DEIXIS SYSTEM IN ENGLISH AND LIMBU LANGUAGES

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education

In Partial Fulfillment for the Master of Education in English

Submitted by

Devi Maya Lawati

Faculty of Education

Tribhuwan University

Janta Multiple Campus,

Itahari, Sunsari

2019/2075 DEIXIS SYSTEM IN ENGLISH AND LIMBU LANGUAGES

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education

In Partial Fulfillment for the Master of Education in English

Submitted by

Devi Maya Lawati

Faculty of Education

Tribhuwan University

Janata Multiple Campus,

Itahari, Sunsari

2019/2075

T.U. Reg. No.: 9-2-218-43-2010 Approval of Thesis Second Year Examination Proposal: 2075-06-15 (2018-10-01) Roll No: 2180042 (2072/2015) Date of Submission: 2075-12-03 (2019/03/17) Campus Roll No: 09 (2071/72) Date of Viva 2075/12/24 (2019/04/07) DECLARATION

I hereby declare that to the best of my knowledge this thesis is original and my own creation; no part of it was earlier submitted for the candidature of research degree to any university.

Devi Maya Lawati

Date: 2075/12/01 (2019/03/15) Tribhuvan University 025580064 Janta Multiple Campus 581300 Itahari,Sunsari Estd : 2045 (Science, Management, Humanities & Education) Ref: Date :2075/12/01

RECOMMENDATION FOR ACCEPTANCE

This is to certify that Miss Devi Maya Lawati has worked and completed her M.Ed. Thesis entiteled DEIXIS SYSTEM IN ENGLISH AND LIMBU LANGUAGES under my guidance and supervision.

I recommend the thesis for acceptance.

Date:15th March 2019 Tirtha Raj Acharya

(Supervisor)

Lecturer

Department of English Education Tribhuvan University 025580064 Janta Multiple Campus 581300 Itahari,Sunsari Estd : 2045 (Science, Management, Humanities & Education) Ref: Date :2075/12/06

RECOMMENDATION FOR EVALUATION

The thesis entitled DEIXIS SYSTEM IN ENGLISH AND LIMBU LANGUAGES prepared by Devi Maya Lawati has been recommend for evaluation by the following 'Research Guidance

Committee.'

Signature

Mr Kamal Raj Dahal ……….……………

Associate Prof. and Head Chairperson

Department of English Education

Mr. Tirtha Raj Acharya ……………………

Lecturer Member

Department of English Education

Mr. Chet Nath Niroula ……………………

Asst. Lecturer

Department of English Education

Date: 20th March 2019 DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated

To,

My family members and gurus who loved me unconditionally

and showed the way

of life. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis guide Mr. Tirtha Raj Aharya, Lecturer of English in Janta Multiple Campus, Itahari, Sunsari who constantly helped me at every stage of the study by providing me invaluable guidance and advice. I have no words to extend my gratitude for his patience, kindness, proper guidance, supervision and valuable suggestions that inspired me to develop my thesis.

I am very grateful to Mr. Kamal Raj Dahal, Head of the Department of English Language Education for providing the opportunity to carry out this research. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Chet Nath Niroula and other members of the Department of English Education, Janta Multiple Campus, Itahari, Sunsari for valuable advice and cooperation for my academic prosperity.

I am very grateful to Mr. Bhojraj Shrestha , Campus chief , Janta Multiple Campus and Tolanath Kafle, Asst. Campus chief, Janta Multiple Campus.

Similarly, my sincere thanks go to Dig Dhoj Lawati, Lalita Lawati, Srijana Lawati, Kamal Lawati, Tulasa Chemjong and all the Limbu informants for their cooperation in data collection period.

Likewise I am extremely grateful to Santosh Serma, Santosh Kumar Limbu, Mamindra Kumari Serma who helped me by providing resource materials in course of carrying out this study. Furthermore my sister Sujata Lawati and family members deserve my hearty thanks for their help, cooperation and inspiration to complete this research.

Finally, my thanks go to Miss Samala Rai for her help in computational work. ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled Deixis System in English and Limbu Languages has tried to find out the deixis systems in English and Limbu languages. The data were collected from the forty native speakers of the Limbu language by using random sampling procedure. The informants for this study have been selected from ward no 1 of Kummayak Rural Municipality,

Panchthar. The questionnaire was the research tool for data collection. The researcher used the survey research design to carry out this thesis. The researcher has collected both primary and secondary sources of data. The findings are: Limbu language has three number systems in person deixis. They are:- singular , dual and plural. There are three different words to indicate second person deictic terms. For example; /henɛʔ/ (you), /hinchiʔ/ (you two) and

/hini/ (plural you) but English language has only one word ‘you’ to indicate second person deictic terms. There are three different words to indicate ‘passed years’ in Limbu language.

They are; /miʔliɳ/ (last year) , /silliɳ/ ( the year before last year) , /thɔlliɳ/ ( three years before last year) but we cannot find equivalent words for these words in English to indicate

‘passed years.’Place deictic expressions in Limbu can be classified under proximal distal and neuter classes, e.g. /ɔghɛʔ/ (here, Proximal) , /hɛʔna/ ( there, distal) and /tho:/ (up, neuter) etc.

This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one mainly includes introduction that comprises general background of the research, objective of the study, delimitation of the study. Chapter two consists of review of the related literature and conceptual framework. Chapter third deals with methods and procedures of the study. It describes about the data collection and information obtained from different resources. It deals with sources of data, sampling procedures and research tools, process of data collection and delimitation of the study. Chapter four is the main body of the research. It includes the presentation of data and results and discussions of the data. It presents the data descriptively and in the form of graphs and tables. It also compares and contrasts the deictic terms in

English and Limbu languages. Chapter five presents summary, conclusion and pedagogical implications of the study. There are references and appendices in the last part of this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No:

Declaration ii

Recommendation for Acceptance iii

Recommendation for Evaluation iv

Evaluation and Approval v

Dedication vi

Acknowledgements vii

Abstract viii

Table of Contents viii

List of Tables ix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1 General Background 1

1.1.1 Introduction to Limbu People and Limbu Language

1.1.2 Dialects of Limbu Language

1.1 Statement of the Problem 5

1.2 Rationale of the Study 5

1.3 Objectives of the Study 7

1.4 Research Questions 7

1.5 Significance of the Study 7

1.6 Delimitation of the Study 7 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK

2.1 Theoretical Review 9

2.1.1 An introduction to importance of Pragmatics

2.1.1 Deixis

2.1.3 Types of Deixis

2.1.4 An Introduction to Limbu Script

2.2 Review of the Emperical Literature 14

2.3 Implications of the Reviewed Literature 17

2.4 Conceptual Framework 17

CHAPTER THREE: METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY

3.1 The Design of the study 19

3.2 Sources of Data 19

3.2.1. Primary Sources of Data

3.2.2. Secondary Sources of Data

3.3 Sample Population 20

3.4 Sampling Procedure 20

3.5 Tools of Data Collection 20

3.6 Process of Data Collection 20

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Results 22

4.2 Discussions 24

4.2.1 Person Deixis in Limbu Language

4.2.2 Time Deixis in Limbu Language

4.2.3 Place Deixis in Limbu Language 4.3 Deixis in Limbu and English Languages 27

4.3.1 Person Deixis in Limbu Language

4.3.1.1 First Person Deixis in Limbu and English Languages

4.3.1.2 Second Person Deixis in Limbu and English Languages

4.3.1.3 Third Person Deixis in Limbu and English Languages

4.3.2 Time Deixis

4.3.3 Place Deixis

4.4 Deixis in Word Level 50

4.4.1 Person Deixis in English

4.4.2 Person Deixis in Limbu

4.4.3 Time Deixis in English

4.4.4 Time Deixis in Limbu

4.4.5 Place Deixis in English

4.4.6 Place Deixis in Limbu

4.5 Deixis in Sentence Level 58

4.5.1 Person Deixis

4.5.2 Time Deixis

4.5.3 Place Deixis

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION

5.1 Summary 62

5.2 Conclusion 62

5.3 Pedagogical Implications 65

REFERENCES APPENDICES

Appendix I Questionnaires

Appendix Ii List Of The Informants

Appendix Iii Table Of English Person, Place & Time Deictic Terms

Appendix Iv Table Of English And Limbu Person, Place & Time

Deictic Terms

Appendix V List Of Some Person, Place & Time Deictic Terms (Limbu

And English) LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: First Person Deixis in English 28 Table 2: First Person Deixis in Limbu 28 Table 3: Second Person Deixis in English 30 Table 4: Second Person Deixis in Limbu 31 Table 5: Third Person Deixis in English 33 Table 6: Third Person Deixis in Limbu 34 Table 7: Present Time Deixis in English and Limbu 37 Table 8: Past Time Deictic Terms in English and Limbu 40 Table 9: Future Time Deictic Terms in English and Limbu 43 Table 10: Place Deictic Terms in English and Limbu 46 Table 11: Person Deictic Terms English and Limbu 51 Table 12: First Person Deixis in Limbu in Word Level 52 Table 13: Second Person Deixis in Limbu in Word Level 52 Table 14: Third Person Deixis in Limbu in Word Level 53 Table 15: Time Deictic Terms in English in Word Level 53 Table 16: Present Time Deictic Terms in Limbu 54 Table 17: Past Time Deictic Terms in Limbu 55 Table 18: Future Time Deictic Terms in Limbu 56 Table 19: Place Deictic Terms in English 57 Table 20: Place Deictic Terms in Limbu 58 Table 21: English and Limbu Person Deictic Terms in Sentence Level Table 22: Time Deictic Terms in English and Limbu in Sentence Level 60 Table 23: Place Deictic Terms in English and Limbu in Sentence Level 61 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The referring expressions (Such as I, you, she, here, there etc) of a language 'point' to the specific entities that they refer to. This process of 'pointing through language to particular entity' is known as deixis, and the referring expressions are known as deictic, or deictic expressions. The term 'deixis' according to Levinson ( 2010, p.54), is borrowed from Greek to refer to 'pointing or indicating something through language.'

Essentially deixis concerns the ways in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event and thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance.

