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Diversity and Abundance of Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae)

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Diversity and Abundance of Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) doi:10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e901 e-ISSN 1983-0572 Publication of the project Entomologistas do Brasil www.ebras.bio.br Creative Commons License v4.0 (CC-BY) Copyright © Author(s) Article Full Open Access Ecology Diversity and abundance of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in a fragment of Amazon Cerrado in Macapá, State of Amapá, Brazil Jose Ferreira Saraiva1 , Ahana Maitra2 & Raimundo Nonato Picanço Souto3 1. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Brazil. 2. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Laboratório de Genética de Mosquitos, Brazil. 3. Universidade Federal do Amapá, Laboratório de Arthopoda, Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 13: e901 (2020) Edited by: Abstract. The Neotropical region has the highest diversity of species, but despite this diversity, this Jeronimo Augusto Fonseca Alencar region presents many sampling gaps. The objective of this study was to study the diversity of the mosquitoes of family Culicidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) as well as to identify the mosquito vectors, Article History: in a fragment of Amazon Cerrado in Macapá, Amapá. Three collection methods (Shannon trap, CDC Received: 09.iii.2020 and active collection) were used, and the samples were collected between January to December 2006. Accepted: 06.ix.2020 21 species were identified; 11 of them being vectors of malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika, Published: 07.xi.2020 chikungunya and filariasis; and three of them,Toxorhynchites h. haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius), Wyeomyia Corresponding author: melanocephala Dyar & Knab and Wyeomyia aporonoma Dyar & Knab were recorded for the first time from Amapá. The present study contributes to the diversity of mosquitoes (Culicidae) that can be Jose Ferreira Saraiva used in additional mapping studies to mitigate epidemic outbreaks in the state of Amapá. [email protected] Keywords: Arbovirus; malaria; mosquitoes; richness of species; Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis. Funding agencies: Secretaria de Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado do Amapá – SETEC-AP osquitoes of family Culicidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) vectors of important re-emerging arboviruses in Brazil, Aedes are monophyletic and classified into two subfamilies: aegypti (Linnaeus) is considered as an important arboviral Anophelinae and Culicinae (HARBACH & KITCHING 2005). vector (FIGUEIREDO 2007; WEAVER & REISEN 2010) for dengue virus Culicidae comprises 3,578 recognized species worldwide, (DENV) (SIMMONS et al. 2012; POWELL 2018), yellow fever virus distributed among 42 genera and 140 subgenera (HARBACH (YFV) (JENTES et al. 2011), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (LEPARC- 2013) with a higher species diversity in the Neotropical GOFFART et al. 2014), Zika virus (ZIKV) (WHO 2017) and Mayaro region 1,069 species (31%), distributed in 24 genera (RUEDA virus (MAYV) (WHO 2017; WIGGINS et al. 2018). 2008). Brazil possesses more than half of this diversity, with 516 described species (WRBU 2018). Although there is a large In addition to their medical importance, mosquitoes also have diversity in the Neotropical region, many sampling gaps still ecological relevance as they participate in the trophic chain of exist. Moreover, recent molecular studies have revealed the other insects as well as of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates existence of several cryptic species complexes (ROSA-FREITAS et (RUEDA 2008). Various species adopt diverse strategies for their al. 1998; RUIZ-LOPEZ et al. 2012). proliferation and dispersion. Even though there are specific breeding sites for certain species of mosquitoes (CONSOLI & Mosquitoes are the most notorious pathogenic transmitters OLIVEIRA 1994), they may use permanent or semi-permanent for humans, such as malaria, dengue, Zika, viral encephalitis soil breeding sites, man-made or natural containers (palm and lymphatic filariasis (LANE & CROSSKEY 1993). In coastal bracts, leaves, tree holes, bromeliads and Heliconia spp.) areas or places with proximal breeding grounds, these with accumulated rainwater or accumulated water from insects cause great nuisance, hampering the development of other sources (LANE & CROSSKEY 1993; CONSOLI & OLIVEIRA 1994). real estates as well as tourism (LANE & CROSSKEY 1993; RUEDA The purpose of the present study was to record the species 2008). However, despite their high species richness, only diversity of Culicidae in a forest fragment of the Amazonian a small part of the mosquitoes actually transmits diseases Cerrado, near the urban perimeter of Macapá, as well as to (RUEDA 2008), for example, human