravelly fine |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 5-10 |80-90 |75-90 |60-90 |30-49 |25-35 |NP-7 | sandy loam | 4-32|Loam, sandy |SC-SM, SM |A-4 0-2 5-20 |85-100|80-95 |60-95 |35-49 |25-35 |NP-7 | loam, fine | sandy loam | 32-40|Unweathered --- | bedrock | BeC, BeD, BeE: | Bledsoe------| 0-7 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 0-5 |85-95 |80-95 |70-90 |50-90 |20-35 5-15 | 7-60|Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 0-1 0-15 |65-95 |60-90 |50-90 |35-60 |15-35 | silty clay | loam, gravelly| | silty clay | BsE, BsF: | Brookshire------| 0-65|Silt loam |CL, GC, GM,|A-4 | 0-5 |55-85 |50-85 |45-75 |35-65 |18-30 3-10 | ML | Johnson County, Tennessee 199 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | BtD, BtE, BtF: | Burton------| 0-14|Stony loam |SM |A-2, A-4, | 0-5 0-15 |80-100|80-100|60-90 |30-49 |30-50 |NP-7 | A-5 | 14-28|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4 0-5 5-15 |73-100|70-95 |57-95 |25-49 |25-35 |NP-7 | gravelly sandy| | loam, loam | 28-35|Unweathered --- | bedrock | BuF: | Burton------| 0-14|Loam |SM |A-2, A-4, | 0-5 0-15 |80-100|80-100|60-90 |30-49 |30-50 |NP-7 | A-5 | 14-28|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4 0-5 5-15 |73-100|70-95 |57-95 |25-49 |25-35 |NP-7 | gravelly sandy| | loam, loam | 28-35|Unweathered --- | bedrock | Craggey------| 0-11|Loam |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4, | 0-2 0-5 |90-100|85-100|65-95 |25-49 |25-50 |NP-7 | A-5 | 11-25|Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop----| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | bedrock | BwD: | Burton------| 0-14|Loam |SM |A-2, A-4, | 0-5 0-15 |80-100|80-100|60-90 |30-49 |30-50 |NP-7 | A-5 | 14-28|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4 0-5 5-15 |73-100|70-95 |57-95 |25-49 |25-35 |NP-7 | gravelly sandy| | loam, loam | 28-35|Unweathered --- | bedrock | Wayah------| 0-12|Loam |ML, SM |A-2, A-4, | 0-2 0-5 |90-100|80-98 |50-88 |25-65 |30-50 |NP-10 | A-5 | 12-24|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-1-b, 0-5 3-15 |53-99 |50-97 |30-87 |20-55 |25-35 |NP-10 | sandy loam, SC-SM, SM A-4, A-2-4| | gravelly sandy| | loam | 24-61|Gravelly fine |GM, GP-GM, |A-1-b, 0-5 3-15 |53-87 |50-80 |20-50 |10-30 |20-35 |NP-4 | sandy loam, SM, SP-SM A-2-4 | gravelly sandy| | loam, gravelly| | loamy sand | 200 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | CaD, CaE, CaF: | Calvin------| 0-8 |Channery silt |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 0-15 |70-95 |70-90 |65-90 |55-75 |15-30 2-10 | loam | 8-33|Channery silt |GM, ML, SM |A-2, A-4, 0 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 |22-38 2-11 | loam, channery| A-6 | loam, very | channery clay | loam | 33-38|Extremely |GC, GM, SC,|A-1, A-2, 0 0-20 |35-75 |15-45 |15-40 |23-39 3-13 | channery loam,| SM A-4, A-6 | very channery | silt loam, | very channery | loam | 38-44|Unweathered --- 0-14 | bedrock | CbrG: | Caneyville------| 0-4 |Silty clay loam|CL |A-6 | --- 0-3 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-100|30-40 |11-20 | 4-29|Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-7 --- 0-3 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-100|42-70 |20-45 | clay, silty | clay loam | 29-33|Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop----| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | bedrock | CcE, CcF, CcG: | Cataska------| 0-1 |Slightly | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 1-5 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GM, |A-4 0-2 3-15 |55-80 |50-75 |45-70 |40-60 0-30 |NP-6 | loam GC-GM, ML | 5-18|Channery loam, |GC-GM, GM, |A-1, A-2 0-2 |10-25 |15-50 |10-45 |10-40 |10-35 0-30 |NP-7 | very channery GP-GM | silt loam | 18-60|Weathered --- | bedrock | Johnson County, Tennessee 201 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Cg: | Chagrin------| 0-7 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|70-90 |20-35 2-10 | ML | 7-40|Silt loam, |ML, SM |A-2, A-4, 0 |90-100|75-100|55-90 |30-80 |20-40 |NP-14 | loam, sandy A-6 | loam | 40-60|Stratified |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 0 |75-100|65-100|40-85 |10-80 |20-40 |NP-10 | gravelly fine SP-SM | sand to silt | loam | ChE, ChF: | Chestnut------| 0-8 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4, | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-95 |60-95 |30-55 |20-50 |NP-9 | SC-SM, SM A-5 | 8-33|Gravelly loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4, 0-5 0-25 |75-98 |65-97 |60-85 |34-49 |20-45 |NP-10 | gravelly fine A-5 | sandy loam, | loam | 33-60|Weathered --- | bedrock | ChG: | Chestnut------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam|CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4, | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-95 |60-95 |30-55 |20-50 |NP-9 | SC-SM, SM A-5 | 8-29|Gravelly loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4, 0-5 0-25 |75-98 |65-97 |60-85 |34-49 |20-45 |NP-10 | gravelly fine A-5 | sandy loam, | sandy loam | 29-60|Weathered --- | bedrock | Ashe------| 0-4 |Gravelly fine |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 5-10 |80-90 |75-90 |60-90 |30-49 |25-35 |NP-7 | sandy loam | 4-32|Loam, sandy |SC-SM, SM |A-4 0-2 5-20 |85-100|80-95 |60-95 |35-49 |25-35 |NP-7 | loam, fine | sandy loam | 32-40|Unweathered --- | bedrock | 202 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | CjD, CjE: | Chestnut------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam|CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4, | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-95 |60-95 |30-55 |20-50 |NP-9 | SC-SM, SM A-5 | 8-29|Gravelly loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4, 0-5 0-25 |75-98 |65-97 |60-85 |34-49 |20-45 |NP-10 | gravelly fine A-5 | sandy loam, | sandy loam | 29-60|Weathered --- | bedrock | Edneyville------| 0-8 |Loam |MH, ML, |A-2, A-4, | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-95 |30-69 |25-61 |NP-7 | SC-SM, SM A-5 | 8-28|Fine sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4, 0-3 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-95 |30-68 |25-45 |NP-10 | loam, sandy SC-SM, SM A-5 | loam, loam | 28-62|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4, 0-5 0-10 |75-100|65-100|60-88 |28-49 |25-45 |NP-10 | gravelly sandy| A-5 | loam, fine | sandy loam | Cs: | Craigsville-----| 0-1 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 1-9 |Cobbly sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 --- |25-50 |80-95 |75-95 |50-80 |25-60 0-25 |NP-10 | loam SC, SM | 9-63|Very gravelly |GC, GC-GM, |A-1, A-2 --- |35-75 |35-55 |30-50 |20-45 |10-25 0-25 |NP-8 | loamy sand, GM, GP-GM | very gravelly | sandy loam, | extremely | cobbly sandy | loam | CuD: | Cullasaja------| 0-2 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 2-15|Very cobbly |GM, SM |A-1-b, |10-20 |30-60 |55-85 |50-75 |35-60 |15-30 |41-70 |NP-7 | loam A-2-5 | 15-60|Very stony |GM, SM |A-1-b, |10-20 |30-60 |55-85 |50-75 |35-60 |15-30 |25-40 |NP-7 | sandy loam, A-2-4 | very cobbly | fine sandy | loam, very | stony loamy | sand Johnson County, Tennessee 203 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Di: | Dillard------| 0-6 |Loam |CL, ML |A-4 | 0 0-2 |95-100|90-100|75-95 |60-85 0-35 |NP-10 | 6-42|Clay loam, |CL, ML, SC |A-4, A-6, 0 0-2 |95-100|85-100|60-95 |45-70 |30-45 7-22 | sandy clay A-7 | loam, loam | 42-60|Variable --- | DjF: | Ditney------| 0-1 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 1-8 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 0 0-6 |90-100|80-95 |65-80 |30-60 0-30 |NP-10 | SC-SM, SM | 8-24|Loam, sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 0 5-30 |65-100|60-100|45-75 |25-60 0-30 |NP-10 | loam, cobbly SC-SM, SM | loam | 24-40|Unweathered --- | bedrock | Unicoi------| 0-2 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 2-7 |Very cobbly |GC-GM, GM, |A-1-b, A-2 0-5 |15-50 |60-75 |40-65 |30-50 |20-35 0-25 |NP-6 | sandy loam SC-SM, SM | 7-15|Very cobbly |GC-GM, GM, |A-1-b, A-2 0 |20-50 |60-75 |40-65 |30-50 |20-35 0-25 |NP-6 | loam, cobbly SC-SM, SM | sandy loam, | very stony | loam | 15-25|Unweathered --- | bedrock | DtE, DtF, DtG: | Ditney------| 0-1 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 1-8 |Sandy loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 0 0-6 |90-100|80-95 |65-80 |30-60 0-30 |NP-10 | SC-SM, SM | 8-24|Loam, sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 0 5-30 |65-100|60-100|45-75 |25-60 0-30 |NP-10 | loam, cobbly SC-SM, SM | loam | 24-40|Unweathered --- | bedrock | 204 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Du: | Dunning------| 0-12|Silt loam |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 100 |95-100|90-100|85-100|25-35 4-11 | CL-ML | 12-60|Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-7 --- 0-5 |90-100|70-100|60-100|60-100|45-70 |20-40 | clay, silty | clay loam | EdE, EdF: | Edneyville------| 0-8 |Loam |MH, ML, |A-2, A-4, | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-95 |30-69 |25-61 |NP-7 | SC-SM, SM A-5 | 8-28|Fine sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4, 0-3 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-95 |30-68 |25-45 |NP-10 | loam, sandy SC-SM, SM A-5 | loam, loam | 28-62|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4, 0-5 0-10 |75-100|65-100|60-88 |28-49 |25-45 |NP-10 | gravelly sandy| A-5 | loam, fine | sandy loam | EvE: | Edneyville------| 0-8 |Loam |MH, ML, |A-2, A-4, | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-95 |30-69 |25-61 |NP-7 | SC-SM, SM A-5 | 8-28|Fine sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4, 0-3 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-95 |30-68 |25-45 |NP-10 | loam, sandy