24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens

Preliminary Assessment of Suitability for Listing for Salford City Council

November 2020 Contact information

Vicky Webster (Senior Historic Buildings Advisor) [email protected] 0161 359 4326

Manchester Office 68 Quay Street, Manchester M3 3EJ www.donaldinsallassociates.co.uk

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1.0 Historic Building Analysis and Advice 2.0 Concise Historical Background 3.0 Site Survey 4.0 Assessment of Suitability for Statutory Listing

Appendix I - Principles of Selection for Listing Buildings, 2018 Appendix II – Historic England’s Designation Listing Selection Guide: Domestic 3: Suburban and Country Houses, 2017 Appendix III – Extracts of Listed Semi-Detached Houses from the National Heritage List for England Appendix IV – Salford’s Local List of Heritage Assets: Selection Criteria 4 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens 1.0 Historic Building Analysis & Advice

1.1 Introduction 1.3 Summary Assessment Edwardian styles - and also a forerunner to the millions of interwar semis which followed them; • The full assessment can be found in Section 4, what If the original windows survive at No.2, they would Donald Insall Associates was commissioned in follows is a summary of that section. add to the special interest; November 2020 to provide a preliminary assessment • Historical Interest Their internal planning is typical of the era, and of the architectural and historical significance of 24 though little-altered, is of modest interest; • Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens, Salford M7 4FX in The houses are of high historical significanceand are The internal finishes are apparently little-altered order for the Council to make a decision on whether to considered to be of special interest for: and represent the hybrid approach to internal issue a Building Preservation Notice. decoration – whereby Victorian and Neo-Geor- • th Their role in the early-20 century development gian elements were combined, with an Arts and The study has comprised desktop historical of this area for the growing middle-class Jewish Crafts approach; research, using secondary material and an external community of Salford; • • If the original bathrooms and kitchens survive, site inspection. It also refers to primary research Their broader role in the suburbanisation of the th they would add to the buildings’ special interest. carried out by Heritage Matters, 5 November 2020. Greater Manchester area; • • The houses are not known to include any techno- A brief illustrated history of the site and buildings, Their representation of an early, albeit small-scale, logical advancements in materials or construc- with sources of reference and bibliography, is in shift to ‘garden city’ principles, promoted by the tion. Section 2; the site survey findings are in Section 1909 Housing Act; • 3. Section 4 assesses the buildings against the Their historic association with renowned local Age and Rarity criteria set out in the Department for Communities architect Joseph Sunlight and the inherent link and Local Government Principles of Selection between his speculative ventures and the erec- for Listing Buildings (November, 2018) and the tion of Sunlight House (Grade II). These houses were developed in 1912, which places additional guidance in Historic England’s Designation them within category which requires a ‘greater degree of selection’, given the number of houses and estates Listing Selection Guide: Domestic 3: Suburban and Architectural Interest Country Houses, 2017 (included as Appendix I and II built in the period between 1850 and 1939 and which respectively). The houses are considered to be of moderate to high survive, with the threshold for listing becoming higher architectural significance and therefore marginal in terms as they approach the present day. However, these of special interest: houses are placed in the middle of this period and are 1.2 The Building and its Legal Status relatively unaltered. • The planning of the development, which rep- resents ‘Garden City’ principles on a small scale; National Interest 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens are unlisted • Their boundary walls, which are original to the buildings in Broughton, Salford - they do not lie within development; These houses are considered to be of national interest in a conservation area or within the setting of any • Their role as ‘gateway’ buildings within the group, respect of their connection with local architect-developer listed buildings. with distinctive architectural treatment and ‘but- Joseph Sunlight and his assimilation of the Garden City terfly’ arrangement; ideals into a packaged residential offer for the up and com- • Their little-altered external elevations are at once ing residential area of Broughton Park. a snapshot in time – assimilating the prevailing

5 Selectivity and Under-Representation on the List 1.4 Summary Conclusion • There are many listed examples of Edwardian suburban residential development, particularly It is the conclusion of this report that in terms of the those associated with the Garden City Movement, eligibility of 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens by architects such as Unwin, Voysey and Bidwell, for listing, they present a marginal case in terms which reduces the claim of these buildings in of architectural special interest however they do terms of selectivity and under-representation on have sufficient historical interest to warrant full the List to some extent; consideration by Historic England, particularly given • However, they have the potential to be the the imminent threat of redevelopment at 2 Hanover best-preserved and most interesting examples of Gardens. Their apparent lack of alteration strengthens Sunlight’s residential work and should be consid- the case for inclusion on the Statutory List, however, ered more thoroughly against his other residential this is difficult to assess fully without an internal developments in the Prestwich area, which from a inspection. A vital element in the consideration of preliminary review appear to be more mundane in their special interest will require their comparison with their planning and design and also more-altered. Joseph Sunlight’s other suburban housing, as they None of these houses are known to be listed. have the potential to be the best-preserved and indeed best examples of his residential work. Group Value Should the DCMS decide that the buildings are not • The properties have strong group value worthy of inclusion on the Statutory List, it is advised with 26 Broom Lane and 1 Hanover Gardens that the City Council place these buildings on a local opposite, which they mirror. However this has list. Consideration should be given to a full review been eroded by the full-height extension to 1 of the development for conservation area status, Hanover Gardens and other minor alterations with Article 4 Direction to prevent further alteration to those in the wider development; of key features. • The houses also have group value with the remainder of the development on Hanover Gardens and Marston Road.

6 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens 2.0 Concise Historical Background

2.1 Brief Area History

Broughton is a suburb of Salford, on the east bank of the River Irwell and 1.3 miles northwest of Manchester city centre. It includes Broughton Park, Higher Broughton and Lower Broughton and was historically a township and chapelry in the parish of Manchester and hundred of Salford. The old hamlet of Broughton lay on the western side of the township, close to a ford across the Irwell. The former manor house, Broughton Hall, belonged to the Chethams and the Stanleys, which at the end of the 18th century, passed along with the surrounding estate to the Clowes family.

Development on the estate began in earnest under the Reverend John Clowes. One of the first ventures was the Manchester Zoological Gardens, laid out on the south west side of Broom Lane and opening in 1838 [Plate 2.1]. A commercial venture by local businessmen, the Gardens were designed to compete with Belle Vue Zoological Gardens and included a Grand Menagerie, a lake, a maze, an archery ground, and a series of landscaped walks, but the venture was commercially unviable and closed four years later. The 2.1 1850 Ordnance Survey Map, Manchester and Salford. Sheet 3, University of Manchester with site marked in red Broughton Park area was developed as a villa estate from 1840-5 by Clowes, who was a noted gardener and botanist. It centred on Clowes Park – the site of the family’s demolished mansion (Broughton Old Hall) and was aimed at wealthy gentlemen, with large properties set within generous gardens.1

1 Hartwell et al, 2004, p632

7 2.2 1896 Ordnance Survey Map, NLS 2.3 1904 Thomas Marr Housing Map with site marked in red, https.manchester.publicprofiler.orgmarr

8 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens The more generously proportioned properties were abandoned following his death in 1846 and higher density housing development followed. Part of Broughton was amalgamated into the Municipal Borough of Salford in 1844 and the remaining area in 1853.

Map regression of the area reveals that it developed in an ad hoc manner, dotted with large villas in large plots, many in an Italianate or generally Classical style. By the 1890s, the areas to the south and east of Broughton Park were still little developed, with the exception of the large semi-detached properties to the west of the study site and Carlton House to the east [Plate 2.2].2 Thomas Marr’s Housing Map shows the type of developments in 1904, with the areas to the south likely higher density Victorian properties and those further north more modern suburban developments built in compliance with ‘modern bye-laws’ [Plate 2.3]. The west side of Stanley Road was developed by the time of the 1908-9 Ordnance Survey map [Plate 2.4]. Hanover Gardens was laid out parallel to Stanley Road in c.1912, to designs by the young architect-developer Joseph Sunlight (1889-1978). The development was 2.4 1909-10 Ordnance Survey Map. Promap 2.5 Map from 1912 Conveyance, from Heritage Matters Report 2020 intended to stretch between Broom Lane in the south, beyond Marston Road in the north, as shown in the 1912 Conveyance Map, however it never progressed beyond Marston Road - which was laid out around the same time by Sunlight [Plate 2.5]. 4 Marston Road was retained by him until his death and was let out to one of his employees.3

2 Now the Belz Community Centre

3 Manchester Evening News 18 April 1979 Page 1 and 26, https:// manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk/buildings/4-marston-road- broughton-park-salford

9 The 1923 Ordnance Survey map shows slightly more development in the Broughton Park area – with Hanover Gardens and Waterpark Road as newly- developed streets and more development along the western side of Broom Lane [Plate 2.6]. The 1956 Ordnance Survey map shows the study site and wider area more fully developed, with Brantwood and Marston Road running east-west to the north of the study site and more housing along the south side of Broom Lane [Plate 2.7].

The area of Cheetham, to the south east of Broughton, has a rich Jewish heritage which began in the 1840s 4, with many Jewish companies opening textile workshops in the area. From the 1890s, Cheetham Hill became a distinctive and wealthy Jewish inner suburb and this extended initially to Hightown and to the newer semi-detached houses in Broughton, Crumpsall, Prestwich and Whitefield. The Cheetham area has since diversified, but Broughton still retains a large Jewish community.

Parts of Lower Broughton and Higher Broughton have been redeveloped with a mixture of townhouses and 2.6 1923 Ordnance Survey Map. Promap flats, some infilling empty plots and others replacing 2.7 1956 Ordnance Survey Map, (Surveyed 1949-1952) with site marked in red, University of Manchester the Edwardian and interwar housing.

4 With large-scale settlement in the area.

10 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens 2.2 The Buildings: 24 Broom Lane & 2 Hanover of decoration, the exact design of each house is Gardens unknown and probably displayed subtle differences. From the photographs provided in the Heritage Matters Report,(2020) 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover As mentioned in the previous section, the Hanover Gardens appear to be largely in their original state Gardens development was the brainchild of architect today; displaying a medley of styles from paired down and developer Joseph Sunlight. It was laid out loosely Arts and Crafts panelling, to more Neo-Classical or following ‘Garden City’ principles – with generous -Georgian detailing, cornices and joinery, presumably plots containing houses set back from the street with the mod cons typical of the period including behind large front gardens bound by dwarf brick walls, kitchen and bathroom facilities. It is these later areas with only very small yards to the rear and notably that are most likely to have been altered today. no room for the motor car, given their date (see Plates 2.5 & 2.6). Land registry evidence contained with the Heritage Matters Report reveals that the houses were built in As with contemporary garden suburb houses, those 1912 and that they were the last to be erected in the on Hanover Gardens displayed variations in Edwardian development. According to a notice in the Manchester vernacular design, materials and detailing, with Evening News, the Mosco family resided at No.2 in three principal house types. 1 and 2 Broom Lane 1917 and they are shown as the occupants in a street and 24 and 26 Hanover Gardens acted as matching plan submitted to the Council in 1928. 24 Broom Lane gateway houses within the composition– as did their was at this time occupied by Mrs Frances Levy [Plate counterparts set at 45 degrees from the street. At 2.8].5 Newspaper advertisements throughout the the northern end of Hanover Gardens. 24 Broom Lane 1920s, 30s and 40s suggest the relative affluence of (Hanover House) and 2 Hanover Gardens were built as the residents on Hanover Gardens – with many seeking conjoined detached houses, in red brick with purple maids, cooks or other domestic help. The Ordnance brick and tile detailing – which contrasted with the Survey map of 1932 shows that No.24 had made some other houses which were of brown or cream brick. changes to their property – a parking area appears to Their design took elements from Victorian suburban have been introduced off Broom Lane and a small rear house design – with large full height canted bays and extension is visible [Plate 2.9]. heavy Classical dentil cornices – the stained glass windows took in Art Nouveau inspiration, with the The planning history of the study site is limited and overall effect having a rather Arts and Crafts aesthetic. other than the aforementioned extension and the The interiors were laid out with a generous hall and replacement of front windows at No.24, the houses an open well stair, with the lounge and dining room 2.8 Map from 1928 Agreement between Residents of Hanover Gardens seemingly have undergone little change. Greater and Salford Council, from Heritage Matters Report, 2020 flanking this, and secondary rooms including a modest changes have occurred at the properties on the kitchen to the rear. The first floor comprised a series west side of Hanover Gardens – where windows have of bedrooms and bathroom / WC / cloakroom, set to the rear - illuminated with stained glass. In terms 5 Manchester Evening News - Monday 19 November 1917

11 been more comprehensively replaced, a porch was introduced to No.26 in c.1998 and in c.2001, a full- height extension was introduced in the gap between 1 Hanover Gardens and 26 Broom Lane – creating a new property No.1a. Later additions include conservatories to the rear of the original properties.

2.9 1936 Ordnance Survey Map. Promap

12 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens 2.4 The Architect: Joseph Sunlight (2nd proof raincoat manufacturers - Levy and Weisgard (1915- January 1889 – 15th March 1978) 18) and for the Imperial Waterproof Company - 58 Derby Street (1918-21)7 [Plates 2.11 & 2.12]. From the revenues from these ventures he was able to acquire the freehold land for the construction of Sunlight House, completed in Joseph Sunlight was a Russian-Jewish émigré, born in 1932. Sunlight also designed Redhill Civic Centre before Novogrudock, Belorussia, Joseph Schimschlavitch in the war, though it was completed afterwards, and he was 1889. In 1890 he left Russia with his father and attended the sole architect for the South Manchester Synagogue at a private boarding school in Kingston-on-Thames from the age of 23 (Grade II), a neo-Byzantine extravaganza’.8 He about the age of 12. The family adopted the surname of was MP for Shrewsbury in 1925, being the first Liberal MP Sunlight, possibly after Port Sunlight in Cheshire (but also in a Conservative stronghold for over 200 years. an apparent translation of their family name), and settled in Manchester. He was apprenticed to the firm of William Outside of the construction industry, Sunlight spent the Purdy Architects of Brazennose Street, Manchester, before millions he made in architecture and development gam- setting up his own firm called Joseph Sunlight Architects bling and was a well-known horse breeder from his home at the age of 19. By the time he was 21 he had reputedly in Cheshire.9 He became a member of RIBA in 1942 and built a thousand houses in North Manchester (namely died in March 1978. Of his views on architecture, his wife Broughton Park and Prestwich) before moving on to the Edith stated that “He liked the old way of building, with steel construction of light industrial factories on land he bought and Portland Stone,” and in regard to the modern move- on Derby Street. ment… “He got so fed up with modern architecture”.10 Felix 2.10 Houses on Winchester Avenue, https. Carlebach, head of the South Manchester Synagogue, manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk He tackled these large-scale urban developments as an described Sunlight as “an entrepreneur of the highest astute developer – buying up tracts of land, designing and order”, who frequently came to worship at the building he building on the sites, and then selling and letting. A con- had designed. “He was very happy that we had maintained siderable part of the Sedgley Park estate was given over his building so well. But he was not what you might call an to the developer and between 1907 and 1915, countless observant Jew – he had other things in his life.” The “other houses were built on the fields between Bury Old Road things” included a short term as Liberal MP for Shrewsbury and Bury New Road along the newly created Kings Road, under Ramsey MacDonald’s Government of 1923-4, and Albert Avenue, Richmond Avenue, Queens Drive and the an addiction to gambling on a huge scale. inter-linking road network.6 Plate 2.10 shows an example of one of the houses on Winchester Avenue, a modest ‘cottage’ with half-timbered effect.

