Migration Durch Disporenverbreitung Und Vikarianz Bei Pflanzen

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Migration Durch Disporenverbreitung Und Vikarianz Bei Pflanzen ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Denisia Jahr/Year: 2007 Band/Volume: 0020 Autor(en)/Author(s): Pfosser Martin Artikel/Article: Migration durch Disporenverbreitung und Vikarianz bei Pflanzen - eine Analyse evolutionärer Mechanismen anhand molekularer Daten am Beispiel der Pflanzenfamilie Hyacinthaceae 379-393 © Biologiezentrum Linz, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Migration durch Disporenverbreitung und Vikarianz bei Pflanzen – eine Analyse evolutionärer Mechanismen anhand molekularer Daten am Beispiel der Pflanzenfamilie Hyacinthaceae M. P F OS SE R Abstract: Migration to new habitats facilitated by dispersal of diaspores and vicariance through fragmentation of past distribut- ion areas are important factors in plant evolution, eventually leading to the formation of new species or lineages. Such processes are frequently accompanied by mutations and changes in the allele frequencies of founder populations giving rise to altered ge- netic and morphological composition of the resultant populations. In the asparagalean family Hyacinthaceae such processes oc- cur both in a small scale, when local endemics are formed or when islands are newly colonized, but also in a larger scale, when migration from primary distribution centers (S Africa) to secondary centers of diversity (Mediterranean region) took place in the geological past. Reconstruction of genealogical history based on the analysis of molecular data is an important tool to illustrate such processes. Here we present phylogenetic data, corroborated by morphological, cytological, karyological and other evidence on the evolution of this monocot family. Key words: Phylogeny, migration, vicariance, diaspore dispersal, island evolution. Einleitung bedingt, oder kaum zur Fossilisierung und entziehen sich deshalb einer chorologischen oder genealogischen In einem Brief an Joseph Dalton HOOKER vom 22. Interpretation morphologisch basierter Daten. In diese Juli 1879 beschrieb Charles DARWIN das plötzliche Auf- Gruppe mit Vertretern notorisch unterrepräsentierter treten der bedecktsamigen Pflanzen (Angiospermen) Fossilbefunde fallen auch viele hauptsächlich krautige und ihr rasches Übernehmen einer dominierenden Rol- Pflanzenfamilien. le in den Fossilbelegen sowohl als ein verblüffendes Phänomen („perplexing phenomenon”) als auch als ein Erst durch die Entwicklung molekularer Techniken widerwärtiges Mysterium („abominable mystery”) für sind neue Daten und leistungsfähige Algorithmen ver- all jene, die an eine extrem graduelle Evolution mit fügbar, die es heute besser als früher ermöglichen, sol- langsamen Veränderungen glauben (CREPET 2000; che Fragen adäquat anzusprechen. Vor allem die Ana- DARWIN 1903). Mehr als ein Jahrhundert nach diesem lyse von DNA-Sequenzen hat uns in den letzten Jahren Brief sind auch heute noch eine Reihe von Fragen zur wichtige Einblicke in die Mechanismen und Prozesse Biogeographie von Pflanzensippen offen und stehen im der Diversifikation und Evolution praktisch aller orga- Fokus vieler systematisch orientierter Wissenschaftsdis- nismischer Linien ermöglicht (WOESE 2000). Dieser ziplinen. Trend hält bis heute an und verfeinerte und verbesser- te Techniken erlauben immer detailliertere Analysen Lange Zeit lag die Untersuchung dieses Mysteriums bis hin zur Untersuchung der Entwicklung einzelner mehr oder weniger ausschließlich im Aufgabenbereich isolierter Populationen. der vergleichenden Morphologie, der traditionellen Ta- xonomie und der Untersuchung von Fossilien, wobei letztere hauptsächlich aus Pollen und Blattresten be- Die Evolution der Monokotyledonen standen. Die fossilen Nachweise für viele Organismen- Innerhalb der Eukarya mit echtem Zellkern gehören gruppen sind naturgemäß unvollständig und spiegeln die Angiospermen zu den umfangreichsten terrestri- Denisia 20, deshalb nur ein rudimentäres Bild ursprünglicher Ver- schen Radiationen des Lebens und repräsentieren eine zugleich Kataloge der oberösterreichischen breitungsmuster wider. Nicht wenige Organismen eig- Modellgruppe für das Studium von Mustern und Mecha- Landesmuseen Neue Serie 66 (2007): nen sich aufgrund ihrer Morphologie und Textur nur nismen der Diversifikation (DAVIES et al. 2004; WOESE 379-393 © Biologiezentrum Linz, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Abb. 1: Maximum-Parsimony-Tree und 77 Scilla siehei geographische Verbreitung basaler Taxa 95 Scilla cf. bulgarica A 67 Scilla spetana der Hyacinthaceen-Verwandtschaft. 