DEIXIS SYSTEM IN ENGLISH AND LIMBU LANGUAGES A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education In Partial Fulfillment for the Master of Education in English Submitted by Devi Maya Lawati Faculty of Education Tribhuwan University Janta Multiple Campus, Itahari, Sunsari 2019/2075 DEIXIS SYSTEM IN ENGLISH AND LIMBU LANGUAGES A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education In Partial Fulfillment for the Master of Education in English Submitted by Devi Maya Lawati Faculty of Education Tribhuwan University Janata Multiple Campus, Itahari, Sunsari 2019/2075 T.U. Reg. No.: 9-2-218-43-2010 Approval of Thesis Second Year Examination Proposal: 2075-06-15 (2018-10-01) Roll No: 2180042 (2072/2015) Date of Submission: 2075-12-03 (2019/03/17) Campus Roll No: 09 (2071/72) Date of Viva 2075/12/24 (2019/04/07) DECLARATION I hereby declare that to the best of my knowledge this thesis is original and my own creation; no part of it was earlier submitted for the candidature of research degree to any university. Devi Maya Lawati Date: 2075/12/01 (2019/03/15) Tribhuvan University 025580064 Janta Multiple Campus 581300 Itahari,Sunsari Estd : 2045 (Science, Management, Humanities & Education) Ref: Date :2075/12/01 RECOMMENDATION FOR ACCEPTANCE This is to certify that Miss Devi Maya Lawati has worked and completed her M.Ed. Thesis entiteled DEIXIS SYSTEM IN ENGLISH AND LIMBU LANGUAGES under my guidance and supervision. I recommend the thesis for acceptance. Date:15th March 2019 Tirtha Raj Acharya (Supervisor) Lecturer Department of English Education Tribhuvan University 025580064 Janta Multiple Campus 581300 Itahari,Sunsari Estd : 2045 (Science, Management, Humanities & Education) Ref: Date :2075/12/06 RECOMMENDATION FOR EVALUATION The thesis entitled DEIXIS SYSTEM IN ENGLISH AND LIMBU LANGUAGES prepared by Devi Maya Lawati has been recommend for evaluation by the following 'Research Guidance Committee.' Signature Mr Kamal Raj Dahal ……….…………… Associate Prof. and Head Chairperson Department of English Education Mr. Tirtha Raj Acharya …………………… Lecturer Member Department of English Education Mr. Chet Nath Niroula …………………… Asst. Lecturer Department of English Education Date: 20th March 2019 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated To, My family members and gurus who loved me unconditionally and showed the way of life. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis guide Mr. Tirtha Raj Aharya, Lecturer of English in Janta Multiple Campus, Itahari, Sunsari who constantly helped me at every stage of the study by providing me invaluable guidance and advice. I have no words to extend my gratitude for his patience, kindness, proper guidance, supervision and valuable suggestions that inspired me to develop my thesis. I am very grateful to Mr. Kamal Raj Dahal, Head of the Department of English Language Education for providing the opportunity to carry out this research. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Chet Nath Niroula and other members of the Department of English Education, Janta Multiple Campus, Itahari, Sunsari for valuable advice and cooperation for my academic prosperity. I am very grateful to Mr. Bhojraj Shrestha , Campus chief , Janta Multiple Campus and Tolanath Kafle, Asst. Campus chief, Janta Multiple Campus. Similarly, my sincere thanks go to Dig Dhoj Lawati, Lalita Lawati, Srijana Lawati, Kamal Lawati, Tulasa Chemjong and all the Limbu informants for their cooperation in data collection period. Likewise I am extremely grateful to Santosh Serma, Santosh Kumar Limbu, Mamindra Kumari Serma who helped me by providing resource materials in course of carrying out this study. Furthermore my sister Sujata Lawati and family members deserve my hearty thanks for their help, cooperation and inspiration to complete this research. Finally, my thanks go to Miss Samala Rai for her help in computational work. ABSTRACT This thesis entitled Deixis System in English and Limbu Languages has tried to find out the deixis systems in English and Limbu languages. The data were collected from the forty native speakers of the Limbu language by using random sampling procedure. The informants for this study have been selected from ward no 1 of Kummayak Rural Municipality, Panchthar. The questionnaire was the research tool for data collection. The researcher used the survey research design to carry out this thesis. The researcher has collected both primary and secondary sources of data. The findings are: Limbu language has three number systems in person deixis. They are:- singular , dual and plural. There are three different words to indicate second person deictic terms. For example; /henɛʔ/ (you), /hinchiʔ/ (you two) and /hini/ (plural you) but English language has only one word ‘you’ to indicate second person deictic terms. There are three different words to indicate ‘passed years’ in Limbu language. They are; /miʔliɳ/ (last year) , /silliɳ/ ( the year before last year) , /thɔlliɳ/ ( three years before last year) but we cannot find equivalent words for these words in English to indicate ‘passed years.’Place deictic expressions in Limbu can be classified under proximal distal and neuter classes, e.g. /ɔghɛʔ/ (here, Proximal) , /hɛʔna/ ( there, distal) and /tho:/ (up, neuter) etc. