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Int Plant Nut Man - Prelims 9/1/02 10:01 AM Page i Integrated Plant Nutrient Management in Sub-Saharan Africa From Concept to Practice Int Plant Nut Man - Prelims 9/1/02 10:01 AM Page ii Int Plant Nut Man - Prelims 9/1/02 10:01 AM Page iii Integrated Plant Nutrient Management in Sub-Saharan Africa From Concept to Practice Edited by B. Vanlauwe International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria J. Diels International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria N. Sanginga International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria and R. Merckx Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium CABI Publishing in association with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Int Plant Nut Man - Prelims 9/1/02 10:01 AM Page iv CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Integrated plant nutrient management in sub-Saharan Africa : from concept to practice / edited by B. Vanlauwe … [et al.] p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-85199-576-4 (alk. paper) 1. Soil fertility--African, Sub-Saharan. 2. Fertilizer--Africa, Sub-Saharan. 3. Crops--Africa, Sub-Saharan--Nutrition. 4. Plant nutrients--Africa, Sub-Saharan. I. Vanlauwe, B. (Bernard) S599.5.A1 I55 2001 631.4Ј2Ј0967--dc21 2001037789 ISBN 0 85199 576 4 Typeset in Melior by Columns Design Ltd, Reading. Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge. Int Plant Nut Man - Prelims 9/1/02 10:01 AM Page v Contents Contributors ix Preface xiii Part I: General introduction Introduction 1 1 Forty Years of Soil Fertility Work in Sub-Saharan Africa 7 R. Dudal 2 Soil Fertility Replenishment Takes Off in East and Southern Africa 23 P.A. Sanchez and B.A. Jama Part II: Variability in biophysical and socio-economic factors and its consequences for selection of representative areas for integrated plant nutrient management research 3 A Systems Approach to Target Balanced Nutrient Management in Soilscapes of Sub-Saharan Africa 47 J. Deckers 4 In for a Penny, in for a Pound: Strategic Site-selection as a Key Element for On-farm Research that Aims to Trigger Sustainable Agricultural Intensification in West Africa 63 M.E.A. Schreurs, A. Maatman and C. Dangbégnon 5 Agricultural Transformation and Fertilizer Use in the Cereal- based Systems of the Northern Guinea Savannah, Nigeria 75 V.M. Manyong, K.O. Makinde and A.G.O. Ogungbile v Int Plant Nut Man - Prelims 9/1/02 10:01 AM Page vi vi Contents 6 Partial Macronutrient Balances of Mucuna/Maize Rotations in the Forest Savannah Transitional Zone of Ghana 87 J. Anthofer and J. Kroschel Part III: Soil processes determining nutrient dynamics, in particular nitrogen and phosphorus 7 Process Research and Soil Fertility in Africa: Who Cares? 97 R. Merckx 8 Fertilizer Equivalency Values of Organic Materials of Differing Quality 113 H.K. Murwira, P. Mutuo, N. Nhamo, A.E. Marandu, R. Rabeson, M. Mwale and C.A. Palm 9 Plant N Uptake from Plant and Animal Organic Residues, Measured Using the Soil Pre-labelling 15N Isotope Dilution Approach 123 R. Hood 10 Contribution of Organic Residues to Soil Phosphorus Availability in the Highlands of Western Kenya 133 G. Nziguheba, R. Merckx and C.A. Palm 11 Resource Acquisition of Mixed Species Fallows – Competition or Complementarity? 143 G. Cadisch, S. Gathumbi, J.K. Ndufa and K.E. Giller Part IV: Interactions between organic and mineral nutrient sources 12 Targeting Management of Organic Resources and Mineral Fertilizers: Can we Match Scientists’ Fantasies with Farmers’ Realities? 155 K.E. Giller 13 Direct Interactions between N Fertilizer and Organic Matter: Evidence from Trials with 15N-labelled Fertilizer 173 B. Vanlauwe, J. Diels, K. Aihou, E.N.O. Iwuafor, O. Lyasse, N. Sanginga and R. Merckx 14 On-farm Evaluation of the Contribution of Sole and Mixed Applications of Organic Matter and Urea to Maize Grain Production in the Savannah 185 E.N.O. Iwuafor, K. Aihou, J.S. Jaryum, B. Vanlauwe, J. Diels, N. Sanginga, O. Lyasse, J. Deckers and R. Merckx 15 Yield Trends, Soil Nitrogen and Organic Matter Content During 20 Years of Continuous Maize Cultivation 199 J. Gigou and S.K. Bredoumy Int Plant Nut Man - Prelims 9/1/02 10:01 AM Page vii Contents vii Part V: Improved utilization of phosphate rock and capitalization of soil phosphorus 16 Meeting the Phosphorus Needs of the Soils and Crops of West Africa: the Role of Indigenous Phosphate Rocks 209 U. Mokwunye and A. Bationo 17 Options for Increasing P Availability from Low Reactive Phosphate Rock 225 O. Lyasse, B.K. Tossah, B. Vanlauwe, J. Diels, N. Sanginga