SC-SM, SM A-5 | loam, loam | 28-62|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4, 0-5 0-10 |75-100|65-100|60-88 |28-49 |25-45 |NP-10 | gravelly sandy| A-5 | loam, fine | sandy loam | Chestnut------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam|CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4, | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-95 |60-95 |30-55 |20-50 |NP-9 | SC-SM, SM A-5 | 8-29|Gravelly loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4, 0-5 0-25 |75-98 |65-97 |60-85 |34-49 |20-45 |NP-10 | gravelly fine A-5 | sandy loam, | sandy loam | 29-60|Weathered --- | bedrock | Johnson County, Tennessee 205 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | GrE, GrF, GrG: | Greenlee------| 0-6 |Very cobbly |GM, SM |A-1-b, A-4,| 5-10 |20-55 |50-100|50-100|30-85 |20-45 |15-30 |NP-7 | loam A-2-4 | 6-47|Very cobbly |GM, SM |A-1-b, A-4,| 5-35 |10-55 |50-90 |50-80 |30-60 |20-40 |15-30 |NP-7 | loam, very A-2-4 | stony fine | sandy loam, | very bouldery | loam | 47-65|Extremely |GM, SM |A-1-b, |30-70 |10-30 |50-80 |45-70 |20-50 |15-30 |NP-7 | cobbly sandy A-2-4 | loam, | extremely | stony sandy | loam, | extremely | bouldery loamy| | sand | Ht: | Hatboro------| 0-10|Loam |CL, ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|70-100|60-90 |22-35 2-12 | 10-32|Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6 0 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |55-85 |22-35 2-12 | silty clay ML | loam, clay | loam | 32-60|Stratified |GC, GM, SC,|A-1, A-2 0 |50-85 |45-80 |15-35 0-32 |NP-14 | gravelly sand SM | to clay | Hu: | Hatboro------| 0-10|Sandy loam |CL, ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|70-100|60-90 |22-35 2-12 | 10-32|Silt loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 0 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |55-85 |22-35 2-12 | silty clay CL-ML | loam, clay | loam | 32-60|Stratified |SM, SC, GM,|A-1, A-2 0 |50-85 |45-80 |15-35 0-32 |NP-14 | gravelly sand GC | to clay | 206 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | JeD, JeE: | Jeffrey------| 0-4 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 4-13|Cobbly loam |ML, SM |A-4 |15-30 2-15 |80-90 |70-90 |65-80 |40-60 0-30 |NP-7 | 13-29|Cobbly sandy |GM, ML, SM |A-2, A-4 0 5-10 |65-90 |55-85 |45-75 |30-60 0-30 |NP-7 | loam, cobbly | loam, very | cobbly loam | 29-40|Unweathered --- | bedrock | KeC, KeD, KeE, | KeF: | Keener------| 0-7 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-4 | 0 0-5 |96-100|86-98 |68-98 |40-80 0-25 |NP-7 | SC-SM, SM | 7-45|Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 0 |15-35 |95-100|95-100|70-100|55-85 |18-30 3-10 | cobbly sandy ML | clay loam | 45-63|Very cobbly |CL-ML, SC, |A-4 0 |15-50 |95-100|95-100|70-100|40-70 |18-30 3-10 | clay loam, SC-SM, SM | very cobbly | loam | LoD, LoE: | Lonon------| 0-6 |Loam |ML, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 0-5 |90-100|85-100|60-85 |25-65 |20-30 |NP-7 | 6-65|Loam, sandy |CL, ML, SC,|A-4, A-6 0-1 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-85 |35-65 |25-40 7-14 | clay loam, SM | clay loam | MaE, MaF: | Maymead------| 0-2 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 2-8 |Loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 0 0-3 |80-95 |75-90 |65-80 |50-60 0-25 |NP-7 | 8-63|Gravelly loam, |CL-ML, GM, |A-4 0 |10-25 |70-90 |65-85 |55-75 |40-60 0-25 |NP-7 | loam, cobbly ML, SM | sandy loam | Johnson County, Tennessee 207 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | NcF, NcG: | Northcove------| 0-1 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 1-5 |Very stony |GC-GM, GM, |A-1-b, A-4,|15-35 |25-50 |50-90 |50-85 |30-70 |20-45 |15-30 |NP-7 | sandy loam SC-SM, SM A-2-4 | 5-24|Very cobbly |GC-GM, GM, |A-1-b, A-4,|15-40 |25-65 |50-90 |50-85 |30-70 |20-45 |15-30 |NP-7 | sandy loam, SC-SM, SM A-2-4 | very stony | loam, very | flaggy loam | 24-63|Very cobbly |GC-GM, GM, |A-1-b, |20-50 |25-80 |50-85 |35-60 |15-30 |10-30 |NP-7 | sandy loam, SM A-2-4 | very stony | loamy sand, | extremely | stony sand | PgE, PgF: | Pigeonroost-----| 0-5 |Gravelly loam |SM, SC-SM, |A-2, A-2-4,| 0-3 |15-25 |70-90 |65-85 |60-80 |23-55 |26-41 |NP-12 | ML A-4, A-5 | 5-24|Clay loam, |SM, SC, ML,|A-4, A-6 0-1 0-15 |85-100|70-100|65-90 |40-80 |25-40 7-14 | loam, sandy CL | clay loam, | gravelly sandy| | clay loam | 24-37|Sandy loam, |SC, ML, CL,|A-2, A-4 0-1 0-15 |85-100|65-100|65-95 |30-75 0-30 |NP-10 | loam, gravelly| SM | sandy loam | 37-45|Weathered --- | bedrock | PnF: | Pineola------| 0-15|Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4, | 0-3 0-5 |92-100|85-95 |70-85 |45-75 |25-50 |NP-7 | SC-SM, SM A-5 | 15-26|Gravelly clay |SC, GC, CL |A-4, A-6, 0-1 0-15 |70-100|60-95 |55-95 |40-80 |30-45 9-20 | loam, sandy A-7-6 | clay loam, | loam, gravelly| | loam | 26-29|Gravelly sandy |GC-GM, SC, |A-4, A-1-b,| 0-1 0-25 |60-100|50-90 |45-80 |20-49 |15-30 |NP-10 | loam, gravelly| SC-SM, SM A-2 | loam, sandy | loam | 29-45|Weathered --- | bedrock | 208 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | PoE: | Porters------| 0-11|Loam |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-80 |51-65 |20-35 |NP-10 | ML | 11-42|Stony loam, |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 0-5 5-25 |75-99 |60-99 |50-90 |30-70 |15-25 |NP-7 | sandy loam, SC-SM, SM | fine sandy | loam | 42-46|Unweathered --- | bedrock | PsF: | Porters------| 0-11|Stony loam |ML, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 | 5-10 5-15 |75-95 |70-85 |50-70 |30-55 |20-30 |NP-7 | SM | 11-42|Stony loam, |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 0-5 5-25 |75-99 |60-99 |50-90 |30-70 |15-25 |NP-7 | sandy loam, SC-SM, SM | fine sandy | loam | 42-46|Unweathered --- | bedrock | SaC: | Saunook------| 0-8 |Loam |ML, SM, MH |A-2, A-4, | 0 0-5 |90-100|85-100|60-90 |25-65 |30-59 |NP-14 | A-5, A-7-5| | 8-60|Loam, clay |CL, ML, SC,|A-4, A-6, 0-2 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |35-75 |25-55 7-20 | loam, fine SM A-7 | sandy loam | ScC, ScD, ScE, | ScF: | Shelocta------| 0-2 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 2-12|Silt loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 0-2 0-5 |80-95 |75-95 |60-95 |55-90 0-35 |NP-10 | 12-47|Silty clay |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6 0-5 0-10 |55-95 |50-95 |45-95 |40-90 |25-40 4-15 | loam, silt GC, SC | loam, channery| | silty clay | loam | 47-65|Channery silt |CL, GC, GM,|A-1-b, A-2,| 0-10 0-15 |40-85 |35-70 |25-70 |20-65 |20-40 3-20 | loam, channery| ML A-4, A-6 | silty clay | loam, very | channery clay | loam | Johnson County, Tennessee 209 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | SoE, SoF, SoG: | Soco------| 0-1 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 1-4 |Fine sandy loam|MH, ML, SM |A-4, A-5 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-90 |36-75 |30-55 |NP-7 | 4-30|Loam, fine |CL, ML, SC,|A-4, A-6 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-92 |36-77 |25-40 |NP-11 | sandy loam, SM | silt loam | 30-45|Weathered --- | bedrock | SrB: | Statler------| 0-10|Loam |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|75-100|70-100|53-75 |25-37 3-14 | ML | 10-27|Loam, clay |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6, 0 0-5 |95-100|75-100|65-98 |50-75 |25-52 5-27 | loam, sandy ML A-7 | clay loam | 27-60|Loam, fine |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 0 0-10 |90-100|65-100|55-95 |40-75 |25-40 4-27 | sandy loam, SC, SC-SM | clay loam | SyF: | Sylco------| 0-4 |Channery silt |SC-SM, SC, |A-4 | 2-3 2-20 |70-90 |65-85 |55-75 |45-70 |10-27 4-10 | loam GC-GM, GC | 4-22|Very channery |GC-GM, GC, |A-4 0-5 3-25 |55-85 |30-80 |25-75 |20-70 |20-30 5-10 | silt loam, CL-ML, CL | flaggy loam, | very channery | silty clay | loam | 22-27|Extremely |SC-SM, SC, |A-1-b, A-2,| 0-8 |12-50 |35-70 |30-65 |25-55 |20-45 |20-30 5-10 | channery silt GC-GM, GC A-4 | loam, very | flaggy silty | clay loam, | very channery | loam | 27-31|Unweathered --- | bedrock | 210 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | SyF: | Sylvatus------| 0-2 |Channery silt |GC, GC-GM, |A-4 | 2-3 2-25 |65-90 |60-85 |50-75 |40-65 |10-27 4-10 | loam SC, SC-SM | 2-11|Very channery |GC-GM, GC, |A-4 0-5 5-30 |50-75 |30-80 |25-67 |20-60 |20-30 5-10 | silt loam, CL-ML, CL | flaggy loam, | very channery | silty clay | loam | 11-16|Extremely |GC, GC-GM, |A-1-b, A-2,| 0-8 |10-55 |30-55 |25-60 |22-50 |20-42 |20-30 5-10 | channery silt SC, SC-SM A-4 | loam, very | flaggy silty | clay loam, | very channery | loam | 16-20|Unweathered --- | bedrock | TsD: | Tusquitee------| 0-10|Loam |MH, ML |A-4, A-5 | 0-1 0-10 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |50-65 |25-58 |NP-10 | 10-56|Loam, sandy |ML, SC-SM, |A-4 0-1 0-15 |90-100|75-100|65-95 |36-65 |20-40 |NP-10 | loam, fine SM | sandy loam | 56-60|Gravelly sandy |GC-GM, GM, |A-1, A-2, 2-15 5-35 |45-98 |40-85 |30-75 |12-50 |20-35 |NP-7 | loam, gravelly| SC-SM, SM A-4 | fine sandy | loam, cobbly | fine sandy | loam | Johnson County, Tennessee 211 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth| USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | UcG: | Unicoi------| 0-2 |Moderately | --- | decomposed | plant material| | 2-7 |Very cobbly |GC-GM, GM, |A-2, A-1-b 0-5 |15-50 |60-75 |40-65 |30-50 |20-35 0-25 |NP-6 | sandy loam SC-SM, SM | 7-15|Very cobbly |GM, SC-SM, |A-1-b, A-2 0 |20-50 |60-75 |40-65 |30-50 |20-35 0-25 |NP-6 | loam, very SM, GC-GM | cobbly sandy | loam, very | stony loam | 15-25|Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop----| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | bedrock | W. | Water | | ______212 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Physical Properties of the Soils

