University of São Paulo School of Arts, Sciency and Humanities Textile and Fashion Pos Graduation Program
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UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO SCHOOL OF ARTS, SCIENCY AND HUMANITIES TEXTILE AND FASHION POS GRADUATION PROGRAM LARISSA OLIVEIRA DUARTE Organic cotton network in Brazil addressing textile and clothing sector São Paulo 2021 LARISSA OLIVEIRA DUARTE Organic cotton network in Brazil addressing textile and clothing sector Revised Version Dissertation presented at School of Arts, Science and Humanities from University of Sao Paulo to obtain the title of Masters of Science in Textile and Fashion from the Textile and Fashion Postgraduate Program. The revised version contains the alterations solicited by the examination board on the 2nd of December, 2020. The original version is in the reserved collection in the Library of EACH/USP and in the USP Digital Library of Thesis and Dissertations (BDTD), according to the resolution CoPGr 6018, 13 October, 2011. Concentration area: Textile and Fashion Advisor: Dra. Júlia Baruque Ramos Co-advisor: Dr. Homero Fonseca Filho São Paulo 2021 I authorize the reproduction and dissemination of total or partial copies of this document, by conventional or electronic media for study or research purpose since it is referenced. CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION (University of São Paulo. School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities. Library) CRB 8 -4936 Duarte, Larissa Oliveira Organic cotton network in Brazil addressing textile and clothing sector / Larissa Oliveira Duarte ; advisor, Julia Baruque Ramos ; co-advisor, Homero Fonseca Filho. – 2021. 218 p : il. Dissertation (Master of Science) - Graduate Program in Textile and Fashion, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo. Revised version. 1. Textile industry. 2. Cotton. 3. Organic cotton. I. Baruque-Ramos, Julia, advisor. II. Fonseca Filho, Homero, co-advisor. III. Title. CDD 22.ed.– 677 Name: DUARTE, Larissa Oliveira. DUARTE, L. O. Title: Organic cotton network in Brazil addressing textile and clothing sector. Dissertation presented at School of Arts, Science and Humanities from University of Sao Paulo to obtain the title of Master of Science in Textile and Fashion from the Textile and Fashion Postgraduate Program. Concentration area: Textile and Fashion Advisor: Dra. Júlia Baruque Ramos Co-advisor: Dr. Homero Fonseca Filho Approved: 02 / 12 / 2020 Examination Board Prof. Dr. André Leme Fleury Institution: FAU/USP Judgement: Approved Signature: __________________ Prof. Dr. Mikko Koria Institution: Loughborough University Judgement: Approved Signature: __________________ Prof. Dr. Nair Helena Castro Institution: EMBRAPA Algodão Arriel Judgement: Approved Signature: _________________ ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am truly grateful to all the professors that crossed my path in the University of São Paulo. My tutor Dra. Julia Baruque-Ramos, supporting with careful guidance during these three years. All the professors from the School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities and the Polytechnic School: my co-advisor Dr. Homero Fonseca Fiho, motivating and bringing the sustainable agriculture insights. Dr. André Fleury, Dr. Afonso Fleury, Dr. Eduardo Zancul, Dr. Francisco Xavier and Dr. Mário Sergio Salerno. Prof. Dr. Raul Fangueiro and Joaquim Jorge Peixoto, for the support at Minho University in Portugal. Dra. Rosana Vasques, inspiring with her academic thoughts in design and ecosystems. Thank you to all colleagues and friends from to Fibers research group: Mariana Laktim, Lais Kohan, Luciano Pinheiro, Lais Pennas, Flavia Cesa, Ivete Cattani, Leticia Galatti. To the great support offered by the institution Embrapa Algodão, Nair Arriel and all the researchers collaborating in this work. My partner Nicolas Quercia, my every day incentive to research further, to be creative as Brazilians, to be critical as French. My family in Minas Gerais countryside, always believing in my work, in especial to Beatriz Oliveira, José Lúcio Duarte e Thaís Oliveira Duarte. This research was particularly important because brought to my life my “cotton community”, Tiburbio, Tonha (in memoriam), Marenilson, Amalia, Suzana, all the family of Dona Maria. We live in different parts of Brazil and we have this thing in common, that connected us all, the passion for cultivating. Cultivating cotton, or any plant, demands careful dedication, and a connection with environmental dynamics that are in constant change. A scientific and academic construction is in constant transformation. Right now, one thing is for sure, I will keep planting organic cotton. I gratefully acknowledge CAPES - 001 (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel of Brazilian Education Ministry). And all the interviewers and their institutions, collaborating in this research: ACEPAC, ARRIBAÇÃ, Associação de Mulheres Quilombolsas de Malhada Grande, Brasil Eco Fashion Week, COOPERCAT, COOPNATURAL, DIACONIA, EMPAER, Flavia Aranha, Laudes Foundation, OCC, Rede Borborema, SEBRAI - PB, SOLIDARIDAD, UNITEXTIL. “You cannot solve the problem with the same kind of thinking that created the problem” Albert Einstein. “It is better to live in a state of impermanence than in one of finality” Gaston Bachelard. “A primeira lei da ecologia é que tudo está ligado a todo o resto”. Barry Commoner. ABSTRACT DUARTE, Larissa Oliveira. Organic cotton network in Brazil addressing textile and clothing sector. 