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MARY SIDNEY, COUNTESS of PEMBROKE Frontispiece MARY SIDNEY COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE MARY SIDNEY. COUXTKSS ( >F PEMBROKE. FROM TMK I'lCIVKK AT TKASHrRST. ];V TIIK KIM) I'KKMISSIOX OK LORI) DE I.'lSI.K AM) Dl'DLKY. MARY SIDNEY COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE BY FRANCES BERKELEY YOUNG LONDON DAVID NUTT, 57-59 LONG ACRE 1912 CONTENTS PAGE I. ANCESTRY AND GIRLHOOD (1561-1577) . i II. THE COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE (1577-1601) . 35 III. THE DOWAGER COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE (1601- 1621) 83 IV. LADY PEMBROKE AS EDITOR, TRANSLATOR, AND AUTHOR ....... 123 V. LADY PEMBROKE AS A PATRON OF LETTERS . 150 APPENDIX A. 'THE TRIUMPHE OF DEATH TRANSLATED OUT OF ITALIAN BY THE COUNTESSE OF PEMBROOKE.' INTRODUCTORY NOTE AND TEXT ..... 205 APPENDIX B. A NOTE ON ' THE COUNTESSE OF ' PENBROOK'S PASSION 219 BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 INDEX OF NAMES ...... 231 ILLUSTRATIONS MARY SIDNEY, COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE Frontispiece (Front the picture at Penshurst) HOLOGRAPH LETTER FROM THE COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE TO LORD BURGHLEY TO face page 63 (From the original in the Public Record Office) MARY SIDNEY, COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE 120 (From the picture in the National Portrait Gallery) Reproduced by the kind permission of Mr. Emery Walker. MARY SIDNEY, COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE ,, 161 (From the engraving by Simon Pass) MARY SIDNEY COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE CHAPTER I ANCESTRY AND GIRLHOOD (1561-1577) THE life of Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke, and her literary relations with her time, form a study interesting in proportion to its difficulty. As the daughter of Sir Henry Sidney, and the sister of Sir Philip Sidney, she was in close touch with the chief statesmen as well as with the chief writers of the late sixteenth century. As an author on her own account a fair poet and an excellent translator she also challenges our at tention. More than all, however, she is signifi cant because of her attitude toward letters and scholarship. Admirably cultivated herself, she set a high value, apparently, on culture, and especially on creative power, in others. Finally, she possessed the rank and wealth essential in her age to the successful patron of literature. 2 COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE There is great difficulty, however, in arriving at a true estimate of Lady Pembroke. Many of our conclusions must necessarily be based on guesswork, for the records of her own personal are but and her history scanty ; biographers are forced back upon the general records of the Sidney and Pembroke families in order to piece out a complete narrative. Moreover, there is good reason to believe that not all of her writing has come down to us. More than all, in studying the contemporary estimates of Lady Pembroke, we must be careful to separate spontaneous and disinterested appreciation from servile and in terested flattery. This done, however, we may still feel that Lady Pembroke was a charming, clever, and good woman, who played a noble part nobly, and who represented the best type of ' feminine culture and character in the spacious times of great Elizabeth/ The Sidney family was of French extraction, 1 and the name Sidney is thought to be derived from St. Sydonius, the patron saint of a monastery in Normandy. One William de Sidne, Militi, is recorded to have received from Henry II (1154- 1 The material for this chapter is drawn primarily, of course, from Arthur Collins' Letters and Memorials of State, London, 1746. Whenever possible, however, I have followed Collins' older authorities. The State Papers, Domestic, Edward VI, Elizabeth, and James I, are of course indispensable. I have also made occasional use of A Historical Guide to Penshurst Place, by the Hon. Mary Sidney, Tunbridge Wells, 1903. ANCESTRY AND GIRLHOOD 3 1 1189) the grant of a manor in Surrey, and this knight is considered by the genealogists to have been the first ancestor of the family in England. All through the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fif teenth centuries the Sidneys seem to have been an important and prosperous family, though not 3 yet politically distinguished. The Nicholas Sid ney who was head of his house in the late fifteenth century, married Anne Brandon, aunt to Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Their son, William Sidney, was one of the Esquires of the Household to Henry VIII, 3 and was knighted for his bravery at Flodden Field.4 This Sir William Sidney was Tutor and Chamberlain, and Steward of King Henry VIIFs household from the birth of Prince Edward to his coronation as Edward VI. To the latter prince the knight made himself even more service able was rewarded in with ; and by Edward 1552 5 a gift of the manor of Penshurst in Kent. Less than a year ]ater, however, the new owner of Penshurst died, leaving his estates to his only son Henry, a young man destined to become one of the ablest courtiers, statesmen, and adminis trators of the reign of Elizabeth. 