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Inventario De Especies De Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae)

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Inventario De Especies De Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) BOLETÍN DE MALARIOLOGÍA Y SALUD AMBIENTAL ISSN: 1690 - 4648 Enero-Julio 2019, Vol. LIX (1): 68-83 Inventario de especies de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) del Municipio Casacoima, estado Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Inventory of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Casacoima municipality, Delta Amacuro state, Venezuela Jesús Berti1*, Yadira Rangel2, Hernán Guzmán1 & Yarys Estrada1 RESUMEN SUMMARY El presente estudio constituye el primer inventario This is the first inventory related to mosquito de mosquitos de la familia Culicidae del municipio Casacoima, species of Culicidae family (Diptera) in the Casacoima estado Delta Amacuro, Venezuela. Un total de 28 especies fueron identificadas en las doce localidades muestreadas Municipality, Delta Amacuro State, Venezuela. A total of en este municipio. En la lista de las especies reportadas, se 28 mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) was collected registran por primera vez 16 nuevas especies de mosquitos in 12 localities sampled in the Municipality. First records (Diptera: Culicidae) para el estado Delta Amacuro, lo cual of 16 new mosquito species (57,14 % of total) for the representa un 57,14 % de total de especies registrado. Se Delta Amacuro State are made. Their medical and comentan algunos aspectos sobre su importancia médica y epidemiological importance is commented, and some epidemiológica y se discuten aspectos sobre la ecología de las especies reportadas, haciendo énfasis en los principales ecological aspects are discussed. A checklist of the vectores de enfermedades del país. Finalmente, se proporciona mosquito species reported in the Casacoima County is una lista del total de 28 especies registradas en el municipio given. This is the first part of a series of studies related Casacoima. El estudio forma parte de la primera etapa de to mosquito ecological and biogeographic aspects of una serie de estudios sobre la ecología y biogeografía de los Culicidae family in Venezuela. mosquitos de la familia Culicidae en Venezuela. Palabras clave: Diversidad, inventario, mosquitos, nuevos Key words: ,Diversity inventory, new records, mosquitoes, registros, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela. Delta Amacuro State, Venezuela. INTRODUCCIÓN dengue, filariasis, fiebre amarilla, Chikungunya, Zika, Mayaro y otras enfermedades tropicales La familia Culicidae (Diptera: emergentes (Berti et al., 2015). El paludismo se Nematocera) incluye cerca de 3.546 especies en el transmite al ser humano exclusivamente a través mundo (Harbach & Kitching, 2016; Navarro et al., de la picada de hembras del género Anopheles, las 2007). De éstas, una parte importante actúan como cuales son hematófagas y las únicas que transmiten vectores principales o potenciales de patógenos a la malaria al humano; aunque hay especies de los humanos (arbovirus, protozoos, nemátodos), Anopheles del subgénero Kerteszia, que también transmitiendo enfermedades de importancia en la pueden transmitir la malaria de los simios (Deane Salud Pública, tales como: malaria o paludismo, et al., 1970; Wilkerson & Peyton, 1991). La 1 Centro de Estudios de Enfermedades Endémicas y Salud Ambiental (CEEESA), adscrito al Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Altos Estudios “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon” (IAE-MPPS), Maracay- Aragua. 2 Instituto de Zoología Tropical. Laboratorio de Biología de Vectores, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV). Caracas, Venezuela. * Autor de Correspondencia: [email protected] 68 Berti J. et al. enfermedad es causada por parásitos del género MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Plasmodium (Apicomplexa: Plasmodidae). Área de estudio El municipio Casacoima, puede ser considerado como un foco caliente de malaria, El municipio de Casacoima, ubicado entre ya que es un área geográfica con transmisión las coordenadas: 8° 22′ 43.87″ N, y 62° 10′ 7.88″ W; activa y una alta agregación de casos producto es uno de los 4 municipios que integran el estado Delta de condiciones epidemiológicas locales que Amacuro (Fig. 1). Posee una superficie de 2.920,69 promueven una continua transmisión del parásito km², limita al norte con el municipio Tucupita y el Plasmodium (Grillet et al., 2009). El municipio estado Monagas, al sur con el estado Bolívar, al este para la semana epidemiológica Nº 36 de 2015, con el municipio Antonio Díaz y al oeste con los presentó la mayor incidencia de malaria del estados Bolívar y Monagas (Fig. 1). Su población estado Delta Amacuro (MPPS, 2015). No existen es de 29.555 habitantes (Censo, 2011). La capital estudios previos sobre la distribución espacial del municipio es la población de Sierra Imataca. Su y temporal de mosquitos en esta región del país. altura o altitud varía desde los 250 msnm hasta los Todo lo anterior justifica la realización del estudio. 