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Sikkim University Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Pem Choden Tenzing

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Sikkim University Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Pem Choden Tenzing MONARCHY TO DEMOCRACY UNDERSTANDING POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SIKKIM, 1970-1994 A Thesis Submitted To Sikkim University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Pem Choden Tenzing Department of Peace and Conflict Studies and Management School of Social Sciences July 2019 i ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty for enabling me to complete my thesis on time. I would like to express my gratitude to all the people who supported me during the course of my work. My sincere gratitude and respect to my supervisor Dr Salvin Paul, Assistant Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies and Management for his patience, guidance and his timely and valuable inputs. I would also like to thank Dr Vimal Khawas, HoD, Department of Peace and Conflict for his invaluable suggestions. My grateful thanks to Dr Nawal K. Paswan , Dean of Social Sciences for the help he rendered, always and graciously. I extend my thanks to the Vice Chancellor and staff of Sikkim University. I appreciate the Library staff of Sikkim University, Nar Bahadur Bhandari Degree College Library, Library of the Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, Mangan Public Library and the staff of the Sikkim State Archives for their assistance and ready help. My sincere thanks to Maheema Rai, Brahma, both research scholars, of Peace and Conflict Studies and Management who have been very kind and helpful, encouraging me in my academic pursuit. My special thanks to Keepa Lachungpa, Tashi Bhutia, Chewangmit Saring, Mercymit Lepcha, Lhoruim Lepcha, Den Hangma, Tulshi Limboo, Dawa Lepcha, Rita Lama ,Sarah Targain, Deena Sandyang for assisting me through difficult times. I would also like to thank the staff and students of Department of Peace and Conflict Studies and Management, my colleagues in the Department of Political Science, NBBDS for their support. I would also like to remember Dr Lily Alley, Former Principal Sikkim Government College, Tadong for her valuable support at the initial stages of the Ph.D Programme. My heartfelt thanks to my Parents and family. Thank you for your continued prayer and support. I am grateful. I would like to remember and thank everyone who has enabled me to complete my work on time. - Pem Choden Tenzing iv List of Tables Table No 4.1 First Council Election of 1953 135 Table No 4.2 The 1958 council 137 Table No 5.1 Framing of law during Monarchy 192 Table No 5.2 Job Recruitment Transparency during Monarchy 198 Table No 5.3 Factors governing decision making 199 Table No 5.4 Respondent’s knowledge about Parity 204 Table No 5.5 Factors that led to Sikkim’s Union with India 210 Table No 5.6 Legitimacy of Government (In Percentage) 216-217 Table No 5.7 Freedom (in Percent) 219 Table No 5.8 Role of Media (in Percent) 221 Table No 5.9 Division of Power/Functional Specialisation 227 Table No 5.10 Coterie (in percent) 228 Table No 5.11 Respondent’s Perception about election/vote 235-236 Table No 5.12 Involvement of Family members in Politics 242-243 v List of Figures Figure No5.1 Perceptions of the Monarch 184 Figure No5.2 Chogyal’s Legitimacy as a Ruler 185 Figure No5.3 Perception of the Chogyal as a Ruler 186 Figure No5.4 Knowledge about influential groups during Monarchy 188 Figure No5.5 Functional specialisation and Division of Power 193 Figure No5.6 Fairness of Judicial Decisions during Monarchy 195 Figure No5.7 Expression of Dissent 201 Figure No5.8 Respondents Participation in Political activities other than voting (Monarchy Period) 206 Figure No5.9 Political awareness and involvement in political activity such as voting in Pre-1975 Sikkim 207 Figure No5.10 Factors that affected Political behaviour of subjects /citizens in pre 1975 Sikkim 208 Figure No5.11 Reasons for abolition of Institution of Chogyal 209 Figure No5.12 Reasons for abolition of institution of Chogyal (age group below 50 years) 212 Figure No5.13 Political awareness from Monarchy to Democracy 215 Figure No 5.14 Transparency in Governance/Decision making 223 Figure No 5.15 Accountability of Government 226 Figure No 5.16 Comparison Coterie 229 Figure No 5.17 Corruption 232 Figure No 5.18 Fear factor in Political and public sphere 233 Figure No 5.19 Political Participation /Participation in canvassing for election 240 Figure No 5.20 Allowing Family members to take independent Political Decision 240 Figure No 5.21 Respondents’ view on Contesting Election 