(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | Kw | Kf | T ______| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | AcF: | | | | | | | | | | Ashe------| 0-4 | 7-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .17 | .24 | 2 | 4-32 | 7-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0| .17 | .24 | | 32-40 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland------| 0-15 | 6-20|1.20-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-8.0| .17 | .28 | 1 | 15-24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-6.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | AsE, AsF: | | | | | | | | | | Ashe------| 0-4 | 7-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .17 | .24 | 2 | 4-32 | 7-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0| .17 | .24 | | 32-40 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | BeC, BeD, BeE: | | | | | | | | | | Bledsoe------| 0-7 | 15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .37 | .37 | 5 | 7-60 | 35-50|1.30-1.60| 0.20-0.60 |0.12-0.19| 3.0-5.9 |0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | | | | | | | | | | | BsE, BsF: | | | | | | | | | | Brookshire------| 0-65 | 10-18|1.30-1.45| 2.00-20.00|0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0| .32 | .37 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | BtD, BtE, BtF: | | | | | | | | | | Burton------| 0-14 | 5-18|1.10-1.30| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.23| 0.0-2.9 |8.0-15 | .24 | .24 | 2 | 14-28 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .15 | .24 | | 28-35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | BuF: | | | | | | | | | | Burton------| 0-14 | 5-18|1.10-1.30| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.23| 0.0-2.9 |8.0-15 | .24 | .24 | 2 | 14-28 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .15 | .24 | | 28-35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Craggey------| 0-11 | 8-27|1.10-1.30| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |8.0-15 | .24 | .24 | 1 | 11-25 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-6.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | BwD: | | | | | | | | | | Burton------| 0-14 | 5-18|1.10-1.30| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.23| 0.0-2.9 |8.0-15 | .24 | .24 | 2 | 14-28 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .15 | .24 | | 28-35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Wayah------| 0-12 | 5-18|1.00-1.20| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |8.0-15 | .24 | .24 | 3 | 12-24 | 5-18|1.20-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.09-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | | 24-61 | 3-15|1.40-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | CaD, CaE, CaF: | | | | | | | | | | Calvin------| 0-8 | 10-25|1.20-1.40| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .20 | .24 | 3 | 8-33 | 10-25|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .24 | | 33-38 | 10-25|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .28 | | 38-44 | --- | --- | 0.20-6.00 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 213