The commercial Derby Street premises using concrete and brick, with a grandiose Classical vocabulary - for the water- 7 Kadish, 2006, p148 8 Building Design, 27 April 1979, pp. 20-21

6 https://manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk/buildings/1000- 9 Biographical Record, RIBA houses-in-prestwich 10 Building Design, 27 April 1979, pp. 20-21

13 2.11 54 Derby Street 2.12 58 Derby Street

14 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens 2.5 Sources Kadish, Sharman. Jewish Heritage in England: An Architectural Guide. English Heritage, 2006

Miller, Mervin. English Garden Cities: An Introduction. National Library of Scotland & English Heritage, 2010 University of Manchester Maps Unpublished Sources

Royal Institute of British Architects Lofthouse, Pamela. The Development of the English Biography Files Semi-detached House: 1750-1950. Journals University of York, 2012

British Newspaper Archive Websites

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Historic England. Listing Selection Guide Domestic 3: Suburban and Country Houses, 2017: https://historicen- Published Sources gland.org.uk/images-books/publications/dlsg-subur- ban-country-houses/ [Accessed 25.11.20] Books and journals https://manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk/index.php A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4. [Accessed 25.11.20] Originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1911: ‘Townships: Broughton’, in A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4, ed. William Farrer and J Brownbill (London, 1911), pp. 217-222. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ lancs/vol4/pp217-222 [accessed 24 November 2020].

Building Design, 27 April 1979, pp. 20-21

Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus. Buildings of England: Lancashire: Manchester and the South East, Yale University Press, 2004

English Heritage. The Heritage of Historic Suburbs. 2007

15 3.0 Site Survey Descriptions

3.1 Setting

The study site is located in Higher Broughton in Salford, to the south east of Broughton and Clowes Parks. The area is predominately suburban, with meandering streets and cul-de-sacs of Victorian, Edwardian and interwar housing, within a leafy setting. There are also a number of schools, synagogues and churches throughout the area, namely Breslev Shul and adjacent Broughton Jewish Cassel Fox Primary School on Leigh Road and the Belz Community Centre, which is within a substantial pair of converted and extended Victorian semi-detached houses on Broom Lane.

Broom Lane runs east-west between Leicester Road and Bury New Road and is lined by a variety of properties, mostly residential. Those to the east, near Leicester Road are largely two-storey Edwardian and interwar semi-de- 3.1 Typical Housing on Broom Lane 3.2 Aerial of Broom Lane and Hanover Gardens, Google Earth tached houses of red brick, render and in some cases half-timbering with slate roofs. All are set back from the road behind front gardens, hedges, walls and fences [Plate 3.1].

Hanover Gardens was laid out in 1912; it is a short res- idential street which runs between Broom Lane in the south and Marston Road in the north [Plates 3.2 & 3.3]. Its southern end is framed by two pairs of large suburban houses, conjoined at their corners and the northern end of the street features large semi-detached houses set at right angles, with curved-in-plan boundaries. The remainder of the houses on the street are large semi-detached houses, set back from the street behind front gardens, most with ash trees fronting the street, dwarf brick walls and hedges. There are three house types, all two storeys though some have later attic extensions, with hipped roofs. 1 and 2 3.3 View along Hanover Gardens 3.4 View of 2 Hanover Gardens and 24 Broom Lane Hanover Gardens and 24 and 26 Broom Lane are red brick double-fronted houses with generous canted bays and deep dentil cornices [Plate 3.4]; 3-14 Hanover Gardens are

16 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens brown brick semi-detached houses with tiled first floors and Doric porches, again with deep dentil cornices [Plate 3.5]; and 15 and 16 Hanover Gardens and 1 and 4 Marston Road are more Neo-Georgian than the others, of pale brick with projecting central bays, corner porches, venetian win- dows at ground floor and tiled hipped roofs[Plate 3.6].

Marston Road was laid out at the same time as Hanover Gardens; it runs parallel to Broom Lane and from New Hall Road in the west towards Leicester Road in the east, but being a cul-de sac it does not connect through to the lat- ter. Its houses vary along its length as they were developed in stages, but those opposite Hanover Gardens are smaller brown brick semis with contrasting white mortar, canted oriel bays, arched entrances and pantiled roofs. Those further east are probably 1930s, larger rendered semis with 3.5 12 and 14 Hanover Gardens 3.6 4 Marston Road and 16 Hanover Gardens full-height canted bays, half-timbered effect and arched entrances [Plate 3.7].

3.7 Housing at the eastern extreme of Marston Road 3.8 26 Broom Lane and 1a Hanover Gardens - the extension

17 3.2 The Buildings Externally

In the following section the word ‘original’ refers to fabric dating from the buildings construction in 1912. Fabric which is later in date is expressly identified.

General

24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens are almost identical, essentially two double-fronted detached properties, conjoined at their outer corners. They connect at the NW corner of No.24 and the SE corner of No.2 and the principal elevation of each faces onto their respective street, providing a square gap between them (reminiscent of a suntrap plan), see Plates 3.2 & 3.4. This pair is mirrored at 3.9 1 and 1a Hanover Gardens 3.10 24 Broom Lane 1 Hanover Gardens and 26 Broom Lane, though there is a full-height replica extension set in the gap [Plates 3.8 & 3.9].

The large front gardens are grassed, with a few mature trees lining the streets. The gardens are bound by brown brick dwarf walls, with curved brick copings and red brick piers to the front paths – those to the drive of No.24 feature decorative terracotta caps/finials (associated with the adjacent house11), whilst those to the front paths are plainer. The carved number and name remains at No.24. Both gates appear to be replacements. There is shabby timber fencing lining the front garden boundary and post and mesh fencing to the front of No.24 [Plate 3.10].

3.11 2 Hanover Gardens, , Front Elevation 3.12 2 Hanover Gardens, Front Elevation, Google Streetview, 2014

11 They match others found on Stanley Road.

18 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens 3.2.1 Front Elevations

Two large, two-storey double-fronted houses of bright red brick, with purple brick and tile details and slate roofs [Plates 3.10 & 3.11]. Each has prominent canted outer bays, with tiled aprons and set between a porch with swept lead roof, flanked by sidelights with cross members. The porch and flanking lights to No.2 have recently been re- moved, revealing the front doors which are double timber, panelled and part-glazed with multi-coloured glass. No.24’s porch has been altered but it retained its panelled, part- glazed front door. The windows at No.2 are currently board- ed, but appear to have been original timber casements with Art Nouveau style stained glass upper lights – as shown in Google Streetview (2014) [Plate 3.12]. The first floor win- dows above the front door have shutters. Those to No.24 3.13 2 Hanover Gardens, Rear Elevation, Heritage Matters, 2020 3.14 24 Broom Lane, Rear Elevation, Heritage Matters, 2020 have mostly been replaced with later timber casements. Both houses feature purple brick bases and incised purple brick detailing – suggestive of quoins - at their outer edges and a deep dentil cornice which wraps around the canted bays.

3.2.2 Flank Elevations

The flank elevations of No.24 are plain red brick, again with a purple brick base and alleviated only by a simple chim- ney flue and the dentil cornice; there is a full stack with a raised brick panel on its west elevation. Those of No.2 are slightly different – with ground floor French windows under purple brick lintels; those in the right hand bay have not been boarded and contain timber-framed doors. The north elevation matches the west elevation of No.24 and also features a chimney stack.

19 3.2.3 Rear Elevations12

The rear elevations are plain, of red brick with a purple brick base, timber casements under simple red brick soldier course lintels, with relieving arches above some of the ground floor openings. The fenestration pattern is largely symmetrical, set out in three main bays, with leaded glazing to the first floor bathroom windows (one replaced at No.24). There is a mixture of waste and rainwater goods and vents [Plate 3.13]. No.24 has a single storey lean-to extension in red brick, with a stepped parapet and patent-glazed roof (apparently in place since the 1930s, though brickwork looks more modern) [Plate 3.14].

3.2.4 Roof 3.15 2 Hanover Gardens, Entrance Hall, 2009, Zoopla Hipped and slated with tiled ridges.

3.3 The Building Internally

An internal inspection was not possible at the time of writing. The following brief description is based on photographs taken of No.24 in 2020, and from the sales particulars for No.2 in 2009; both of which are reproduced here from the Heritage Matters report.

Both houses feature Edwardian style panelling within their hallways, though of differing styles – No.2 features elon- 3.17 24 Broom Lane, Living Room, Heritage Matters, 2020 gated-octagonal panels with carved motifs to its upper panels and No.24 features plainer Arts and Crafts style panelling [Plate 3.15]. Both feature double, part-glazed doors with decorative leaded glazing, No.2 also features 3.16 24 Broom Lane, Entrance Hall, Heritage Matters, 2020 coloured glass to its external door. No.24 features moulded cornices [Plate 3.16]. The living room of No.24 features

12 Description carried out from site photos dated October 2020, within the Heritage Matters report.

20 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens what appears to be parquet flooring, fluted pilasters with splayed uplighters, Doric columns, decorative moulded wall panelling (framing), coffered ceiling with cornices – all quite Victorian in style - and a tiled Art Deco chimneypiece and a later heater [Plates 3.17 & 3.18]. The first floor land- ing of No.24 features timber panelling, with thistle and rose motifs [Plate 3.19 & 3.20]. At least one of the rear windows of No.24 features curly stays [Plate 3.22]. The staircase within this house is not fully visible, only its square newel with pyramidal finial can be seen inPlate 3.19.

3.19 24 Broom Lane, First Floor Landing Detail, Heritage Matters, 2020

3.18 24 Broom Lane, Living Room, Heritage Matters, 2020

21 3.20 24 Broom Lane, First Floor Landing, Heritage Matters, 2020 3.21 24 Broom Lane, First Floor Rear Window, Heritage Matters, 2020

22 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens 4.0 Assessment of Suitability for Statutory Listing

• 4.1 Statutory Criteria events; and the building itself in its current Selectivity form will afford a strong connection with the Country houses, villas, and suburban valued aspect of history. houses survive in such large numbers Many buildings are interesting architecturally or that they will need to be carefully historically, but, in order to be listed, a building must Other relevant criteria are age and rarity, although their assessed for listing against the normal have “special” interest. The Secretary of State uses the relevance varies according to the particular building selection criteria: age and rarity, degree following criteria when assessing whether a building type. Historic England’s Designation Listing Selection of survival, quality of design, materials, is of special interest and therefore should be added to Guide: Domestic 3: Suburban and Country Houses craftsmanship, and historic associations... the statutory list: (2017) states that buildings erected during the period Sheer expense never vouchsafed covering 1850 to 1939 warrant greater scrutiny: architectural interest or design quality, Architectural Interest: but such houses could be innovative in To be of special architectural interest a Because of the increase in the number of terms of style, planning, technology or building must be of importance in its design, houses and estates built and which survive, a have other historic interest. As set out in decoration or craftsmanship. Special interest greater degree of selection will apply, with the government guidance, there is a rising may also apply to particularly significant threshold for listing becoming higher as they threshold for listing: the more modern the examples of building types or techniques approach the present day. building, the stronger the claims to special (e.g. buildings displaying technological interest must be. innovation or virtuosity) and significant Concerning aesthetic merits, the listing • plan forms. Engineering and technological criteria states that: Aesthetic judgment interest can be an important consideration … Some excellent designs, especially for some buildings. For more recent buildings The appearance of a building – both its in the decades to either side of 1900, in particular, the functioning of the building intrinsic architectural merit and any group are subtle and undemonstrative and (to the extent that this reflects on its original value – is a key consideration in judging listing easily overlooked; equally, some types design and planned use, where known) will also proposals, but the special interest of a building of design sought mannered or otherwise be a consideration. Artistic distinction can will not always be reflected in obvious external distinctive design solutions; what might also be a factor relevant to the architectural visual quality. Buildings that are important initially appear as infelicities should interest of buildings and objects and for reasons of technological innovation, or not automatically be dismissed as structures fixed to them. as illustrating particular aspects of social or poor design: efforts should be made to economic history, may well have little external understand the client’s and designer’s Historic Interest: visual quality. intentions. Expense is no indication of To be able to justify special historic interest architectural quality. Similarly the notion a building must illustrate important aspects Historic England’s Designation Listing Selection that in the modern period only Modernist of the nation’s history and / or have closely Guide also advises that in addition to the date- progressive styles were favoured should substantiated historical associations with specific considerations, the following overarching be tempered by the range and quality of nationally important individuals, groups or considerations need to be considered (please see traditional and historicist styles. While Appendix II for full details): celebrated architects were sometimes involved, elsewhere it is the work of local

23 • architects, and their interpretation of Planned settlements and estates much of their time and yet quite distinctive in their compo- nationally important styles and modes Like town housing, suburban (and sition. Both are two storeys and double-fronted with large of building, that is often of great interest. occasionally rural) developments can window-filled canted bays, faced in bright red brick with Degree of survival will not in itself be possess special interest because of their purple brick detailing, tiled aprons, swept leaded porches sufficient. However, the intact survival planning: their layout, their relationship (No.2 is now missing its porch), shutters and low hipped of noteworthy decorative features, both with open spaces and roads, the overall roofs defined by a deep dentil cornice. The plainer rear inside and out, can sometimes justify architectural character and its relationship elevations both retain original timber casements and No.24 listing or sway the balance in otherwise to the site they occupy. has a modest lean-to extension, added at an early date. marginal examples. • Under-representation on the list The interiors were laid out following a standard floorplan, • • Technology Development pressures with a generous central hall and open well stair, off which • Particularly important in the case of Grading the main rooms were arranged, with modestly-propor- • houses belonging to industrialists and Historic associations tioned kitchen and bathroom areas provided to the rear of improvers, Victorian and Edwardian the plan. The internal decoration appears to be little-altered houses often adopted the latest today and comprises a medley of styles, quite typical of technology… Intact and early examples of 4.2 Assessment of Significance of 24 Broom the era – drawing upon Victorian, Arts and Crafts and Art interesting technological improvements Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens Nouveau influences with Neo-Georgian elements; the appearance of good craftsmanship displayed through the may add to a building’s special interest. 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens were built in use of stained glass and carved joinery motifs. • Broughton Park as a conjoined pair of houses in 1912, they Alteration formed part of a small speculative development by the th Many houses undergo change, and this The houses are of high historical interest in the early-20 entrepreneurial architect Joseph Sunlight (1889-1978), century development of this area for the growing mid- need not rule out listability: indeed, it can who is particularly well-known in the Manchester area. The sometimes add to the special interest. dle-class Jewish community of Salford and their broader development was laid out following ‘Garden City’ principles role in the suburbanisation of the Greater Manchester Cases will need to be assessed on an – with properties set back from the streets behind large individual, case by case, basis… area. The study site and the wider development reflects front gardens. , ‘Gateway properties’ were used to intro- the early shift to ‘Garden City’ principles, promoted by the • duce the development, and add interest and an element of Subsidiary features 1909 Housing Act and applied by architect and town-plan- formality to the streetscene, a role which 24 Broom Lane ner Raymond Unwin, which is also of interest. The houses … Features that can contribute to and 2 Hanover Gardens played here – being set at 45 de- special interest include original walls; are also of considerable interest for their association with grees to one another and mirrored by 26 Broom Lane and renowned Sunlight as their developer and designer and stone steps; storage vaults beneath 1 Hanover Gardens. Stylistically, the development included the pavement; and ironwork including the inherent link with his speculative ventures such as this, three different house types and it is possible that the cant- and the erection of Sunlight House (Grade II), Deansgate. railings, gates, overthrows, lamp holders ed bays found at the Broom Lane end of the development and boot scrapers. They have high group value with the other properties in were employed to respond to the large Victorian semis to the development, also by Sunlight, although the overall • the west. stylistically very similar, with only subtle variations Boundary walls composition is somewhat eroded by the changes to the • and are an assimilation of Neo-Georgian and Victorian Integrated assessments other properties – namely the infill extension to 1 Hanover • elements with an overall Arts and Crafts aesthetic – very Regional variation Gardens.