241 vi Abbreviations APCC : All Party Citizenship Committee COI : Certificate of Identification DTYC : Denzong Tribal Yargay Chogpa INC : Indain National Congress MISA : Maintenance of Internal Security Act PO : Political Officer SAM : Scandinavian Alliance Mission SC : Sikkim Congress SDF : Sikkim Democratic Front SJC : Sikkim Janta Congress SJP : Sikkim Janta Parishad SNP : Sikkim National Party SPC : Sikkim Pradesh Congress SSC : Sikkim State Congress SSP : Sikkim Sangram Parishad ST : Schedule Tribe SYPM : Sikkim Youth Pioneer Movement UN : United Nations USA : United States of America vii Contents Declaration i Certificate ii Plagiarism iii Acknowledgement iv Contents v-viii List of Tables ix List of Figures x Abbreviations xi Chapter I – Introduction 1-24 Chapter 2 - Political Development: Theoretical Perspectives 25-72 Introduction 25-26 2.1 Theories of Political Development 26-68 2.1.1 The Modernisation Theory 28-30 2.1.2 Different phases of work on Political Development 30-68 2.1.2.1 The first phase 30-45 2.1.2.1.1 David Apter 31-33 2.1.2.1.2 Gabriel Almond 33-36 2.1.2.1.3 Lucian Pye 36-40 2.1.2.1.4 Robert A. Packenham 41-44 2.1.2.1.5 Edward Shils 44-45 2.1.2.2 The Second Phase 45-46 2.1.2.2.1 Daniel Lerner 45-46 2.1.2.2.2 P. Cutright 46 2.1.2.3 The Third Phase 47-54 2.1.2.3.1 Samuel P. Huntington 47-54 2.1.2.3.1.1 Modernisation Approach to Political Development 51-52 2.1.2.3.1.2 Political Development as Institutionalization 52-53 2.1.2.3.1.3 System- Function Approach 53 2.1.2.3.1.4The Social Process Approach 54 2.1.2.3.1.5 The Comparative Theory Approach 54 2.1.2.4 Fourth Phase 55-68 viii 2.1.2.4.1 Francis Fukuyama 55-63 2.1.2.4.2 D. Kingsbury 63-64 2.1.2.4.3 Richard Higgott 64-65 2.1.2.4.4 Tasneem Sikander 65-68 2.4 Summary 68-72 Chapter 3- Political Development In Sikkim: A Historical Analysis 73-125 Introduction 73-74 3.1 Theories of origin of state and the early state formation in Sikkim 73-80 3.2 Sikkim under its early Namgyal rulers (1646-1889) 80-107 3.2.1 The First Chogyal Phuntsho Namgyal (1646-70) 80-83 3.2.2 The Second Chogyal -Tensung Namgyal (1670- 1700) 83-84 3.2.3 The Third Chogyal- Chagdor Namgyal(1700-1715) 84-88 3.2.4 The Fourth Chogyal- Gyurmed Namgyal (1717-1733) 88-92 3.2.5 The Fifth Chogyal -Namgyal Phuntshok (1733-1780) 92-95 3.2.6 The Sixth Chogyal-Tenzing Namgyal (1780-1793) 95-96 3.2.7 The Seventh Chogyal -Tsugphud Namgyal (1793-1863) 96-102 3.2.7.1 The Kottapa issue 98-101 3.2.7.2 The Treaty of Tumlong , 1861 102 3.2.8 The Eighth Chogyal - Sidkeong Namgyal (1863-1874) 102-103 3. 2.9 The Nineth Chogyal-Thutop Namgyal (1874-1914) 103-107 3.3. Sikkim-A British India Protectorate (1890-1947) 108-119 3.3.1 Police Force 112 3.3.2 Judicial Reform 112-113 3.3.3 Western Education 114-116 3.3.4 The State Council 116-119 3.4 Summary 120-125 Chapter 4 - Sikkim’s transition from Monarchy to Democracy 126-180 Introduction 126-128 4.1 The kingdom of Sikkim post India’s independence 128-152 4.1.1 The Indo- Sikkim Treaty of 1950. 130-133 4.1.2 The Dewan’s Darbar address of February, 1953 133-136 4.1.3 The proclamation of March, 1958 136-138 ix 4.1.4 The Representation of Sikkim Subject regulation, 1966 139-141 4.1.5 1973 Elections 142-144 4.1.6 The 8th May Agreement, 1973 145-148 4.1.7 The Government of Sikkim Bill, 1974 149-150 4.2 The 36th Amendment Act 150-152 4.3 Democracy in Sikkim 152 4.3.1 Extension of representation of people’s Act 1950-51 to the state of Sikkim 152-153 4.3.2 Government under L.D.Kazi as Chief Minister 153-161 4.3.2.1 Development and infrastructure under L.D.Kazi 153-155 4.3.2.2 Presidential order (order No.111 and 110) 155-156 4.3.2.3 Peculiarities in Governance (1975-79) 156-157 4.3.2.4 Emergence of new parties 157-159 4.3.2.5 The Parity controversy 159-160 4.3.2.6 Dissolution of Sikkim Legislative Assembly 161 4.4 Imposition of President’s Rule 161 4.4.1 The ordinance No.7 of 1979 161-162 4.4.2 Elections 1979 163 4.5 Sikkim under N.B.Bhandari’s leadership 163-176 4.5.1 Nar Bahadur Bhandari’s second term 165-176 4.5.2 Citizenship issue 167-169 4.5.3 Mandal Commission Report 169-172 4.5.4 Income Tax issue 172-176 4.6 Summary 176-180 Chapter 5 - Political Development and Political Culture: A Study of the Transition Period 181-249 Introduction 181-182 5.1 Monarchy and Pre- 1975 Sikkim: Perceptions 183-190 5.2 Monarchical Government 190-208 5.2.1 Determinants of political behaviour in pre-1975 Sikkim 208-209 5.3 Sikkim’s Union with India 209-214 5.4 From Monarchy to Democracy: Perceptions 214-234 5.4.1 Legitimacy of Governments 216-218 x 5.4.2 Freedom 218-220 5.4.3 Role of media 220-222 5.4.4 Transparency 223-225 5.4.5 Accountability of Government.
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