Table 15.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | Kw | Kf | T ______| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbrG: | | | | | | | | | | Caneyville------| 0-4 | 27-40|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0| .43 | .43 | 3 | 4-29 | 36-60|1.35-1.60| 0.20-0.60 |0.12-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | --- | .28 | .28 | | 29-33 | --- | --- | 0.06-2.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-6.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | CcE, CcF, CcG: | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2 | 1-5 | 12-22|1.30-1.40| 2.00-20.00|0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | | 5-18 | 12-22|1.30-1.45| 1.98-19.98|0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | | 18-60 | --- | --- | 0.01-0.20 | --- | --- |0.5-2.0| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Cg: | | | | | | | | | | Chagrin------| 0-7 | 10-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.20-0.24| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0| .32 | .32 | 5 | 7-40 | 18-30|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .32 | .37 | | 40-60 | 5-25|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.3-1.0| .32 | .43 | | | | | | | | | | | ChE, ChF: | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-8.0| .24 | .24 | 3 | 8-33 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-2.0| .15 | .24 | | 33-60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | ChG: | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-8.0| .24 | .24 | 3 | 8-29 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-2.0| .15 | .24 | | 29-60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Ashe------| 0-4 | 7-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .17 | .24 | 2 | 4-32 | 7-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0| .17 | .24 | | 32-40 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | CjD, CjE: | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-8.0| .24 | .24 | 3 | 8-29 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-2.0| .15 | .24 | | 29-60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Edneyville------| 0-8 | 5-18|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.11-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-8.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | 8-28 | 7-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .24 | .24 | | 28-62 | 5-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | Cs: | | | | | | | | | | Craigsville-----| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3 | 1-9 | 5-15|1.20-1.40| 2.00-20.00|0.07-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .20 | .24 | | 9-63 | 5-10|1.35-1.55| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | CuD: | | | | | | | | | | Cullasaja------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5 | 2-15 | 5-20|0.50-1.20| 2.00-6.00 |0.09-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |5.0-15 | .05 | .17 | | 15-60 | 5-20|1.00-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.07-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .05 | .17 | | | | | | | | | | | Di: | | | | | | | | | | Dillard------| 0-6 | 10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-5.0| .32 | .32 | 4 | 6-42 | 18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .28 | .28 | | 42-60 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |0.0-0.5| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | 214 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | Kw | Kf | T ______| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | DjF: | | | | | | | | | | Ditney------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2 | 1-8 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | | 8-24 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .17 | .24 | | 24-40 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1 | 2-7 | 5-20|1.45-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | | 7-15 | 5-20|1.45-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | | 15-25 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | DtE, DtF, DtG: | | | | | | | | | | Ditney------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2 | 1-8 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | | 8-24 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .17 | .24 | | 24-40 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Du: | | | | | | | | | | Dunning------| 0-12 | 12-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.19-0.23| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-10 | .37 | .37 | 5 | 12-60 | 35-60|1.40-1.65| 0.06-0.20 |0.14-0.18| 3.0-5.9 | --- | .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | EdE, EdF: | | | | | | | | | | Edneyville------| 0-8 | 5-18|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.11-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-8.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | 8-28 | 7-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .24 | .24 | | 28-62 | 5-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | EvE: | | | | | | | | | | Edneyville------| 0-8 | 5-18|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.11-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-8.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | 8-28 | 7-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .24 | .24 | | 28-62 | 5-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-8.0| .24 | .24 | 3 | 8-29 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-2.0| .15 | .24 | | 29-60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | GrE, GrF, GrG: | | | | | | | | | | Greenlee------| 0-6 | 5-25|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-5.0| .10 | .20 | 5 | 6-47 | 5-25|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .10 | .20 | | 47-65 | 1-18|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.03-0.05| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .17 | | | | | | | | | | | Ht, Hu: | | | | | | | | | | Hatboro------| 0-10 | 10-20|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0| .37 | .37 | 5 | 10-32 | 15-35|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .20 | | 32-60 | 5-45|1.10-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.04-0.08| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .15 | | | | | | | | | | | JeD, JeE: | | | | | | | | | | Jeffrey------| 0-4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2 | 4-13 | 10-18|1.45-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |3.0-8.0| .17 | .24 | | 13-29 | 8-15|1.45-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.07-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .17 | .24 | | 29-40 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | KeC, KeD, KeE, | | | | | | | | | | KeF: | | | | | | | | | | Keener------| 0-7 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | 7-45 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 | | 45-63 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 215

