Fakulteten för landskapsplanering, trädgårds- och jordbruksvetenskap Planning for wind power as a basis for multifunctional landscape design Sanne Öhrström Master’s Thesis·30 hec·Advanced level, A2E Landscape Architecture – master’s programme Självständigt arbete vid LTJ-fakulteten, SLU Alnarp 2013 Planning for wind power as a basis for multifunctional landscape design Vindkraftsplanering som grund för multifunktionell landskapsdesign Sanne Öhrström Supervisor: Karin Hammarlund, institutionen för landskapsarkitektur, planering och förvaltning Co-supervisor: Lars Larsson, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens historia, LU Examiner: Anders Larsson, institutionen för landskapsarkitektur, planering och förvaltning Co-examiner: Ingrid Sarlöv-Herlin, institutionen för landskapsarkitektur, planering och förvaltning Type of student project: Master’s Thesis Credits: 30 hec Education cycle: Advanced cycle, A2E Course title: Master Project in Landscape Architecture Course code: EX0734 Programme: Landscape Architecture Master Program Place of publication: Alnarp, Sweden Year of publication: 2013 Cover picture: Sanne Öhrström Title of series: Självständigt arbete vid LTJ-fakulteten, SLU Online publication: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se Keywords: wind power, integrated landscape, planning, design, multifunctionality, Höje å, ecology, river restoration, synergetic landscape, landscape analysis SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Sciences Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management Foreword It has been exiting to work on this thesis. Through the months the scope of the project has changed with each new source or meeting, creating dynamics that at times have been hard to keep organised. Although the focus has taken many directions, the main idea remained throughout the work. To work towards an integrated wind power development model has been a good way to tie my master years up. Since the Theme Course was my first course at Alnarp, and I had the opportunity to take the course project even further, it feels great to wrap it all up in this thesis. First I would like to thank my supervisor Karin Hammarlund who not only made me interested in a field I never expected to be involved with, but who inspired and guided me throughout the work with valuable discussions and comments. To Lars Larsson, my assistant supervisor, I also want to give my true thanks. You provided a lot of important background information and were always available for my bombarding questions. There are some people who without prior agreement assisted me. Jenny Nord at Alnarp was always available and helpful, even though she supervised another master student. Thanks also to Frode Birk Nielsen from Sweco, Gunilla Lindholm from SLU Alnarp and Peter Öhrström from Bizcat who set time away for interviews. Lisa Björk has also worked very hard as my opponent, providing valuable comments and an extensive analysis of my work. Thanks to Christophe Schwahn from Schwahn Landscapftsplannung and Stevie Deddo from CMG Landscape Architects who both did much more than just answer emails. ii Abstract Wind power is a growing industry, which has an increasing impact on our landscapes. Many articles and papers have been published about public acceptance and the importance to consider the wider landscape when placing turbines. Surprisingly though is the lacking of wind power integration research – not visually, but functionally. This work and analysis has identified processes and working tools which should be incorporated in the planning procedure. Having wind power as a backbone landscape design becomes most interesting. There are many limiting regulations to consider, often leading to a negative planning approach today, where a design study may give new views to approach specific projects. As analysis provides the framework for this design proposition, it can be argued that analysis and design has been developed simultaneously, in contrary to the traditional sequential way of planning where the limiting factors are the first to be explored. Further, this thesis argues that it is possible to utilise opportunities in the development phase of infrastructure projects like wind power to initiate i.e. ecological enhancement projects. All new infrastructure developments there are facing opportunities and threats. Analysing the situation at hand, development can really take off when there is a lot to gain. This research clearly shows that wind power and i.e. ecological/recreational developments can benefit from each other and even depend on one another. For example, the monocultural land between Lomma and Lund can, with relatively small ecological and cultural operations, become a lively and well-visited landscape by the support of wind power. iv TABLE OF CONTEXT 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................2 1.2 OBJECTIVES ..........................................................................................................3 1.3 GOALS ......................................................................................................................3 1.4 QUESTIONS ...........................................................................................................4 1.5 LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................4 1.6 METHODS ...............................................................................................................5 1.7 DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................6 2. THEORY ...............................................................................................................13 2.1 WIND AS A NATURAL FORCE .........................................................................13 2.2 WIND UTILISATION ..........................................................................................16 2.3 DESIGN THEORY ...............................................................................................17 2.3.1 a brief landscape history .......................................................................17 2.3.2 human power over nature ....................................................................18 2.3.3 the idealistic landscape ..........................................................................19 2.3.4 modernistic planning & function .........................................................21 2.3.5 planning and design ................................................................................23 2.3.6 maximised design ....................................................................................24 2.4 LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS ....................................................................................25 2.4.1 HLC and historical analysis ...................................................................26 2.4.2 LCA analysis ...............................................................................................27 2.4.3 Lynch analysis ...........................................................................................29 2.5 THEORY SUMMARY ............................................................................................30 3. WIND POWER ...................................................................................................33 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................33 3.1.1 visual impact ..............................................................................................34 3.1.2 nimby and acceptance ............................................................................36 3.1.3 environmental impact .............................................................................38 3.1.4 noise, flickering, security and recreation ........................................40 3.1.5 economic effects .......................................................................................42 6 3.2 PRECEDENCE STUDIES ................................................................................... 43 3.2.1 Klinkby ......................................................................................................... 43 3.2.2 recreation and wind power ................................................................... 44 3.2.3 ecological planning and wind power ................................................. 47 3.2.4 summary ..................................................................................................... 51 3.3 THEME COURSE 2011 PROJECT ................................................................... 52 3.3.1 Theme course proposition .................................................................... 54 4. ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 57 4.1 HÖJE Å PROJECT AREA .................................................................................... 57 4.1.1 HLC analysis ............................................................................................... 57 4.1.2 LCA analysis of area ............................................................................... 63 4.1.3 Lynch analysis of area ............................................................................ 67 4.1.4 ecology