24 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens Their ‘butterfly’ placement, setting within their respective 1909 Housing Act; Age and Rarity • plots and overall form is little altered and of high archi- Their historic association with renowned local tectural significance. The boundary walls are part of the architect Joseph Sunlight and the inherent link These houses were developed in 1912, which places original development and contribute to the overall com- between his speculative ventures and the erec- them within category which requires a ‘greater degree position. Stylistically, their exteriors are very much of their tion of Sunlight House (Grade II). of selection’, given the number of houses and estates time, given the medley of styles employed, and are at once built in the period between 1850 and 1939 and which a snapshot in time of these prevailing styles and a forerun- Architectural Interest survive, with the threshold for listing becoming higher ner to the millions of interwar semis which followed them. as they approach the present day. However, these They are an evolutionary rather than a revolutionary design, The houses are considered to be of moderate to high ar- houses are placed in the middle of this period and are but are of interest nonetheless and given their apparent chitectural significance and therefore marginal in terms relatively unaltered. original state, are considered to be of moderate to high of special interest: architectural significance. Should the original windows with • National Interest stained glass upper lights survive beneath the boarding at The planning of the development, which rep- No.2, they would contribute to this significance. The plainer resents ‘Garden City’ principles on a small scale; • These houses are considered to be of national interest in rear elevations have some interest as part of the original Their boundary walls, which are original to the respect of their connection with local architect-developer composition, and in their retention of original window join- development; • Joseph Sunlight and his assimilation of the Garden City ery, but are of modest architectural significance overall. Their role as ‘gateway’ buildings within the group, ideals into a packaged residential offer for the up and com- The seemingly little-altered interiors contain a variety of with distinctive architectural treatment and ‘but- ing residential area of Broughton Park. styles and seemingly good quality finishes and are consid- terfly’ arrangement; • Their little-altered external elevations are at once ered to be of moderate to high architectural significance Selectivity and Under-Representation on the List – with the potential to tip towards the higher scale if original a snapshot in time – assimilating the prevailing • kitchen or bathroom fittings and finishes remain. Edwardian styles - and also a forerunner to the There are many listed examples of Edwardian millions of interwar semis which followed them; • suburban residential development, particularly If the original windows survive at No.2, they would 4.2 Assessment of Suitability for Statutory Listing those associated with the Garden City Movement, add to the special interest; • by architects such as Unwin, Voysey and Bidwell, Their internal planning is typical of the era, and which reduces the claim of these buildings in Historical Interest though little-altered, is of modest interest; • terms of selectivity and under-representation on The houses are of high historical significance and are The internal finishes are apparently little-altered the List to some extent (see contemporary listed considered to be of special interest for: and represent the hybrid approach to internal examples in Appendix III); • decoration – whereby Victorian and Neo-Geor- However, they have the potential to be the best- • th Their role in the early-20 century development gian elements were combined, with an Arts and preserved and most interesting examples of Crafts approach; of this area for the growing middle-class Jewish • Sunlight’s residential work and should be consid- community of Salford; If the original bathrooms and kitchens survive, ered more thoroughly against his other residential • they would add to the buildings’ special interest. Their broader role in the suburbanisation of the • developments in the Prestwich area, which from a Greater Manchester area; The houses are not known to include any techno- preliminary review appear to be more mundane in • Their representation of an early, albeit small-scale, logical advancements in materials or construc- their planning and design and also more-altered. shift to ‘garden city’ principles, promoted by the tion. None of these houses are known to be listed.

25 Group Value should be given to a full review of the development for • conservation area status, with Article 4 Direction to The properties have strong group value prevent further alteration of key features. with 26 Broom Lane and 1 Hanover Gardens opposite, which they mirror. However this has been eroded by the full-height extension to 1 Hanover Gardens and other minor alterations to those in the wider development; • The houses also have group value with the remainder of the development on Hanover Gardens and Marston Road.

4.3 Conclusion

It is the conclusion of this report that in terms of the eligibility of 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens for listing, they present a marginal case in terms of architectural special interest however they do have sufficient historical interest to warrant full consideration by Historic England, particularly given the imminent threat of redevelopment at 2 Hanover Gardens. Their apparent lack of alteration strengthens the case for inclusion on the Statutory List, however, this is difficult to assess fully without an internal inspection. A vital element in the consideration of their special interest will require their comparison with Joseph Sunlight’s other suburban housing, as they have the potential to be the best-preserved and indeed best examples of his residential work.

Should the DCMS decide that the buildings are not worthy of inclusion on the Statutory List, they would meet the criteria for Salford’s local list (see Appendix IV) and therefore it is advised that the City Council place these buildings on a local list. Consideration

26 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens Appendix I - Principles of Selection for Listing Buildings, 2018

General principles applied by the Secretary of individual buildings. This is achieved through the 7. Listed buildings are graded to reflect their relative State when deciding whether a building is of special statutory system for listing buildings. Listing is special architectural and historic interest. • architectural or historic interest and should be added a celebration of special architectural and historic Grade I buildings are of exceptional to the list of buildings compiled under the Planning interest, and plays a vital part in safeguarding special interest; • (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. this legacy. It protects a diverse range of buildings and Grade II* buildings are particularly important structures, from palaces to barns, buildings of more than special interest; • tombstones to skate parks, sculpture to cinemas. Grade II buildings are of special interest, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2018 warranting every effort to preserve them. 4. Listed buildings benefit from enhanced protection 10. Introduction through the planning system through the Requests for a Building Preservation Notice to be 1. This document sets out the statutory criteria and processes of Listed Building Consent (LBC) and served under the terms of section 3 of the 1990 general principles that the Secretary of State planning permission. Government planning Act (see paragraphs 26-27 below) should be directed applies when deciding whether a building is of special policy can be found in the National Planning Policy to the relevant local planning authority. architectural or historic interest and should Framework (NPPF). therefore be added to the list of buildings compiled 11. The Secretary of State’s policy is to provide as under section 1 of the Planning (Listed Listing much clarity as possible about where the special Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (“the 1990 5. Section 1 of the 1990 Act imposes a duty on the interest of buildings lie when listing them or revising an Act”). The Secretary of State takes into Secretary of State to compile or approve a list or existing list entry. Section 1(5A) of the account these criteria and general principles when lists of buildings of special architectural or historic 1990 Act allows the Secretary of State to state considering his decision. interest (‘listed buildings’) as a guide to planning definitively in a list entry if particular parts or authorities when carrying out their planning functions. features of the building (including any objects or Background structures that are fixed to it, or in its curtilage) 2. England is exceptionally rich in its heritage of 6. For the purposes of listing, a ‘building’ includes any are not part of the listed building or of special historic buildings – some are national icons, known structure or erection and a ‘listed building’ architectural or historic interest. Unless particular the world over. They range from the great cathedrals includes any object or structure: (a) fixed to it; or (b) parts or features have been so excepted the and houses, to more modest yet fascinating within its curtilage which, although not fixed protection conferred by listing applies to the whole structures distributed right across the land. Together, to it, forms part of the land and has done so since of the building, not just its exterior (Note 2). st they form a key aspect of the historic before 1 July 1948, unless the list entry environment which lies all around us, and which expressly excludes such things. In some cases, such 12. If the Secretary of State decides not to list a enriches the lives of present and future as for works of art or sculptures, it will be building that building will not usually be reconsidered generations. necessary to consider the degree and purpose of for listing for a period of five years, unless new annexation to the land or building to determine substantial evidence or understanding regarding 3. Processes of classification are necessary for the whether it may be listed under the 1990 Act. its claims to special architectural or historic interest, or practical purposes of identifying and protecting of threats of harm to, or total loss of, its

27 significance, comes to light in the intervening period. Historic Interest: The character or appearance of In exceptional cases, this discretion could To be able to justify special historic interest a building conservation areas: be exercised differently. must illustrate important aspects of the In accordance with the terms of section 72 of the 1990 nation’s history and / or have closely substantiated Act, when making listing decisions in 15. ‘Local listing’ – the non-statutory identification of historical associations with nationally respect of a building in a conservation area, the heritage assets (including buildings) of local important individuals, groups or events; and the Secretary of State will pay special attention interest by local planning authorities – is a separate, building itself in its current form will afford a to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the but complementary process. strong connection with the valued aspect of history. character or appearance of that area.

Statutory criteria 17. When making a listing decision, the Secretary of General principles State may also take into account: 18. Age and rarity: the older a building is, and the fewer 16. The Secretary of State uses the following criteria the surviving examples of its kind, the more when assessing whether a building is of special Group value: likely it is to have special interest. The following architectural or historic interest and therefore should The extent to which the exterior of the building chronology is meant as a guide to assessment; be added to the statutory list: contributes to the architectural or historic the dates are indications of likely periods of interest interest of any group of buildings of which it forms part, and are not absolute. The relevance of age Architectural Interest: generally known as group value. The and rarity will vary according to the particular type of To be of special architectural interest a building must Secretary of State will take this into account building because for some types, dates other be of importance in its design, decoration particularly where buildings comprise an important than those outlined below are of significance. However, or craftsmanship. Special interest may also apply to architectural or historic unity or a fine example of the general principles used are that: • particularly significant examples of planning (e.g. squares, terraces or model before 1700, all buildings that retain a building types or techniques (e.g. buildings displaying villages) or where there is a historical functional significant proportion of their original technological innovation or virtuosity) relationship between the buildings. fabric are likely to and significant plan forms. Engineering and Sometimes group value will be achieved through a co- be regarded of special interest; • technological interest can be an important location of diverse buildings of different from 1700 to 1850, most buildings that consideration for some buildings. For more recent types and dates. retain a significant proportion of their buildings in particular, the functioning of original fabric are the building (to the extent that this reflects on its Fixtures and features of a building and likely to be regarded of special interest, though some original design and planned use, where curtilage buildings: selection is necessary; • known) will also be a consideration. Artistic distinction The desirability of preserving, on the grounds of its from 1850 to 1945, because of the greatly can also be a factor relevant to the architectural or historic interest, any feature increased number of buildings erected and the architectural interest of buildings and objects and of the building consisting of a man-made object or much larger numbers that have survived, progressively structures fixed to them. structure fixed to the building or forming greater selection is necessary; • part of the land and comprised within the curtilage careful selection is required for buildings from of the building. the period after 1945, another watershed for

28 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens architecture. number of buildings of a similar type and quality Preservation Notice (BPN) on the owner and occupier survive. In such cases, the Secretary of State’s of a building that is not listed, but which 19. Buildings less than 30 years old: such buildings are policy is generally to list only the most representative they consider to be: (a) of special architectural or not normally considered to be of special or most significant examples of the type. historic interest; and (b) in danger of demolition architectural or historic interest because they have yet or of alteration in such a way as to affect its character to stand the test of time. It may 22. National interest: the emphasis in this document is as a building of such interest. Local planning nevertheless be appropriate to list some modern to establish consistency in selection to ensure authorities choosing to serve a BPN must, at the same buildings despite their relatively recent that not only are all buildings of strong intrinsic time, submit an application to the Secretary construction – for example, if they demonstrate national architectural or historic interest included of State through Historic England for the building to be outstanding quality (generally interpreted as being on the statutory list, but also the most significant or added to the statutory list. equivalent to Grade I or II*). The Secretary of State distinctive regional buildings that together calculates the age of a building from the point make a major contribution to the national historic 27. Once a BPN has been served on the owner and at which the ground was first broken. stock. For instance, the best examples of occupier of the building to which it relates, it vernacular buildings will normally be listed because remains in force for six months, but will cease to be in 20. Aesthetic merits: the appearance of a building they illustrate the importance of distinctive force before that point if the Secretary of (both its intrinsic architectural merit or any group local and regional building traditions. Similarly, for State lists the building or informs the local planning value) is often a key consideration in listing, but the example, some buildings will be listed because authority in writing that he does not special interest will not always be reflected in they represent a nationally significant but localised intend to do so. Whilst the BPN is in force, the building obvious external visual quality. Buildings that are industry, such as shoemaking in is treated as if it were a listed important for reasons of technological or Northamptonshire or cotton production in Lancashire. building. material innovation, engineering or as illustrating particular aspects of social or economic history, 23. State of repair: the general state of repair and may have little external visual quality but can still be of upkeep of a building will not usually be a relevant special interest. consideration when deciding whether it meets the test of special architectural or historic interest. 21. Selectivity: where a building qualifies for listing The Secretary of State will list a building that has been primarily on the strength of its special architectural assessed as meeting the statutory criteria, interest, the fact that there are other buildings of irrespective of its state of repair. Loss of original fabric similar or identical quality elsewhere is not likely will however be a relevant consideration to be a major consideration. However, a building may when considering special interest. be listed primarily because it represents a particular historical type to ensure that examples of such a type Building Preservation Notices are preserved. Listing in these 26. Local planning authorities have the power under circumstances is largely a comparative exercise and section 3 of the 1990 Act to serve a Building needs to be selective where a substantial

29 Appendix II – Historic England’s Designation Listing Selection Guide: Domestic 3: Suburban and Country Houses, 2017

30 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens Summary

&01,/& +$)+!҃014"+16)&01&+$0")" 1&,+$2&!"0%")-1,!"ޖ+"4%& %%&01,/&  Domestic 3: buildings are likely to meet the relevant tests for national designation and be included on the National Heritage List for England. Listing has been in place since 1947 and operates under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. If a building is felt to meet the necessary standards, it is added to the List. This decision is Suburban and taken by the Government’s Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). These selection guides were originally produced by English Heritage in 2011: slightly revised versions are now being published by its successor body, Historic England. Country Houses The DCMS‘ Principles of Selection for Listing Buildings set out the over-arching criteria of special architectural or historic interest required for listing and the guides provide more detail of relevant considerations for determining such interest for particular Listing Selection Guide building types. See https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/principles-of- selection-for-listing-buildings.

 %$2&!"#))0&+1,14,%)3"0ѷ%"ޖ/01!"ޖ+"01%"16-"0,#01/2 12/"0&+ )2!"! in it, before going on to give a brisk overview of their characteristics and how these developed through time, with notice of the main architects and representative examples of buildings. The second half of the guide sets out the particular tests in terms of its architectural or historic interest a building has to meet if it is to be listed. A select bibliography gives suggestions for further reading.

%&0$2&!"Ѹ,+",##,2/,+!&Ȅ"/"+116-"0,#,*"01& 2&)!&+$0Ѹ ,3"/002 2/ ++! country houses. The other three Domestic Buildings selection guides cover Vernacular houses, Town houses, and Modern houses and housing.

First published by English Heritage October 2011.

