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An Archaeological Examination of Slave Life in the Danish Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 An Archaeological Examination of Slave Life in the Danish West Indies: Analysis of the Material Culture of a Caribbean Slave Village Illustrating Economic Provisioning and Acquisition Preferences Robert Steven Kidd Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF SLAVE LIFE IN THE DANISH WEST INDIES: ANALYSIS OF THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF A CARIBBEAN SLAVE VILLAGE ILLUSTRATING ECONOMIC PROVISIONING AND ACQUISITION PREFERENCES. By ROBERT STEVEN KIDD A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science DEGREE AWARDED: Fall Semester, 2006 The Members of the Committee approve the Thesis of R. Steven Kidd defended on July 7, 2006. _____________________________ Glen H. Doran Professor Directing Thesis ______________________________ Elizabeth Peters Committee Member ______________________________ Bruce Grindal Committee Member Approved: ________________________________________ Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology The office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to first of all thank Dr. Amy L. Young from the University of Southern Mississippi for providing many opportunities in the field of Historical Archeology. Her direction during my undergraduate studies instilled a fondness for the “modern junk” so many archeologists often ignored. I would also like to thank Dr. Larry McKee for allowing me the opportunity of working with him on such a fantastic site as the Hermitage. I would like to thank Dr. David G. Anderson for allowing me to work on the Water Island project and funding me through the analysis and write-up of the report and beyond. His patience and tutelage allowed me to enjoy a fruitful career at the Southeast Archeological Center. I would also like to thank my major professor Dr. Glen Doran for his guidance and knowledge during my graduate career here at Florida State. Dr. Doran along with the other faculty on my committee provided insightful and useful suggestions that made this document so much better. I would also like to thank John Cornelison of the Southeast Archeological Center for providing council during the very stressful period during which this document was produced. Thanks are also in order for Mr. Glass who helped me through some of the more trying times during the course of writing this thesis. Finally a special thanks to my parents Robert and Martha Kidd for their ongoing support that one day this thesis would be finished. To them and everyone else responsible for helping me reach this goal thank you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................................V LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................................... VI ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. VII INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING................................................................................................................. 4 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 8 PREHISTORY............................................................................................................................................ 13 HISTORY ................................................................................................................................................... 17 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE AND EXCAVATIONS............................................................................ 31 PROVISION FARMING AND THE MARKET SYSTEM OF THE DANISH WEST INDIES ........ 42 SPECIALIZED ANALYSES..................................................................................................................... 46 PIPE FRAGMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 46 CLOTHING................................................................................................................................................. 50 DIET.......................................................................................................................................................... 54 STONE ARTIFACTS .............................................................................................................................. 60 LITHIC SPECIMENS.............................................................................................................................. 61 Formal Tools History............................................................................................................62 EARTHENWARES................................................................................................................................. 69 HISTORIC AFRICAN PRODUCED CERAMICS ............................................................................................... 69 Comparison of Low-Fired Earthenwares from Water Island................................................ 73 HISTORIC CERAMICS .......................................................................................................................... 77 EUROPEAN CERAMICS ....................................................................................................................... 79 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................... 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................... 94 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH................................................................................................................... 102 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Enlarged Portion of 1983 USGS 7.5 Minute Quad Map of Water Island........................ 7 Figure 2. Map of Archeological Sites on Water Island from Anderson et al. 2002. ..................... 10 Figure 3. Carolina Point Plantation excavation areas.................................................................... 12 Figure 4. Slave Population 1769-1848 from census records (Matrikler Tables 1769-1848). ....... 22 Figure 5. Map of Water Island with enlarged view of Carolina Point Plantation adapted from Oxholm, Peter L. Plan of St. Thomas Havn og Bye 1778 (Rigsarkivet, Denmark). ........... 23 Figure 6. Slave Structure One with excavation units. ................................................................... 33 Figure 7. North wall of Slave Structure One................................................................................. 34 Figure 8. Slave Structure Two with excavation units.................................................................... 36 Figure 9. Western wall of Slave Structure Two looking south...................................................... 37 Figure 10. Slave Structure Three with excavation units................................................................ 39 Figure 11. Photo of Slave Structure Three. ................................................................................... 40 Figure 12. Bedrock Mortar with water applied to reveal pecking on surface. .............................. 41 Figure 13. Pipe Fragments by Weight in grams. ........................................................................... 47 Figure 14. Pipe Fragments per Units Excavated. .......................................................................... 47 Figure 15. Pipe Stems and Bowls recovered from Slave Village.................................................. 49 Figure 16. Buttons from Slave Structure One. .............................................................................. 52 Figure 17. Lead fishing weights from Slave Structure One. ......................................................... 55 Figure 18. Carolina Point Gunflints by Country of Origin............................................................ 65 Figure 19. Lithic tools by country of origin if determined............................................................ 66 Figure 20. Non-formal tools from Carolina Point Plantation........................................................ 67 Figure 21. Low fired earthenwares from Slave Structure Two. .................................................... 71 Figure 22. Mean vessel thickness (mm) of earthenwares recovered from six sites on Water Island. .............................................................................................................................................. 74 Figure 23. “Olla” type vessels from Slave Structure Two. ........................................................... 78 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Chronology and Cultural Series for Virgin Islands (adapted fron Morse 1995, 2004 and Rouse 1992).........................................................................................................................
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