Sede Apostólica Vacante E Impedida

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Sede Apostólica Vacante E Impedida SEDE APOSTÓLICA DGDC VII en el derecho canónico, que suele reconocerse de las instituciones de la Iglesia católica, Pamplona a favor de entes de distinta índole y caracte- 2003, 15-22; F.SALERNO, Sede apostolica o Santa rísticas. sede e curia romana, en P. A.BONNET y C.GULLO (eds.), La curia romana nella cost. ap. «Pastor Bo- Teniendo en cuenta las observaciones termi- nus», Città del Vaticano 1990, 45-82. nológicas y el significado legal, podemos ano- tar finalmente que el concepto de Sede apostó- AntonioVIANA lica no expresa lo mismo que el de «autoridad (o potestad) suprema de la Iglesia», también usado por documentos magisteriales y lega- SEDE APOSTÓLICA les. En efecto, la autoridad suprema de la Igle- VACANTE E IMPEDIDA sia incluye al Romano pontífice y al Colegio Vid. también:COLEGIO CARDENALICIO;CÓNCLAVE; episcopal, pues el Colegio, «junto con su Ca- ELECCIÓN DELROMANOPONTÍFICE;SEDEAPOSTÓ- beza, el Romano pontífice, y nunca sin esa Ca- LICA;SEDE IMPEDIDA;SEDE VACANTE beza, es también sujeto de la suprema y plena SUMARIO: 1. Situación de sede vacante o impe- potestad sobre la Iglesia universal» (LG 22; c. dida. 2. Legislación aplicable. 3. Gobierno de la 336 del CIC de 1983; c. 49 del CCEO de 1990). Iglesia durante la sede vacante. a) Potestad del co- Con independencia de cómo deban explicarse legio de cardenales y de la curia romana. b) Las las relaciones entre el Papa y el Colegio epis- congregaciones de cardenales. c) Funciones del copal y la concreta titularidad de la autoridad camarlengo. suprema de la Iglesia (cuestión que ha tenido diversas explicaciones que no se pueden deta- 1. Situación de sede vacante o impedida llar aquí), lo cierto es que el concepto de Sede Una de las condiciones de validez que el apostólica no incluye de suyo al Colegio epis- ordenamiento canónico establece para la pro- copal, y por eso no puede ser identificado con visión de un oficio eclesiástico es que el el de autoridad suprema de la Iglesia. De to- mismo esté vacante según derecho (cf c. 153 § das formas, a veces la legislación canónica los 1 CIC). A su vez, la vacante puede producirse, usa indistintamente. Así, por ejemplo, en ma- además de por la muerte del titular, por trans- teria de circunscripciones eclesiásticas, el c. curso del tiempo previsto, por cumplimiento 433 § 1 del CIC de 1983 se refiere a la Santa de la edad establecida por el derecho o por sede como sujeto competente para erigir una renuncia, traslado, remoción o privación (cf c. región eclesiástica; pero el c. 431 § 3 prefiere 184 § 1 CIC). Salvo que haya un coadjutor o aludir a la autoridad suprema de la Iglesia en que la vacante se produzca por finalización de un contexto muy parecido a propósito de la un plazo, en cuyo caso puede aplicarse el c. erección de provincias eclesiásticas. Con todo, 153 § 2 –que prevé la posibilidad de proveer ambas expresiones –Sede apostólica y autori- un oficio todavía no vacante en los últimos dad suprema de la Iglesia– deben distinguirse seis meses–, desde la vacante hasta la nueva en la interpretación del derecho, porque no provisión del oficio suele pasar un tiempo significan lo mismo. más o menos largo, durante el cual el oficio –en su caso, la sede– está vacante. Bibliografía Entre las fuentes que pueden consultarse ade- Respecto al obispo diocesano, el Código de más del CIC y del CCEO, se encuentran PB y el 1983 establece que cuando «por cautiverio, re- texto de la constitución apostólica Universi Domi- legación, destierro o incapacidad, el obispo nici Gregis, de 22.II.1996 sobre la elección del Ro- diocesano se encuentra totalmente imposibili- mano pontífice. En cuanto a los autores, puede tado para ejercer su función pastoral» (c. 412 verse J. I.ARRIETA, La nueva Ley fundamental del CIC) se da la situación de sede impedida: el ofi- Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano y las sucesivas cio tiene titular, pero éste se ve imposibilitado reformas del gobierno del Estado, Ius canonicum para ejercitar sus funciones. 