INTERNATIONAL CUISINE CHINA Geographic Location Historical Background Staple Food & Specialties With Recipes Tourist Destination Sports Festivals Regional Attire Currency Equipments & Raw Ingredients Glossary Terms Audio Visual Clips GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION Located in Southeast Asia along the coastline of the Pacific Ocean, China is the world's third largest country, after Russia and Canada. With an area of 9.6 million square kilometers and a coastline of 18,000 kilometers, its shape on the map is like a rooster. China is bordered by 14 countries -- Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakstan, Mongolia, and Russia. Marine-side neighbors include eight countries -- North Korea, Korea, Japan, Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Regional Divisions Although the physical features are as described, people tend to divide China into four regions, that is, the North, South, Northwest and the Qinghai-Tibetan areas. Because of geographical differences, residents of each region have distinctive life styles and customs. The North and South regions are located in the Eastern monsoon area and are divided by the Qin Mountains-Huai River. Nearly 95 percent of the Chinese population lives here. The other two regions, the Northwest and Qinghai-Tibetan regions that occupy 55 percent of the land, have fewer people, although most of the ethnic groups cluster there. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: China, one of the countries that can boast of an ancient civilization, has a long and mysterious history - almost 5,000 years of it! Ancient China Xia Dynasty (c. 2100 – c. 1600 BC) Shang Dynasty (c. 1700–1046 BC) Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BC) Spring and Autumn Period (722–476 BC) Warring States Period (476–221 BC) Imperial China Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC) Han Dynasty (202 BC–AD 220) Wei and Jin Period (AD 265–420) Wu Hu Period (AD 304–439) Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420–589) Sui Dynasty (AD 589–618) Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907–960) Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia Dynasties (AD 960–1234) Yuan Dynasty (AD 1271–1368) Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644) Qing Dynasty (AD 1644–1911) Modern China Republic of China (1912–1949) People's Republic of China (1949–present) Li Keqiang (Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China) The Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, sometimes also referred to as the "Prime Minister" informally, is the Leader of the State Council of the People's Republic of China (the "Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China" after 1954), who is the head of government and holds the highest-ranking (Level 1) of the Civil service of the People's Republic of China. The official language of the PRC is Mandarin, a tonal language in the Sino-tibetan family. CHINESE FOOD: Staple foods Rice Rice is a major staple food for people from rice farming areas in southern China. Steamed rice, usually white rice, is the most commonly eaten. Rice is also used to produce beers, wines and vinegars. Rice is one of the most popular foods in China and is used in many dishes. Glutinous rice ("sticky rice") is a variety of rice used in many specialty Chinese dishes. Noodles Main article: Chinese noodles Chinese noodles come dry or fresh in a variety of sizes, shapes and textures and are often served in soups or fried as toppings. Some varieties, such as Shou Mian, literally noodles of longevity), are symbolic of long life and good health according to Chinese tradition. Noodles can be served hot or cold with different toppings, with broth, and occasionally dry (as is the case with mi-fun). Noodles are commonly made with rice flour or wheat flour, but other flours such as soybean are also used. Soybeans Tofu is made of soybeans and is another popular product that supplies protein. Other products such as soy milk, soy paste, soy oil, and fermented soy sauce are also important in Chinese cooking. Wheat In wheat farming areas in Northern China, people largely rely on flour-based food, such as noodles, breads, dumplings and steamed buns. Vegetables Cooked Chinese cabbage Some common vegetables used in Chinese cuisine include Chinese leaves, bok choy (Chinese cabbage), Chinese spinach (dao-mieu), on choy, yu choy, bitter melon, and Chinese broccoli orgailan (guy-lahn). Other vegetables include bean sprouts, pea vine tips, watercress, celery, carrots, fresh mustard greens, and (Western) broccoli. A variety of dried or pickled vegetables are also eaten, especially in drier or colder regions where fresh vegetables traditionally were hard to get out of season. Herbs and seasonings Spices and seasonings such as fresh ginger root, garlic, scallion, white pepper, and sesame oil are widely used in many regional cuisines. Sichuan peppercorns, star anise, cinnamon, fennel, cilantro, parsley, and