Table 15.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | Kw | Kf | T ______| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | LoD, LoE: | | | | | | | | | | Lonon------| 0-6 | 7-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | 6-65 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | | | | | | Maymead------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5 | 2-8 | 8-18|1.40-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.15-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | | 8-63 | 8-18|1.40-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .17 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | NcF, NcG: | | | | | | | | | | Northcove------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5 | 1-5 | 5-18|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .10 | .28 | | 5-24 | 5-18|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0| .10 | .28 | | 24-63 | 1-18|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.03-0.05| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .17 | | | | | | | | | | | PgE, PgF: | | | | | | | | | | Pigeonroost-----| 0-5 | 8-20|1.25-1.60| 1.98-5.95 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .17 | .28 | - | 5-24 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | 24-37 | 8-20|1.35-1.60| 0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | 37-45 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | PnF: | | | | | | | | | | Pineola------| 0-15 | 8-20|1.40-1.60| 1.98-5.95 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-6.0| .20 | .24 | 5 | 15-26 | 18-35|1.20-1.60| 0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0| .28 | .28 | | 26-29 | 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .24 | | 29-45 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | PoE: | | | | | | | | | | Porters------| 0-11 | 10-25|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |3.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 3 | 11-42 | 7-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | | 42-46 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | PsF: | | | | | | | | | | Porters------| 0-11 | 10-20|1.15-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |3.0-8.0| .17 | .24 | 3 | 11-42 | 5-20|1.20-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | | 42-46 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | | | | | | Saunook------| 0-8 | 7-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |3.0-10 | .24 | .24 | 5 | 8-60 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .24 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | ScC, ScD, ScE, | | | | | | | | | | ScF: | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3 | 2-12 | 10-25|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-5.0| .32 | .32 | | 12-47 | 18-34|1.30-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .32 | | 47-65 | 15-34|1.30-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.08-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | SoE, SoF, SoG: | | | | | | | | | | Soco------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3 | 1-4 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.14-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | | 4-30 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | | 30-45 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | SrB: | | | | | | | | | | Statler------| 0-10 | 10-20|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-6.0| .32 | .32 | 5 | 10-27 | 15-35|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .24 | | 27-60 | 12-30|1.35-1.50| 0.60-6.00 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | 216 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Physical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | Kw | Kf | T ______| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | SyF: | | | | | | | | | | Sylco------| 0-4 | 10-25|1.00-1.20| 0.57-1.98 |0.11-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .37 | 2 | 4-22 | 10-30|1.20-1.50| 0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-1.5| .20 | .32 | | 22-27 | 10-30|1.20-1.50| 0.57-1.98 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.1-1.0| .15 | .32 | | 27-31 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Sylvatus------| 0-2 | 10-25|1.00-1.20| 0.57-1.98 |0.11-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 1 | 2-11 | 10-30|1.20-1.50| 0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.1-1.0| .20 | .28 | | 11-16 | 10-23|1.20-1.40| 0.57-1.98 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .28 | | 16-20 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | TsD: | | | | | | | | | | Tusquitee------| 0-10 | 7-20|1.20-1.40| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.24| 0.0-2.9 |3.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 5 | 10-56 | 7-20|1.30-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | | 56-60 | 5-20|1.30-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | UcG: | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1 | 2-7 | 5-20|1.45-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | | 7-15 | 5-20|1.45-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | | 15-25 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop----| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-6.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 217