1.1.General Background

Nepal is rich in cultural and linguistic plurality. There are 123 languages spoken as mother tongue reported in census 2011. Unfortunately, most of them do not have their written scripts but only used in daily communication. If appropriate attention is not paid to those (indigenous) languages, their existence will be just imagination in future. All the languages identified in Nepal are classified under the following four major groups of language family.

I. Indo-Aryan Group

Nepali Magahi

Maithili Marwadi

Bhojpuri Kumal Tharu Darai

Rajbanshi Majhi

Awadhi Bote

Danuwar Hindi/Urdu

Bengali Chureti

( Gurung, 2003, p.19)

II. Tibeto-Burman Group

This group includes following languages

Limbu Tamanag Hayu Meche

Thakali Koche Gurung Thami

Chepang Route Bahing Lepcha

Kaike Raji Sunuwar Jirel

Sampang Kham Dura Pahari

Newar Chamling Dhimal

( Gurung, 2003, p.19) III. Austro-Asiatic Group

Munda Mon-Khmer

North South

Kherwari Other North

Khariya

Santhali Munda

(Yadava, 2003, P. 147)

IV. Dravidian Group

Jhagar is the only language of the Dravidian family which is spoken on the Province of Koshi

River in the eastern region of Nepal.

1.1.1 Introduction to Limbu People & Limbu Language

Nepal is a common place of diverse ethnic groups. Among them, Limbu is one of the major groups in it. The Limbu is a sedentary agriculturalist people of the mongoloid race dwelling in the hills of the Koshi and Mechi zone of eastern Nepal, parts of Sikkim to the west of Tista and in Darjeeling district of India (Van Driem, 1987, P.ix) .They are one of the Kirati groups.

Traditionally, provinces as Wallo Kirat, Majha Kirat and Pallo Kirat. Pallo Kirat includes

Taplejung, Panchthar, Terathum, Illam, Dhankuta, Sankhuwasabha, Sunsari, the northern part of

Morang district and Darjeeling and Sikkim in India. Nowadays Limbus are residing in Lalitpur,

Kathmandu and Bhaktapur districts of Nepal. Limbu language is one of the languages of Tibeto-Burman language family. This language is spoken by 3,80,000 (the census, 2011) Limbus. The Limbus are called Yakthumba and their spoken language is called ‘Yakthum(ba) Pan. In terms of the population and the vastness of the geographical distribution, Limbu is considered as the dominant and the most prominent language of the Kirati group of Tibeto-Burman language family. According to the recent policy of the government, all Janajati children have the opportunity to learn in their own mother tongue upto the primary level but in some provinces of India like Sikkim, it is being taught upto the primary level where the majorities of the population is the Limbus.

1.1.2 Dialects of Limbu language

The Limbu language has four dialects spoken in different regions of Limbuwan or Pallo Kirat which are as follows: (Kaila, 2003, P.10) i. Panthare Dialect

This dialect is spoken in Panchthar and Illam districts of the eastern part of Nepal. In this way, it is spoken in Yangrok of Taplejung, Chaubis-Thum of Dhankuta districts and some parts of India mentioned above. This dialect is regarded as the standard dialect among the varieties of the

Limbu language. Most of the books and literature are written in this dialect.

(Kaila, 2003, P.10) ii.Phedappe Dialect

The term ‘Phedappe’ is a Nepali adjectival form of ‘Phedap.’ ‘Phedappe’ dialect is spoken by the

Limbus of Tehrathum district if Koshi zone. The Tamor to the east and Arun river in the west.

(Kaila, 2003, P.10) iii.Chhathare Dialect

Chhathare dialect is spoken through Chhathar which lies to the eastern part of Dhankuta district like Tankhuwa, Bhirgaun, Hattikharka, Murtidhunga and in south western part of the adjoining

Tehrathum district like Dangapa, Hamarjung, Panchakanya, Phakchamara and Okarbote.

(Kaila, 2003, P.11) iv.Tambarkhole Dialect

This dialect is spoken in Taplejung district including the Tambarkhole Yangrape and

Maiwakhole sub-dialect. It is spoken to the north of Phedap along and specially north to the

Tamor river in Taplejung district and beyond the dialect boundary Phedappe is an abrupt transition as one crosses the Tamor River between Tehrathum and Yasok.

(Kaila, 2003, P.11)

1.1 Statement of the Problem

Nowadays, due to the influence of Nepali and English languages, Limbu is neglected and people are more interested in English and Nepali rather than Limbu. As Limbu language is not so developed and standard, the Limbu people are not recognized; their culture and identity are not publicized. Very few books are found to be printed in Limbu language. Most of the Limbu people do not know their own script and language.

In order to keep Limbu language away from extinction, it is necessary to teach primary level students through the medium of Limbu language. Limbu parents should focus on teaching their children about their own language. Children competent user of Limbu language, they should teach their children about the deixis system of

Limbu language. Unfortunately many words of Limbu language are borrowed from Nepali and other languages. Because of that the Limbu children are being unable to use Limbu language properly. According to the Interim Constitution of Nepal (2007), all Janajati children have the opportunity to get education in their own mother tongue upto the primary level where the majorities of Limbu population is the Limbus. Even though the result is not satisfiable due to several reasons. Parents and stakeholders are not positive towards teaching children in their own mother tongue. they are attracted towards teaching their children English language. The Limbu language has been neglected for use by Limbu children because of its deictic system. However, the major issue is that how the deictic system affects the use of limbu language and how does it hamper the acquisition of limbu language. So, the researcher took it as a problem.

1.4 Rationale of the Study

Frequently, people use words from other languages even if they are speaking in their mother tongue. It is necessary to study deictic system of Limbu and to compare it with the English deictic system so that Limbu students get benefitted while learning English language.

Furthermore, to maintain the standard of language and to modify the necessary changes in Limbu language, the researcher felt the need of comparing and studying both the languages English and

Limbu. 1.5 Objective of the Study

The objectives of the study are as follows:

a. To find out deixis systems in Limbu and English languages.

b. To compare and contrast between Limbu and English deixis systems.

c. To point out some pedagogical implications.

1.6 Research Questions

This study seeks to find out the answer of the following questions:

a. What are the deictic systems of Limbu and English languages?

b. What are the similarities and differences between the deictic system in Limbu and

English languages?

c. What is the pedagogical implication of the study?

1.7 Significance of the Study

The study will be useful for the future researchers who may want to study in similar areas. It will be equally important to those who are involved in teaching and learning English in eastern part of Nepal, where mostly Limbu students study the English language as a second language. It will be beneficial to textbook writers and curriculum designers too. 1.8 Delimitation of the Study

The delimitations of the study are as follows:

a. This study was limited to person, time and place deixis only between Limbu and English

languages.

b. The total sample size of this study was only forty Limbu native speakers of Yasok,

Panchthar.

c. The study was based on Panthare dialect of Limbu.

d. The informants were both types; literate/illiterate, male/female. CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Theoretical Review

The theoretical framework is a summary of the theory regarding a particular problem that is developed through a review of previous research on the variables involved. It identifies a plan for investigation and interpretations of the findings.

(Source: http//www.statisticssolutions.com/theoretical-framework)

2.1.1 An introduction to importance of Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of speaker’s meaning according to the context. Language is used in a

specific context where there are participants, topics, setting, and goal of communication and

so on. “Pragmatics is the study of these principles that will account for why a certain set of

sentences (or utterances) are anomalous or not possible (i.e. ordinary) utterances.”

(Levinson, 1994, p.6)

2.1.2 Deixis

The single most obvious way in which the relationship in the structures of themselves is through the phenomenon of deixis. The term is borrowed from the Greek word ‘deiktikos’ for pointing or indicating and has a prototypical or focal exemplars the use of second person pronouns, tense, specific time and place adverbs like now and here, and a variety of other grammatical features tied directly to the circumstances of utterance. Deixis belongs to the domain of pragmatics because it directly concerns with the relationship between structures of languages and the contexts in which they are used and help to understand the context of an utterance.

Deixis concerns the ways in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event, and thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context and utterance (Levinson, 1994, p. 54). Deixis are identified by deictic. Deictic means to point out the particular person, place, time, social or discourse.

2.1.3Types of Deixis

Generally, deixis are explained as given below:

Proximal Deixis and Distal Deixis

The deictic expressions can be categorized as proximal deixis and distal deixis. The deictic expression which shows proximity to the deictic center is known as proximal deixis, and the deixis which shows relatively distant relation to the deictic centre is known as distal deixis, such as the word “Here” is proximal deixis and “There” is distal deixis.

(Levinson, 2010,P.68)

I. Person Deixis

The expressions which are used to point to different persons are known as a person deixis. For example,

a) First person: I, my, me, we etc are used to point the speaker or writer. b) Second person: You, your etc. are used to point the speaker’s reference to the hearer(s) or

addressee(s).

c) Third person: pronouns such as he, she, they etc.

When we talk of person deixis we mean the use of expressions to point to a person with the personal pronouns, ‘I’, you, he, she, it, we, and they.’ Person deixis clearly operates on the basis of three divisions; exemplified by the pronouns for first person for first person (I), second person

(you) and third person (he, she or it) in English. When we are analyzing the person deixis, ‘we’ does not mean plural speakers in the same way.

II. Time Deixis

Time deixis refers to the expressions that point to a time from the context of the speaker. Such as:

Pull the trigger now.

I’m now working on Ph.D.

(Levinson, 2010,P.73)

‘Now’ in the first utterance may refer to the particular movement of time at which the commander has instructed his trainee. But in the second sentence, the ‘now’ used by a scholar may refer to relatively long period of time, not necessarily particular moment at which he is speaking. Now, then, today, tomorrow, yesterday etc.

III. Place Deixis

Place deixis is also known as spatial deixis. Cutting defines place deixis as –‘the words used to point to a location or a place where an entity is in the context.’ The demonstrative adverbs are ‘there’, ‘here’ and the demonstrative adverbs ‘this’, ‘those’, ‘these’, ‘that’ are the example of place deixis.