This edition published by Historic England December 2017. All images © Historic England unless otherwise stated.

HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/

Front cover Gunton Park, Norfolk. The original house by Matthew in 1882, it was rebuilt by Kit Martin within the shell in Brettingham, begun 1742, had additions including 1982-5. Listed Grade II*. the colonnade by the Wyatts in 1780-5. Gutted by fire Contents Introduction

Introduction ...... 1 у -" &ޖ ,+0&!"/1&,+0 ...... 22 Be they suburban or rural, country houses, villas, and semi-detached houses share "/1&+ %/ 1"/&01& 0ѷ/&+ &-))61%"6/"!"ޖ+"! 61%"0- "/,2+!1%"*ѷ%"6 2.1 Date ...... 22 take advantage of more generous ground plots and are laid out with more freedom 1 Historical Summary ...... 4 2.2 Selectivity ...... 22 than their urban equivalent. Being set in substantial gardens or forming part of 2.3 Aesthetic judgment ...... 22 )/$"/"011"Ѹ1%"6%3"!&Ȅ"/"+1/")1&,+0%&-4&1%+12/"+! + "-/1,# 1.1 The country house ...... 4 2.4 Technology ...... 23 distinct individual landscapes. Additionally, being located sometimes some distance 1.2 The villa ...... 6 2.5 Alteration ...... 23 away from normal places of work, for their owners they can possess a repose and a 1.3 The Georgian villa ...... 6 2.6 Subsidiary features ...... 23 detachment that makes for special architectural interest, and has led to some of the 1.4 Early nineteenth-century 2.7 Boundary walls ...... 23 ޖ+"01%,20"0&++$)+!ѷ picturesque villas ...... 8 2.8 Integrated assessments ...... 24 1.5 Victorian villas and detached houses ...... 9 2.9 Regional variation ...... 24 1.6 Materials ...... 10 2.10 Planned settlements and estates ...... 24 1.7 Houses for the clergy ...... 11 2.11 Under-representation on the list ...... 24 1.8 Suburban houses ...... 11 2.12 Development pressures...... 24 1.9 The seventeenth-century suburb ...... 12 2.13 Grading ...... 25 The country house in particular has a special a modestly sized but sophisticated country house 1.10 The eighteenth-century suburb ...... 13 2.14 Historic associations ...... 25 place in English architectural history, and of 1876-81 (listed Grade I). 1.11 The rise of the semi-detached house ...... 13 2.15 Extent of listing ...... 25 constitutes one of the most internationally 1.12 The mid nineteenth-century detached respected areas of English architecture. Many The term ‘country house’ now carries a distinct and semi-detached house (1850-70) ...... 14 survive, often retaining evidence of their evolution meaning: that of a large residence of some status, 1.13 Suburban housing 1870-1900 ...... 14 3 Select Bibliography ...... 26 from the medieval and early modern periods. A set within extensive grounds. Further down the 1.14 Queen Anne and the Domestic Revival ....15 great country house, such as Blenheim Palace, scale there are other kinds of house (or rural retreat) 1.15 The Arts and Crafts Movement ...... 16 3.1 General works and the country house .....26 Oxfordshire (designed by John Vanbrugh and for the wealthy, or later for the professional classes, 1.16 The twentieth-century detached and 3.2 The villa ...... 26 Nicholas Hawksmoor, 1706-29; listed Grade I; Fig and these are often similar to vernacular and garden semi-detached house ...... 17 3.3 Nineteenth century ...... 26 2), is so highly regarded as to have been inscribed buildings; an example is the larger farm house such 1.17 Neo-Georgian ...... 20 3.4 Parsonages ...... 27 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. That said, as Mace’s in Wick Rissington, Gloucestershire, 1.18 Neo-Tudor...... 21 3.5 Twentieth century ...... 27 the evolution of the country house is so complex, of the mid-seventeenth century (listed Grade II). and has been so comprehensively written about A distinct category among rural houses of by others, that no concerted attempt is made here some scale is the vicarage, which shared many Acknowledgements ...... 28 to offer a systematic overview. characteristics with the smaller country house.

Country houses ranged widely in scale and Rather than repeat existing literature on these extent, from the grandest of set pieces to more country houses, this guide concentrates on smaller, modest manor and dower houses. They also often suburban, detached and semi-detached combine numerous functions, from being private houses or villas which are very frequent conscious displays of status and power such as candidates for listing and on which more guidance Wollaton Hall, Nottingham (designed by Robert and explanation is perhaps required. It considers Smythson, 1580-88; listed Grade I), to more the period when the characteristics of the modern administrative ones such as being the centres suburb as we know it today emerged, where the of estate management, to those of retirement residents are largely dependent upon the town for and straightforward residence such as Adcote, work, shopping and socialising and the character Shropshire, designed by Richard Norman Shaw – is predominantly residential.

1 Figure 2 Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire designed country house at its most significant. Listed Grade I by Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor, it is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. and built between 1706-29 represents the English

Figure 1 This pair of neo-classical stuccoed villas of the mid- the introduction of the semi-detached house as an nineteenth century in Bedford demonstrates essential component of suburbia. Listed Grade II. of council housing and the impact of the estates is covered in the Agricultural Buildings Garden City Movement, is considered in the selection guide, while garden and landscape Selection Guide for The Modern House and structures are covered by the selection Housing. Housing for workers on country guide for Garden and Park Structures. Chronologically this guide stops in the early stock still dates from these great surges of later twentieth century when domestic architecture Victorian, Edwardian and interwar suburban was in transition and the State was beginning development that are among England’s most to intervene in residential development. The influential contributions to architecture worldwide. establishment of the Garden City Movement, the need for greater economy following Whereas major country houses are distinctive the First World War, and housing and town as the country residences of wealthy people, planning legislation, ushered in a new era of and centres of local or even national power, housing reform. The results of these important smaller country houses shade imperceptibly developments are discussed in a separate into other kinds of rural and suburban housing selection guide: The Modern House and with inevitable overlaps with the other Domestic Housing. However, as suburban expansion and selection guides. Older rural houses are partly rural suburbanisation continued apace in the covered in that for Vernacular Houses; there Edwardian and interwar years some overlap is some overlap of suburban houses with that is unavoidable. We should remember that a for Town Houses; and suburban working- considerable proportion of the country’s building class housing, principally the appearance

< < Contents 2 < < Contents 3 1 Historical Summary

1.1 The country house medieval house (typically with a hall, apartments, a chapel and service quarters, coupled with Listing, and the related provision of grant aid ranges of lodgings not unlike an Oxbridge college) for listed buildings from 1954 onwards, were at began to be influenced by the revival of antique least in part intended to save the English country learning centred in Italy at the beginning of the house which had been under considerable threat fifteenth century, although unlike Central Europe, during the first 50 years of the twentieth century. full-blown Italian Renaissance buildings were rare It is therefore no surprise to find that sixteenth-, if not entirely unknown. By 1600, however, such seventeenth- and eighteenth-century country Renaissance traits as axial symmetry and classical houses were included in the lists from an early detail were becoming fashionable. It was only in period, and that Victorian and later houses were the 1620s and 1630s that Italian, French and Dutch sometimes included too. Lutyens’ late classical variations on the antique proportions proclaimed house, Gledstone Hall in North Yorkshire (1925- by the Roman architect/scholar Vitruvius 7), was listed (at Grade II*) within 30 years of became widely acceptable, and his principles of being built, whilst the same architect’s Middleton ‘firmness, commodity and delight’ were passed Figure 3 Park, Oxfordshire (generally regarded as the last into English through a loose translation by Sir Osborne House, Isle of Wight, designed by Prince Albert a considerable influence over suburban middle-class in association with the master-builder Thomas Cubitt, housing of the following decades. Listed Grade I. great country house to be built in England) was Henry Wotton. Inigo Jones offered a purer reading 1846-51, employed an Italianate style which exerted completed in 1938 and listed at Grade I in 1951. of classicism from true Italian sources in these Both are powerful reminders that listing does years, but his work was politically associated not privilege only the progressive styles of the with court circles. Many architectural types, twentieth century at the expense of tradition if including the plain terraced house (see the the building possesses the special architectural or Town House selection guide) and the plain but flowering during the mid-nineteenth century, through new commercial fortunes, when the historic interest necessary for listing. pedimented country house such as Tintinhull, were often Georgianised in the twentieth century. Gothic Revival gave way to carefully considered Somerset (listed Grade I), were developed at That said, the Victorian great house was as likely, historical sources from seventeenth-century The country house (or Great House) emerged this time and continued in widespread use for however, to have been in Tudor, Elizabethan or neo-vernacular traditions (the Arts and Crafts during the later medieval period from castle two centuries and more. The compact house Jacobean styles (or a mixture of all three), more Movement) and to a further classical revival. and palace building and it is sometimes difficult plan, with double- and triple-pile variants, was loosely massed and sometimes to be realised on to distinguish whether castles were actually to prove popular until picturesque variety broke a huge scale as at Harlaxton Manor, Lincolnshire, An agricultural depression, which lasted from defensive, rather than domestic, in character. up massing in the later eighteenth century. of 1832-44 (listed Grade I). During the Victorian the 1870s until the Second World War, and death Stokesay Castle, Shropshire, (listed Grade I), for period, planning became ever more complex duties (introduced in 1894), played a major example, might be seen as little more than a England only accepted the baroque style for and subsidiary buildings grew in complexity part in breaking up landed estates. Life-styles modestly defended late thirteenth-century hall houses such as Blenheim (Oxfordshire), Castle and size. Clients were often keen to incorporate were changing too, and many families found with a single strong defensive tower, whilst both Howard (North Yorkshire), and Seaton Delaval the latest technological developments in their the maintenance of a great house – or houses – the keep of Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire (1612-21; (Northumberland) with difficulty, and was relieved new houses such as Sir William Armstrong’s impossible. Complete interiors were sold abroad, listed Grade I), and Burton Hall, Cheshire (listed to finally fully adopt the Italian classicism of incorporation of hydro-electric power generated as at Sutton Scarsdale, Derbyshire (1724-28; listed Grade II*) of the early seventeenth century were Andrea Palladio. Classicism became the Georgian within the grounds of his own house, Cragside, Grade I), reduced to a gaunt ruin when in 1920 its self-consciously invoking the medieval castle. style in English and the beau ideal of the English Northumberland (Richard Norman Shaw, 1870-85; interiors were sold to the United States. For the Halls had formed the centre of domestic sites country seat. That has pertained to such an extent listed Grade I) – one of the earliest applications first time for many years, country house design for centuries before they became ubiquitous in that Gothic Revival country houses, of which of such technology in the world (and see too was no longer at the vanguard of architectural houses above cottage scale during the fourteenth harbingers can be seen in the later eighteenth Fig 4). A last bloom of the Great House came attention, although houses in traditional styles and fifteenth centuries. The greater English late century and which had a brief and powerful in the 1890s and 1900s, often made possible and often of considerable interest continued to

< < Contents 4 < < Contents 5 be built, principally to neo-Georgian or mock- The first true English villas in the Italian sense compact in form and relatively modest in size, limes were applied as a facing, often over poor Tudor designs (Fig 13); many were illustrated were built in the Thames valley around Richmond- set within private grounds, and often containing quality brick or rubble stone and lined to make in the pages of Country Life magazine (begun in on-Thames, Surrey, during the first years of the very fine interiors. Such houses were built in it resemble fine ashlar as seen in buildings such 1897). Demolition of older larger houses reached eighteenth century; an example is Sudbrook increasing numbers from the 1740s. Robert as the Old Vicarage, West Dean, Sussex of 1833 a peak in the 1950s, before taxation changes and Park by James Gibbs of 1726 (listed Grade I). As Taylor’s Barlaston Hall in Staffordshire of 1756- (listed Grade II). As the housing market expanded attitudes to wealth revived the country house, time went on the country house as rural retreat 58, or his Asgill House by the river at Richmond- from the late eighteenth century onwards so often re-used as residences (although perhaps moved out from the London fringes to be found upon-Thames of 1761-4 (both listed Grade I), are the appetite for substitute materials and mass- converted into apartments), a change not within reach of larger towns and cities all over neither very large but are carefully proportioned produced building components (such as artificial foreseen in the earlier post-war period. England. Improvements in road transport and the on all sides, and beautifully represent a later (Coade) stone and iron balconies) increased. railways greatly facilitated this development, as generation of neo-Palladian villa, which became In the same period the use of Welsh slate for Architectural distinction; artistic and decorative did a growing appetite for retirement and privacy. the ideal for compact suburban detached villas roof coverings became almost universal, partly achievement; ingenuity of planning and By the later nineteenth century, such houses and proliferated in the late eighteenth and early because it was well-suited to the wide shallow- technology; historical and social interest; had changed in style from the neo-Palladian nineteenth centuries. Distinctive features like pitched roofs that were then fashionable, but construction techniques; inter-relationship and later neoclassical styles of the eighteenth canted bays or broad eaves, and ingeniously principally because canal transport greatly with fine landscapes: these are but some of century, through the many variations (‘Swiss, planned interiors laid out around a top-lit central reduced its cost. However, the argument (common the grounds for assigning special interest to Grecian, Palladian, Old English, Castellated, staircase were to recur frequently thereafter. ever since) that such materials and practices country houses. Each century witnessed distinct Cottage, Modern Italian, Norman, Henry VII-VIII, Eighteenth-century suburban houses were have produced buildings of lesser significance developments in the evolution of the country Elizabethan, Half-Timber and Tuscan’, as listed normally built of brick or local stone with tiled than those which are unique and bespoke needs house, and the story has not stopped yet. in P F Robinson’s Designs for Ornamental Villas roof coverings, but Roman cement was patented to be guarded against in any assessment. of 1827), to the vernacular revival of the Arts in 1796 and increasingly stuccoes and hydraulic and Crafts Movement in the years around 1900. 1.2 The villa However, the purpose of such houses as rural retreats remained constant. The idea of a rural retreat represented by the country house was maintained and perpetuated on a smaller scale by the villa or detached house, 1.3 The Georgian villa even when it was built in a suburban location. Although by the late nineteenth century the term While the suburban villa has roots in the villa had become somewhat devalued and was seventeenth century, including Inigo Jones’s now applied to many a middle-class terraced Queen’s House at Greenwich of 1616-19 house, it has a long and resonant life, back at (completed 1630-35, listed Grade I) and William least to Pliny the Younger writing in the first Talman’s designs for a Trianon at Thames Ditton, century AD. The Romans built vast numbers of Surrey, of about 1699, it became increasingly such villas across their empire, known either as popular under the influence of Palladio, whose villa rustica or villa suburbana. When interest Quattro Libri was published in translation by revived in the architecture of antiquity during Giacomo Leoni in 1716. Equally important the fifteenth century in Italy, it was natural was Colen Campbell’s Vitruvius Britannicus of that it should focus on the villa as a kind of 1715–25, which illustrated many and various country house. It later became of particular country houses while specifically attacking interest for English architects, influenced as they continental Baroque and encouraging the were by the writings of two Italian architects architecture of Palladio and Inigo Jones. who illustrated designs for villas, Serlio and Campbell, indeed, was one of the main movers Palladio. As wealth increased, so too did the in villa design with a series of relatively small market for houses in the country, not as the country houses, all variations of Palladian, centres of great estates, but for relaxation as or more rarely Serlian, prototypes. Renewed epitomised by Mereworth Castle, Kent, designed interest in classical precedents led to the study Figure 4 by Colen Campbell (roofed 1723; listed Grade of Roman houses (Robert Castell’s The Villas of Mentmore House, Buckinghamshire, a conscious mid-nineteenth century. Built 1852-4 it was one of the attempt on the part of Sir Joseph Paxton to copy earliest houses to have a hot water and central heating I) and a loose copy of Palladio’s Villa Capra. the Ancients Illustrated was published in 1728). the Elizabethan architecture of Wollaton Hall in system. Listed Grade I. Palladian (more strictly neo-Palladian) villas were Nottinghamshire for the Rothschild family in the