cloves are also used. To add extra flavors to dishes, many Chinese cuisines also contain dried Chinese mushrooms, dried baby shrimps, dried tangerine peel,and dried Sichuan chillies as well. When it comes to sauces, China is home to soy sauce, which is made from fermented soy beans and wheat. Oyster sauce, clear rice vinegar, chili, Chinkiang black rice vinegar, fish sauce and fermented tofu (furu) are also widely used. A number of sauces are based on fermented soybeans, including Hoisin sauce, ground bean sauce and yellow bean sauce. CUISINES: China can be divided into many geographical areas, and each area has a distinct style of cooking. The ingredients used in the food are based on the natural agricultural products of the region. In Northern China, for example, wheat is eaten more than rice as a staple food. Food using wheat as its main ingredient, such as noodles and dumplings is prevalent there. China's Southern cuisine uses far more rice, with such staples as rice noodles and zongzi - sticky rice wrapped in leaves. Southern food, is typically more spicy, and many minorities eat chilies every day. Eight Distinguished Regional Cuisines 1. Chuan (Szechuan) 2. Yue (Guangdong, Cantonese) 3. Xiang Cuisine 4. Lu Cuisine 5. Hui Cuisine 6. Zhe Cuisine 7. Su Cuisine 8. Min Cuisine Cuisine Method Description Typical Menu Yue (Guangdong, Braise, stew and sauté. Guangdong dishes are characterized by their tender and Chicken stewed with snake Cantonese) slightly sweet taste. Sauces are a crucial seasoning in Guangdong cuisine. Classic Cantonese sauces are light and mellow. The most widely used sauces in Guangdong Cuisine include: hoisin sauce, oyster sauce, plum sauce and sweet and sour sauce. Other ingredients popular in Guangdong Cuisine include spring onions, sugar, salt, soya bean products, rice wine, corn starch, vinegar and sesame oil. Garlic is used heavily in some dishes, especially those in which internal organs, such as entrails, may emit unpleasant odors Roasted Goose Shrimp Stuffed Fish Maw (Bai Hua Yu Du) Sliced cold Chicken(Bai Zhan Ji) Chuan (Szechuan) Fast-frying is the most widely The dishes of Sichuan Cuisine are famous for their hot and spicy Hot pot (Huo Guo) used cooking method flavor. An outstanding facet of Sichuan dishes is the delicate use of pepper or chili. The ingredients used are great in variety, including poultry, pork, beef, fish, vegetables and tofu. The methods of cooking vary according to the texture required. Kung pao chicken Sliced boiled pork with garlic sauce (Suan Ni Bai Rou) Twice-cooked pork Hui (Huizhou) Hui Cuisine is particular about Hui Cuisine uses only local produce, so the freshness of the Ham simmered with soft-shelled turtles controlling cooking time dishes is unparalleled. Most ingredients in Hui Cuisine, (Huo Tui Dun Jia Yu) and temperature. High, such as pangolin, stone frog, mushroom, bayberry, tea medium or slow heat is leaves, bamboo shoots and dates all come from applied according to the mountain areas. quality and characteristics of the different materials and Hui Cuisine places a great deal of emphasis on natural foods, the flavor requirements which makes it a healthy cuisine. It follows traditional of finished dishes. Hui ways and uses foods that are also used for medicinal Cuisine requires skill in purposes. The use of wild herbs is one of Hui Cuisine's Huangshan stew pigeon(Huang Shan Dun sautéing and stewing to notable features.. Ge) achieve a delicate lightness in taste. Some typical dishes stewed in brown sauce may appear a little heavy on oil compared to some other styles. Salted fresh mandarin fish(Yan Xian Gui Yu) Stewed masked civet(Hong Shao Guo Zi Li) Lu (Shandong) There are over thirty cooking Lu Cuisine is more inclined to keep the freshness of ingredients Creamy sea cucumber(xie Huang Hai Sheng) techniques applied in Lu than other cuisines and fond of salt flavor, featured with Cuisine, among which tender, savory and crisp. It is particular about making soup. Bao technique (quick-fry) and Pa technique are Seafood is the most notable ingredient of Lu Cuisine as frequently and well used Shandong is a costal province, including scallops, prawns, in Lu Cuisine. In Bao clams, sea cucumbers, and squid, which are all local ingredients (quick-fry), foods are of exemplary quality. Besides seafood, corn, peanuts, grains deep-fried in very hot oil such as small grains, millet, wheat, oat and barley, and staple （ over high heat and then vegetables of Shandong province including potatoes, tomatoes, Prawn Dish with Color Pattern Bai Hua Da the oil is poured out and cabbages, mushrooms, onions, garlic and eggplants. Xia） seasonings are added to the food, which is left in the wok. Pa technique, derived from Shandong Province, is first to cut the well-cooked ingredient into a particular shape, then stick some powder and Roast suckling pig（Kao Ru Zhu） fry it into golden, finally add some kind of sauce to sauté it while stirring continuously.