Table 16.—Chemical Properties of the Soils

(Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

______| |Cation- |Effective| Map symbol | Depth |exchange |cation- | Soil and soil name | |capacity |exchange |reaction ______| | |capacity | | __In |meq/100______g|meq/100 ______g| __pH | | | | AcF: | | | | Ashe------| 0-4 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 4-32 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 32-40 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Cleveland------| 0-15 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 4.5-6.0 | 15-24 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Rock outcrop------| 0-60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | AsE, AsF: | | | | Ashe------| 0-4 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 4-32 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 32-40 | --- | --- | --- | | | | BeC, BeD, BeE: | | | | Bledsoe------| 0-7 | 5.0-16 | --- | 5.6-7.8 | 7-60 | 15-30 | --- | 5.6-7.8 | | | | BsE, BsF: | | | | Brookshire------| 0-65 | --- | --- | 5.1-5.5 | | | | BtD, BtE, BtF: | | | | Burton------| 0-14 | --- | 3.0-17 | 3.5-6.0 | 14-28 | --- | 1.0-3.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 28-35 | --- | --- | --- | | | | BuF: | | | | Burton------| 0-14 | --- | 3.0-17 | 3.5-6.0 | 14-28 | --- | 1.0-3.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 28-35 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Craggey------| 0-11 | --- | 2.0-10 | 3.5-6.0 | 11-25 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Rock outcrop------| 0-60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | BwD: | | | | Burton------| 0-14 | --- | 3.0-17 | 3.5-6.0 | 14-28 | --- | 1.0-3.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 28-35 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Wayah------| 0-12 | --- | 3.0-20 | 3.5-5.5 | 12-24 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0 | 24-61 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0 | | | | CaD, CaE, CaF: | | | | Calvin------| 0-8 | 12-22 | --- | 5.1-6.5 | 8-33 | 7.0-15 | --- | 5.1-6.5 | 33-38 | 7.0-15 | --- | 5.1-6.5 | 38-44 | --- | --- | --- | | | | 218 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Cation- |Effective| Map symbol | Depth |exchange |cation- | Soil and soil name | |capacity |exchange |reaction ______| | |capacity | | __In |meq/100______g|meq/100 ______g| __pH | | | | CbrG: | | | | Caneyville------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 4.5-7.3 | 4-29 | --- | --- | 4.5-7.3 | 29-33 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Rock outcrop------| 0-60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | CcE, CcF, CcG: | | | | Cataska------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | 1-5 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 5-18 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 18-60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Cg: | | | | Chagrin------| 0-7 | 10-24 | --- | 5.6-7.3 | 7-40 | 10-20 | --- | 5.6-7.3 | 40-60 | 2.0-12 | --- | 5.6-7.3 | | | | ChE, ChF: | | | | Chestnut------| 0-8 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 8-33 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 33-60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | ChG: | | | | Chestnut------| 0-8 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 8-29 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 29-60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Ashe------| 0-4 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 4-32 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 32-40 | --- | --- | --- | | | | CjD, CjE: | | | | Chestnut------| 0-8 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 8-29 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 29-60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Edneyville------| 0-8 | --- | 2.0-12 | 4.5-6.0 | 8-28 | --- | 2.0-6.0 | 4.5-6.0 | 28-62 | --- | 1.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0 | | | | Cs: | | | | Craigsville------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | 1-9 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5 | 9-63 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5 | | | | CuD: | | | | Cullasaja------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- | 2-15 | 3.0-15 | --- | 4.5-6.5 | 15-60 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0 | | | | Di: | | | | Dillard------| 0-6 | 5.0-15 | --- | 5.1-6.0 | 6-42 | --- | 8.0-12 | 4.5-5.5 | 42-60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 219