< < Contents 6 < < Contents 7 Towards the end of the eighteenth century there styles. Although the Georgian love of classical Rustica (1832) and J C Loudon’s Encyclopaedia of The substantial villas and detached houses of was an explosion in the number of architectural styles – Greek and Roman – survived well into Cottage, Farm and Villa Architecture and Furniture the Victorian period were the homes of self-made pattern books exhibiting designs for villas and the Victorian period (and were the ones best (1833). Loudon’s publication included numerous men of considerable wealth – though derided cottages. Typical of the type were John Plaw’s understood by builders), the first half of the designs for cottages and small houses and by the landed as the ‘nouveaux riches’ – and Rural Architecture of 1784, Charles Middleton’s nineteenth century saw Italianate or picturesque provided a pattern book for suburban and country range from Italianate villas such as Oakbrook, Country Villas of 1795 and Robert Lugar’s Gothic villas, while the vernacular cottage builders for many years. T F Hunt published in Fulwood, Sheffield (Fig 5), of 1855 for the Architectural Sketches in the Grecian, Gothic and style become increasingly popular. This was Exemplars of Tudor Architecture Adapted to Modern wealthy steel magnate Mark Firth to Spring Fancy Styles of 1805. At least 60 such books were encouraged by Nash’s rural group of cottages at Habitations in 1830; Richard Brown’s Domestic Hill, a modest Gothic Revival detached house published between 1780 and 1840. The designs Blaise Hamlet on the outskirts of Bristol (1810- Architecture, published in 1842, featured designs on Cumberland Road, Leeds, of 1846 for the they contained became steadily more eclectic 12), variously listed Grade I, and Park Village West, for houses in a range of particularly exotic styles share-broker W H Smith. Both are listed Grade from the 1820s, and eroded the virtual monopoly detached houses in Italianate and Gothic styles such as Burmese, Egyptian, Venetian, Moorish II. The internal layouts of such buildings varied of neoclassicism. For example, and as noted disposed at varying angles along a horseshoe- Spanish and ‘Plantagenet Castle, Edward III style’. considerably. The most prominent spaces tend above, P F Robinson’s Designs for Ornamental shaped road built in the 1820s near Regent’s Park Not surprisingly, these styles proved too costly to be the principal reception rooms, often Villas of 1827 contained designs for villas in the in London (variously listed Grades I and II); the for the average speculative builder, and the more designed with inter-connection in mind to Norman, Gothic, Tudor and Swiss Chalet style, as road, houses, gardens, trees and low gardens common Italianate and neo-Gothic villas are the create larger spaces for entertaining, and the well as more conventional types. This publishing walls and railings combined to make an informal, main legacy from the first half of the nineteenth stair halls. Larger houses increasingly reflected phenomenon was an indicator of the growth of rural ensemble on the edge of town, pastoral and century. These houses range from the innovative the different spheres of class and gender, and the architectural profession for whom the writing romantic in its inspiration, picturesque in effect. and opulent, to the derivative and modest, but a greater emphasis on leisure, with separate of these books was a kind of advertising, and all possess merit as reminders of a fascinating parlours, morning rooms for women and smoking of the increasing size and wealth of the middle Other examples of picturesque groups of villas chapter in the story of architectural taste. and/or billiard rooms for men. Conservatories class which was the intended audience, (and who built from the 1830s in a range of styles survive provided links between house and garden. were the prospective clients). Such houses were in many expanding towns and cities such as The move away from classical prototypes freed The rigorously segregated servants’ quarters being built in ever-growing numbers. Under the Liverpool (Everton Ridge, Allerton, Wavertree and up planning. So-called cottage designs stressed included increasingly specialised pantries, influence of Humphry Repton, detached houses Fairfield). Similarly, Bath returned to the forefront an informality of lay-out which led to asymmetrical larders, and special kitchens. Purpose-built enjoyed an ever closer relationship with the of architectural fashion as Henry Goodridge designs, derived from an ‘inside-out’ approach that bathrooms were still unusual, although sanitary garden: French windows permitted easy passage designed various Italianate houses around the placed internal room use over formal symmetry technology developed rapidly at this time, with inside and out, and flowerbeds, trellises and fringes of the city in the 1820s and 1830s. Amon to determine the look of the elevations. Later, in sinks, baths and even showers installed in the conservatories came right up to the house as seen Henry Wilds designed in an Italianate style the middle decades of the nineteenth century, corners of bedrooms and dressing rooms. in the early nineteenth-century at Denham Mount, in Brighton, with the semi-detached villas of architects like A W N Pugin and Philip Webb Buckinghamshire, completed in 1823 from designs Montpelier Villas and the quasi-detached houses became identified with this modern approach to by Robert Lugar (listed Grade II). House and of Park Crescent (both 1840s and listed Grade II), house design, but its origins lay in the picturesque 1.5 Victorian villas and detached houses garden were increasingly inseparable. whilst Cheltenham has further examples from movement. A clear hierarchy took shape within the 1830s and 1840s such as Fauconberg Villas of the house, with the principal reception rooms and As something of the country house ideal became circa 1847 by Samuel Onley (listed Grade II) and formal circulation spaces being accorded greater attainable for the aspiring middle classes, the villa 1.4 Early nineteenth-century the Pittville estate. Tunbridge Wells also enjoys attention to architectural effect than is generally set the pattern for the suburban house – detached picturesque villas estates of villas, moving from the picturesque found in more private upper floors and service or semi-detached – of the Victorian, Edwardian Regency classicism of Decimus Burton’s 1820s areas. This period also saw the rise of the holiday and interwar periods. New architectural styles The Regency villa emerged from two directions. Calverley Park (mostly listed Grade II*), through house: the picturesquely sited place of retirement continued to be used by architects to keep one Country houses grew smaller and less complex as later Italianate styles to the Gothic of the 1870s. and pleasure, embodied most impressively by step ahead of the general builder and the pattern- they became more a retreat from urban rural life Seaside and spa towns were ideal locations for Endsleigh Cottage, Devon (listed Grade I), built book, but the prevailing orthodoxy from the mid- than the centre of a working agricultural estate; such houses, which then were emulated across in 1810 for the 6th Duke of Bedford as a fishing nineteenth century onwards became an eclectic likewise business and professional families in the country – as at Baston Lodge, Hastings, of retreat to the designs of Sir Jeffry Wyattville. The historicism where house styles ranged from the the cities eschewed the cramped and unhealthy 1850 (listed Grade II), a version by Burton of his seaside, or marine, villa emerged as a distinct sort sophisticated re-interpretations of previous conditions of a terraced house for a detached Calverley Villas for a friend – albeit in brick. of house at this time too: at resorts like Sidmouth, established styles to a desperate search for the house in its own grounds, set (thanks to transport Devon, outward prospects were important novel and the bizarre in the name of fashion. All improvements) within easy reach of town. The principles of picturesque design and layout elements of their appeal, connecting the house give an insight into the bitterness of what critics were taken up by architects and builders directly with its surrounds and rewarding the observer have termed the ‘battle of the styles’ as fought in The smaller detached house is a peculiarly from published collections such as J B Papworth’s with views of land, sea and sky. the trenches of domestic architecture. English model and was expressed in a variety of Rural Residences (1818), Charles Parker’s Villa

< < Contents 8 < < Contents 9 the housing of this date and the intact survival The grouping of these houses for the clergy with of such details might be sufficient to influence a listed church or chapel (and in some cases a the listability of a house where a good level of meeting hall or school in addition) can be an architectural quality is also present. important factor in considering their designation.

1.7 Houses for the clergy 1.8 Suburban houses

In the later eighteenth century many existing A suburb (from the Latin, for ‘below the town’) parsonages (the very name conjuring up Parson is an area of built development adjacent to a Woodforde’s Diary and the excesses and failings town. Many medieval towns developed suburbs, of the Georgian church) were old, incommodious, usually around the main access points (or gates and sometimes strongly vernacular in character. where they were walled), comprising a mix of Especially where livings were wealthy, these were commercial, industrial and domestic premises, sometimes replaced in the Regency period by and in early modern times they started to acquire detached houses of polite character. Far more the identity that defines them to this day: that of rectories and vicarages were rebuilt in the 1840s being near to the amenities and activities of the and later under the influence of the reforming town, yet of being set in calmer, greener settings Oxford Movement, which placed great emphasis where the qualities of the countryside had not on the dignity of worship and of the clergy. altogether vanished. These, typically with gothic detailing inside and out, were designed not only to provide The question of definitions is a complex one. living accommodation of a suitable standard A suburban house can be a large isolated Figure 5 Grand mansions, such as Oakbrook House, Sheffield, 1855, ably demonstrates the wealth of the Victorian for someone who, with the squire, provided building on the edge of a town, or part of a designed for the steel magnate Mark Firth about nouveaux riche. Listed Grade II. parishioners with a moral and theological residential development. Although there are a figurehead, but also a place of work. Examples few houses that may be defined as suburban include those by William Butterfield at Coalpit dating from the late seventeenth and eighteenth Heath, Gloucestershire (listed Grade II*) and centuries, built along principal roads or in Baldersby St. James, North Yorkshire (listed satellite villages, suburban development as 1.6 Materials cement were employed in sills, lintels, window Grade II*). Most, like their predecessors, stood we know it today did not begin until the early arches and porches: Gothic variants could be close to the church, but in some wealthy livings years of the nineteenth century, and was greatly Stucco fell out of favour in the mid-nineteenth enriched with runs of nail-head, dogtooth, the opportunity was taken to build on a new and accelerated by the growth of the railway and tram century to be replaced by more ‘honest’ facing ballflower or fleuron moulding, and column more private site. In such cases the incumbent’s network. The Garden City Association, later the materials, albeit ones increasingly manufactured capitals featured flora and foliage, animals or new house was typically a generous detached Town and Country Planning Association, was on an industrial scale and distributed nationally human faces. Roofs were still generally of Welsh house set in pleasure grounds and serviced by founded in 1899 and brought together leading by rail. Good quality rubbed and moulded bricks slate, but from the 1870s clay tiles began to be a coach house, stables, and sometimes a walled theorists and planners of the time, leading were used in higher status houses, with bricks produced competitively, including terracotta garden, producing a country estate in miniature. not only to the first garden city at Letchworth laid to form chevron, diaper and polychromatic ridge tiles with wrought iron and cast iron for Wherever their location, such houses were (Hertfordshire) but to garden suburbs inspired patterns. Different coloured and sometimes sized ornamental finials and cresting. Barge boards normally orientated so that visitors approaching by the layouts of its residential areas. Thus bricks were commonly used in string courses framing gable ends were cut and carved in timber up the drive were met by an imposing façade. ‘suburban’ means both individual houses some and window arches, and walling in bricks of in a variety of patterns. Stone, brick or timber bay Those who were allowed entry on business would distance from towns, and areas of what have uneven size and profile could be enhanced by windows were adapted to fit the smallest of front probably gain access only to a study immediately often been considered, rather derogatively, using specific pointing techniques such as ‘tuck’ parlours, sometimes with cast iron colonnettes beyond the front door. Otherwise the planning to be unrelieved stretches of mass housing. and ‘penny struck’ pointing. Decorative wrought framing plate glass sash windows. Wooden ‘horns’ and decoration of these houses resembled those and cast iron adorned the exterior on verandas, at the sides of the principal horizontal bar of the of the laity. Roman Catholic presbyteries tend to The early nineteenth-century suburban villa, gates, and railings. From the mid-nineteenth sash came into widespread use from about 1840 be different in character, especially internally, especially in its later semi-detached form, had century, industrial techniques enabled decoration to support larger and heavier pieces of glass and as they were designed to accommodate several a huge impact on the subsequent shape of to be realised more cheaply (much to John can be a useful dateable feature. Such varied priests and a housekeeper, while nonconformist English housing. The suburb, with its smaller Ruskin’s distaste). Plaster or composite stone and materials are among the delights of much of manses were generally architecturally modest. individual houses, took the place of the blocks