Levinson states that place or space deixis ‘concerns the specification of locations relative to anchorage points in the speech event.’ This is to say, location of the entities can be specified through deictic expressions. It is also hundred yards away. Kabul is four hundred miles west to here. Here, there, this, that, those are some examples of place deixis. They refer to the proximal or distant based on the participant’s location. (Levinson,

2010,P.79)

IV. Discourse Deixis

Discourse Deixis is defined as the use of expressions to refer to some portion of a discourse.

Through discourse deixis, an utterance signals, its relation to the surrounding text, as in example:

In the second paragraph we defined pragmatics and …

A: Do you know what an encyclopedia is?

A: Can you spell it?

The above expression ‘the paragraph’ refers to a certain portion of the current discourse.

Similarly, the word ‘it’ points to a particular word ‘encyclopedia.’ It is a part of discourse. V. Social Deixis

Social Deixis refers to the use of linguistic expressions that point to the status of the addressee(s) and other(s) in relation to that of the speaker. To quote Crystal (2003), the term deixis is also used for words which refers backwards or forwards in discourse. E.g. - that the following, the former. This is known as discourse deixis,

which should be distinguished from social deixis, the encoding of social distinctions that relate to participant roles, as encountered in such matters as pronouns, honorifics, vocatives and forms of address.

Social deixis is centrally concerned with the relationship between the participants of social deixis based on relation or honorific or non- honorific words, ‘Your Honour’, ‘Mr. President’, ‘Your

Excellency’, ‘My Lord’ etc are the personal deixis based on the social discourse.

2.1.4. An Introduction to Limbu Script

The Limbu language has its own script which is called ‘Sirijunga Lipi.’ Kainla (2003,P.12) writes “… according to Chemjong(1976), the script was developed by the King Sirijunga in the

9th century. The script has been named after his name. Later, the script was renovation by the second Sirijunga ( 1994-41 AD) who was believed to be the incarnation of the first Sirijunga after about one thousand years. However, any evidence of the script has not been found before second Sirijunga. But after him many manuscripts, documents and literary books have been found in the scripts. In these days people call the Limbu language as Kirat script. Different books, journals and newspapers have been published in the Limbu language. The Limbu alphabets are presented below:

i. Vowels

c cf cl c' c]

A Aa I U E

c} cf] c{ cY

`Ey O Ari Erey

ii. Consonants

s v u P i

Ka Kha Ga Gha Nga

r p h t y

Cha Chha Ja Ta Tha

b w g k m

Da Dha Na Pa Pha

a e d o F

Ba Bha Ma Ya Ra

n j z ; x

La Wa Sha Sa Ha

(Kaila,2003,P.22) 2.2 Review of Emperical Literature

Some linguistic comparative studies have been carried out on different languages; e.g. Nepali,

Tharu, Maithili, Gurung, Limbu, Rai, Newari etc. in the development of English language education.

The researcher has studied the literary works that order to collect some ideas and information for the present study, the researcher has collected and studied the following reference by different researcher.

Rai (2001) has compared and contrasted Limbu kinship terms with Nepali and English terms in her study, “A Comparative Linguistic Study of English Nepali and Limbu Kinship Terms.” This was the first dissertation at the Department of English

Education on Limbu language. Her objectives were to determine English, Nepali and Limbu

Kinship terms and compare them. She had taken primary data from twenty Limbu native speakers and twenty Nepali native speakers of Panchthar district (Nagi, Nangin, Yangnam) using snowball sampling procedure. Secondary sources were used for English. She found that English has the least number of kinship terms. There was no distinction between male and female ego except the terms husband and wife and no distinction of elder and younger in Nepali and Limbu.

Tumpapo (2005) has conducted a research on “Verbal Affixation in Limbu and English: A

Comparative Study.” He aimed to find out verbal affixation in Limbu and compare and contrast with that of English. He found that Panthare dialect of Limbu has infixation system whereas

English lacks this system. Both languages have multiple affixation system but more than three affixes can be added to the same verb in Panthare dialect of Limbu. Serma (2008) has done a research on “Pluralization in English and Limbu.” His objectives were to identify the process of pluralization in the Limbu language and to compare and contrast the process of Limbu pluralization with that of English. He had taken primary data from forty Limbu native speakers of Manjabung VDC f Panchthar district using interview schedule and participant observation tools. Secondary sources were taken from the different books, journals, thesis, documents etc. His conclusion was the processes of pluralization found in Limbu are the dual number suffix (-si) and the plural suffix (-ha). The process of pluralization system in Limbu is easier than that of English.

Limbu (2008) carried out a research on “Asking for Permission in English and Limbu.” He wanted to find out different forms of asking for permission used by the

native speakers of Limbu and to compare those in relation to English forms. The primary data were taken from forty Panthare dialect speaking Limbu natives of Ilam districts- Ibhang,

Gajurmukhi and Lumde VDCs. Secondary sources of data were the related books, newspapers, journals, dictionaries, etc. The interview schedule was taken as a tool to collect required data for the study. He found that address terms are used to call people respectively and last terms create informal temperature and formal forms in Limbu while seeking permission. Both English and

Limbu native speakers use formal forms with strangers, guests, doctors, bosses, and teachers in seeking permission.

Sherma (2011) has carried out a comparative study on “Tense Marking System in Panthare

Limbu and English.” She aimed to find out tense marking system in Limbu and to compare those in relation to English tense marking systems. She had taken primary data from recording of native speakers of Panthare Limbu language of Manjabung VDC of Panchthar district.

Secondary sources were different books, newspapers, journals, documents etc. interview and questionnaire methods were used as tools to collect the required data for the study. She concluded that there are two kinds of tenses regarding the intransitive verb in Limbu i.e.

‘Unchon Yem’ and non-past tense i.e. ‘Ɔkhel Yem.’ There are two tenses in both Limbu and

English.

Timsina (2015) has completed the thesis in “Deixis System in English and Jhagar Languages.”

The main Purpose of the study was to find out deixis systems of English and Jhagar languages and to compare them. He had taken primary data from forty jhagar native speakers above 12 years of Duhabi-4, Basantapur, Sonapur, Itahari and other places of Sunsari district. Observation, interview and questionnaire were the main tools for data collection. He found out that there are three kinds of cases

‘subjective’ ‘objective’ and ‘Genetive’ are found in English but there are only two kinds of cases in Jhagar person deictic expressions. They are subjective and objective in Jhagar language.

English is richer than Jhagar place deictic expressions because different place deictic terms in

English are denoted by same deictic terms in Jhagar.

2.3 Implications of the Reviewed Literature

The researcher has got some ideas from the related reviewed literature. She studied them carefully. These research works were to some extent related to this study. After reviewing these works, she has got ideas of adopting appropriate methodologies, analyzing and interpreting, the data and drawing the conclusion of the research works. To conclude this, the researcher collected all ideas to design this thesis in this form these literatures.

2.4 Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework is the foundation in which thesis is carried out. It refers to the approach or pathway to structure a research. The study of Deictic Expressions used in English and Limbu are the theme of this research. This research will be based on following conceptual framework. Deixis systems in English and Limbu languages

Review of the literature

Objectives Sample of Deictic To find out the Deixis terms used in English used in Limbu and and Limbu languages English languages

Deictic terms used in English and Data tabulation, Limbu languages analysis and findings.

Person Deixis, Place Deixis and Similarities Time Deixis.

Decision on the sample and development of appropriate research Differences tools to collect required information

A comparative final report Output CHAPTER THREE

METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY

The following methodology was followed by the researcher to accomplish the objectives of the study.

3.1 The Design of the Study

The researcher adopted the survey research design to collect and analyze data. The researcher visited ward number- 1 of Kummayak Rural Municipality Panchthar. She studied the sample of selected population from the above mentioned ward. The researcher explained them the purpose of visiting them and build a rapport with them so that it would be easier to collect data. Then the researcher prepared the structure questionnaire and administered it to get necessary information about Limbu language.

3.2 Sources of Data

The researcher collected the data from both primary and secondary sources.

3.2.1 Primary Source of Data

The primary sources of data were forty native speakers of the Limbu language of Kummayak

Rural Municipality-1, Panchthar district (see appendix-I) being a native speaker, the researcher was the source of primary data too. 3.2.2. Secondary Sources of Data

The Secondary sources of data were taken from the different books, newspapers, journals, theses, documents etc. Main source of secondary data were: Celce-Murcia and Larsen – Freeman

(1983), Van Dreim (1987) , Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (2001) ,

Sharma (2014), Kaila( 2003) and Levinson ( 2010).

3.3 Sample Population

The total sample size of the study was only forty Limbu native speakers of Yasok, Kumayak – 1,

Panchthar. (See Appendix – II).

3.4 Sampling Procedure

The researcher used the random sampling procedure to collect the data. English sentences were used as the reference for data collection and to facilitate for correct understanding.

3.5 Tools for Data Collection

The researcher used questionnaire as the major tool for the collection of the required data for this study. (See appendix-I )

3.6 Process of Data Collection

The researcher forwarded following stepwise procedures to collect the required data:

i. The researcher developed a research tool, i.e. questionnaire. ii. The researcher went to the selected area and developed rapport with the Limbu

natives. iii. The researcher encouraged the informants by explaining the objective and relevance

of the study in a very clear and simple terms. iv. The researcher provided the questionnaire to the selected informants and asked them

to write their own responses themselves clearly. The researcher helped to illiterate

informants to understand the English sentences and wrote their responses. CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The data obtained from the informants have been analyzed and interpreted descriptively with the help of simple statistical tools like tables and illustrations. The data have been tabulated and

Limbu deictic expressions have been compared with English by using illustrations. Therefore, this chapter contains mainly two parts; analysis of Limbu deixis and comparison between

English and Limbu deixis systems.