Table 16.—Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Cation- |Effective| Map symbol | Depth |exchange |cation- | Soil and soil name | |capacity |exchange |reaction ______| | |capacity | | __In |meq/100______g|meq/100 ______g| __pH | | | | DjF: | | | | Ditney------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | 1-8 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 8-24 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 24-40 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Unicoi------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- | 2-7 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 7-15 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 15-25 | --- | --- | --- | | | | DtE, DtF, DtG: | | | | Ditney------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | 1-8 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 8-24 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 24-40 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Du: | | | | Dunning------| 0-12 | --- | --- | 5.6-7.8 | 12-60 | --- | --- | 5.6-7.8 | | | | EdE, EdF: | | | | Edneyville------| 0-8 | --- | 2.0-12 | 4.5-6.0 | 8-28 | --- | 2.0-6.0 | 4.5-6.0 | 28-62 | --- | 1.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0 | | | | EvE: | | | | Edneyville------| 0-8 | --- | 2.0-12 | 4.5-6.0 | 8-28 | --- | 2.0-6.0 | 4.5-6.0 | 28-62 | --- | 1.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0 | | | | Chestnut------| 0-8 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 8-29 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 29-60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | GrE, GrF, GrG: | | | | Greenlee------| 0-6 | --- | 3.0-10 | 3.5-6.0 | 6-47 | --- | 1.0-6.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 47-65 | --- | 0.0-4.0 | 3.5-6.0 | | | | Ht, Hu: | | | | Hatboro------| 0-10 | 15-25 | --- | 4.5-7.3 | 10-32 | 15-25 | --- | 4.5-7.3 | 32-60 | 15-25 | --- | 5.6-6.5 | | | | JeD, JeE: | | | | Jeffrey------| 0-4 | --- | --- | --- | 4-13 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5 | 13-29 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5 | 29-40 | --- | --- | --- | | | | KeC, KeD, KeE, KeF: | | | | Keener------| 0-7 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0 | 7-45 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0 | 45-63 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0 | | | | 220 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Cation- |Effective| Map symbol | Depth |exchange |cation- | Soil and soil name | |capacity |exchange |reaction ______| | |capacity | | __In |meq/100______g|meq/100 ______g| __pH | | | | LoD, LoE: | | | | Lonon------| 0-6 | --- | 2.0-6.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 6-65 | --- | 3.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0 | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | Maymead------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- | 2-8 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5 | 8-63 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5 | | | | NcF, NcG: | | | | Northcove------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | 1-5 | --- | 1.0-6.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 5-24 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 24-63 | --- | 0.0-4.0 | 3.5-6.0 | | | | PgE, PgF: | | | | Pigeonroost------| 0-5 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0 | 5-24 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 3.6-6.0 | 24-37 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.6-6.0 | 37-45 | --- | --- | --- | | | | PnF: | | | | Pineola------| 0-15 | --- | 4.0-12 | 4.5-6.0 | 15-26 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 26-29 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0 | 29-45 | --- | --- | --- | | | | PoE: | | | | Porters------| 0-11 | 5.0-13 | --- | 4.5-6.5 | 11-42 | 2.0-4.0 | --- | 4.5-6.5 | 42-46 | --- | --- | --- | | | | PsF: | | | | Porters------| 0-11 | 5.0-12 | --- | 4.5-6.5 | 11-42 | 2.0-4.0 | --- | 4.5-6.5 | 42-46 | --- | --- | --- | | | | SaC: | | | | Saunook------| 0-8 | --- | 4.0-14 | 3.5-6.0 | 8-60 | 4.0-9.0 | --- | 4.5-6.5 | | | | ScC, ScD, ScE, ScF: | | | | Shelocta------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- | 2-12 | --- | 5.0-16 | 4.5-5.5 | 12-47 | --- | 3.0-15 | 4.5-5.5 | 47-65 | --- | 5.0-20 | 4.5-5.5 | | | | SoE, SoF, SoG: | | | | Soco------| 0-1 | --- | --- | --- | 1-4 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 3.5-5.5 | 4-30 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-5.5 | 30-45 | --- | --- | --- | | | | SrB: | | | | Statler------| 0-10 | --- | --- | 5.1-7.3 | 10-27 | --- | --- | 5.1-6.0 | 27-60 | --- | --- | 5.1-6.0 | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 221

Table 16.—Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Cation- |Effective| Map symbol | Depth |exchange |cation- | Soil and soil name | |capacity |exchange |reaction ______| | |capacity | | __In |meq/100______g|meq/100 ______g| __pH | | | | SyF: | | | | Sylco------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 4-22 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 22-27 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 27-31 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Sylvatus------| 0-2 | --- | 5.0-15 | 3.6-5.0 | 2-11 | --- | 4.0-12 | 3.6-5.0 | 11-16 | --- | 4.0-10 | 3.6-5.0 | 16-20 | --- | --- | --- | | | | TsD: | | | | Tusquitee------| 0-10 | 4.0-12 | --- | 4.5-6.5 | 10-56 | --- | 2.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0 | 56-60 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0 | | | | UcG: | | | | Unicoi------| 0-2 | --- | --- | --- | 2-7 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 7-15 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5 | 15-25 | --- | --- | --- | | | | Rock outcrop------| 0-60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | W. | | | | Water | | | | ______| | | | 222 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______| | | Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Potential |______Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | for | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top |frost action| steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | AcF: | | | | | Ashe------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | Cleveland------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 |None | --- | --- | | | | | AsE, AsF: | | | | | Ashe------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | BeC, BeD, BeE: | | | | | Bledsoe------| --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | BsE, BsF: | | | | | Brookshire------| --- | --- |None |Low |Moderate | | | | | BtD, BtE, BtF: | | | | | Burton------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |High |High | | | | | BuF: | | | | | Burton------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |High |High | | | | | Craggey------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 |Moderate |High |High | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 |None | --- | --- | | | | | BwD: | | | | | Burton------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |High |High | | | | | Wayah------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | CaD, CaE, CaF: | | | | | Calvin------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | CbrG: | | | | | Caneyville------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |High |Moderate | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 |None | --- | --- | | | | | CcE, CcF, CcG: | | | | | Cataska------|Bedrock | 10-20 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | Cg: | | | | | Chagrin------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | ChE, ChF: | | | | | Chestnut------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 223