< < Contents 10 < < Contents 11 of flats of continental cities (and Scotland) and building development, especially in picturesque houses, 1-6 The Grove (Listed Grade II*), built can best be seen in Kennington, Lambeth and thus created the lower-density appearance of and tranquil areas, and comprehensive housing about 1688 as a speculation by a City merchant, Southwark along the new main roads leading so much of England’s townscape. The smaller speculation grew dramatically. Spurred on by an William Blake, in Highgate, which was another south from the Thames, where numbers of English house of the late nineteenth and early expanding railway network, the process was by of the more prosperous satellite villages. Such large semi-detached houses and terraces built twentieth centuries was highly regarded by the 1860s being described in the building press houses were substantial and set back from the in yellow London stock brick still survive. Road foreign observers such as Herman Muthesius as a ‘building mania’. In areas of lower value, street behind gardens, but clearly followed urban improvements elsewhere in the country produced whose 1904-5 publication Das Englische Haus the worker could at last live beyond walking forms in their planning and general arrangement. similar developments, often on the edge of quite remains one of the best introductions to the distance of the place of work, and another variant minor towns. Many of the new urban-style houses importance of English domestic architecture of of suburban development emerged. Public were substantial and intended for prosperous this period. Notably it placed as much emphasis transport gradually opened up the suburbs to all 1.10 The eighteenth-century suburb occupants who could afford to keep a horse on architectural design as it does on planning, but the poorest workers. In London, four million and carriage, often in a detached coach house new technology and setting. people were housed in the inner and outer As London’s commercial wealth increased, and as or stable building. Developments on a more suburbs between 1841 and 1901. Other industrial the ideal of retreat became ever more desirable, modest scale sometimes survive. These smaller Suburban building – in the sense of the term towns expanded similarly: as Liverpool grew to more suburban seats were built in the countryside houses often exhibit a mixture of urban and rural as defined above – was initially a London become the nation’s second largest port, so its round the capital. Some were conspicuous vernacular forms in their plans and fittings: they phenomenon, satisfying the requirement of population tripled during the nineteenth century; displays of wealth, hardly distinguishable from have often passed unnoticed and are now quite courtiers and wealthy merchants to have a Manchester showed a similar rate of growth. country houses in form and character, such rare, so should therefore be carefully considered residence convenient for the Court or for the Annual house-building numbers peaked in 1876, as the vast and imposing Wanstead House for designation (even if incomplete) in case they conduct of business but removed from the 1898 and 1903. (London Borough of Redbridge; begun 1715, now retain interesting evidence of early use (such as stresses of the city. Since Roman times, a value demolished). In London’s satellite villages (and the presence of workshops or multiple occupancy) has been placed on the positive virtues of to a lesser extent elsewhere) there was a steady in their fabric. retreat, on the attractions of rural life, and on 1.9 The seventeenth-century suburb increase in the number of houses following urban the restorative properties of fresh air, space, forms, most commonly the semi-uniform terrace views and calm. During the eighteenth century, The English Civil Wars demonstrated the – Maids of Honour Row on Richmond Green 1.11 The rise of the semi-detached house extensive migration from rural to urban areas took continuing relevance of fortified towns, but (London Borough of Richmond upon Thames), place: London always exerted a singular pull, and generally this century witnessed a loosening of about 1720 (listed Grade I), and Church Row in At Gloucester Gate, part of John Nash’s early relied on huge internal migration to replace losses of the circumscribed urban form and the rapid Hampstead (London Borough of Camden) built nineteenth-century developments at Regent’s from its grim mortality rates. Other towns, across expansion of settlements outside older walls. between 1710 and 1730 (variously listed at Grades Park, what appeared to be a whole villa from the the country, became heavily overcrowded and Exceptions can be found in many places, but little II and II*) are prime examples. Similar houses outside was vertically subdivided to form the unhealthy by the second quarter of the nineteenth that can properly be described as consciously were built along the major roads leading to the quintessential English suburban domestic home, century, thanks to the demographic impact of suburban development was built before the capital and can sometimes be traced through relic the semi-detached house. This had evolved as enclosure, rural upheaval and industrialisation. Restoration in 1660. London is a special case survivals of garden structures as well as through a suburban building type during the eighteenth Increasing pressure on urban centres made the because of its size, prominence and crowded maps and boundaries. century. Not as cheap to build as terraced desirability of new residential quarters ever nature: from the early modern period onwards, houses, the semi was still an economical form greater, something that became possible as many substantial dwellings were erected in a ring The development of London through the eighteenth of house, with a party wall, stacks and pitched new roads and railways opened up the nearby beyond the outskirts of the capital by courtiers century is a special case: very few places were roof shared by two dwellings. Versatile and countryside. Consequently as poor people and prosperous merchants who were able to able to attract this kind of development, but early adaptable, especially when built close together migrated inwards, so the more affluent moved afford residences removed from the town: the commentators like Celia Fiennes and Daniel Defoe to line a street, with small front gardens and side from the centres of towns to their margins. great house of Osterley (London Borough of make it clear that other expanding towns across passage access to the rear garden, the ‘semi’ had Hounslow; listed Grade I) began as a retreat the country were being graced with houses of attained considerable architectural presence in Early suburban developments were small- in sylvan Middlesex for the noted financier Sir substance around the peripheries, as prosperity developments such as the Paragon, Blackheath scale and piecemeal and usually lay outside Thomas Gresham in the mid 1570s. Certain and mercantile expectations grew: Bristol, Bath (London Borough of Lewisham, 1794-1807 by the jurisdiction of urban Building Acts. Their satellite villages acquired a reputation – often and Epsom, for instance, have or had numbers of Michael Searles; listed Grade I), where a curved survival rate is patchy. From the beginning of because of natural amenities, such as setting, sizeable houses which are entirely characteristic row of semis was linked by low colonnades to the nineteenth century, suburban houses for air, natural springs, as well as transport links of this kind of development. produce an effect of considerable grandeur. the middle classes were built in increasing – as places of retirement quite early on, such The type was enthusiastically taken up from the numbers, the majority designed by speculative as Hampstead and Hackney in north London. At the end of the eighteenth century, the building 1830s by the growing numbers of speculating builders rather than by architects. Landowners Urban forms were transplanted and adapted: for of the new turnpike roads set off a fresh bout of developers building new suburbs around London began to realise the increased value of land for instance, the three pairs of large semi-detached linear suburban development. In London this and other cities. Interesting early examples can

< < Contents 12 < < Contents 13 also be found in fashionable places such as polychromatic brickwork which replaced stucco Ruskin became ever more popular as applied survives, and the identification of the necessary Cheltenham, Brighton and Bristol (and see Fig 1). as the preferred facing material. Alongside this as decoration to housing, and the two-storey levels of special interest for designation essentially decorative adaptation of medieval and bay window, deployed since eighteenth-century on a national level is sometimes a quest in Tudor styles was a more full-blooded revival of Palladianism, became a norm in suburban house vain. Areas of such housing, however, can 1.12 The mid nineteenth-century interest in earlier approaches to house building. design. Popular, too, but surviving less frequently, retain clear character and appeal which may detached and semi-detached house Under the influence of architects such as A W N was what might be called the picturesque Swiss warrant their inclusion within a conservation (1850-70) Pugin and William Butterfield, Gothic detail style, with lavish balconies, verandahs and area and identification for local listing. came to be more boldly handled, exploiting the timber-work, often highly ornamental. Some From the 1850s onwards, good quality substantial picturesque quality deriving from asymmetrical very large houses were built in these styles but detached villas designed by established local plan and massing, and made features of the they suffered badly when tastes turned against 1.14 Queen Anne and the Domestic architects proliferated on villa estates located innate qualities of materials, while making Victorian eclecticism and are now rare survivals. Revival on the edge of flourishing cities; stylistically references to the domestic architecture of the they became increasingly eclectic. They also past. The Gothic Revival may not have had a Many of the smaller speculative-built semi- Architecture, particularly in decorative terms, was evolved downwards from being bespoke one-off lasting influence stylistically on house design detached houses adhered to pattern-book also influenced by the Aesthetic Movement of commissions into the mainstream of speculative but, in the houses of A W N Pugin (particularly the models, with a narrow entrance hall, plain the 1870s and 1880s, an artistic reaction against residential building. The higher status suburban Grange at Ramsgate, Kent, of 1843-4, built for his staircase, a front parlour with a bay window, what was seen as the misdirected opulence house built by speculators after 1850 often own occupation and listed Grade I), William White, and a dining room at the back overlooking the and extravagance of the High Victorian period, emulated the Italianate Renaissance style G F Bodley and others, not only was a satisfyingly garden, kitchen and scullery. As the building particularly in revolutionising middle-class popularised by architects such as Sir Charles Barr, authentic kind of domestic architecture devised industry became more highly organised in taste. Taken up by a slightly later generation of and exemplified by Queen Victoria’s rural palace but also a rather freer kind of internal planning. the last quarter of the nineteenth centuryto architects such as George Devey, W E Nesfield and at Osborne on the Isle of Wight (Fig 3; listed meet massive demand, so the plan of the Richard Norman Shaw in the 1860s and 1870s, Grade I), realised for her in 1845-51 by Prince Housing for the professional classes, such as suburban house became more uniform and houses of the ‘Domestic Revival’ moved away Albert and the builder-designer Thomas Cubitt, the large number of vicarages built in the first generally unexceptional. Much such housing from historicist and ecclesiastical styles towards master of the grand London suburb. Suburban half of the nineteenth century or the housing for villas of this ambitious variety typically featured university lecturers and their families (in itself an irregular composition with towers, segmental a new innovation) on the St John’s College’s pediments above windows, cast iron balconies, North Oxford estate from the 1860s provide good rusticated stucco at ground floor level, deep exemplars: romantically medieval without and eaves, a shallow pitched roof and stringcourses extravagantly decorated within. The house the to delineate floor levels; interiors could be architect William Burges designed for himself on opulent, if standardised, with rich plasterwork, Melbury Road (London Borough of Kensington chimneypieces and internal decoration which and Chelsea, 1875-81; listed Grade I) provides took advantage of new forms of machine another, exceptional, example. Such houses production. More modest suburban houses were to influence later nineteenth-century house often exhibited at least some of these motifs. design both in Britain and elsewhere in the world.

Equally adaptable was the Gothic Revival style, the details of which could provide a degree of 1.13 Suburban housing 1870-1900 ostentation and variety that many builders and their clients deemed missing from earlier, plainer, Most speculative builders of the 1870s and Georgian houses. Detached and semi-detached 1880s copied the designs and advice available villas in the Gothic style appeared in many in publications such as E L Tarbuck’s The builders’ pattern books and were characterised Builder’s Practical Director (1855), Robert by a broken frontage to emphasise individuality Kerr’s The Gentleman’s House (1864), and E L and internal lay-out, gable ends (sometimes with Blackburne’s Suburban and Rural Architecture decorative bargeboards); small-paned leaded (1869), the aim of which was ‘to obtain as much Figure 6 windows with square hood-moulds; arched door picturesqueness of outline and play of light and Developing the informality of the Picturesque ornamental rubbed, gauged, and moulded brickwork Movement the ‘Queen Anne’ Revival, seen here in to create a new wilfully asymmetrical style of suburban openings; decorative chimneystacks; overhanging shade as is possible in houses of so small a class’. Richard Norman Shaw’s Lowther Lodge, in London’s architecture. Listed Grade II*. eaves and, after around 1860, greater use of The Venetian forms of the Gothic espoused by South Kensington (1874-5), delighted in its mastery of

< < Contents 14 < < Contents 15 accessible cosiness and homeliness, with leaded тѷтц%"/10+!/ȇ0,3"*"+1 windows, small tile-hung or timbered gables placed at different heights and depths, and tall Just as the architecture of the Domestic Revival chimneystacks based on examples of vernacular and the Queen Anne Revival built on the buildings such as farmhouses being studied achievements of the Gothic Revival, as well as at first hand from the 1860s – often by young reacting to its perceived deficiencies, so the next architects taking advantage of the invention of generation of architects, those of the Arts and the bicycle to explore the variety of England’s Crafts Movement, built on the Domestic Revival, own rural traditions. The vernacular touches of directly in the cases of W R Lethaby, E S Prior, the Domestic Revival had its urban equivalent Mervyn McCartney, Gerald Horsley and Ernest in the ‘Queen Anne’ style, first seen prominently Newton, who were all in Shaw’s office, and Guy in Lowther Lodge on Kensington Gore, (London Dawber, Robert Weir Schultz, Ernest Mitchell and, Borough of Westminster) of 1874-5 by Richard briefly, Edwin Lutyens, who were, amongst others, Norman Shaw (Fig 6; listed Grade II*). It was a in that of Ernest George. All admitted as an early style which, whilst remaining true to the spirit source Philip Webb’s rather more rough-hewn and of the Gothic Revival, also looked back to the abstract architecture and the plainer and simpler domestic classicism of the late seventeenth forms of Arts and Crafts house design. One of century. Drawing inspiration from a wide range of the few English architectures to have become sources was a prominent aspect of High Victorian famous across the world, such houses were often Figure 8 culture and design, and has clear parallels in the given deliberately mannered, not to say gawky Perhaps more than any other architect Charles Voysey’s Buckinghamshire of 1907, provided a model for the work of contemporary painters. Good examples twists, to show honesty in design. The Red House, Edwardian houses, such as ‘Holly Mount’, Penn, houses of inter-war suburbia. Listed Grade II*. of the Domestic Revival style are to be found in the houses at Bedford Park in west London (1876-81), a fore-runner of the garden suburb set out in wide tree-lined streets. Domestic Revival and Queen Anne were both influential styles on developing Bexleyheath, Kent, designed by Philip Webb for survival of interiors and inclusion of decorative middle-class suburban estates of the 1880s, 1890s, William Morris in 1859-60 (listed Grade I) remains details (Figs 9-10). and beyond, publicised through books such as the touchstone for its development combining J J Stevenson’s House Architecture (1880) and T G informal picturesque planning with honest use Jackson’s Modern Gothic Architecture (1883). The of materials – brick is left bare and exposed, 1.16 The twentieth-century detached designs of Richard Norman Shaw for Jonathan timber undecorated, and elements of vernacular and semi-detached house Carr’s new estate at Bedford Park (London classicism, such as sash-windows and modest Boroughs of Ealing and Hounslow) include smaller pilasters, artfully introduced. The innovation and opulence in house design semi-detached houses in the Queen Anne style which characterised the best houses of the in a form which became increasingly popular as The Arts and Crafts Movement, especially in the early years of the twentieth century soon gave suburban expansion continued into the twentieth detached houses of Charles Voysey (Fig 8), and way to austerity in the years immediately century (Fig 7). Shaw provided the developer with M H Baillie Scott, introduced a romantic English following the First World War, and a phase of three different designs from 1878-80; all shared vernacular vision of domestic architecture, gradual assimilation of these approaches in the the characteristic of a shallow plan to encourage characterised by large roofs, sweeping eaves, years thereafter. What was referred to as ‘the maximum daylight, rather than the deep plan elongated chimney stacks, roughly rendered walls, servant problem’, as young women in particular of the typical Victorian terraced house. Most are and simple country detailing. This was transferred sought employment in the expanding world listed Grade II. to the semi-detached house which propelled of shop and office work, led to changes in the this romantic vision into the interwar period to planning of houses of large and medium size, be copied by builders up and down the land in a and the introduction of labour-saving devices. mass-produced, pared-down form. Legion as the The construction of country houses reduced Figure 7 resulting buildings are, it is nonetheless important significantly, as did the size, scale, and grandeur One of several semi-detached houses built in Croydon to identify the best examples, which demonstrate of those that were built. However, this is not to in about 1881 by the builder W H Lascelles employing inventiveness of design and planning, degree of say that the interwar country house lacks interest a newly patented system of dyed concrete panels to simulate seventeenth-century pargetting beloved of the ‘Queen Anne’ Revival. Listed Grade II.

< < Contents 16 < < Contents 17 – far from it. Under the auspices of Country Life to a more elegant revival of Georgian classicism, magazine and the ‘Ideal Home’ exhibitions, held inspired by England’s greatest architects such as annually from 1908, a plethora of publications Sir Christopher Wren. Suburban architecture also with titles such as Houses for Moderate Means and fell under the spell of the neo-Georgian style (Figs The Smaller Country House gave advice on how 11-12), emanating from, amongst other sources, to cope with the reduced circumstances faced by the Liverpool School of Architecture under its many, in much the same way that the pattern- dynamic head, the architect Charles Reilly, who book had dictated taste in the eighteenth and embraced the wider range of classical motifs nineteenth centuries. The Ideal Home magazine offered by the French Beaux-Arts traditions, was first published in 1920. especially as adapted by the commercial architects of North America. An expanding middle Sir Edwin Lutyens remained active in designing class, the increasing availability of mortgages, %,20"0 ,1%$/"1+!0*))+!*,!&ޖ"!%&0-/"Ҍ4/ and the political promotion of home-ownership preference for a romantic Arts and Crafts vision for those not looking to council housing all

Figure 9 (top) Figure 10 (above) Up and down the country the Domestic Revival Lodge to Malvern House, Mapperley Road, Nottingham, influenced homes of character based on the work 1875-6 by the American-born architect Henry Sulley Figure 11 of architects such as Shaw, Nesfield, George Devey, (1845-1940), which forms a group with the main house Emerging out of the return to classicism in the ‘Queen century. Illustrated here is one of a series of holiday Newton, and Prior. But only rarely do they achieve the – a villa with a tower – to form an engaging ensemble Anne’ Revival of the 1870s, the neo-Georgian Revival homes in St. Winifred’s Road, Bournemouth, designed quality displayed here at Downleaze, Bristol, by Henry that also includes stables. Listed Grade II. achieved increasing dominance in the twentieth for Scottish gentry between 1907-14. Listed Grade II. Dare Bryan, about 1892. Listed Grade II.