4.1 Results

On the basis of rigorous analysis and interpretations of the data, the following result and findings were extracted:

A) Limbu has large number of person deictic expressions which are as follows:

a) /aɳgaʔ/ (I, me)

b) /aɳgainʔ/ ( my, mine)

c) /henɛʔ/ (you)

d) /henɛ-inʔ/ (your, yours)

e) /anchiʔ/ (we two) (inclusive)

f) /anchigɛ(gya)/ ( we two) (exclusive)

g) /anchi-inʔ/ ( our)

h) /huneʔ/ (he/she)

i) /hunchiʔ/ (they)

j) /huchi-inʔ/ ( their) B) In Limbu language, there is a distinction in first person number systems, i.e. singular, dual

and plural)

C) We can find that in case of second person number systems, there are three number systems

i.e. singular, dual and plural). They are:

/henɛʔ/ (you)

/hinchiʔ/ (you: dual)

/hiniʔ/ (you: plural)

D) We cannot find different words to indicate masculine, feminine and neuter gender in Limbu

language. Same deictic expression is used for masculine, feminine and neuter gender. For

example,

/hunɛʔ/ for male and female both

/hunchiʔ/ for male and female both

E) In all person deixis (viz. first person, second person and third person) suffix ‘-in’ is used to

indicate genitive number system.

F) Many words which are used for present time deictic expressions in English have not

equivalent words in Limbu. They are: Right now, recently, this time, etc.

G) We cannot find the exact term for indicating ‘those days’ and ‘these days’ in Limbu language.

H) There are three words to indicate passed years in Limbu language. They are:

/miʔliɳ/ (last year)

/silliɳ/ (the year before last year) /thɔlliɳ/ (three years before last year.)

I) There are three different words to indicate the past time deictic expressions in Limbu language

as in ‘the days before yesterday.’ They are:

/mi:pma:/ (yesterday)

/siɳ-yɛn/ (the day before yesterday)

/thɔɳ-yɛn/ ( three days before yesterday)

/khɛn-yɛn)/ (four days before yesterday)

J) In Limbu language, /hɛʔtho:/ may represent for up, over, above etc. and /hɛyo/ may represent

for under, below, down etc. People may explain the situation by providing detail information.

K) Place deictic expressions in Limbu can be classified under proximal, distal and neuter classes.

E.g. /

/ɔgheɛʔ/ ( here) (prox)

/hɛʔna/ ( there) (distal) , and

/hɛʔtho:/ ( up) ( neuter) etc.

4.2 Discussions

The data have been analyzed and interpreted on the basis of the following deixis :

Person Deixis

Time Deixis

Place Deixis

4.2.1 Person Deixis in Limbu Language

Personal pronouns are used as person deictic expressions in Limbu language.

/aɳgaʔ/ (I) /henɛʔ/ (you), /hunɛʔ/ (he/she) , /hunchiʔ/ ( they), /aniʔ/ (we)

/aɳgaʔ tɔk chaɳ/ (I eat rice) /henɛʔ tɔk chɛ/ (you eat rice)

/hunchiʔ tɔk mechaʔ/ (they eat rice)

/huneʔ tɔk chaʔ/ (he/she eat rice)

/aniʔ tɔk achaʔ/ (we eat rice)

List of person deixis in Limbu language

/aɳgaʔ/ (I, me)

/aɳga-inʔ/ (my, mine)

/henɛʔ/ (you)

/henɛ-inʔ/ (your, yours)

/anchiʔ/ (we two) (inclusive)

/anchigɛ(gya)/ ( we two) (inclusive)

/anchi-inʔ/ (our)

/huneʔ/ (he/she)

/hunchiʔ/ (they)

/huchi-inʔ/ (their)

/aniʔ/ (we)

/ani-inʔ/ (our)

/hinchiʔ/ (you: dual)

/hiniʔ/ (you: plural)

The above given words are some examples of person deictic expressions in Limbu language.

Basically, the first, second and third person deixis are used as person deictic expressions in

Limbu language 4.2.2 Time Deixis in Limbu Language

In Limbu language, time deixis refers to any deictic expressions which points or directly relates an utterance to the time in which the utterance takes place. People speaking Limbu language make the use of the time deictic expressions as follows:

/a-in/ for today

/ta:ndik/ for tomorrow

/achinda:n/ for the day after tomorrow

/aoda:n/ for the third day after tomorrow

/ainda:ndik/ for current time

/ailamba/ for current year

/andɛ:n/ for a moment ago

/ anchɛn/ for a few days ago

/ɔkkhe:llɛ/ for nowadays

/allɔ/ for now

/annɛmmak/ for next year

/akhenda:n/ for the second day after tomorrow

/anchhimmak/ for the year after the next year

/miʔliɳ/ for the previous year

/allɔaɳtho/ for henceforth

/allɔsaɳ/ for till now 4.2.3 Place Deixis in Limbu Language

Place deixis refers to any expressions which directly relate an utterance to the spatial locations in

Limbu language. The native speakers of Limbu language use some

specific place deictic expressions to locate the participants and reference in place. Some frequently used Limbu place deictic expressions are as follows:

/kɔn/ (this)

/hɛn/ (that)

/hɛʔna/ (over there)

/hɛʔtho:/ (there: at the level higher than the speaker’s)

/hɛʔo/ (there: at the speaker’s level)

/hɛʔyo/ (there: at a lower level than the speaker’s)

/kɔnha:/ (these)

/heɛʔnha:/ (those)

4.3 Deixis in Limbu and English Language

We can find deixis in both Limbu and English languages. There are some similarities and differences in deixis system as we compare between two languages. The following tables and interpretations may help to clarify the deixis system between English and Limbu languages.

Tables which are used to find out the deixis system in Limbu and English languages are collected from the speakers of Limbu language, books, journals, theses, and other referred materials as well as friends. 4.3.1 Person Deixis in Limbu Language

The following table helps to find out the person deictic expressions in both languages. The person deictic expressions are categorized into three different terms: a) First person deixis, b)

Second person deixis and c) Third person deixis

4.3.1.1 Person Deixis in Limbu and English Languages

The following given table and analysis may help to compare the deictic expressions between

English person deixis and Limbu person deixis systems.

Table 1: First Person Deixis in English

case number

singular plural

subjective I me

objective me us

genitive my/mine our/ours

The above table 1 shows that English person deictic expressions are marked for numbers and cases. English first person expressions have two number systems, i.e., singular and plural. Such as:

I am a farmer.

We are playing ball. Table 2: First Person Deixis in Limbu

case number

singular dual plural

subjective /aɳgaʔ/ (I) /anchiʔ/ (we two) aniʔ(we)

objective /aɳgaʔ/ (me) /anchigya/ (us two) /anigya/ (us)

genitive /aɳga-in/ (my/mine) /anchi-in/ (our two) /ani-in/ our

The table 2 shows that Limbu person deictic expressions are marked for numbers and cases. We can find that Limbu person deictic expressions have three number systems; singular, dual and plural. i.e.

/aɳgaʔ tɔk chaɳ/ (Limbu , singular )

(I rice eat)

(I eat rice.) (English)

/anchiʔ tɔk achasiʔ/ (Limbu, dual)

(we two rice eat)

(we two eat rice.) (English)

/ani tɔk achʔ/ (Limbu, plural)

(we rice eat)

(we eat rice.) (English) i) Similarities

Both English and Limbu languages have deictic system in first person. Both languages have subjective, objective and genitive case with specific deixis system. Both English and Limbu languages have deictic expressions to point the person by using deictic terms. ii) Differences

a) English first person deictic expressions have two number systems; i.e. singular and plural

but Limbu first person deictic expressions have three number systems; i.e. singular, dual

and plural.

b) Limbu language has large number of expressions than English deictic expressions in case

of first person deixis system.

i.e. Limbu person deixis

/aɳgaʔ/ (I, me)

/anchiʔ/ (we two)

/aniʔ/ (we)

/aɳga-inʔ/ ( my, mine)

/anchi-inʔ/ ( our: dual)

/ani-inʔ/ (our : plural)

/anchigya)/ ( us: dual)

/anigya/ (us: plural) etc.

English person deixis : I , we, me, us, my/mine, our/ours, etc.

4.3.1.2 Second Person Deixis in Limbu and English Languages

The following tables and interpretations may help to compare and contrast between English and

Limbu languages. Table 3: Second Person Deixis in English

case number

singular plural

subjective you you

objective you you

genitive your/yours your/yours

The table 3 clarifies that the English second person deictic expressions are marked for numbers and cases. English second person deictic expressions have two types of number system; singular and plural number system. i.e.

You are working now. (plural)

You are a student. (singular)

Table 4 : Second Person Deixis in Limbu

case number

singular dual plural

subjective /henɛʔ/ (you) /henchiʔ/ (you two) /hiniʔ/ (you all)

objective ------

genitive /hene-in/ (your) /henchi-in/ (your two) /hini-in/ (your all)

As we observe the table 4 we can find that there are only two cases in Limbu second person deictic terms; subjective and genitive. There are different terms used in second person deictic terms in Limbu language. Some examples are given here.

/henɛʔ siksamba neɳ/ ( Limbu : singular )

(You teacher are) (You are a teacher) (English)

/hinchiʔ na temse pese/ (Limbu: dual)

( you two fishing go)

(You go for fishing.) (English)

/hiniʔ tɔk chemme/ (Limbu : plural)

( you all rice eat)

(You eat rice) (English: plural) i) Similarities

a) Both English and Limbu languages have second person deictic expressions as shown in the

table above.

b) We can find subjective and genitive case in both languages. ii) Differences

a) The main difference between English and Limbu language is that English language has

two types of number systems; singular and plural, whereas the Limbu language has three

types of number systems; singular , dual and plural.

b) We can find three cases, viz. subjective, objective and genitive in English language but

we can find only two cases, viz. subjective and genitive in Limbu language.

c) Same term ‘you’ is used for singular and plural numbers as second person deictic

expressions in English but there are different terms in Limbu language, viz. /henɛʔ/ for

you, /hinchiʔ/ for you two and /hiniʔ/ for you all, as second person deictic expressions. 4.3.1.3 Third Person Deixis in Limbu and English Languages

The table given below may help to clarify the similarities and differences about the third person deixis system between Limbu and English languages.