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one mainly includes introduction that comprises general background of the research, objective of the study, delimitation of the study. Chapter two consists of review of the related literature and conceptual framework. Chapter third deals with methods and procedures of the study. It describes about the data collection and information obtained from different resources. It deals with sources of data, sampling procedures and research tools, process of data collection and delimitation of the study. Chapter four is the main body of the research. It includes the presentation of data and results and discussions of the data. It presents the data descriptively and in the form of graphs and tables. It also compares and contrasts the deictic terms in English and Limbu languages. Chapter five presents summary, conclusion and pedagogical implications of the study. There are references and appendices in the last part of this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No: Declaration ii Recommendation for Acceptance iii Recommendation for Evaluation iv Evaluation and Approval v Dedication vi Acknowledgements vii Abstract viii Table of Contents viii List of Tables ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 General Background 1 1.1.1 Introduction to Limbu People and Limbu Language 1.1.2 Dialects of Limbu Language 1.1 Statement of the Problem 5 1.2 Rationale of the Study 5 1.3 Objectives of the Study 7 1.4 Research Questions 7 1.5 Significance of the Study 7 1.6 Delimitation of the Study 7 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Theoretical Review 9 2.1.1 An introduction to importance of Pragmatics 2.1.1 Deixis 2.1.3 Types of Deixis 2.1.4 An Introduction to Limbu Script 2.2 Review of the Emperical Literature 14 2.3 Implications of the Reviewed Literature 17 2.4 Conceptual Framework 17 CHAPTER THREE: METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY 3.1 The Design of the study 19 3.2 Sources of Data 19 3.2.1. Primary Sources of Data 3.2.2. Secondary Sources of Data 3.3 Sample Population 20 3.4 Sampling Procedure 20 3.5 Tools of Data Collection 20 3.6 Process of Data Collection 20 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Results 22 4.2 Discussions 24 4.2.1 Person Deixis in Limbu Language 4.2.2 Time Deixis in Limbu Language 4.2.3 Place Deixis in Limbu Language 4.3 Deixis in Limbu and English Languages 27 4.3.1 Person Deixis in Limbu Language 4.3.1.1 First Person Deixis in Limbu and English Languages 4.3.1.2 Second Person Deixis in Limbu and English Languages 4.3.1.3 Third Person Deixis in Limbu and English Languages 4.3.2 Time Deixis 4.3.3 Place Deixis 4.4 Deixis in Word Level 50 4.4.1 Person Deixis in English 4.4.2 Person Deixis in Limbu 4.4.3 Time Deixis in English 4.4.4 Time Deixis in Limbu 4.4.5 Place Deixis in English 4.4.6 Place Deixis in Limbu 4.5 Deixis in Sentence Level 58 4.5.1 Person Deixis 4.5.2 Time Deixis 4.5.3 Place Deixis CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION 5.1 Summary 62 5.2 Conclusion 62 5.3 Pedagogical Implications 65 REFERENCES APPENDICES Appendix I Questionnaires Appendix Ii List Of The Informants Appendix Iii Table Of English Person, Place & Time Deictic Terms Appendix Iv Table Of English And Limbu Person, Place & Time Deictic Terms Appendix V List Of Some Person, Place & Time Deictic Terms (Limbu And English) LIST OF TABLES Table 1: First Person Deixis in English 28 Table 2: First Person Deixis in Limbu 28 Table 3: Second Person Deixis in English 30 Table 4: Second Person Deixis in Limbu 31 Table 5: Third Person Deixis in English 33 Table 6: Third Person Deixis in Limbu 34 Table 7: Present Time Deixis in English and Limbu 37 Table 8: Past Time Deictic Terms in English and Limbu 40 Table 9: Future Time Deictic Terms in English and Limbu 43 Table 10: Place Deictic Terms in English and Limbu 46 Table 11: Person Deictic Terms English and Limbu 51 Table 12: First Person Deixis in Limbu in Word Level 52 Table 13: Second Person Deixis in Limbu in Word Level 52 Table 14: Third Person Deixis in Limbu in Word Level 53 Table 15: Time Deictic Terms in English in Word Level 53 Table 16: Present Time Deictic Terms in Limbu 54 Table 17: Past Time Deictic Terms in Limbu 55 Table 18: Future Time Deictic Terms in Limbu 56 Table 19: Place Deictic Terms in English 57 Table 20: Place Deictic Terms in Limbu 58 Table 21: English and Limbu Person Deictic Terms in Sentence Level Table 22: Time Deictic Terms in English and Limbu in Sentence Level 60 Table 23: Place Deictic Terms in English and Limbu in Sentence Level 61 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The referring expressions (Such as I, you, she, here, there etc) of a language 'point' to the specific entities that they refer to.