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Regionalna Škola Tranzicione Pravde - Zbornik ISBN 978-86-7932-073-5 3 Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik Shkolla Rajonale e Drejtësisë Tranzicionale 1 - Buletin Regional School for transitional justice – Journal Ova publikacija je izdata uz fi nansijsku podršku Britanske ambasade u Beogradu. Mišljenja i stavovi autora tekstova su isključivo njihovi lični stavovi i ne odražavaju stavove partnera na projektu ili donatora. Ky publikim u mundësua me mbështetjen fi nanciare të ambasadës britanike në Beograd. Opinionet dhe pikëpam- jet e autorëve në artikuj janë vetëm mendimet e tyre personale dhe nuk refl ektojnë qëndrimet e partnerëve dhe donatorëve të projektit. Th is publication was sponsored by the British Embassy in Belgrade. Opinions and stances of the authors of the articles constitute only their personal stances and do not refl ect those of the partners on the project or donors. Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik 2 Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik 3 Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik 4 Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik Sadržaj Autori ................................................................................................................. 7 Uvod ................................................................................................................... 9 Uloga mladih u tranzicionoj pravdi u Srbiji ......................................................... 11 Đorđe Bojović Koje su posljedice imuniteta UN-a na očuvanje osnovnih ljudskih prava? ........... 18 Adisa Fišić Konfl iktni i postkonfl iktni odnosi Dubrovnika i Trebinja: Analiza odnosa dvaju susjednih gradova u ratu i miru .......................................... 23 Mirza Hebib Presuda u predmetu Veselin Vlahović - Batko ...................................................... 32 Nasir Muftić Tranziciona pravda u Srbiji - Nadoknade štete za torturu i nečovečno 5 postupanje u logorima u Republici Srbiji: Studija slučaja Šljivovica i Mitrovo Polje ............................................................. 38 Miodrag Pantović Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik 6 Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik Autori Đorđe Bojović, istraživač ljudskih prava, Inicijativa mladih za ljudska prava Srbija. Adisa Fišić, pravna saradnica, TRIAL (Track Impunity Always), Bosna i Hercegovina. Mirza Hebib, student-saradnik na Katedri za historiju prava i komparativno pravo Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, BiH. Nasir Muftić, student-saradnik na Katedri za državno i međunarodno javno pravo Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, BiH. Miodrag Pantović, student Master studija politika rada i globalizacije, Univerzitet u Kaselu i Berlinska škola za Ekonomiju i Pravo, Srbija. 7 Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik 8 Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik Uvod egionalna škola za tranzicionu pravdu, koju organizuju Fond za humanitarno pravo, Udruženje Pravnik Riz Sarajeva i Fond za humanitarno pravo Kosovo je program neformalnog obrazovanja o činjenicama o počinjenim zločinima, strategijama tranzicione pravde i suočavanja sa prošlošću. Na školi se obrađuju teme o utvrđenim činjenicama na sudskim procesima pred Haškim tribunalom; vansudskim mehanizmima za utvrđivanje činjenica o zločinima iz prošlosti; pravu žrtava na reparacije; ulozi medija u procesima utvrđivanja istine i odgovornosti; kulturi i sukobu sećanja i procesu pomirenja u post-konfl iktnim društvima. Studenti takođe imaju priliku da posete mesta stradanja u Hrvatskoj, Bosni i Hercegovini i Kosovu, gde sa preživelima zločina i članovima njihovih porodica razgovaraju o kulturi sećanja i pravima žrtava na pravdu i istinu. Od januara 2013. do marta 2015. godine, organizovane su tri Regionalne škole, koje je pohađalo 75 učesnika iz Bosne i Hercegovine, Kosova i Srbije. Među njima bilo je studentkinja i studenata završnih godina i post- diplomskih studija univerziteta, članica i članova političkih partija, aktivistkinja i aktivista organizacija za ljudska 9 prava, i mladih profesionalaca zaposlenih u javnom i civilnom sektoru. U cilju osnaživanja glasa mladih u procesima pomirenja i podsticanja na intenzivnije bavljenje suočavanjem sa prošlošću, ali i zagovaranja za uvođenje tema tranzicione pravde u sistem formalnog obrazovananja, Fond za humanitarno pravo je odlučio da objavi kolekciju pet završnih eseja studenata treće Regionalne škole za tranzicionu pravdu u obliku Zbornika studentskih radova #3. Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik 10 Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik Uloga mladih u tranzicionoj pravdi u Srbiji Đorđe Bojović Uvod predstavlja teško breme za sva postjugoslovenska društva koja ostaju duboko nacionalno podeljena, a koja istovremeno Prostor bivše Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije nastoje da svoje države urede po principima funkcionalne je u periodu od 1991. do 2001. godine bio zahvaćen ratnim demokratije. Ovo pitanje je naročito osetljivo u Srbiji, u kojoj sukobima koje je karakterisalo teško, sistematsko i masovno po okončanju autoritarnog režima Slobodana Miloševića i kršenje ljudskih prava i međunarodnog humanitarnog preuzimanju vlasti nakon petooktobarskih promena ostaje prava. Oružani sukobi koji su vođeni u Sloveniji (jun–jul dominantan narativ koji podrazumeva negiranje zločina, 11 1991), Hrvatskoj (1991-1995), Bosni i Hercegovini (1992– dok se srpski narod ističe kao najveća žrtva. Takav diskurs 1995), na Kosovu (1998–1999) i u Makedoniji (januar– postaje kompleksniji kada imamo u vidu da je zvaničan stav avgust 2001) rezultirali su gubitkom oko 135.000 života, Srbije da nije učestvovala u ratovima u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i kao i desetinama hiljada povređenih ili žrtava drugih oblika Hercegovini, kao i da se njena autoviktimizacija sopstvenog nasilja1. Oko 10.000 osoba se još uvek vode kao nestale2, naroda oslanja na gotovo mitsku predstavu o Srbima3 kao među kojima je veliki broj civila, dece, žena i starijih osoba narodu koji je istorijski osuđen da živi na granicama svetova koji nisu učestvovali u ratu. i zbog toga strada. Rat u bivšoj Jugoslaviji ostavio je za sobom uništene i Srbija je imala puno prilika da u punom kapacitetu i na spaljene čitave gradove, progon i deportaciju više stotina institucionalnom nivou pristupi procesu suočavanja sa hiljada civila, etnički očišćene velike delove Hrvatske, prošlošću, primenjujući mehanizme tranzicione pravde4 Bosne i Hercegovine i Kosova, stvarajući prostor za širenje kako bi stvorila preduslove za utvrđivanje činjenica o nacionalističke retorike i manipulisanje događajima i zločinima koji su počinjeni tokom ratova na prostoru bivše narativima iz nedavne prošlosti. Zaostavština ratne prošlosti Jugoslavije, kao i preuzimanje institucionalne odgovornosti 1 Ewa Tabeau, “Rat u brojkama – Demografski gubici u ratovima na teritoriji bivše Jugoslavije od 1991. do 1999. godine”, Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava, Beograd, 2009. 2 Ibid. 3 Tim Judah, “Th e Serbs – History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia”, Yale University Press, 2000. 4 Prema Međunarodnom centru za tranzicionu pravdu (ICTJ), tranziciona pravda je oblast koja izučava načine postupanja prema prošlim kršenjima ljudskih prava u društvima u tranziciji. Jedan je od najvažnijih instrumenata procesa demokratizacije koji vode međunarodne organizacije zato što može da funkcioniše kao efi kasan katalizator postkonfl iktnog pomirenja i stabilizacije. Fond za humanitarno pravo Regionalna škola tranzicione pravde - Zbornik za zločine počinjene od Slovenije do Kosova. Ipak, Pored toga, osnovni utisak o suđenjima za ratne zločine pred dosadašnji mehanizmi tranzicione pravde u Srbiji uglavnom sudovima u Srbiji jeste da presude nisu donele pravdu za su sprovođeni pod međunarodnim pritiskom, a javnom žrtve, niti se javnost u Srbiji dovoljno upoznala sa zločinima mnjenju su predstavljani kao „uslovi koje moramo da koje su počinili pripadnici vojnih i policijskih snaga Srbije ispunimo u procesu EU integracija“, a ne kao stvarna potreba od 1991. do 2001. godine. Istraživanja javnog mnjenja8 samo za suočavanjem sa ratnom prošlošću. Nerazumevanje same potvrđuju opšteprihvaćeni diskurs, te tako većina građana tranzicione pravde i neiskren odnos vlasti prema tom i građanki Srbije (82%) nije upoznata ili veoma malo zna o pitanju doveo je do ustanovljavanja opšte kulture poricanja radu Tužilaštva za ratne zločine. ratnih zločina i uloge Srbije u ratovima u bivšoj Jugoslaviji. Ovi procesi su doveli do pojave da mlade generacije, Mehanizmi tranzicione pravde koji se pokreću radi uglavnom rođene neposredno pre ili tokom ratnih sukoba suočavanja sa teškim kršenjima ljudskih prava počinjenim u na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije, imaju visok stepen predrasuda prošlosti su: mehanizmi za utvrđivanje odgovornosti (poput i netolerancije prema drugom i drugačijem, dok im se odnos suđenja pred nacionalnim i međunarodnim sudovima), prema nedavnoj prošlosti utemeljuje na osnovu prilagođenih 9 mehanizmi za utvrđivanje istine (poput komisija za istinu, narativa u istorijskim udžbenicima i propagandnim radom nacionalno orijentisanih medija. Stoga činjenica da na otvaranja arhiva, itd), mehanizmi za nadoknadu i priznanje prostoru bivše Jugoslavije postoje mladi ljudi koji su spremni patnje žrtava (reparacije)
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