Table 5: Third Person Deixis in English

case number

singular plural

masculine he

subjective feminine she they

neutral it

masculine him

objective feminine her them

neuter it

masculine his

genitive feminine her/hers their/theirs

neuter its

When we observe the table 5 we can say that the third person English deictic expressions are explained o the basis of case, gender, and numbers. Generally, ‘he/him’ refers to masculine gender , ‘she/her’ refers to feminine gender and ‘it/its’ refers to neuter gender. There are many words found in singular number and plural number, i.e.

He beats her.

They help them. We can also find some third person deictic terms in subjective, objective and genitive cases in

English. i.e.

He eats rice. (subjective case)

She likes him. (objective case)

It is theirs. (genitive case)

Table 6: Third Person Deixis in Limbu

case number

singular dual plural

subjective /hunɛʔ/ (he/she) /hunchiʔ/ (they two) huniʔ(they)

objective ------

genitive /hunɛ-in/ (his/her) /huchi-in/ (their two) /huni-in/ (their)

The table 6 clarifies that Limbu third person deictic expressions are marked for two cases; subjective and genitive. i.e.

/hunɛʔ/ tɔk chaʔ/ (Limbu : singular )

(he/she rice eats)

( He/she eats rice.) (English)

/hunchiʔ tɔk mechaʔ/ (Limbu: plural )

(they rice eat)

They eat rice. (English) i) Similarities a) Both English and Limbu languages have deictic expressions in third person singular and plural

pronouns. b) English and Limbu languages have subjective and genitive cases to express deictic terms. ii) Differences

a) When we compare Limbu and English third person deixis we cannot objective case in

Limbu language but we can find objective case in English language.

b) In English, there are different words used in masculine, feminine and neutral gender to

use deictic expressions for singular number but we cannot find those deictic expressions

in Limbu language. Same deictic expression is used for male and female both.

4.3.2 Time Deixis

Time deixis refers to the expressions that point to a time from the context of the speaker. For example, ‘now’ points to the time at which the speaker is producing the utterance.

Time deixis obviously refers to the expressions that point to a time from the context of the speaker. For example, ‘now’ points to the time at which the speaker is producing the utterance.

(Levinson, 2010,P.73)

Generally we know that tense is the system to determine the differences of time as present tense, past tense and future tense. Three different tenses focus the terminal view of time. They have some rules to transfer from one term to another. But our focused point is to find out possible words which point out the deictic expressions. As we know that some words point out either present, past or future situations. We can categorize the three different terms for time deixis and compare the deictic expressions in

English and Limbu deixis system. Time deixis can be categorized into three different terms: present tense, past tense, and future tense.

(Levinson, 2010,P.74) i. Present Tense

Time Deixis refers to the expressions that point to a time from the context of the speaker. For example, ‘now’ points to the time at which the speaker is producing the utterance.

The receiving time (RT) and coding time (CT) are identical. They express the deictic expressions to determine the situation of coding time or receiving time. For example, ‘Pull the trigger now.’

‘I am now working on a Ph.D. (Levinson ibid, p:74). The word ‘now’ in the first utterance may refer to a particular movement of time but in the second utterance the word ‘now’ is used by a scholar may refer to relatively long period of time. The words which find the present deictic expressions are given below to differentiate the time deixis system between English time deixis and Limbu time deixis system. Table 7: Present Time Deixis in English and Limbu

English Limbu

now /alloʔ/ (now)

today /a-in/ (today)

nowadays /ɔkkhe:llɛ/ (nowadays)

current time /ainda:ndik/ (nowadays) present tense still /allɔsaɳ/ (still)

this time

yet /arsaɳ/ (yet)

just /allɔ/ (just)

recently

this year /ailambaʔ/ (this year)

While we are observing any two languages, we can find some similarities and some differences by means of their tools and the usages. So, here are also some similarities and some differences found as we compare English and Limbu languages. Some of them are given below: i) Similarities a) We can find the words which show the present deictic expressions in both English and Limbu languages. In Limbu time deictic expressions, /alloʔ/ (now), /a-in/ (today), /ɔkkhe:llɛ/

(nowadays) , /arsaɳ/ (yet) etc.

For example:

/aɳgaʔ alloʔ pekaʔ/

(I now go)

I go now. /hunɛ a-in tarapaʔ/

(he/she today coming)

He/she is coming today. b) Some English words refer to the point of time. Limbu language has also some words to refer

the point of time.

In English language - now, right now, at present

You are eating now.

I go right now.

In Limbu language - /alloʔ/ (now) , /ainda:ndik/ (current time)

/henɛ alloʔ teʔ/

(you now come)

You come now. c. Both languages have present deictic terms to refer the period of time. In English language,

‘these days’, ‘nowadays’, ‘today’, ‘this month’, ‘this year’ etc.

I am learning English nowadays.

You are preparing for exam nowadays.

In Limbu language –

/ɔkkhe:llɛ/ ( nowadays), /a-in/ (today)

/henɛ ɔkkhe:llɛ sapla niti kayak/

( you nowadays studing)

You are studying nowadays. ii) Differences

a) English has more vocabularies to indicate the present deictic expressions than Limbu

deictic expressions. In English language, the words such as: now, nowadays, these days, at present, right now,

this time, sometimes, still, recently, just etc.

In Limbu language, such as:

/a-in/ (today), /alloʔ/ (now),

/arsaɳ/ (still) /ɔkkhe:llɛ/ (nowadays) etc.

b) Many words which are used for present time deictic expressions in English have not

equivalent words in Limbu. Such as :

Right now, recently, at present etc. ii) Past Tense

Some of the words which point the events done in past time are known as past deictic expressions; yesterday, in the past, the previous day /month/ year etc. show the past deictic expressions. The following table may help to clarify the deictic expressions related to the past information. Table 8: Past Time Deictic Terms in English and Limbu

Past Tense

English Limbu

yesterday /mi:pma:/ (yesterday)

last year /miʔliɳ/ (last year)

the year before last year /silliɳ/ ( the year before last year)

three years ago from this year /thɔlliɳ/ (three years ago from this year)

a moment ago /andɛ:n/ ( a moment ago)

a few days ago /anchɛn/ (a few days ago)

the day before yesterday /siɳ-yɛn/ (the day before yesterday)

three days before yesterday /thoɳ-yɛn/ (three days before yesterday)

four days before yesterday /khɛn-yɛn/(four days before yesterday)

those days

these days

then

The table 8 shows that English and Limbu both languages have past time deictic terms to refer the past events. In Limbu language the words /mi:pma:/ (yesterday) , /andɛ:n/ ( a moment ago),

/anchɛn/ (a few days ago) etc. are used to indicate the past deictic terms. For example-

/hunɛʔ/ mi:pma: pega/

(he/she yesterday went)

He/she went yesterday.

/hunchi andɛ:n medyaʔ/

(they a moment ago came)

They came a moment ago. i) Similarities

There are some similarities between English past time deictic expressions and Limbu past time deictic expressions. They are as follows:

a) Both languages , i.e. English and Limbu, have past time deictic expressions.

In English language :

ago, those days, last day, yesterday, yet, already, the day before yesterday , etc.

in Limbu language:

/mi:pma:/ (yesterday) , /andɛ:n/ ( a moment ago), /anchɛn/ (a few days ago) etc.

/aɳga mi:pma: tyaɳ/

(I yesterday came.)

I came yesterday.

/henɛʔ siɳ-yɛn kepega/

(you the day before yesterday went)

You went the day before yesterday.

b) We use the words last or last or previous before the words to indicate the past deictic

expressions in English and similarly we can use /andɛ:n/ (moment ago) or /achɛn/ ( a few

days ago) to indicate the past deictic expressions in Limbu language. ii) Differences

There are some differences found in English and Limbu past time deictic expressions. Some of them are mentioned below:

a) We can find two different words ‘those days’ and ‘these days’ in English but we cannot

find the exact term for indicating ‘those days’ and ‘these days’ in Limbu language.

b) In English language, we can find the word ‘then’ not joining with other but in Limbu

language, we cannot find the equivalent word ‘then.’

In English language:

I went home then. ( then is clear.)

c) English has larger number of words to indicate past time deictic expressions than Limbu

language. iii) Future Tense

The words which point out the time related to future deictic expressions are known as future deictic terms. It is also known as time deixis related to future time. If coding time is related to future condition, it is called future deictic expression. The given may help to define the future deictic expressions. Table 9: Future Time Deictic Terms in English and Limbu Languages

Future Tense

English Limbu

tomorrow /ta:ndik/ (tomorrow)

the day after tomorrow /achinda:n/ ( the day after tomorrow)

the second day after tomorrow /akhenda:n/ ( the second day after tomorrow)

the third day after tomorrow /aoda:n/ (the third day after tomorrow)

next year /annɛmmak/ (next year)

the year after the next year /achhimmak/ (the year after the next year)

after a while /akkho/ ( after a while)

tonight /a-in sendik/ (tonight)

the coming day

this evening

The table 9 shows that both English and Limbu languages have future deictic terms. We can find some similarities and some differences between two languages. Some of them are mentioned below: i) Similarities

There are some similarities found in English and Limbu future time deictic expressions.

a) Both English and Limbu languages have deictic expressions to indicate the point if time

and a period of time to use future deictic expressions. In English language:

Tomorrow, next time, coming day, tonight, the day after tomorrow etc.

In Limbu language:

/ta:ndik/ (tomorrow), /a-in sendik/ ( tonight), /annɛmmak/ (next year) etc.

b) English and Limbu languages have many equivalent words to indicate future time deictic

expressions.

ii) Differences

As we compare future time deixis in English and Limbu time deictic expressions, we may

find some differences between two languages. Some of them are mentioned below:

a) In English language, the day after tomorrow is a single phrasal word used to indicate the

future time that is coming after tomorrow but there are three words in Limbu language

for indicating the day after tomorrow.

In Limbu language:

/achinda:n/ ( the day after tomorrow)

/akhenda:n/ ( the second day after tomorrow)

/aoda:n/ (the third day after tomorrow)

b) We cannot find some equivalent words in English that we find in Limbu language to

indicate future deictic expressions. In English language, we cannot find equivalent word

of Limbu future time deictic expressions that are mentioned below:

/achhimmak/ (the year after the next year)

/akhenda:n/ ( the second day after tomorrow)

/aoda:n/ (the third day after tomorrow) c) We cannot find equivalent words in Limbu that we find in English language to indicate

future deictic expressions. In Limbu language, we find equivalent words of English future

time deictic expressions are mentioned below:

The coming day.