41 (2001) 707-728; P. A. D'AVACK, Vaticano e En ambos casos, como es lógico, el gobierno Santa sede (ed. C.CARDIA), Bologna 1994, 241- de la sede sufre alteraciones, que configurarán 347, especialmente; E.GÜTHOFF y K. H.SELGE (eds.), Der Staat der Vatikanstadt, der heilige Stuhl regímenes diversos según los casos. Pero so- und die römische Kurie in den Schriften von Win- bre el régimen jurídico de la sede vacante y de fried Schulz (escritos reunidos), Frankfurt am M. la sede impedida, en general se ha hablado ya 1999; G.LOCASTRO, sub c. 113, en ComEx, I, en otras voces de este diccionario. Ahora inte- Pamplona 32002, 772-776; J.ORLANDIS, Historia resa examinar esas situaciones especialesy 212 DGDC VII SEDE APOSTÓLICA VACANTE E IMPEDIDA transitorias de la sede en relación con un oficio ficación anterior, de 1917, no mencionaba tales peculiar y particularmente importante en el leyes, aunque de hecho existían. En realidad, ordenamiento canónico y con una sede consti- casi todos los Papas del siglo XX han aportado tucionalmente única: el oficio del Romano modificaciones a las normas que rigen la sede Pontífice y la sede romana. romana vacante y la elección del Romano Al cargo del Romano Pontífice sólo se aplica Pontífice (vid.S.PÍO X, Const. ap. Vacante Sede uno de los modos de pérdida del oficio indica- Apostolica de 25.XII.1904, en Pii X Pontificis dos por el c. 184 § 1: la renuncia (cf c. 332 § 2 Maximi Acta III [1908] 239-288;PÍO XI, M.P. CIC y c. 44 § 2 CCEO). La otra causa que Cum proxime de 1.III.1922, en AAS 14 [1922] puede provocar la situación de sede vacante 145-146; y también dePÍO XI, la Const. ap. es la muerte del Papa. La renuncia provoca la Quae divinitus de 25.III.1935, en AAS 27 [1935] problemática de la determinación jurídica de 97-113;PÍO XII, Const. ap. Vacantis Apostolicae la situación de la sede, ya que aunque se prevé Sedis de 8.XII.1945, en AAS 38 [1946] 65-99; que el titular del oficio debe renunciar a él li- JUAN XXIII, M.P. Summi Pontificis electio de bremente y manifestar formalmente su renun- 5.IX.1962, en AAS 54 [1962] 632-640;PABLO VI, cia, ninguna autoridad debe aceptarla (como M.P. Ingravescentem aetatem de 21.XI.1970, en sucede en otros oficios eclesiásticos que se AAS 62 [1970] 810-813;IDEM, Const. ap. Ro- proveen por elección, como el de administra- mano Pontifici eligendo de 1.X.1975, en AAS 67 dor diocesano del c. 430). La historia ha cono- [1975] 609-645;JUANPABLO II, Const. ap. Uni- cido algunos casos de renuncia a la sede ro- versi Dominici gregis de 22.II.1996, en AAS 88 mana o de situaciones parecidas a la renuncia, [1996] 305-343). En realidad, durante todo el la más famosa la de san Celestino V el segundo milenio cristiano, las modificaciones 13.XII.1294 (vid. los resúmenes históricos de P. de la normativa sobre la sede vacante y la GRANFIELD, Papal Resignation, The Jurist 38 elección del Romano Pontífice han sido cons- (1978) 118-123 yGRAULICH 76-78). tantes (describe resumidamente la historia de La determinación de la situación de sede la legislación sobre la sede romana vacante N. impedida en relación con Roma es todavía DELRÉ, La curia romana. Lineamenti storico-giu- más problemática: por un lado, el oficio pri- ridici, Città del Vaticano 41998, 461-475). En la macial no es sólo el oficio episcopal de actualidad, la ley que rige el gobierno de la Roma, sino que abraza todas las Iglesias; por Sede Apostólica vacante es la Const. ap. de otra parte, debería existir alguna autoridad Juan Pablo II, Universi Dominici gregis, que en que pudiera determinar cuándo se produce 2007 ha sufrido una ligera modificación (cfBE- tal situación que, en algunos casos al menos, NEDICTO XVI, M.P. Constitutione apostolica de es causada precisamente por la imposibili- 11.VI.2007, en AAS 99 [2007] 776-777). El n. 77 dad de actuar de la persona que detenta el de la misma constitución apostólica prevé que oficio. Los canonistas clásicos se han preocu- todo lo establecido en ella con respecto a la pado de la sede romana impedida al comen- sede vacante se aplica también cuando la tar el capítulo sexto «De Papa» de la Distin- causa de tal situación es la renuncia del Ro- ción XL del Decreto de Graciano (cf mano Pontífice. FRIEDBERG I, 146). La polémica llega hasta el No hay, en cambio, ley especial para la si- siglo XXI (cf, por ejemplo, J.PROVOST, «De sede tuación de sede impedida. En ausencia de ley apostolica impedita» Due to Incapacity, enA. específica, quizá podrían aplicarse las normas MELLONI et al. (a cura di), Cristianesimo nella establecidas en general para las sedes episco- storia. Saggi in onore di Giuseppe Alberigo, Bo- pales impedidas (cc. 412-415 CIC) también a logna 1996, 101-130), y la dificultad para la de- la diócesis de Roma; pero, como hemos seña- terminación de las causas y situaciones que lado, hay que tener en cuenta las peculiarida- pueden provocar el impedimento de la sede des de esta sede (cf la norma que organiza el romana permanece. Vicariato de Roma y que recuerda algunas de 2. Legislación aplicable esas especificidades: M.P. Ecclesia in Urbe, La legislación universal sobre el oficio pri- 1.I.1998, en AAS 90 [1998] 177-193, art. 8). En macial (cc. 331-335 CIC y 43-48 CCEO) prevé principio, si se diese el supuesto de hecho, ha- expresamente la promulgación de leyes espe- bría que aplicar por analogía (cf c.
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