2020 218 p. Dissertation (Master of Science) – School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, 2021. Revised version. Organic cotton is the main eco-material used by sustainable clothing brands. At the same time, cotton cultivation is of great economic importance in Brazil, as it can be cultivated in various climatic and soil conditions. The Brazilian textile and clothing sector covers the entire chain, from the production of raw materials, to the production of yarns and textiles, manufacture of clothing, distribution, marketing, retail and customers. However, even though the country is the fourth largest international producer of traditional cotton, organic farming still has a limited volume. Despite being a demanding fiber in the market, there is a gap in the understanding of its network, which may be hindering its potential development. The aim of this study was to identify the main actors and develop a description of the organic cotton network in Brazil. A literature review, interviews and technical visits in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraíba and São Paulo and analysis of annual cotton reports by national and international organizations were carried out. Interest in the production of organic cotton has been increasing every year, but producers still face difficulties in articulating with the market, both in the production and in the commercialization of organic cotton fiber. EMBRAPA Cotton, Laudes Foundation and VEJA represent the central positions in the analysis of organic cotton networks. This is followed by NGOs such as Diaconia, Arribaçã, Esplar and Textile Exchange, the companies OCC, NCC and Justa Trama and the public research institution EMPAER. The lack of a social organization or a company was noticed, to play the role of connection between producers and the textile industry in Brazil's organic cotton network. National and international NGOs open spaces for sharing value and exchanging information and play the role of financing agroecological projects in Brazil, supporting the structural consolidation of the network. Brands and retailers also have a crucial role to play, as they have the capacity to pull the sector towards greater sustainability, demanding and buying organic cotton. Key-words: Organic cotton, network, NGO, textile, collaboration and innovation. RESUMO DUARTE, Larissa Oliveira. A rede do algodão orgânico no Brasil voltada ao setor têxtil e confecção. 2020 218 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências) – Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, 2021. Versão Corrigida. O algodão orgânico é o principal eco-material utilizado pelas marcas de vestuário sustentável. Ao mesmo tempo, a cultura do algodão tem grande importância econômica no Brasil, pois pode ser cultivada em diversas condições de clima e solos. O setor têxtil e de confecção brasileiro abrange toda a cadeia, desde a produção de matéria-prima, fabricação de fios e têxteis, confecção de roupas, distribuição, marketing, varejo até os clientes. Mas mesmo o país sendo o quarto maior produtor internacional do algodão tradicional, o cultivo orgânico, ainda tem volume limitado. Apesar de ser uma fibra exigente do mercado, há uma lacuna no entendimento de sua rede, o que pode estar atrapalhando seu desenvolvimento potencial. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais atores e desenvolver uma descrição da rede do algodão orgânico no Brasil. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, entrevista e visitas técnicas nos estados de Minas Gerais, Paraíba e São Paulo e análises de relatórios anuais do algodão, de organizações nacionais e internacionais. O interesse pela produção de algodão orgânico vem aumentando a cada ano, porém os produtores ainda enfrentam dificuldades de articulação com o mercado, tanto na produção quanto na comercialização da fibra do algodão orgânico. EMBRAPA Algodão, a Fundação Laudes e a VEJA representam as posições centrais na análise de redes de algodão orgânico. Seguem-se ONGs como a Diaconia, Arribaçã, Esplar e Textile Exchange, as empresas OCC, NCC e Justa Trama e a instituição pública de investigação EMPAER. Foi notada a falta de uma organização ou empresa social, desempenhando o papel de conexão entre os agricultores e a indústria têxtil na rede