malaria is transmitted identify those of medical importance. only by species of Anopheles (DE ARRUDA et al. 1986; LANE & CROSSKEY 1993). In Brazil, only Anopheles darlingi Root and MATERIAL AND METHODS Anopheles aquasalis Curry are considered important vectors of malaria (DE ARRUDA et al. 1986; CONN et al. 2002; GALARDO et Study sites. The study was carried out in the campus of al. 2007), other species are considered secondary vectors, Federal University of Amapá, in Macapá, State of Amapá, and among them, Anopheles marajoara Galvão & Damasceno Brazil. The area studied was between the geographical is considered as an important vector in Macapá (CONN et al. coordinates 0° 0’7.82” N 51° 4’54.63” W to 0° 0’8.38”N 51° 2002; GALARDO et al. 2007; BARBOSA & SOUTO 2011). Among other 5’15.02” W and 0° 0’36.70”S 51° 4’59.62” W to 0° 0’36.32”S 51° 5’20.82”W, with an elevation of 8–19 m. The campus belongs to www.entomobrasilis.org Diversity and abundance of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in a… Saraiva et al. (2020) the morphoclimatic domain of Amazonian Cerrado, covering two largest forest fragments of the campus (Figure 1). The an area of 906,722.45 m2 (Figure 1). The predominant climate collections were carried out during the new moon phase, as in Amapá is of equatorial feature with temperature ranging the nights are darker, making the luminous attractions more from 25°C to 30°C (AB’SABER 1977). The annual rainfall is high effective (LANE & CROSSKEY 1993). The CDC traps were installed (2,500 mm average), with the maximum rainfall between at a height of 1.5 m from the ground at 18:00h and removed March - May (2,112.9 mm) and the minimum rainfall between the next day at 07:00 h. Shannon’s luminous trap was set September - November (177.8 mm). The relative annual inside the largest forest fragment, about 50 m from the edge humidity is 85% with the annual mean insolation of 2,200 (Figure 1). This trap was installed at 1800h and withdrawn hours (SUDAM 1984). at 21:00 h. The mosquitoes collected by active collection method, and by Shannon trap were separated as per their The area of study has a marked human impact due to local time of collection and subsequently analyzed for registering urbanization. The phytophysionomy of this area comprises the hourly activity of the species collected. four non-interconnected forest fragments, three of them being gallery forests, and a grassland in the northern portion The captured mosquitoes were stored inside plastic cups (Figure 1). There is predominance of native plant species and labeled as per their time of collection (active collection of Cerrado (Amazonic biome) such as Murucis (Byrsonima and Shannon). The material was transported in a Styrofoam H.B.K.; Malpighiaceae, Malpighiales), Caimbe (Curatella box to the Arthropod laboratory of the Federal University of americana Linnaeus; Dileniaceae, Dileniales), Umiri (Humiria Amapá (UNIFAP) and morphologically identified using the A.St-Hil; Humiriaceae, Malpighiales), Miriti (Mauritia flexuosa dichotomous keys of CONSOLI AND OLIVEIRA (1994). FORATTINI (2002), Linnaeus and Mauritia carana Wallace; Arecaceae, Arecales) and LANE (1953). The terminologies, such as abbreviations of (AZEVEDO 1969), as well as bromeliads and Heliconia spp., genera and subgenera, follow REINERT (2009). which are important for the propagation of some species of Culicidae (ALBICÓCCO et al. 2011). This area does not have All collected mosquitoes were deposited at the Zoological permanent breeding sites, such as river backwaters or Collection of the Universidade Federal do Amapá - UNIFAP depressions of sluggish streams or rivers which favors as voucher specimens and are available for future studies. the creation of mosquito species typical to such breeding Sample rarefaction / extrapolation curves sites, like Anopheles spp. However, the surrounding low- Data analysis. based on the sample size and sampling methods used were lying areas, locally know as hangover areas, mostly remain analyzed to compare the species richness and the diversity of flooded due to riverine tides and rainfall (MACIEL 2001). The nocturnal and diurnal species. Three Hill numbers (HILL 1973) Igarapé Fortaleza is the closest, at a distance of 1.6 km from were used in this study, which are associated with species the campus. Moreover, there are 41 fish hatcheries and four richness estimators and their respective dominances. Hill treatment sewers (probable artificial breeding grounds) at numbers are diversity indices that quantify diversity in units 1.4 km and 1.2 km (straight line distance) respectively, from of equivalent numbers of equally abundant species (HILL the campus. Figure 1 shows the distribution of these artificial 1973; COLWELL et al. 2004; LOU 2006; GOTELLI & CHAO 2013; CHAO breeding sites marked with white triangle signs. et al. 2014). The first number (q = 0) analyzes the observed Data collection. The monthly samples were collected species richness, the second
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