750 msnm. La altiplanicie de Nuria alcanza los 600 Este estudio, se realizó con el objetivo de tener msnm. El clima en Sierra Imataca, oscila entre los el inventario preliminar de la fauna de mosquitos 18º y 28º C (Vila, 1960). El municipio está dividido (Diptera: Culicidae) presentes en el municipio en 5 parroquias: Imataca, Cinco de Julio, Juan Casacoima, con énfasis en los principales vectores Bautista Arismendi, Manuel Piar y Rómulo Gallegos. de enfermedades (ETV). Entre sus principales actividades económicas está la Fig. 1. Municipios del estado Delta Amacuro, Venezuela con sus capitales y límites geográficos. Vol. LIX, Nº 1; Enero-Julio, 2019 69 Inventario de especies de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) ganadería, la pesca y la agricultura; recientemente, resto del Escudo de Guayana una de las formaciones viene destacándose el turismo ecológico orientado geológicas del país (región Guayanesa) más antigua principalmente a la Reserva Forestal de Imataca, sobre el Planeta, con origen en el periodo Precámbrico donde se encuentran hermosos balnearios, refugios de y con aproximadamente 3.500 millones de años fauna y centros de endemismo de especies autóctonas (Weidmann & Huber, 1998). La Sierra se ubica desde de flora y fauna (Fig. 2). el centro este hasta el extremo este del Estado Bolívar y del Estado Delta Amacuro (Fig. 2); la misma se Esta Reserva es una formación montañosa extiende desde el límite con el estado Bolívar hasta de la Región Guayanesa Venezolana, ubicada hacia la frontera con la Guayana Esequiba y hasta el vértice la margen izquierda del Orinoco y paralela al mismo del Delta del Orinoco (Fig. 2). Los principales centros en la mayor parte de su recorrido por la región del poblados del municipio Casacoima son: Sierra Delta (Vila, 1960); en la región se concentra una Imataca, la capital del municipio que se comunica gran porción de minerales estratégicos como hierro, con Ciudad Guayana por carretera pavimentada bauxita, oro y/o piedras preciosas; la misma forma y con Tucupita por vía fluvial, cruzando el puerto un conjunto con el Macizo Guayanés y es junto al de chalana pasando por el estado Monagas; ésta Fig. 2. Áreas protegidas de Venezuela, ubicación y límites geográficos de la Reserva Forestal de Imataca, en estados Delta Amacuro y Bolívar. 70 Bol. Mal. Salud Amb. Berti J. et al. capital cuenta con ambulatorios, escuelas, liceos, tanto en la periferia de las casas, como en bosques y canchas deportivas, transporte público, terminal otras zonas aledañas a quebradas o lagunas situadas de pasajeros, sede de la policía estadal, sedes de la entre 1 y 2 Km de las zonas pobladas. Asimismo, en Alcaldía, la Cámara Municipal y de la Gobernación. las comunidades de La Fe, El Triunfo, Los Castillos, El Triunfo: comunidad que se encuentra a 10 Los Algarrobos, Sierra Imataca, Cuya, Manacales, minutos aproximadamente de Sierra Imataca, con Piacoa, Marivaca, Casacoimita y sectores de Rio la que se comunica vía carretera pavimentada, de Piedra y la Masa del Moriche se inspeccionaron ésta cuenta con el mayor número de pobladores las vaqueras, los gallineros y/o cochineras, donde del municipio, tiene una actividad económica los mosquitos adultos fueron capturados durante el pujante con abastos, supermercados, piscinas, club reposo post hematofágico, durante las dos primeras privados para recreación, así como: escuelas, liceos, horas de la noche (18:30 a 20:30); ya que éstos colegios privados, varios bancos y la sede local de prefieren reposar en las alambradas y paredes de Malariología. Los Castillos: comunidad ubicada en el los corrales de animales. Luego se procedió, al margen derecho del Río Orinoco dentro de la Reserva montaje de todos los mosquitos capturados en Forestal Imataca a 39 km de Ciudad Guayana y a 22 alfileres entomológicos, colocándoles su respectiva km de la capital Sierra Imataca, sus habitantes viven identificación, actividad que fue realizada en la de la pesca, la agricultura y venta de platos típicos sede de la Demarcación de Malariología, ubicada de la zona. En el área de Los Castillos, se encuentran en la población de El Triunfo. Todas las muestras dos hermosas lagunas: Laguna la Ceiba y Laguna del de adultos, fueron trasladadas al Laboratorio de Baratillo; y también están: Los Castillos de Guayana, Entomología del CEEESA-IAE "Dr. Arnoldo que son dos soberbias y sólidas fortalezas coloniales Gabaldon" en Maracay y al Instituto de Zoología y de gran interés arquitectónico, que se alzan a poca Ecología Tropical de la UCV en Caracas, Venezuela. distancia de la comunidad; en la época colonial éstos Estas muestras fueron identificadas y registradas en la estaban destinadas a la protección y defensa de áreas base de datos; estos mosquitos están depositados en estratégicas de la geografía nacional (Vila, 1960); la colección referencial correspondiente.
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