Table 17.—Soil Features—Continued ______| | | Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Potential |______Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | for | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top |frost action| steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | ChG: | | | | | Chestnut------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | Ashe------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | CjD, CjE: | | | | | Chestnut------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | Edneyville------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | Cs: | | | | | Craigsville------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | CuD: | | | | | Cullasaja------| --- | --- |Moderate |High |High | | | | | Di: | | | | | Dillard------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High | | | | | DjF: | | | | | Ditney------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | Unicoi------|Bedrock (lithic) | 7-20 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | DtE, DtF, DtG: | | | | | Ditney------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | Du: | | | | | Dunning------| --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | EdE, EdF: | | | | | Edneyville------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | EvE: | | | | | Edneyville------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | Chestnut------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | GrE, GrF, GrG: | | | | | Greenlee------| --- | --- |Low |Low |High | | | | | Ht, Hu: | | | | | Hatboro------| --- | --- |High |High |Moderate | | | | | JeD, JeE: | | | | | Jeffrey------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |None |Low |Moderate | | | | | KeC, KeD, KeE, KeF: | | | | | Keener------| --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | LoD, LoE: | | | | | Lonon------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | Maymead------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | 224 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil Features—Continued ______| | | Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Potential |______Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | for | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top |frost action| steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | NcF, NcG: | | | | | Northcove------| --- | --- |Low |Low |High | | | | | PgE: | | | | | Pigeonroost------|Bedrock | --- |Low |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | PgF: | | | | | Pigeonroost------|Bedrock | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | PnF: | | | | | Pineola------|Bedrock | --- |Moderate |Low |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | PoE, PsF: | | | | | Porters------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-60 |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | SaC: | | | | | Saunook------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | ScC, ScD, ScE, ScF: | | | | | Shelocta------| --- | --- |None |Low |High | | | | | SoE, SoF, SoG: | | | | | Soco------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | SrB: | | | | | Statler------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | SyF: | | | | | Sylco------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | Sylvatus------|Bedrock (lithic) | 10-20 |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | TsD: | | | | | Tusquitee------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | UcG: | | | | | Unicoi------|Bedrock (lithic) | 7-20 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 |None | --- | --- | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | ______| | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 225

Table 18.—Water Features

(Depths of layers are in feet. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Estimates of the frequency of flooding apply to the whole year rather than to individual months. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | AcF: | | | | | | Ashe------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Cleveland------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | AsE, AsF: | | | | | | Ashe------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | BeC, BeD, BeE: | | | | | | Bledsoe------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | BsE, BsF: | | | | | | Brookshire------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | BtD, BtE, BtF: | | | | | | Burton------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | BuF: | | | | | | Burton------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Craggey------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | BwD: | | | | | | Burton------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Wayah------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | CaD, CaE, CaF: | | | | | | Calvin------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | 226 Soil Survey

Table 18.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | CbrG: | | | | | | Caneyville------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | CcE, CcF, CcG: | | | | | | Cataska------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Cg: | | | | | | Chagrin------| B | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | Brief | Rare | |February |4.0-6.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |March |4.0-6.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |April | --- | --- | Brief | Rare | |December | --- | --- | --- | Rare | | | | | | ChE, ChF: | | | | | | Chestnut------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | ChG: | | | | | | Chestnut------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Ashe------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | CjD, CjE: | | | | | | Chestnut------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Edneyville------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Cs: | | | | | | Craigsville------| B | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |February | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |March | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |April | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |May | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |November | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |December | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | | | | | | CuD: | | | | | | Cullasaja------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Di: | | | | | | Dillard------| C | | | | | | |January |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |February |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |March |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |April |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |December |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 227

Table 18.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | DjF: | | | | | | Ditney------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Unicoi------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | DtE, DtF, DtG: | | | | | | Ditney------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Du: | | | | | | Dunning------| D | | | | | | |January |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |February |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |March |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |April |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |May | --- | --- | Brief | Occasional | |December | --- | --- | Brief | Occasional | | | | | | EdE, EdF: | | | | | | Edneyville------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | EvE: | | | | | | Edneyville------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Chestnut------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | GrE, GrF, GrG: | | | | | | Greenlee------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Ht: | | | | | | Hatboro------| D | | | | | | |January |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |February |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |March |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |April |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |May |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |October |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | --- | None | |November |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |December |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | | | | | | Hu: | | | | | | Hatboro------| D | | | | | | |January |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |February |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |March |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |April |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |May |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |October |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | --- | None | |November |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |December |0.0-0.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | | | | | | 228 Soil Survey

Table 18.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | JeD, JeE: | | | | | | Jeffrey------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | KeC, KeD, KeE, KeF: | | | | | | Keener------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | LoD, LoE: | | | | | | Lonon------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | | Maymead------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | NcF, NcG: | | | | | | Northcove------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | PgE, PgF: | | | | | | Pigeonroost------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | PnF: | | | | | | Pineola------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | PoE, PsF: | | | | | | Porters------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | | Saunook------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | ScC, ScD, ScE, ScF: | | | | | | Shelocta------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | SoE, SoF, SoG: | | | | | | Soco------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | SrB: | | | | | | Statler------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | SyF: | | | | | | Sylco------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Sylvatus------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Johnson County, Tennessee 229

Table 18.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | TsD: | | | | | | Tusquitee------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | UcG: | | | | | | Unicoi------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | W. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | ______| | | | | | 230

Table 19.—Classification of the Soils ______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | Ashe------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Bledsoe------|Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs Brookshire------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts Burton------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplumbrepts Calvin------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Caneyville------|Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs Cataska------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrochrepts Chagrin------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts Chestnut------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Cleveland------|Loamy, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts Craggey------|Loamy, mixed, frigid Lithic Haplumbrepts Craigsville------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts Cullasaja------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Haplumbrepts Dillard------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludults Ditney------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Dunning------|Fine, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls Edneyville------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Greenlee------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Hatboro------|Fine-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents Jeffrey------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts Keener------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludults Lonon------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Maymead------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Northcove------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Pigeonroost------|Fine-loamy, active, mesic Typic Hapludults Pineola------|Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Humic Hapludults Porters------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts Saunook------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Humic Hapludults Shelocta------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Soco------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Statler------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Humic Hapludults Sylco------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Sylvatus------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts Tusquitee------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts Unicoi------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts Wayah------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplumbrepts ______|