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Conflict in Civil Societies and Its Impact on Governance: a Case Study of Women Status in Pakistan

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Conflict in Civil Societies and Its Impact on Governance: a Case Study of Women Status in Pakistan Conflict in Civil Societies and its Impact on Governance: A Case Study of Women Status in Pakistan Robina Student I.D: 10162 D PhD, Political Science Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan 2020 i Conflict in Civil Societies and its Impact on Governance: A Case Study of Women Status in Pakistan Robina Student I.D: 10162 D PhD, Political Science Department of Political Science and International Relations July 11, 2020 Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Zubair Khan Assistant Professor Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan ii iii Dedication I would like to dedicate my Doctoral Dissertation to my Late Parents. iv Acknowledgments Firstly, I present my heartily thanks to the Almighty Allah for bringing me to this far in my career and scholarly pursuits. Allah, The Great, is the one who makes everything possible. The writing of a PhD dissertation was one of the most important academic challenges I have ever had to face. This thesis would not have been completed without the help of some people. It is to them that I owe my deepest gratitude. Foremost, I would like to thank my Supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Zubair, who provided me the opportunity to bring this research dissertation to fruition. He is a person with a positive and amicable disposition. He always made himself available in order to clear my confusions, Thank you Sir for imparting his knowledge and expertise. Secondly, I am very grateful to my great mentor, Prof. Dr. Allah Nawaz, I will remain forever thankful to him. I am so profoundly indebted for his knowledge, advice, and insightful discussions and suggestions. I am deeply thankful for his motivation, patience, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. He is lively and no one forgets him once meet him. Thirdly, I am indebted to Mr. Altaf Ahmad Shah and Mr. Zafar Abbas who have helped me in data collection. I am thankful to both of them for their help provided to me. I am also thankful to all the interviewee and respondents for their cooperative and honest response to all the questions related to this study. I am deeply grateful to my brothers who are supporting me throughout my life. Finally, I owe so much thanks to my late mother who’s said demise during my PhD makes me tearful. May Allah bless her with high ranks in Heaven; Ameen. Above all, I owe it all to Almighty Allah for granting me the health, strength, and wisdom, to undertake this dissertation task and empowered me for its completion. Robina v Abstract The conflict between modern civil society (MCS) and traditional civil society (TCS) can be observed, even, before the partition of the subcontinent. The emergence of Pakistan inherited the past legacy of conflicting camps of the society, which sustained with vigorous force during political and military rule. In political and military era the status of women was badly ignored due to the tug of war between two camps. Honour killing, wani1, and dowery, are the honourable characteristics of the TCS while the MCS consider it as a stigma on the forehead of democratic Pakistan. The constituent assemblies, civil bureaucracy, and military establishment were always biased regarding the due participation of women in these sectors of the government. The MCS could not work properly for the empowerment of women on different occasions. The non-participatory role of women in decision making also affect their prestige and pedestal in man-dominated society. The traditional Punchayat and Jirga are the signs of past illiterate traditional society which has provided a parallel judicial system in areas of Pakistan, even today. It will be worth mentioning that nowadays 33% of women have the right to become the elected members of the political system of Pakistan. Data was collected from Archival study i.e. facts finding from news monitoring in order to develop theory. Besides this, an in-depth interview of the cross-section was conducted to probe the matter. Various themes were extracted from news monitoring by applying the Grounded Theory Method. Similarly, important themes were also extracted from the interviews, for instance, the lack of female education in areas where TCS prevails. Besides, the writ of the government is also in question in these areas. The theory was tested with the help of field survey. The empirical results show that there is no association between MCS and GWI, while there is a correlation between TCS and GWI. Similarly, regression analysis is also evident that 69% of the variation in GWI is due to WS, MCS, and TCS collectively. 1 Wani or Vani is a term, whereby a young girl is married as punishment for some crime committed by her male relatives. vi Acronyms ADR Alternate Dispute Resolution AF Aurat Foundation APWA All Pakistan Women Association ARP Awareness Raising Program CBOs Community Based Organizations CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CII Council of Islamic Ideology CJP Chief Justice of Pakistan CNIC Computerized National Identity Card CrPC Criminal Procedure Code CSO Civil Society Organization CSW Commission on Status of Women DV Domestic violence ECP Election Commission of Pakistan ERWCP Effective Representation of Women Counselors Project FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas GoP Government of Pakistan GRAPs Gender Reform Action Plans GWI Governance of Women Issues HRCP Human Rights Commission of Pakistan IDSP Institute for Development Studies and Practices INGOs International Non-Governmental Organizations IPR International Property Right Index IPV Intimate Partner Violence ISST Institute of Social Studies Trust LB Local Body MCS Modern Civil Society NCSW National Commission on the Status of Women NGOs Non-governmental Organizations NPA National Action Plan vii NWFP North West Frontier Province PCSW Punjab Commission on the Status of Women PILER Pakistan Institute of Labor Education and Research PLWDs People Living With Disabilities PODA Potohar Organization for Development Advocacy PPC Pakistan Penal Code RHV Raising Her Voice SAAG Sustainable Agriculture Action Group SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SF Sarsabz Foundation SHC Sindh High Court SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPO Strengthening Participatory Organization TCS Traditional Civil Society TTP Tehreek-i -Taliban Pakistan UNDP United Nations Development Program UNICEF United Nations International Children Emergency Fund VAW: Violence against Women VAWG Violence Against Women and Girls WAF Women’s Action Forum WAR War Against Rape WLGs Women Leaders Groups WS Women Status WTO World Trade Organization viii Table of Contents CERTIFICATE BY SUPERVISOR ............................. 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Dedication ...................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... v Abstract .......................................................................................................................... vi Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................... 8 1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 9 1.4 Objectives of the study.......................................................................................... 9 1.5 Significance of the study ....................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 10 2.1 Civil Society and Development of Women Status in Pakistan ............................... 10 2.1.1 The status of women in the Aryan Culture ...................................................... 10 2.1.2 The status of women in the Subcontinent ........................................................ 13 2.1.3 Background of civil society institutions in Pakistan: ....................................... 19 a. Pre-Colonial Period ........................................................................................... 19 b. Colonial Period ................................................................................................. 20 c. After independence ........................................................................................... 21 2.1.4 Traditional Civil Society Institutions ............................................................... 22 a. Jirga ................................................................................................................... 23 b. Panchayat .......................................................................................................... 26 2.1.5 Traditional Civil society in the 21st Century: .................................................. 29 2.1.6 European Concept of Modernity ...................................................................... 31 2.1.7 Globalization of Modernity.............................................................................. 33 a. Modern Civil Society .......................................................................................
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