1 Collins, vol. i, p. 76, Memoir. Quoted from original document at Penshurst. 2 Holinshed : Chronicles of vol. (ed. 1808), 4, pp. 869-79 ; vol. 6, pp. 400 if. 8 Collins, vol. i, pp. 76 ff. Memoir. 4 Pat. 5 Henry VIII., pt. 2. Cited by Collins, vol. i, p. 77, Memoir. 5 Collins, vol. i, p. 78, Memoir. B 2 4 COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE Henry Sidney, the father of Philip Sidney, and of Mary Sidney, the subject of this sketch, ' was born on July 20, I52Q. 1 The Sidney Psalter/ 3 preserved in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, gives the following entry : The natiuitie of Henrie Sidney was on twesday, the twentie day of luly uppon Saincte Margeretts day, in the morninge, a quarter after one of the clocke, the twentie one yeare of Henrie the eighte, and in the yeare of our Lord, one thousand, fyuehundred, twentie and nyne, his Godfather was king Henrie the eighte. his other god r father, was S William Fitz*william : after Earle of Southehampton, and Lord priuie*seale, his godmother was the Ladie Kingston, wife to Sir william Kingston, knighte of the most noble order, and comtroller of King Henrie the eighte his household. 3 [Hand A.] From his earliest childhood he resided at the court, where he was the intimate companion of the young Prince Edward. Many years later, in a letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, 1583,4 Sir Henry thus described his own rearing : I was, by that most famous King (Henry VIII) put to his sweet son, Prince Edward, my most dear master, and near kinswoman his prince sovereign ; my being nurse father his only ; my being chamberlain ; my 1 Holinshed cit. vol. vol. (ed. 4, pp. 869, 879 ; 6, pp. 400 ft.) gives the date as March 21, 1529. The entries of births and deaths in Sir Henry Sidney's Psalter would seem to be more authoritative, however. - R. 17, 2, 254. (No. 988 in Mr. M. R. James* catalogue.) 3 E margine calendarii veteris Psalterii MS. Coll. Trin. Cant. 4 State Papers Dom., Eliz. Ludlow Castle, March i, 1583. (See also p. 45 of this MS.) ANCESTRY AND GIRLHOOD 5 his aunt in such mother governess ; my place as, among meaner personages, is* called a dry nurse. As the prince grew in years and discretion, so grew I in favour and liking of him. To Henry Sidney the young Prince Edward was devotedly attached. His character and personality at this time are thus described by l Holinshed : This yoong gentleman, his father being deceased, . was brought up in the court under the same maister as was king Edward the sixt, and profited verie well, both in the Latine and French toongs, for he had a verie good wit and was verie forward in all good actions, and whereof was conceived some good things would come of him : his countenance was verie aimiable, and his behaviour verie gentle and courteous, in whome king Henrie the eight (being his godfather) had a verie great liking, and made him be attendant and plaiefellow with prince Edward. This noble gentleman for his forwardnesse in all good actions, was as it were the paragon of the court, by reason of the manie good gifts which God had be stowed upon him everie waie. For concerning the bodie, he was goodlie of person and well compact, and well he of a beseene ; was comelie and good countenance, he was so courteous and of so good behaviour, he was so wise and so modest, so vertuous and so godlie, so discreet and so sober, as he was another Scipio : being but yoong in years and old in behaviour, and finallie so rare a man as that age had not affoorded manie better. 2 1 Holinshed (ed. of 1808), vol. 6, p. 400. 2 See also Chronicles, vol. 4, p. 870. 6 COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE Upon Edward's accession in 1547 voung Henry Sidney was made one of the four principal Gentle men of the Privy Chamber, and on October u, 1551, he was knighted. 1 He had already mani fested an unusual talent for affairs of state, and about this time was sent on important diplomatic missions both to France and to Scotland. 3 On March 29, 1551, Henry Sidney was married to the Lady Mary Dudley, eldest daughter of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, Earl of Warwick, and Baron Lisle. Of this wedding the ' ' Sidney Psalter gives the following notice : r The manage of S Henrie Sydney knighte with the Ladie Marie Dudlie daughter to lohn, than erle of Warricke, and after duke of Northumb. was first at Asser the nyne=and=twentie day of Marche, in the yeare of our Lord one thousand, Fyue hundred, Fyftie, and one : and afterward most publikelie and honorablie solemnised in Elye=place, in Holborne in the Whitson* holysdaies nexte following.
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