This evening.

This month, etc.

4.3.3 Place Deixis

Place deixis is also known as spatial deixis. It refers to the place where the things or events take place. Cutting (2000, P. 7), defines place deixis as ‘the words used to point to a location or a place where an entity is in the context. The demonstrative adverbs; ‘here’, ‘there’, demonstrative adjective and pronouns; ‘this-that’, ‘these-those’, are the example of place deixis.

Contemporarily English makes use of only two adverbs; ‘here’ and ‘there’ for the basic distinction, but other dialects may have different numbers to express the place deixis expressions.

(Levinson, 2010,P.79)

The following table may help to clarify the place deixis system in English and Limbu language. Different types of place deictic expressions are mentioned below: Table 10: Place Deixis Terms in English and Limbu Languages

English Proximal Place Deixis Limbu Proximal Place Deixis

here /ɔghɛʔ/ (here)

this /kɔn/ (this)

these /kɔnha:/ (these)

Place Deixis English Distal Place Deixis Limbu Distal Place Deixis

there /hɛʔna/ ( there)

that /hɛn/ (that)

those /heɛʔnha:/ (those)

away /ma:ɳghaʔ/ (away)

Other English Place Deictic Other Limbu Place Deictic

Terms Terms

up /hɛʔtho:/ (up)

over /hɛʔtho:/ (over)

above /hɛʔtho:/ (above)

under /hɛʔyo/ (under)

Other Place Deictic below /hɛʔyo/ (below)

Terms down /hɛʔyo/ (down)

near /ni:ttaɳ/ (near)

far /ma:ɳgha:/ (far)

across ( the river etc.) /nadha:mbi/ (across; river etc)

along

left /phɛnchaɳ/ (left)

right /cupsaɳ/ (right) right side /cupsaɳlekhaɳ/ (right side)

left side /phɛnchaɳdiɳ/ (left side)

on the top /cɔɳdhaɳ/ (on the top)

at the bottom /yo/ (at the bottom)

inside /sigaɳ/ ( inside)

outside /pa:kkhaʔ/ (outside)

next to /pesaɳ/ (next to)

in front of /tɔgaɳ/ ( in front of)

beside /egaɳ/ ( beside)

The table 10 shows that both English and Limbu languages have place deixis terms. We can find some similarities and some differences between the two languages. Some of them are mentioned below: i) There are some similarities found in English and Limbu languages based on place deictic expressions. a) Both English and Limbu languages have proximal place deictic expressions.

In English language:

Here, this, these, etc. (proximal)

I sit here.

This is my home.

In Limbu language: /ɔghɛ/ (here) , /kɔn/ (this), /kɔnha:/ (these) etc. (proximal)

/aɳgaʔ/ amedak-in ɔghɛʔ wa/

( my goat here is)

Here is my goat.

/kɔn saplan aɳga-in/

(this copy my is)

This is my copy. b) We can find different words to indicate distal condition in English and Limbu languages

In English language:

There, that, those, away, etc. (distal)

That is my book.

Those are books.

In Limbu language:

/hɛʔna/ (there) (distal)

/hɛn/ (that) (distal)

/hɛnha:/ (those) etc.

/hunɛʔ hɛna pek/

(he/she there goes)

He/she goes there.

/hɛn himmin henɛ-in/

(that house yours)

That house is yours. c) Some equivalent deictic terms are found in both English and Limbu languages. English Limbu

Here /ɔghɛʔ/ (here)

There /hɛʔna/ (there)

Over /hɛʔtho:/ (over)

Under /hɛʔyo/ ( under)

Right /cupsaɳ/ (right)

Left /phɛnchaɳ/ (left)

/henɛʔ hɛʔna yunɛ/

(you there sit)

You sit there.

/henɛʔ cupsaɳ yebeʔ/

(you right stand)

You stand at right side. ii) Differences

We can find some differences between English and Limbu place deixis system. Some of

them are mentioned below:

/henɛʔ heʔyo pegɛʔ/

(you down go)

You go down.

/hunɛʔ hɛʔyo pegaʔ/

(he/she under went)

He/she went under.

/hunɛʔ hɛʔyo yep/

(he/she below standing) He/she is standing below.

As we study the above examples we can find that there are three different words to indicate place deictic terms. They are ‘under’, ‘below’, and ‘down’ in English but there is only one word

/hɛʔyo/ in Limbu language to indicate other place deictic terms.

In Limbu language , there is only one word /hɛʔtho:/ is used to indicate the other deictic terms, but there are three different words; ‘up’, ‘above’ and ‘over’ in English to indicate other deictic terms. e.g.,

/henɛʔ hɛʔtho: pege/

(you up go)

You go up.

/hunɛʔ hɛtho: pegaʔ/

(he/she over went)

He/she went over there.

/henɛʔ saplan hɛʔtho: neseʔ/

(your copy above keep)

Keep your copy above.

4.4 Deixis in Word Level

The deictic terms in word level are mentioned below:

4.4.1 Person Deixis in English

Some of the words which refer to person deictic expressions are mentioned below: Table 11: Person Deictic Terms in English Word Level person case number first person singular plural

subjective I we

objective me us

genitive my/ mine our/ours second person subjective you you

objective you you

genitive your/yours your/yours third person masculine subjective he they

objective him them

genitive his their/theirs third person feminine subjective she they

objective her them

genitive her/hers their/theirs third person neuter subjective it they

objective it them

genitive its their/theirs

(Levinson, 1994,P.83) The table 11 helps to clarify the person deictic terms. English.

4.4.2 Person Deixis in Limbu

The deictic terms in Limbu in word level are mentioned below: Table 12: First Person deixis in Limbu Word Level

case number

singular dual plural

subjective /aɳgaʔ/ (I) /anchiʔ/ (we two) /aniʔ/ (we)

objective /aɳgaʔ/ (me) /anchigya/ (us) /anigya/ (us)

genitive /aɳga-in/ (my/ mine) /anchi-in/ (our) /ani-in/ (our/ ours)

The table 12 helps to understand about first person deictic terms found in Limbu language.

ii) Second Person deixis in Limbu

Table 13: Second Person Deictic Terms in Limbu in Word Level

case number

singular dual plural

subjective /henɛʔ/ (you) /henchiʔ/ (you two) /hiniʔ/ (you all)

objective ------

genitive /henɛʔ-in/ (your) /hinchi-in/ (your two) /hini-in/ (your)

The table 13 helps to understand about second person deictic terms found in Limbu language. iii) Third Person deixis in Limbu language

Table 14: Third Person Deictic Terms in Limbu in Word Level

case number The singular dual plural table14 helps subjective /hunɛʔ/ (he/she) /hunchiʔ/ (they two) /huniʔ/ (you all) to objective ------understand about genitive /hunɛʔ-in/ (his/her) /hunchi-in/ (their two) /huni-in/ (their) third person deictic terms found in Limbu language.

(Kaila, 2003, P. 25)

4.4.3 Time Deixis in English

Some of the words which refer to time deictic expressions are mentioned below:

Table 15: Time Deictic Terms in English in Word Level

present past future

today yesterday tomorrow

now in the past soon

nowadays ago next time

these days those days tonight

at present las night/ day/month/year/week this evening/ morning/ day/

right now the day before next day/month/year

this time that day the day after tomorrow

sometimes previous year/day week/month the third day

still then from today at the coming day/week/year

yet, already, just

recently, this week/month/year

The table 15 helps to understand about the English time deictic terms.

4.4.4 Time Deixis in Limbu

The deictic terms in word level are mentioned below:

Some of the terms which refer to time deictic expressions are mentioned below:

i) Present Time Deixis in Limbu

Table 16: Present Time Deictic Terms in Limbu

present tense

/alloʔ/ (now)

/a-in/ (today)

/ɔkhellɛ/ (nowadays)

/ainda:ndik/ (current time)

/allɔ/ (just)

/ailambaʔ/ (this year)

etc.

The table 16 helps to understand about present time deictic terms found in Limbu language.ii)

Past Time Deixis in Limbu Table 17: Past Time Deictic Terms in Limbu

past tense

/miʔliɳ/ (last year)

/silliɳ/ (the year before last year)

/thɔlliɳ/ ( three years ago from this year)

/andɛ:n/ ( a moment ago)

/anchɛn/ (a few days ago)

/siɳ-yɛn/ ( the day before yesterday)

/thɔɳ-yɛn/ (three days before yesterday)

/khɛm-yɛn/ four days before yesterday)

The table 17 helps to understand about Limbu past time deictic terms. iii) Future Time Deixis in Limbu

Table 18: Future Time Deictic Terms in Limbu

future tense

/ta:ndik/ ( tomorrow)

/achinda:n/ (the day after tomorrow)

/akhenda:n/ ( the second day after tomorrow)

/aoda:n/ (the third day after tomorrow)

/annɛmmak/ (the year after the next year/

/akkho/ (after awhile)

/a-in sendik/ tonight

etc. sThe table18 helps to understand about future time deictic terms in Limbu language.

4.4.5 Place Deixis in English

Some of the words which refer to place deictic expressions in English are mentioned below: Table 19: Place Deictic Terms in English

Place Deixis

Proximal Place Deixis Distal Place Deixis

here there

this that

these those

away

Other place deictic terms in English:

up above over under

below down near far

across the river/hills etc. along left right

left side right side on the top at the bottom

inside outside next to in front of

beside etc.