< < Contents 18 < < Contents 19 made for the rise of the owner-occupier and 1.17 Neo-Georgian 1.18 Neo-Tudor Sydney Castle and Ernest Trobridge, have the house-building industry, promoting houses considerable verve and are already represented in traditional and moderne styles appealing to Following the triumph of John Brydon’s vestry If neo-Georgian came to be used in more formal in the lists by examples such as Sheengate, all sections of the market. Research continues hall for Chelsea in 1885-7 (Royal Borough of circumstances, the neo-Tudor had a greater Richmond (London Borough of Richmond) of to develop on appreciating this aspect of the Kensington and Chelsea, listed Grade II*), influence on speculative building. Individual 1924-5 by Castle. Many of the speculative-built history of twentieth-century housing, but a good classicism was often deployed for more houses across England with gables, bay windows suburban developments of the 1920s and 1930s introduction to the competing categories of monumental building types, such as municipal and so-called half-timbering are extremely adopted the planning and architecture of the suburban housing remains Osbert Lancaster’s buildings. An interest in the architecture of Wren common derivatives of the earlier movements. Garden City Movement and its offshoot, the satirical book Pillar to Post (1938) with its and the Baroque and later on in the eighteenth These appeared first as larger suburban houses garden suburb, but sometimes skimped on the whimsical codification of interwar styles such as century also affected suburban and country house and then increasingly during the interwar years quality of materials, spacious garden plots and ‘Stockbroker Tudor’, ‘Wimbledon Transitional’ design by 1900. The Domestic Revival redolent of as smaller houses such as Sparsholt Manor, tree-lined streets: these are unlikely to warrant and ‘Bypass Variegated’. Amidst this expanding the Arts and Crafts Movement, and the emerging Hampshire, by Triggs and Unsworth (1922-3), listing. However, more characterful or out-of- historicism, however, two styles dominated: neo- neo-Georgian style became interchangeable as or St Martha’s Priory, Guildford, of 1932 by the-ordinary developments may be worthy of Georgian and neo-Tudor. modes of house design in the hands of architects A C Burlingham (both listed Grade II) and semi- recognition as conservation areas: examples such as Ernest Newton and Walter Cave. Neo- detached houses and flats such as those designed include Homestead Park, Dollis Hill (London Georgian showed itself in a preference not only by Ernest Trobridge in and around Kingsbury, Borough of Brent) designed in 1926 by William for classical motifs but in a more horizontal (London Borough of Brent; variously listed Grade E Sanders, and the Severne Estate, Hall Green, arrangement than its ancestor, often with wide II). While relatively uniform, the best examples, Birmingham, built in 1933 by H Dare and Sons. sweeping roofs, prominent stacks and blocked such as those designed by Blunden Shadbolt, quoins. Brick was very popular as a material.

This architecture dominated the early twentieth century: modular in format, simple in construction and in its choice of stripped-down motifs from the later varieties of neo-Regency, spare in treatment, and therefore suitable on a large scale for monumental buildings, and on a smaller scale for detached houses in the suburbs such as Ridgehanger, Ealing, by Robert Atkinson of 1915 (listed Grade II, Fig 12) or even social housing such as that built in 1913-14 in Courtenay Square, Lambeth, by Adshead and Ramsey for the Duchy of Cornwall (Grade II). Its friendly formality lent it to formal planning. Neo-Georgian is sometimes regarded as less progressive than the Domestic Revival with its Arts and Crafts Movement credentials, but this can be a misleading view as a house such as Eyewell House, Queen Camel (Somerset; listed Grade II) by Sir Guy Dawber of 1924-5 demonstrates; as a major trend in domestic architecture of the period after 1890, first Domestic Revival houses with neo-Georgian interior touches and then houses in a full-blown neo-Georgian style should be considered very carefully for listing. Figure 12 Figure 13 A well-proportioned and reticent neo-Georgian house Churchill Court, Sevenoaks, Kent, was built in 1900 The servants’ staircase is all that remains internally of of 1915, ‘Ridgehanger’, Ealing, designed by the then but only twenty years later was completely remodelled the original house. Listed Grade II. Principal of the Architectural Association, Robert into this neo-Tudor house by Imrie and Angell. Atkinson. Listed Grade II.

< < Contents 20 < < Contents 21 or otherwise distinctive design solutions; what 2.6 Subsidiary features might initially appear as infelicities should not у -" &ޖ  automatically be dismissed as poor design: Urban houses of the more polite or high-status efforts should be made to understand the type, especially but not exclusively terraced client’s and designer’s intentions. Expense is no houses, were often enclosed at the front by indication of architectural quality. Similarly the railings on a low wall enclosing a basement well Considerations notion that in the modern period only Modernist or ‘area’, whilst in some parts of the country there progressive styles were favoured should be was a strong tradition of building to the back tempered by the range and quality of traditional of the pavement. Features that can contribute and historicist styles. While celebrated architects to special interest include original walls; stone were sometimes involved, elsewhere it is the work steps; storage vaults beneath the pavement; and of local architects, and their interpretation of ironwork including railings, gates, overthrows, 2.1 Date have already been listed, though areas covered nationally important styles and modes of building, lamp holders and boot scrapers. by earlier and less complete lists of the 1970s that is often of great interest. Degree of survival „ Pre-1700 Recognisable survivors, even when may contain post-1850 country houses that are will not in itself be sufficient. However, the intact substantially altered, whether individual unlisted and which may deserveconsideration. survival of noteworthy decorative features, both 2.7 Boundary walls houses or a group, are likely to be listable. Such areas may also contain houses which inside and out, can sometimes justify listing or are under-graded, and/or with outbuildings sway the balance in otherwise marginal examples. The definition of property boundaries by walls, „ 1700 to about 1850 Houses surviving insufficiently identified in list descriptions; many hedges, railings (for which see Street Furniture) without substantial alteration will probably houses were listed without the benefit of internal and fences is associated with structures of most warrant listing, although some discretion inspection which may reveal further claims to 2.4 Technology kinds. Walls should be treated as a subsidiary may be necessary for later, more standard special interest. Sheer expense never vouchsafed listed feature only where they share the same designs. The most complete and elaborate architectural interest or design quality, but such Particularly important in the case of houses postal address as the principal listed building; if houses may be listable in a high grade if houses could be innovative in terms of style, belonging to industrialists and improvers, they do not (for example, where a property has they can demonstrate intrinsic merit such as planning, technology or have other historic Victorian and Edwardian houses often been subdivided) they should be listed separately. good-quality composition, detailing and a interest. As set out in government guidance, there adopted the latest technology. Electric In planning law, where walls are attached to, or distinctive plan form. is a rising threshold for listing: the more modern generators appeared in the latter years of the fall within the curtilage of a listed building, they the building, the stronger the claims to special nineteenth century; cars replaced carriages have statutory protection regardless of their merit. „ about 1850 to 1939 Because of the increase interest must be. or were at least used alongside them; The decision as to whether a building or structure in the number of houses and estates built telephones were installed; and laundries, is within the curtilage of a listed building rests and which survive, a greater degree of kitchens, bathrooms and other rooms were with the local authority. selection will apply, with the threshold for 2.3 Aesthetic judgment modernised. Intact and early examples of listing becoming higher as they approach interesting technological improvements To be listed in their own right, or as a subsidiary the present day. Most houses which pre-date 1850 that are may add to a building’s special interest. feature, they should have intrinsic claims to unaltered and of interest will be listable. Because special interest. The more recent the wall, the As well as the date-specific considerations above much housing from the middle years of the higher the expectation will be that the wall in the following over-arching considerations also nineteenth century became more standardised 2.5 Alteration question will possess design or construction need to be considered: and because there is so much of it, critical interest; this particularly applies from 1850 faculties can sometimes be numbed: but this is Many houses undergo change, and this need onwards. Quality of brickwork, degree of survival, just where greater judgment is required. It is thus not rule out listability: indeed, it can sometimes the inclusion of notable features (such as gates 2.2 Selectivity important to give the assessment of individual add to the special interest. Cases will need and gate piers of note, or adjoining mounting buildings particular care and attention. Quality of to be assessed on an individual, case by blocks) will all be relevant considerations. Country houses, villas, and suburban houses elevational design, interest of planning, quality case, basis. The most important determinant So will rarity: for instance, a curving crinkle- survive in such large numbers that they will and survival of decorative elements, innovation is whether changes have been positive crankle wall. The use of local materials can need to be carefully assessed for listing against rather than imitation: these considerations will and contributory, or negative and harmful. sometimes give a wall special interest, or add the normal selection criteria: age and rarity, be important. Some excellent designs, especially Alteration to secondary areas can more easily to it. A wall may be deemed to have group degree of survival, quality of design, materials, in the decades to either side of 1900, are subtle be overlooked than the loss of major features. value by virtue of its close association with a craftsmanship, and historic associations. In and undemonstrative and easily overlooked; listed building or a scheduled monument. terms of large-scale country houses, the majority equally, some types of design sought mannered

< < Contents 22 < < Contents 23 2.8 Integrated assessments should be inclusive where the quality of the 2.13 Grading 2.15 Extent of listing whole is high and forms of area designation Particularly at larger country house it is essential (above all conservation areas) may also be Listing in the higher grades may be appropriate Amendment to the Planning (Listed Buildings and to assess house, stables, garden and other appropriate. Similarly, houses on country estates when architectural interest of a particularly high Conservation Areas) Act 1990 provides two potential ancillary buildings together to ensure that a full often possess particular interest as a result of order is present. Early and influential examples ways to be more precise about what is listed. appraisal is made of the ensemble and provide landlords seeking to improve the accommodation of developments in domestic architecture may clarity as to where special interest resides. Some of tenantry, as encountered at Southill qualify, as may component parts of particularly The empowerments, found in section 1 (5A) (a) plainer outbuildings and structures may have (Bedfordshire) on the former Whitbread estate. significant ensembles and exceptionally intact and (b) of the 1990 Act, allow the List entry to an important relationship with the principal examples of clear note. Outstanding decorative say definitively whether attached or curtilage house and should be identified as possessing elements may sometimes warrant consideration structures are protected; and/or to exclude from group value. Designed landscapes may warrant 2.11 Under-representation on the list for a higher grade too: the survival of interesting the listing specified objects fixed to the building, designation in their own right, and more outlying interiors or early wall paintings, for instance, may features or parts of the structure. These changes garden buildings may also be listable (see the Many lists of the 1970s and 1980s are likely to be relevant in this regard. Historic associations do not apply retrospectively, but New listings and selection guide Garden and Park Structures). omit suburban houses, particularly those post- (see below) may occasionally have an impact too. substantial amendments from 2013 will provide dating 1870, and some which have special this clarification when appropriate. interest will still await discovery, even from earlier 2.9 Regional variation periods. Greater appreciation of the quality of 2.14 Historic associations Clarification on the extent of listing for older twentieth-century suburban housing, for example, lists may be obtained through the Local The design stamp of a local builder or architect, warrants a fresh assessment of such buildings. Well-documented historic associations of Planning Authority or through the Historic and of peculiarly local vernacular forms or national importance may increase the case for England’s Enhanced Advisory Service, see www. materials, should be represented on the List. listing but normally a building should be of HistoricEngland.org.uk/EAS. Local distinctiveness can contribute a great 2.12 Development pressures some architectural merit in itself or it should be deal to the character and interest of a house. preserved in a form that directly illustrates and Larger suburban houses in particular have confirms its historic associations. In designating recently been subject to enormous pressures the residences of famous persons, a view needs 2.10 Planned settlements and estates including both conversion (into flats or offices), to be reached which balances their historical and that of new development in the gardens or significance with the interest of the house: Like town housing, suburban (and occasionally grounds, sometimes calling for the demolition degree of survival, and the legibility of the rural) developments can possess special of the original house in pursuit of higher density connection between occupant and house, will interest because of their planning: their layout, development. The latter is particularly significant mainly determine List-worthiness and grading. their relationship with open spaces and roads, because, where they remain substantially Sometimes architectural modesty can reveal the overall architectural character and its intact, suburban houses not only show great considerable historical interest (for instance, as in relationship to the site they occupy. Some of architectural ingenuity and invention in style, the case of the Chartist settlements of the 1840s). the most interesting examples of suburban materials, and plan form, they were often Cases must be judged on individual merits. housing may be found in planned or partly carefully designed in relation to their garden, planned developments of which the spa towns street layout and neighbouring plots. Setting of Cheltenham and Leamington, and model may be an important factor in assessing their villages such as Blaise Hamlet on the edge of special interest. There is undeniable pressure Bristol and Milton Abbas in Dorset, are justly on the larger detached house, set in its own celebrated. However, less obviously planned grounds: while designation must always be developments can be found in such places as dispassionate, even in the face of proposed Bickley and Chislehurst in Kent, at Four Oaks demolition, identifying those examples in Sutton Coldfield in the West Midlands, at which possess special interest is all the more Edgbaston in Birmingham, and later model important. Area assessment can assist in developments such as Bedford Park, Letchworth identifying significant buildings, and local (Hertfordshire), and New Earswick outside York.. designation may be a valid response where While many houses within these developments national designation is not warranted. will be of special interest in their own right, it is important to assess them in context: listing

< < Contents 24 < < Contents 25 Grainger, H J, The Architecture of Sir Ernest George Middlesex University, Little Palaces: House and Home in (2011) the Inter-War Period (2003)

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Horn, P, The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Servant (2004) Phillips, R R, Houses for Moderate Means (1936) 3.1 General works and the Strong, R, The Destruction of the Country House, 1875- 1975 (1974) Long, H, The Edwardian House (1993) Ravetz, A, The Place of Home; English Domestic country house Environments, 1914-2000 (1995) Summerson, J, Architecture in Britain, 1530–1830 (1992) Muthesius, H, Das Englische Haus (1904-5; translated as Colvin, H M, and Harris, J, (eds), The Country Seat The English House, 2007) Ryan, D, The Ideal Home Through the Twentieth Century (1970) (1997) Worsley, G, Classical Architecture in Britain: the Heroic Age (1995) Muthesius, S, The English Terraced House (1982) Crook, J M, The Rise of the Nouveaux Riches: Style and Saint, A. (ed.), London Suburbs (2000) Status in Victorian and Edwardian Architecture (1999) Saint, A, Richard Norman Shaw (2010) Scott, P, The Making of the Modern British Home (2013) Cruickshank, D, A Guide to the Georgian Buildings of Service, A, Edwardian Interiors (1982) Britain and Ireland (1985) 3.2 The villa Stamp, G, and Goulancourt, A, The English House 1860- Ackerman, J, The Villa: Form and Ideology of Country Thompson, F M L, The Rise of Suburbia (1982) 1914 (1986) Franklin, J, The Gentleman’s Country House and its Houses (1990) Planning. 1835-1914 (1981) Wedd, K, The Victorian Society Book of the Victorian Stamp, G, ‘Neo-Tudor and its enemies’, Architectural Airs, M, and Tyack, G, (eds), The Renaissance Villa in House (2002) History 49 (2006), 1-33 Girouard, M, Life in the English Country House (1993) Britain, 1500-1700 (2007) Weaver, L, The ‘Country Life’ Book of Cottages (1919) Harris J, The Artist and the Country House (1979) Arnold, D, (ed), The Georgian Villa (1998) 3.4 Parsonages Harris, J, The Design of the English Country House, 1620- Parissien, S, The Georgian Group Book of the Georgian 1926 (1985) Brittain-Catlin, T, The English Parsonage in the Early House (1995) Nineteenth Century (2008) Hill, O, and Cornforth, J, English Country Houses: Summerson, J, Georgian London (1948) Caroline (1966)