and R. Merckx 18 Phosphorus Uptake from Sparingly Available Soil-P by Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Genotypes 239 G. Krasilnikoff, T.S. Gahoonia and N.E. Nielsen 19 Improving Phosphate Rock Solubility and Uptake and Yields of Lowland Rice Grown on an Acidic Soil Amended with Legume Green Manure 251 E.A. Somado, R.F. Kuehne, M. Becker, K.L. Sahrawat and P.L.G. Vlek Part VI: Decision support systems to improve resource use at farm level; on-farm testing of improved technologies 20 Decision Making on Integrated Nutrient Management through the Eyes of the Scientist, the Land-user and the Policy Maker 265 E.M.A. Smaling, J.J. Stoorvogel and A. de Jager 21 Legumes: When and Where an Option? (No Panacea for Poor Tropical West African Soils and Expensive Fertilizers) 285 H. Breman and H. van Reuler 22 Options for Soil Organic Carbon Maintenance under Intensive Cropping in the West African Savannah 299 J. Diels, K. Aihou, E.N.O. Iwuafor, R. Merckx, O. Lyasse, N. Sanginga, B. Vanlauwe and J. Deckers 23 On-farm Research and Operational Strategies in Soil Fertility Management 313 P.L. Woomer, E.J. Mukhwana and J.K. Lynam Part VII: Recommendations 24 Recommendations 333 Index 339 Int Plant Nut Man - Prelims 9/1/02 10:01 AM Page viii Int Plant Nut Man - Prelims 9/1/02 10:01 AM Page ix Contributors K. Aihou, Institut National des Recherches Agricoles de Bénin, BP 884, Cotonou, Benin Republic. J. Anthofer, Institute of Crop Science, University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany. A. Bationo, AfNet Coordinator, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Programme, c/o UNESCO, United Nations Complex, Gigiri, PO Box 30592, Nairobi, Kenya. M. Becker, University of Bonn, Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, Karlrobert Kreiten Str. 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. S.K. Bredoumy, Université d’Abobo-Adjamé, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. H. Breman, IFDC-Africa, PO Box 4483, Lomé, Togo. G. Cadisch, Department of Biology, Imperial College at Wye, University of London, Wye, Kent TN25 5AH, UK. C. Dangbégnon, IFDC-Africa, Input Accessibility Programme, BP 4483, Lomé, Togo. J. Deckers, Laboratory for Soil and Water Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Vital Decosterstraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. J. Diels, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, c/o L.W. Lambourn & Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, UK. R. Dudal, Institute for Land and Water Management, Vital Decosterstraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. T.S. Gahoonia, Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Science, The Royal Veterinary and ix Int Plant Nut Man - Prelims 9/1/02 10:01 AM Page x x Contributors Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark. S. Gathumbi, Kenyan Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Regional Research Centre, Maseno, PO Box 25199, Kisumu, Kenya. J. Gigou, CIRAD, BP 1813, Bamako, Mali. K.E. Giller, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, MP Box 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. R. Hood, Soil Science Unit, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria. E.N.O. Iwuafor, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1044, Zaria, Nigeria. A. de Jager, Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), PO Box 29703, 2502 LS, The Hague, The Netherlands. B.A. Jama, International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya. J.S. Jaryum, Sasakawa Global 2000 Nigeria, KNARDA Building, PMB 5190, Kano, Nigeria. G. Krasilnikoff, Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Science, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark. J. Kroschel, Institute of Crop Science, University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany. R.F. Kuehne, University of Göttingen, Institute of Agronomy in the Tropics (IAT), Grisebachstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany. O. Lyasse, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, c/o L.W. Lambourn & Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, UK. J.K. Lynam, The Rockefeller Foundation Nairobi Office, PO Box 47543, Nairobi, Kenya. A. Maatman, IFDC-Africa, Input Accessibility Programme, BP 4483, Lomé, Togo. K.O. Makinde, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, c/o L.W. Lambourn & Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, UK. V.M. Manyong, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, c/o L.W. Lambourn & Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, UK.