4.4.6 Place Deixis in Limbu

Some of the words which refer to place deictic expressions in Limbu are mentioned below: Table 20: Place Deictic Terms in Limbu

Place Deixis in Limbu

proximal place deixis distal place deixis

/ɔghɛʔ/ (here) /hɛʔna/ (there)

/kɔn/ (this) /hɛn/ (that)

/kɔnha:/ (these) hɛʔnha:/ (those)

/ma:ɳghaʔ/ (away)

other place deictic terms

/hɛʔtho:/ (up) /hɛʔyo/ ( down/under /below)

/ni:ttaɳ/ (near) /ma:ɳghaʔ/ (far)

/nadha:mbi/ (accros the river/hills etc. /phɛnchaɳ/ (left)

/cupsaɳ/ (right) /cupsaɳlekhaɳ/ (right side)

/phɛnchaɳdiɳ/ (left side) /cɔɳdhaɳ/ (on the top)

/yo/ (at the bottom) /sigaɳ/ ( inside)

/pa:kkhaʔ/ (outside) /pesaɳ/ (next to)

/tɔgaɳ/ ( in front of) /egaɳ/ ( beside)

4.5 Deixis in Sentence Level

The deictic terms used in sentence level are mentioned below:

4.5.1 Person Deixis

Some of the sentences which refer to person deictic expressions are mentioned below: Table 21: English and Limbu Person Deictic Terms in Sentence Level

In English in Limbu

She gave me a book. /hunɛʔ aɳgaʔ sappɔn piraɳ/ (she me book gave)

He wrote it. /kɔn hunɛʔ aphek saptuʔ/ (it he himself wrote)

It is here. /kɔn ɔghɛʔ nɛʔ/ (it here is)

I saw her. /aɳgaʔ hunɛʔ nisuɳ/ (I her saw)

I gave her a book. /aɳgaʔ hunɛʔ sappɔn piruɳ/ (I her a book gave)

take it away. /kɔn ma:ɳghaʔ tere/ (it away take)

I am a student. /aɳgaʔ nichamma a/ (I a student am)

You are working now. /henɛʔ alloʔ yambak choki kayakʔ/ (you now working are)

We eat rice. /anchi tɔk achasiʔ/ (we rice eat)

You are a teacher. /henɛʔ siksamba: neɳ/ (you teacher are)

They are teachers. /hunchiʔ siksamba: si/ (they teachers are)

You two read this book. /hinchiʔ kɔn sappoɔn nirecheʔ/ ( you two this book read)

We two go for fishing. /anchiʔ na temse pichiʔ/ (we two fishing go)

The sentences mentioned in the table 21 help Limbu speakers to understand English language easily.

4.5.2 Time Deixis

Some of the sentences which refer to time deictic expressions are mentioned below: Table 22: Time Deictic Terms in English and Limbu in Sentence Level

in English in Limbu

I am working now /aɳgaʔ allo yambak choki yakaʔ/ (I now working am)

She went yesterday. /hunɛʔ mi:pma: pegaʔ/ (she yesterday went)

He will go tomorrow. /hunɛʔ ta:ndik pekpa/ (he tomorrow will go)

You go after a whlile. /henɛʔ akkho pegeʔ/ ( you after a while go)

She died last year. /hunɛʔ miʔliɳ sya:/ (she last year died)

I am reading this book /aɳgaʔ ainda:ndik kɔn sappɔn niruɳla yaka/ (I

nowadays. nowadays this book reading)

The table 22 mentioned sentence may help Limbu speakers to understand English easily.

4.5.3 Place Deixis

Some of the sentences which refer to place deictic expressions are mentioned below: Table 23: Place Deictic Terms in English and Limbu Sentence Level

in English in Limbu

This is my house. (prox) /kɔn himmin aɳga-in/ ( this house my is)

That pot is empty. (distal) /hɛn khapyan hɔɳdaɳ yuɳ/ ( that pot empty is)

Come here. (prox) /ɔghɛʔ pherɛ/ (here come)

Go there down. ( distal) /hɛʔyo pegɛʔ/ (there down go)

The road is far from here. (prox) /lammin ɔghɛʔ nu ma:ɳghaʔ nɛʔ/ ( road here from far is)

Stand at right side. /cupsaɳlekhaɳ yebɛʔ/ (right at side stand)

The post office is in front of my /aɳgaʔ ahimilil tɔgaɳ indha:ɳ neʔ/ ( my house in front of post

house. office is)

Come here across. /kɔnadha:mbi pherɛʔ/ ( here across come)

The table 23 helps to understand English easily. CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION

This is the final chapter of the study with summary, conclusion and implication made by the researcher after analyzing the data. This chapter is divided into three parts; summary, conclusion and pedagogical implications.

5.1 Summary

The researcher collected data from Limbu native speakers. The research was conducted to find out the deictic center or deixis system of the Limbu language and to compare with the world wide used language ‘English.’ The research has been limited on ‘Person Deixis’, ‘Time Deixis’, and Place Deixis’ between English and Limbu languages. The researcher found out the following findings. They are divided below:

5.2 Conclusion

From the analysis and interpretations of Limbu deictic expressions are found as given below:

A) Limbu has large number of person deictic expressions which are as follows:

k) /aɳgaʔ/ (I, me)

l) /aɳgainʔ/ ( my, mine)

m) /henɛʔ/ (you)

n) /henɛ-inʔ/ (your, yours) o) /anchiʔ/ (we two) (exclusive)

p) /anchigɛ(gya)/ ( we two) (inclusive)

q) /anchi-inʔ/ ( our)

r) /huneʔ/ (he/she)

s) /hunchiʔ/ (they)

t) /huchi-inʔ/ ( their)

B) In Limbu language, there is a distinction in first person number systems, i.e. singular, dual

and plural)

C) We can find that in case of second person number systems, there are three number systems

i.e. singular, dual and plural). They are:

/henɛʔ/ (you)

/hinchiʔ/ (you: dual)

/hiniʔ/ (you: plural)

D) We cannot find different words to indicate masculine, feminine and neuter gender in Limbu language. Same deictic expression is used for masculine, feminine and neuter gender. For example,

/hunɛʔ/ for male and female both

/hunchiʔ/ for male and female both

E) In all person deixis (viz. first person, second person and third person) suffix ‘-in’ is used to

indicate genitive number system.

F) Many words which are used for present time deictic expressions in English have not

equivalent words in Limbu. They are: Right now, recently, this time, etc. G) We cannot find the exact term for indicating ‘those days’ and ‘these days’ in Limbu language.

H) There are three words to indicate passed years in Limbu language. They are:

/miʔliɳ/ (last year)

/silliɳ/ (the year before last year)

/thɔlliɳ/ (three years before last year.)

I) There are three different words to indicate the past time deictic expressions in Limbu language as in ‘the days before yesterday.’ They are:

/mi:pma:/ (yesterday)

/siɳ-yɛn/ (the day before yesterday)

/thɔɳ-yɛn/ ( three days before yesterday)

/khɛn-yɛn)/ (four days before yesterday)

J) In Limbu language, /hɛʔtho:/ may represent for up, over, above etc. and /hɛyo/ may represent for under, below, down etc. People may explain the situation by providing detail information.

K) Place deictic expressions in Limbu can be classified under proximal, distal and neuter classes.

E.g. /

/ɔgheɛʔ/ ( here) (prox)

/hɛʔna/ ( there) (distal) , and

/hɛʔtho:/ ( up) ( neuter) etc. 5.3 Pedagogical Implications

The researcher studied about person, time and place deictic expressions and found some similarities and some differences between English and Limbu languages. Some of them may be helpful for pedagogical purposes. They are mentioned below: i) Policy Level

The researcher has visited the selected village and asked questions how they were using Limbu language in their society. After studying the English and the Limbu deixis system, the researcher found some similarities and differences. The research work may help to the teachers who are teaching English to the Limbu speakers. It may be helpful to other researcher to compare and contrast between English and Limbu languages. It may be useful to English language learner of

Limbu speakers to compare and contrast between English and Limbu languages. For example-

/ aɳgaʔ tɔk chaɳ/ ( Limbu , singular )

(I rice eat)

I eat rice.

/anchiʔ tɔk achasiʔ/ (Limbu , dual )

(we two rice eat)

We two eat rice.

/aniʔ tɔk achaʔ/ ( Limbu , plural )

(we rice eat)

We eat rice. Etc.

The research work may be helpful to curriculum designer to design the curriculum. They can design the books by giving some useful tips in Limbu language who are trying to learn English as third language. The research work may be helpful to the researcher who tries to prepare research work about Limbu language from different aspects pedagogical, cultural, linguistic and so on. ii) Practice Level

The research work may be helpful the Limbu speakers as well as teachers to practice English in

Limbu speakers society. It may be helpful to practise new research work. Limbu speakers may feel easy to learn English after studying the similarities and differences between English and

Limbu deixis systems. It may be useful to study and compose new comparative study between other two languages. The researcher hopes that eh research work may help to teachers, students, curriculum designers, other research workers and the stake-holders who are involved in language teaching and learning of research work between English and Limbu languages.

a) The teacher should understand about number systems of person deixis. There are three

number systems in Limbu language, viz. singular, dual and plural. e.g. /aɳgaʔ/ (I:

singular) , /anchiʔ/ ( we: dual) , /aniʔ/ ( we three or more: plural)

But there are only two number systems in English, viz. singular and plural-

I (singular) we (plural)

So the teacher who is teaching English to the native speakers of Limbu should clarify about this fact between two languages.

b) The teacher must understand the fact that there are only two case systems in Limbu third

person deixis. They are subjective and genitive but there are three case systems in

English language, viz. subjective, objective and

genitive. Then the teacher should clarify the deixis system to the Limbu native speakers. c) The teacher should be aware of second person deictic expressions in Limbu because there

are /henɛʔ/ (you , singular ) , hinchiʔ/ ( you, dual) , /hiniʔ/ you plural used for singular,

dual and plural pronouns. But there is single word ‘you’ that is used for both singular and

plural second person pronouns in English language. d) We should know that there are not some equivalent words in Limbu with the English

words. So we should teach them by giving some extra informations. e) The teacher should not hesitate or dominate to other languages. He/she should motivate

students to practice English by providing equivalent words in English as possible. If there

are no equivalent words in English, he/she should provide meaning of those words in

English. The teacher must help them to find the meaning and practice them properly. f) The teacher should help the learners the learn English by comparing with their previous

language. g) If the teacher has knowledge of Limbu language, he/she may teach English to the Limbu

native speakers properly. h) The teacher should be aware of the differences about the languages used for male and

female in English language while teaching English to the Limbu native speakers because

the same word indicates both male and female in the Limbu language. i) While teaching English language to the Limbu native speakers, the teacher must help

them to use the deictic expressions and style of native speakers. j) The teacher must be careful about some similarities and differences between English and

Limbu languages about the specific features based on the usages in the society. iii) Further Research

On the basis of the findings, some recommendations have been suggested as follows:

a) English language has two kinds of numbers; singular and plural person deictic

expressions.

b) Limbu language ha three kinds of numbers; singular, dual and plural person deictic

expressions.

c) There are three kinds of cases; ‘subjective, ‘objective’ and ‘genitive’ found in English.