Hussey, C, English Country Houses: Early Georgian 1715- 3.5 Twentieth century 1760 (1955) 3.3 Nineteenth century Aslet, C, The Last Country Houses (1982) Hussey, C, English Country Houses: Mid Georgian 1760- Barrett, H, and Phillips, J, Suburban Style: The British 1800 (1956) Home 1840-1960 (1987) Ballantyne, A, and Law, A, Tudoresque; In Pursuit of the Ideal Home (2011) Hussey, C, English Country Houses: Late Georgian 1800- Burnett, J, A Social History of Housing 1815-1970 (1978) 1840 (1958) Barrett, H, and Phillips, J, Suburban Style: The British Darley, G, Villages of Vision (1975) Home 1840-1960 (1987) Knight, C, London’s Country Houses (2009) Davey, P, Arts and Crafts Architecture (1997) Barron, P A, The House Desirable (1929) Lees-Milne, J, English Country Houses: Baroque (1970) Edwards, A M, The Design of Suburbia (1981) Jackson, A A, Semi-Detached London (1973) McKellar, E, Landscapes of London: the City, the Country, and the Suburbs, 1660-1840 (2014) Girouard, M, Sweetness and Light: the ‘Queen Anne’ Jensen, F, The English Semi-Detached House (2007) Movement 1860-1900 (1977) Mandler, P, The Rise and Fall of the Stately Home (1997) Jeremiah, D, Architecture and Design for the Family in Girouard, M, The Victorian Country House (1979) Britain, 1900-70 (2000) Musson, J, How to Read a Country House (2005) Gradidge, R, Dream Houses: The Edwardian Ideal (1980) Lancaster, O, From Pillar to Post (1938) Smith, J T, English Houses 1200-1800. The Hertfordshire Evidence (1992)

< < Contents 26 < < Contents 27 Acknowledgements

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HEAG104 Publication date: October 2011 © English Heritage Reissue date: December 2017 © Historic England Design: Historic England

< < Contents 28 Appendix III – Extracts of Listed Semi-Detached Houses from the National Heritage List for England

Barrowcroft, 223 and 225, Hale Road casements. Sprocketed eaves. Stacks removed. The 15 and 17 Green Lane, Woodlands, Doncaster particular significance of New Earswick lies in its contri- Grade: II bution to the development of low cost housing in Britain. Grade: II Experience gained and practices introduced here were List Entry Number: 1067920 incorporated extensively into the Tudor Walters Report of List Entry Number: 1151479 1918 which was instrumental in the passing of the Addi- Date first listed: 12-Jul-1985 son Act of 1919. Plans from New Earswick influenced the Date first listed: 23-Mar-1988 Government Manual on low cost housing which followed Pair of semi-detached houses. 1907-8. John N Cocker. the Act. Sinclair A: Planning and Domestic Architecture at Pair of semi-detached houses. 1908. By Percy Houfton Brick with graduated stone slate roof. Large symmetrical- New Earswick, BA dissertation, University of Reading, 1983. for the Brodsworth Colliery Campany. Roughcast brick ly planned houses with 2 storeys plus attic. In the Edgar Waddilove L: One Man’s Vision, London, 1954. later cement-tile roof. 2 storeys 2 : 2 windows to 1st Wood manner. Each house is of 2 bays the outer one floor; reflected pair. Wooden casements with glazing bars having a coped gable with kneelers and being flanked by Listing NGR: SE6107855526 throughout. Each house has boarded door under a wooden brick pilasters. Ground floor inner bays have 6-light mullion canopy on curved brackets flanked on outside by a 3-light and transom window, outer bays have 7-light canted bay window and on inside by a 4-light window; 4-light windows window with coped parapet (that to No. 225 having been to 1st floor set beneath a gable. Swept eaves. Dentilled replaced with a pitched roof). Each bay on the first floor has 87 and 89 Great North Road, Doncaster brick end stacks corbelled from the gables; matching a 5-light timber mullion window, and the gables, a 3-light central ridge stack. Part of Woodlands colliery village (see attic window. All have leaded lights. Side elevations have Grade: II under Church of All Saints, Central Avenue). a similar coped gable above a 2-storey segmental bow window with coped parapet. The other bay projects and List Entry Number: 1151478 Listing NGR: SE5321807840 contains the door. Gable and party wall chimney stacks. Date first listed: 23-Mar-1988 Listing NGR: SJ7828486817 Pair of semi-detached houses. 1908. By Percy Houfton 18 and 20, Sycamore Avenue, New Earswick for the Brodsworth Colliery Company. Roughcast, later cement-tile roof. 2 storeys, 2 : 2 windows to 1st floor; Grade: II 2 and 4, Sycamore Avenue, New Earswick reflected pair. Wooden casements with glazing bars throughout. Each house has door under wooden canopy List Entry Number: 1149140 Grade: II on shaped brackets set between 3-light windows with tile dripmoulds; two 3-light windows to 1st floor with tile drip- Date first listed: 12-Dec-1986 List Entry Number: 1149141 course beneath gable with motif of lozenges. Swept eaves. Rendered end stacks corbelled from the gables, matching Pair of semi-detached houses. 1914. By Parker and Unwin, Date first listed: 12-Dec-1986 central ridge stack. Rear: each house has door flanked by for Joseph Rowntree Village Trust. Lobby-entry plan with small 4-pane casements embraced under an arched tile living room and scullery side by side, and coal shed and Pair of semi-detached houses. 1914. By Parker and Unwin, dripmould; central gable. Part of Woodlands colliery village WC in outbuilding. Brick with French tile roof. 2 storeys, for Joseph Rowntree Village Trust. Through living room (see under Church of All Saints, Central Avenue). 4 first-floor windows with shared central gable. Half- plan. 2 storeys, 4 first-floor windows with central gable. glazed doors and standard “New Earswick” window panes Standard “New Earswick” window panes. Replacement Listing NGR: SE5323008084 throughout. Each cottage has door beneath segmental doors beneath divided overlights flanked by single-pane arch with 2-light and single-light casements to left and casements to outer bays. Single-light casements to central right, and outbuilding to either end. First floor: 2-light bays. Wide tile band. First floor: pair of single-light case- casements to gable and single-light casements to outer ments to weatherboarded gable flanked by low 2-light bays. Stacks removed. The particular significance of New

31 Earswick lies in its contribution to the development of low 29-45 Willifield Way and Attached Garden Walls, broad porch with gableted roof to third-window range; cost housing in Britain. Experience gained and practices Hampstead entrances to end blocks on returns, reached through introduced here were incorporated extensively into the openings in garden walls. Despite impression of bilateral Tudor Walters Report of 1918 which was instrumental in Grade: II symmetry created by the end ranges, the disposition of the passing of the Addison Act of 1919. Plans from New windows is in fact asymmetrical, thus reproducing in one Earswick influenced the Government Manual on low cost List Entry Number: 1259475 block the slight variations in design which differentiated the housing which followed the Act. Sinclair A: Planning and end units already described from one another. Nos. 39 and Domestic Architecture at New Earswick, BA dissertation, Date first listed: 28-Nov-1996 41 bilaterally symmetrical, the elevation conceived of as University of Reading, 1983. Waddilove L: One Man’s Vi- the inverse of Nos. 25 and 27 Willifield Way odd (q.v.). with a sion, London, 1954. Includes: Nos. 29-45 (Odd) Willifield Way LUCAS SQUARE pair of canted bays as above flanking the party wall forming Hampstead Garden Suburb. Close of semi-detached hous- a two-window range; the overall silhouette is similar to end Listing NGR: SE6099455538 es and four-unit blocks which are linked by a garden wall, units. At each corners an entrance with gable-facing and pierced with round-arched openings. 1908-09. Geoffrey tile hung porch. No.47 has one-window range; box-like Lucas. Light brown brick in English bond with red brick structure which serves as an endpoint to the design and dressings and painted pebble dash; some tile hanging; acts as a transition to the group of buildings designed by 6 and 8, Ferncroft Avenue, Hampstead garden walls of brick with tile copings. Hipped and gableted Crickmer at the crossing of 37-51 Temple Fortune Hill (q.v.) roofs of tile, the gablets abutting angled, axial ridge stacks; and 49-55, 66 and 68 Willifield Way (q.v.). It is included for Grade: II swept and boxed eaves. The group is laid out on a trapezoi- its group value. Casements windows and doors to all of dal green, so-called Lueas Square, which sits at a slightly original design. Axial stack to No.35, rear roof slope. The List Entry Number: 1078342 lower level than Willifield Way. To provide views across principal element in a Lucas-designed group comprising the road, the architect has placed some sitting rooms on Nos. 25-45 odd (q.v.) Willifield Way; the gable-headed, over- Date first listed: 11-Jan-1999 the first floor. All openings are flat arched unless other- sailing dormer and canted bay motif is repeated in most of wise stated. The group follows a rough symmetry, with the units. Pair of semi-detached houses. 1901. By CHB Quennell; the end units matching one another very nearly; however, built by GW Hart. Red brick with brick quoins to 1st floor the points of difference from one block to another are so Listing NGR: TQ2523088538 angles. Tiled hipped and gabled roofs with dormers, chim- great that separate descriptions under this one listing are ney-stacks and overhanging bracketed eaves. Symmetri- warranted. End pairs of close consisting of Nos. 29 and 31, cally designed pair. 2 storeys and attics. 3 windows each. 43 and 45: near mirror images of one another, having at Projecting outer gabled bays with canted bowed bay win- their outer corners a full-height canted bay with oversailing 3 and 5, Norton way North, Letchworth Garden City dows of sashes with glazing bars to upper halves only; 1st dormer gable at outer corners. The entrances are treated floors have Venetian type windows, the segmental arches differently with the former pair set under a single hipped Grade: II protruding into the tile-hung gables; quoined angles with porch and at either side of party wall; four-window range coved cornices to appear as pilasters with capitals. En- in all. The latter with entrances to left of the bay and at left List Entry Number: 1102825 trances, at angles of outer and central bays, have porches corner, each set under a tile-hung and gable facing porch each of a column on a pedestal supporting a cornice hood; on plain uprights; three-window range in all. Setback out- Date first listed: 18-May-1990 panelled doors with overlights and sidelights of strips of shuts to returns and hipped rear wing, the roof lines form- small panes, approached by steps. Ground floor windows ing an integral part of each elevation, which is conceived Pair of semi-detached houses. 1906, by Allen Foxley. with gauged brick flat arches; No.6, a tripartite sash with in depth not just as a facade (q.v., Nos. 25 and 27 Willifield Rough cast over brick, with guttae to raised brick pilasters; glazing bars to upper half; No.8, transom and mullion Way). Doors and casements of an original design. Pebble- hipped plain tile roof; rendered ridge and lateral stacks. casement with small leaded panes. Continuous 1st floor dashed panels have quoin-like edging strips to be found on H-plan. 2 storeys. Front of 6 window range has roof swept modillion brick band. 1st floor tripartite sashes and single all units. Nos. 33, 35 and 37 in a single block of six-window over central lean-to with 2 panelled doors and flat- roofed sashes above porches. INTERIORS: not inspected. range, with the outer ranges projecting to finish in canted dormer window flanked by hipped 2-storey end bays; one bay and oversailing gabled dormer motif. Entrance under and 2-light wood casements with glazing bars. Similar

32 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens fenestration to sides and rear. Interior noted as having 162-176, Wilbury Road, Letchworth Garden City stick-baluster staircases panelled doors and beamed ceil- ings. (C B Purdom, The Garden City, 1913, pp 86-7) Grade: II

Listing NGR: TL2215633630 List Entry Number: 1347289

Date first listed: 07-Sep-1979

Elmwood Cottages, Letchworth Garden City 1906 by B Parker and R Unwin.’Pairs of semi-detached cottages flanking, and forming a group with, Westholm (qv). Grade: II One and a half storeys. Two windows each. Tiled roofs with brick stacks. Roughcast walls; gables of Nos 166-172 part- List Entry Number: 1347660 ly weather-boarded. Hipped dormers. Mullioned casement windows of 2, 3 and 4 lights with glazing bars. Recessed Date first listed: 07-Sep-1979 doorways with boarded doors. Included for group value.

1905 by M H Baillie-Scott. Pair of semi-detached houses. Listing NGR: TL2205733709 The most famous of the entries for the Cheap Cottage Ex- hibition. Based on the form of the medieval hall house with a recessed centre and slightly projecting gabled wings. Modern one storey extensions at north and south ends 33-35 Stern Street, Hammersmith replacing the former, deeply-swept eaves characteristic of Baillie-Scott’s work. Tiled roofs. Brick stacks with moulded Grade: II caps. Timber-framed centre bay with stud and plaster work. Roughcast walls to wings. Flat-topped dormers. Three-light List Entry Number: 1079756 casement windows with mullions, leaded lights and tile labels. Recessed entrance with half-glazed door. Open plan Date first listed: 11-Mar-1988 interior with a single living space, articulated by the position of the staircase and with a deeply recessed inglenook Semi-detached pair of cottages 1922-23. Designed fireplace. Good joinery and ironmongery. Although entered by George Walton. Brick, rendered to upper storey; low for the Cheap Cottages Exhibition, the design of Elmwood pitched hipped slate roof to deep eaves 2 storeys. Each Cottages deliberately flouted the utilitarian ideals of the cottage of 5 windows wide, of irregular widths, the outer competition, thus producing one of the best entries. The 2 three grouped as a triplet with narrow lights flanking a wider cottages are arranged so that they can be turned into one, central window. Square headed windows with metal frames cf “An Architect’s Confession of Faith” by Baillie-Scott. and glazing bars, and small panes. Square headed entranc- es with rectangular fanlights, placed adjacent to inside bay Listing NGR: TL2216333583 of each house; timber doors. A rare late work by Walton.

RIBA Journal Vol-XLVI 1939.

Listing NGR: TQ2367780003

33 Appendix IV – Salford’s Local List of Heritage Assets: Selection Criteria

Architectural interest Local Interest

Description Description

Buildings and structures of an architectural design, deco- People and events - buildings and landscapes associated ration and craftsmanship that contributes positively to their with influential people and events. environment and offer a composition that affords value, in its proportions, materials and construction Industrial heritage - buildings and landscapes that repre- sent most strongly Salford as a place different from other Historical interest areas of the region or even within Greater Manchester.

Description Group Value

A building, object or place that is connected with Salford, Description Greater Manchester or the north west’s social, economic and cultural growth and development, or is concerned with The collective value of a townscape or landscape where a person or event that plays a significant role in local or individually assets have limited value, yet together com- regional cultural heritage. prise a common theme important to the growth of the city or with attractive aesthetic properties. Age Landmark Value Description Description Local heritage assets will be considered from all periods. However, particular attention will be given to buildings Assets that have historically marked important moments that pre-date 1919 and therefore contribute to the princi- in the landscape, provide punctuation to streets or mark pal industrial era under which the city established itself. arrival points. Nevertheless, there are many 20th century buildings of impeccable design that must be considered due to their Social or Communal Value own cultural merits. Description Aesthetic Value Assets that are of value to a particular residential commer- Description cial, historical, religious or interest group.

The appearance of buildings, monuments, places and landscapes, including groups of buildings that individually or together form a set piece or characterise a townscape. Particular attention will be given to style, design, materials, composition and layout.

34 Donald Insall Associates | 24 Broom Lane and 2 Hanover Gardens