67 Scilla nana Scilla albescens A: Phylogenetische Rekonstruktion 99 94 Scilla cydonia acc. 1 Scilla cydonia acc. 2 (maximum parsimony) der wichtigsten Scilla subnivalis 73 Muscari botryoides Gattungen der Hyacinthaceen. Bootstrap- 97 Muscari comosum Werte > 50 % sind oberhalb der Äste Muscari macrocarpum 54 Schnarfia messeniaca eingezeichnet. Unterfamilien- und Tribus- Chouardia litardierei 84 Nectaroscilla hyacinthoides Zuordnungen sensu SPETA (1998a, b) sind 100 Bellevalia aff. brevipedicellata Bellevalia trifoliata am rechten Rand angegeben. Knoten mit 81 Fessia vvedenskyi ausgefüllten Kreisen markieren gut 76 Fessia puschkinioides Fessia greilhuberi abgesicherte Beziehungen (Jackknife 87 Zagrosia persica acc. 1 74 92 Zagrosia persica acc. 2 Algorithmus > 0,63), offene Kreise 100 Hyacinthus orientalis 51 Pfosseria bithynica markieren schwach abgesicherte Gruppen Othocallis sp. Puschkinia scilloides (Werte > 0,5 aber < 0,63). 93 Prospero elisae acc. 1 98 B: Zuordnung basaler Taxa zu den 87 Prospero elisae acc. 2 95 Prospero haritonidae unterschiedlichen geographischen Prospero obtusifolium HYACINTHEAE 94 Hyacinthella dalmatica Regionen Südamerika (grün), südliches Hyacinthella heldreichii 100 Hyacinthoides non-scripta Afrika (rot) und 67 85 Hyacinthoides hispanica Madagaskar/Arabien/Indien (gelb). Hyacinthoides vincentina 99 Hyacinthoides reverchonii 93 Hyacinthoides lingulata 94 Hyacinthoides aristidis Hyacinthoides italica 100 Autonoe latifolia HYACINTHOIDEAE 78 Autonoe haemorrhoidalis 100 Tractema monophyllos acc. 2 96 Tractema monophyllos acc. 1 69 Tractema lilio-hyacinthus 74 Oncostema dimartinoi 100 Oncostema villosa Oncostema peruviana Brimeura amethystina Barnardia scilloides 71 Drimiopsis botryoides ssp. botryoides 84 Drimiopsis botryoides ssp. prostrata Drimiopsis maculata 56 Drimiopsis barteri 98 Ledebouria somalensis Ledebouria urceolata 100 Ledebouria socialis Ledebouria revoluta Ledebouria cordifolia Schizocarphus nervosus 100 Lachenalia pallida 87 78 100 Lachenalia aloides 83 Polyxena calcicola 62 Lachenalia namibiensis MASSONIEAE 68 Whiteheadia etesionamibensis Veltheimia bracteata 67 Eucomis punctata 96 Merwilla sp. 2 Merwilla sp. 1 Merwilla lazulina 73 Ornithogalum umbellatum 88 Ornithogalum angustifolium 61 Ornithogalum pannonicum Ornithogalum amphibolum 60 Ornithogalum wiedemannii Ornithogalum montanum 53 64 Ornithogalum pascheanum Ornithogalum fimbriatum 87 Ornithogalum gussonei acc. 2 97 Ornithogalum gussonei acc. 1 Honorius prasandrus Loncomelos brachystylus 86 Melomphis arabica 97 Eliokarmos thyrsoides ORNITHOGALEAE Cathissa concinna 91 Eliokarmos bolusianus 62 Eliokarmos graminifolius 98 Zahariadia saundersiae 78 Galtonia princeps 50 Galtonia viridiflora Dipcadi serotinum acc. 1 97 Dipcadi serotinum acc. 2 98 ORNITHOGALOIDEAE 86 Dipcadi fulvum Dipcadi viride 70 100 Pseudogaltonia clavata 71 Stellarioides ecklonii 60 Stellarioides longebracteata 57 Stellarioides tenuifolia 72 72 Albuca sp. DIPCADIEAE 86 Albuca nelsonii Stellarioides etesiogaripensis Galtonia candicans 98 Charybdis hesperia 100 Charybdis maritima Charybdis aff. numidica Urginea undulata 100 Karoophila bolusii 92 96 Urginavia micrantha 65 Urginavia sp. 84 Drimia elata URGINEOIDEAE Urginea sensu lato Urginavia altissima 98 92 Rhadamanthus sp. 1 Rhadamanthus sp. 2 100 100 Ebertia nana Thuranthos indicum sensu lato Bowiea volubilis 100 Oziroe sp. Oziroe biflora OZIROEOIDEAE OUTGROUP 380 © Biologiezentrum Linz, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at B 2000). Phylogenetische Beziehungen innerhalb der An- für viele Entwicklungslinien innerhalb dieser Gruppe giospermen wurden in den letzten Jahren in groß ange- (BREMER 2000, 2002; GANDOLFO et al. 2000; VINNERS- legten Projekten unter Einbeziehung vieler verschiede- TEN & BREMER 2001). Auf Familienebene machten al- ner Forschungsgruppen untersucht und haben unsere lerdings die molekularen Analysen größere taxonomi- Kenntnisse der Beziehungen auf Familienebene und da- sche Umstellungen notwendig, um monophyletische rüber entscheidend beeinflusst (APG 1998 2003; HILU Gruppen zu erzielen. Innerhalb der Ordnungen Lilia- et al. 2003). Dabei wurden sämtliche DNA enthaltende les/Asparagales trugen DNA-Sequenzdaten wesentlich Zellkompartimente (Zellkern, Plastiden und Mitochon- dazu bei Familiengrenzen zu definieren. Die Familie drien) mit einer Reihe verschiedener DNA-Marker in Hyacinthaceae beispielsweise, mit ca. 900 – 1000 Ar- die Analyse miteinbezogen (QIU et al. 1999, 2000). ten und rund 70 Gattungen (SPETA 1998a, b; 2001) ist Traditionellerweise werden alle Angiospermen in heute als monophyletische Gruppe innerhalb der Ord- die zwei großen Gruppen der Zweikeimblättrigen (Diko- nung Asparagales etabliert. Als Schwestergruppe fun- tyledonen) und Einkeimblättrigen (Monokotyledonen) giert mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit die kleine nord- eingeteilt. Die molekularen Befunde konnten aber deut- amerikanische Familie Themidaceae (FAY & CHASE lich zeigen, dass die Gruppe der Zweikeimblättrigen pa- 1996, FAY et al. 2000; PFOSSER
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