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Reading the Moral Code: Theories of Mind and Body In READING THE MORAL CODE: THEORIES OF MIND AND BODY IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY By Brian Todd McInnis Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in German August, 2006 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor John A. McCarthy Professor Carsten Zelle Professor Sara Eigen Professor Meike Werner Professor Angela Lin Professor William Franke Copyright © 2006 by Brian Todd McInnis All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research project was successfully completed with generous funding from the Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für die Erforschung der Europäischen Aufklärung, the Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Pietismusforschung, and the Franckeschen Stiftungen (all Halle, Germany); the Herzog August Bibliothek (Wolfenbüttel, Germany); and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). At Vanderbilt University in Nashville, the Graduate School, the College of Arts and Science, the Center for the Study of Religion and Culture, and the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities each provided significant financial contributions to support my research. My dissertation writing was additionally supported through a Merchant Scholarship from the University of Northern Iowa (Cedar Falls) and through the Missing Link (Berkeley, California). I want to especially thank my advisor Professor John A. McCarthy for his engagement of my work and support through all phases of my graduate school career. As I researched and wrote the dissertation, he provided invaluable suggestions to deepen my understanding of the eighteenth century and to improve my work. Professor Carsten Zelle generously guided my research and study in Bochum and helped me work my way into eighteenth-century anthropological theory. Likewise, Professor Sara Eigen and Professor Peter-André Alt have supported my research and encouraged me to think in new ways about interpreting the literature and the culture of the Enlightenment. At Vanderbilt, Professor Meike Werner has challenged and encouraged me from my first semester. Professors Helmut Smith, Angela Lin, and William Franke have each critically engaged my dissertation at various stages and posed difficult questions that needed asking. iii Without the support of librarians here in Nashville and abroad, this project could not have been completed as envisioned. Marilyn Pilley and Jim Toplon at the Vanderbilt Interlibrary Loan Office have continually obtained obscure sources necessary for my work. In Bochum, medical librarian Manfred Job similarly helped me acquire rare materials. At the library of the Franckeschen Stiftungen in Halle, Dr. Brigitte Klosterberg provided valuable guidance. Christian Hogrefe of the Herzog August Bibliothek skillfully responded to my inquiries in Wolfenbüttel. Many colleagues took part in the genesis of my research and helped me clarify my hypotheses. Beginning in Bochum, Christian Lück, Kentaro Kawashima, Holger Bösmann, Frank Stahlhoff, and Michael Niehaus provided a good forum for me to explore new ideas. In Halle, Tanja van Hoorn, Alexander Pyrges, Matthias Frenz, and Katharina Schaechl made a cold spring more friendly and helped me better understand the milieu of Halle intellectuals. In Nashville, Robert Jenkins and Claudia Schlee have critiqued my writing, as have Christian Seidl, Kai Hochleitner, Peter Krause, and Kristina Hinneburg. My Robert Penn Warren Center colleagues Hyeyurn Chung, Beccie Randhawa, Carmen Cañete-Quesada, and Steve S. Lee provided a great writer's group as the dissertation took shape. Helmut Smith, Mona Frederick, Lacie Galbraith, and Galyn Martin made my tenure at the RPW Center especially productive. Professor emerita in French Barbara Bowen encouraged my forays into the siècle des lumières and helped me translate key French texts. Thank you to all who have assisted in my academic career. Writing a dissertation is a daunting task. To the McInnis and Carlat families who have supported my education unconditionally over the past years, I thank you for your patience, understanding, and humor. This dissertation is dedicated to you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii Chapter INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 PART 1: ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN THE EARLY ENLIGHTENMENT I. ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 1.1 Differentiating Terminology: Contemporary Versus Historical Usage...........16 1.2 The Early Modern Period and the Study of Human Nature.............................18 1.3 The European Context of Anthropology: Lexica and Encyclopedias .............20 1.4 Institutional Frameworks and Interdisciplinarity.............................................32 1.5 Anthropologies: Key Monographs of the Late Enlightenment Anthropological Turn.................................................................................36 II. ANTHROPOLOGY IN LEXICA 2.1 Walch's Philosophisches Lexicon: Taking a Second Look .............................58 2.2 Re-reading "Anthropologie," (Re-)Discovering a System of Knowledge.......59 2.3 Active Reading: Acknowledging References ..................................................64 2.4 Associative Reading: Implied Connections to Body .......................................71 2.5 Creative Reading: Comparing Lexicon Editions .............................................77 PART 2: PUSHING BACK THE DATE: ANTHROPOLOGICAL DISCOURSE AS LITERARY MODEL – THE EUROPEAN AND GERMAN "EMPFINDSAMER ROMAN" III. FEELING MORALITY: EARLY CONFLUENCE OF BODY/SOUL DISCOURSE AND SENSIBILITY ................................................................80 3.1 The Anthropological Turn of the 18th Century: Pushing Back the Date ........83 3.2 The Richardsonian Model of the Sentimental Novel in Germany...................95 3.3 George Cheyne: Richardson's Empathetic Hypochondriac .............................99 3.4 The Body as an Emotional Trigger in Pamela...............................................105 3.5 Pamela and German Physical Sensibility......................................................113 3.6 Sensibility and Body/Soul Discourse in Loën's Contemporaneous Novel ....118 v IV. PHYSICAL SENSIBILITY AND THE PERFORMANCE OF HUMAN NATURE .......................................................................................................122 4.1 Gellert, Hypochondria, and Moral Cures.......................................................124 4.2 Body/Soul Discourse and Reader Sympathy in the Leben der schwedischen Gräfin von G***....................................................134 4.3 Richardsonian Sensibility and Melancholy in Miß Fanny Wilkes (1766) ....146 4.4 Origins of Wieland’s Anthropological Thought............................................157 4.5 Agathon’s Homeopathic Cure and the Anthropological Novel.....................161 PART 3: ANALYZING ANTHROPOLOGY AVANT LA LETTRE V. SHIFTING THE FOCUS: PROBING HUMAN NATURE IN HALLE ............174 5.1 Halle's Enlightenment Origins.......................................................................175 5.2 Holism or Monadology: Stahl and Leibniz....................................................180 5.3 Determinism versus Freedom: Wolff and Lange...........................................189 5.4 The Halle Milieu in the 1740's.......................................................................197 5.5 Emotions from Volition and Sensation: Meier and Unzer.............................201 VI. THE MORAL WEEKLY: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL MEDIUM...................214 6.1 Context and Composition of Der Gesellige and Der Mensch .......................215 6.2 The Anthropological Program .......................................................................227 6.3 Body/Soul Discourse as a Counterargument to Materialism.........................233 6.4 Reading Bodily Signs as Moral Markers ......................................................243 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................256 WORKS CITED ..............................................................................................................269 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2-1 Characteristics of Temperament as outlined in the article ..............................74 "Temperament des Leibes" in Johann Georg Walch's Philosophisches Lexicon (1740) 6-1 The coordination of Meier's aesthetics of the emotions in theory .................253 and in narrative vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2-1 Cross-references on anthropology in Walch's ................................................63 Philosophisches Lexicon (1740) 2-2 Implied references to body in Walch's ............................................................71 Philosophisches Lexicon (1740) 2-3 Cross-references (solid arrows) and implied references (dotted arrows) ........76 encourage reading Anthropologie in the Philosophisches Lexicon as a semantic network. 5-1 Meier's theory of temperament adapted from the Theoretische Lehre ..........206 von den Gemütsbewegungen (1744, §119) viii INTRODUCTION The eighteenth-century moral weekly adapted the Enlightenment dictum
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