But there are only two kinds of cases found in Limbu second and third person deictic

expressions. They are subjective and genitive in Limbu language. These similarities and

differences should be taken into consideration while teaching deixis to Limbu students.

d) The same word ‘you’ is used as second person deictic terms, i.e. singular and plural, but

there are different words words in Limbu language. e.g,

/henɛʔ/ (you, singular ) , /henchiʔ/ (you, dual) and /hiniʔ/ (you, plural). So the teacher should clarify this fact to the students.

e) There are three words to indicate ‘passed years’ in Limbu language. They are: /miʔliɳ/

(last year), /silliɳ/ ( the year before last year), /thɔlliɳ/ ( three years before last year), but

there is only one word ‘last year’ to indicate the passed f) year in English language. Therefore the learners should be taught about this fact while

teaching English to Limbu language speakers. g) There are three different words to indicate the past time deictic expressions ‘the days

before yesterday.’ They are:

/mi:pma:/ (yesterday)

/siɳ-ɛn/ (the day before yesterday)

/thɔɳ-yɛn/ (three days before yesterday)

/khɛn-yɛn/ (four days before yesterday)

But in English language, the exact form cannot be found for these words. So the teacher

should clarify this fact to the learners. h) English is richer than Limbu place deictic expressions because different place deictic

terms in English should be taught with special attention to the Limbu speaking students. i) Regarding third person deictic expressions, English has different terms to refer to

masculine, feminine and neuter gender. For example, ‘he’ (masculine), ‘she’

(feminine) and ‘it’ (neuter) but Limbu has same term to refer to masculine and feminine

gender. For example, /hunɛ/ ( he/she), /hunchi/ ( they two) etc, so the teacher should

teach the learners appropriately. j) In Limbu person deixis, suffix ‘-in’ is used as genitive case but there are different terms

in English to indicate genitive case. For example,

/aɳga-in/ (Limbu ) (first person )

/henɛ-in/ (Limbu) (second person)

/hunchi-in/ (Limbu ) (third person)

My/mine (English) (first person) Your/yours (English) (second person )

Their/theirs (English) (third person)

So the teacher should be careful about person deixis system. k) The teacher should know that no any two or more languages are exactly same in their

facial or internal similarities in their fundamental works. REFERENCES

CBS. (2012). Population census national report. Kathmandu : Central Bureau of Statistics. Cutting, J. (2008). Pragmatics and discourse. London: Routledge.

Gurung, H. (2003). Social demography of Nepal. Kathmandu : Himal Books.

Kaila, B. (2003). Limbu –Nepali –English dictionary. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. Levinson, S.C. (1994). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Levinson, S.C. (2010). Pragmatics. India: Republika Press.

Limbu, S.K. (2008). Asking for permission in English and Limbu. An Unpublished M.Ed. thesis. T.U. Kirtipur: Kathmandu.

Phillipson, R. (2003). English-only Europe? Challenging language policy. London: Routledge.

Rai, D. (2001). A comparative linguistic study if English, Nepali and Limbu kinship terms. An Unpublished M.Ed. thesis. T.U. Kirtipur: Kathmandu.

Sapkota, A (2015). Research methodology in language education and thesis writing.

Kirtipur, Kathmandu: Sunlight Publication.

Serma, S. (2008). Pluralization in English and Limbu. An unpublished M. Ed. thesis.

T.U., Kirtipur, Kathmandu.

Sherma, M.K. (2011). Tense marking system in Panthare Limbu and English. An unpublished M. Ed. thesis. Janta Multiple Campus, Itahari, Sunsari.

Timsina, P.P. (2015). Deixis systems in English and Jhagar languages. An unpublished M. Ed. thesis. Janta Multiple Campus,Itahari, Sunsari.

Van Driem, G. (1987). A grammar of Limbu. London: Mounton de Gruyter.

Yadava, Y.P. (2001). Population monograph of Nepal. (Vol. 1). Kathmandu : Central Bureau of Statistics. Appendix- II

The following forty native speakers of the Limbu language of Kumayak Rural

Municipality -1, Panchthar district were the primary sources of data.

1. Mina Lawati -Yashok

2. Sujata Lawati -Yashok

3.Dig Dhoj Lawati -Yashok

4. Srijana Lawati -Yashok

5. Tulasha Chemjong -Yashok

6. Kamal Lawati -Yashok

7. Mamindra Kumari Sherma –Yashok

8. Chadani Lawati -Yashok

9. Lalita Lawati -Yashok

10. Sabita Lawati -Yashok

11. Arun Lawati -Yashok

12. Padma Lawati -Yashok

13. Kumar Lawati -Yashok

14. Kamala Lawati -Yashok 15. Nirmala Lawati -Yashok

16. Dev Kumari Lawati -Yashok

17. Prabhat Chemjonj -Yashok

18. Dhanu Lawati -Yashok

19. Tanka Maya Lawati -Yashok

20. Durga Raj Lawati -Yashok

21. Suman Lawati -Yashok

22.Nirash Lawati -Yashok

23. Ramesh Lawati -Yashok

24. Birkha Bahadur Lawati -Yashok

25. Surendra Lawati -Yashok

26. Radhika Lawati -Yashok

27. Ram Lawati -Yashok

28. Khuma Lawati -Yashok

29. Nisha Lawati -Yashok

30. Asha Lawati -Yashok

31. Desh Maya Lawati -Yashok 32. Sujan Lawati -Yashok

33. Rudra Lawati -Yashok

34. Purna Kumar Lawati -Yashok

35. Susila Lawati -Yashok

36. Dambar Lawati -Yashok

37. Indu Lawati -Yashok

38. Man Maya Lawati -Yashok

39. Narendra Bahadur Lawati -Yashok

40. Phul Kumari Lawati -Yashok Appendix III

Please tell Limbu equivalents for the following English terms. If one word has

more than one equivalent, please give all the possible equivalents.

S.N English Limbu S.N English Limbu

1 I 24 last night 2 you 25 tonight 3 he 26 soon 4 she 27 next time 5 my 28 after a while 6 mine 29 next year him 30 the day after 7 tomorrow 8 her 31 where

9 his 32 here

10 they 33 there

11 their 34 up

12 we 35 over

13 it 36 near

14 now 37 under

15 today 38 far

16 tomorrow 39 back

17 nowadays 40 right side

18 these day 41 left side

19 this time 42 inside

20 still 43 outside

21 then 44 next to

22 ago 45 beside

23 last year 46 Appendix- IV

Please tell Limbu equivalents for the following English terms. If one word has

more than one equivalent, please give all the possible equivalents.

S.N English Limbu S.N English Limbu

1 I /aɳgaʔ/ 24 last /mi:pma: night sendik/ 2 you /henɛʔ/ 25 tonight /a-in sendik/ 3 he /huneʔ/ 26 soon /allɛk/ 4 she /huneʔ/ 27 next time 5 my /aɳgainʔ/ 28 after a /akkho/ while 6 mine /aɳgainʔ/ 29 next /annɛmmak/ year 7 him ---- 30 the day after /achinda:n/ tomorrow 8 her /huneɛ-in/ 31 where /atto/ 9 his /hunɛ-in/ 32 here /ɔghɛʔ/ 10 they /hunchiʔ/ 33 there /hɛnaʔ/ 11 their /hunchi-in/ 34 up /tho:/ 12 we /aniʔ/ 35 over /hɛtho:/ 13 it /kɔn/ 36 near /pesaɳ/ 14 now /allo/ 37 under /hɛyo/ 15 today /a-in/ 38 far /ma:ɳgha:/ 16 tomorrow /ta:ndik/ 39 back /egaɳ/ 17 nowadays /ɔkke:llɛ/ 40 rightside /cupsaɳ/ 18 these days /ainda:ndik/ 41 leftside /pheɛnchaɳ/ /allosaɳ/ 19 this time 42 inside /sigaɳ/ 20 still 43 outside /pa:kkhaʔ/

21 then /anchɛn/ 44 next to /pesaɳ/ 22 ago /miʔliɳ/ 45 beside /egaɳ/ /allosa 23 last year ɳ/ 46 Appendix- V

Please tell Limbu equivalents for the following English terms. If one word has

more than one equivalent, please give all the possible equivalents.

1. Limbu Person Deictic Terms

/aɳgaʔ/ (I,)

/achchiʔ/ ( we two)

/aniʔ/ ( we)

/henɛʔ/ (you)

/hinchiʔ/ (you two)

/hiniʔ/ (you all)

/hunɛʔ/ (he)

/hunɛʔ/ (she)

/hunchiʔ/ ( they two)

/huniʔ/ ( they) etc.

2. Limbu Time Deictic Terms

/allo/ (now)

/a-in/ (today)

/ta:ndik/ (tomorrow)

/ɔkhe:llɛ/ (nowadays)

/allosaɳ/ (still) /andɛ:n/ ( a moment ago)

/anchɛn/ (a few days ago)

/miʔlinɳ/ ( last year)

/ akkho/ (after a while)

/annɛmmak/ (next year) etc.

1. Limbu Place Deictic Terms

/atto/ (where)

/ɔghɛʔ/ (here)

/hɛnaʔ/ (there)

/tho:/ (up)

/hɛʔtho:/ (over)

/pesaɳ/ (near)

/ma:ɳhga:/ (far)

/sigaɳ/ (inside)

/pa:kkhaʔ/ (outside)

/cupsaɳ/ (right side)

/phɛnchaɳ/ (left side) etc