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EQUAL STATUS, 1946–1948 When, in November 1946, the Canadian
CHAPTER FOUR EQUAL STATUS, 1946–1948 When, in November 1946, the Canadian prime minister, Mackenzie King, called for talks on the of\ ce of high commissioner, Britain launched a ‘diversionary attack’1 on what she perceived to be its incumbents’ ‘weakest ank’: she suggested that ‘all troubles will be over’ if they were given the title ‘excellency’.2 Apart from Ireland, who was already addressing high commissioners in this way, none of the dominions welcomed Britain’s move. Until recently, only their governors-general (together with the British high commissioner for Bechuanaland, Basu- toland, and Swaziland) had been so styled. The arrival of an Ameri- can ambassador in Ottawa at the end of 1943 had led to Canada’s speedy adoption of what had by then become the common practice of bestowing ‘excellency’ not only on ambassadors but also on lower- ranking ministers plenipotentiary (who headed legations).3 But she was reluctant to have any more excellencies in Ottawa. Also, like Australia, she thought Britain’s proposal did not address the fundamental problem of the status of high commissioners, and was unlikely to remove confu- sion about the nature of the of\ ce. New Zealand said it ‘would detract in the minds of the public in the Dominions from the signi cance’ of using this title for the governor-general.4 Nor did South Africa like the suggestion. The British high commissioner there ‘only rarely’ functioned in his gubernatorial capacity5 (and was therefore seldom called ‘excel- lency’); the Union had not followed the fashion of addressing heads 1 Lester Pearson (under-secretary, DEA)-Norman Robertson (Canadian HC, London), 28 November 1946, DCER 12, 1496. -
No. 52 CONSTITUTION of the UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL
No. 52 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION Signed at London, on 16 November 1945 Came into force on 4 November 1946 by acceptance. English and French official texts communicated by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. The registration took place on 12 June 1947. CONVENTION CREANT UNE ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L©EDUCATION, LA SCIENCE ET LA CULTURE Sign e Londres, le 16 novembre 1945 Entr e en vigueur le 4 novembre 1946 par acceptation. Textes officiels anglais et français communiqués par le ministre des Affaires étrangères des Pays-Bas. L'enregistrement a eu lieu le 12 juin 1947. 276 United Nations — Treaty Series 1947 No. 52. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS EDU CATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISA TION. SIGNED AT LONDON ON 16 NOVEMBER 1945 The Governments of the States parties to this Constitution on behalf of their peoples declare, that since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed; that ignorance of each other©s ways and lives has been a common cause, throughout the history of mankind, of that suspicion and mistrust between the peoples of the world through which their differences have all too often broken into war; that the great and terrible war which has now ended was a war made pos sible by the denial of the democratic principles of the dignity, equality and mutual respect of men, and by the propagation, in their place, through ignorance and prejudice, of the doctrine of the inequality -
International Law Documents : 1948-49
International Law Studies – Volume 46 International Law Documents U.S. Naval War College (Editor) The thoughts and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the U.S. government, the U.S. Department of the Navy or the Naval War College. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION Page 1. Charter of the Organization of American States, Bogota, 30 April 1948 .. .. .. ............. .. ..... .... ......... ..... 2. American Treaty of Pacific Settlement: "Pact of Bogota," Bogota, 30 April 1948. 26 3. Treaty of Economic, Social and Cultural Collaboration and Col- lective Self-Defense (United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Luxem- bourg, and the Netherlands), Brussels, 17 March 1948.... .. 46 4. North Atlantic Defense Treaty, Washington, 4 April1949...... .. 52 5. Revised General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, Lake Success, 28 April 1949... 56 6. Statute of the Council of Europe, London, 5 May 1949.. 57 II. TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS 1. International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Indictment No. 1, 29 April 1946 (excerpts). 71 2. International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Judgment, 4-12 November 1948 (excerpts). 76 3. Tabulation of the Tokyo Sentences of Individual Defendants. 107 III. RIGHTS CLAIMED BY LITTORAL STATES IN ADJACENT SEAS 1. The Corfu Channel Case (Merits), International Court of Justice, Judgment of 9 April 1949.. 108 2. United States Laws and Regulations.......................... 156 (a) Harbors Closed to Foreign Vessels..................... 156 (b) DefensiveSeaAreas ............................. .. .. 157 (c) Maritime Control Areas.............................. 169 (d) Customs Enforcement Areas........................ 176 (e) Laws concerning Pollution of Navigable Waters....... .. 180 3. Claims to the Continental Shelf. • 182 (a) United States of America: Presidential Proclamation, 28 September 1945. -
The Foreign Service Journal, October 1946
<7/,c AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE v o “'” ‘" JOURNAL OCTOBER, 194f> NEW HEADQUARTERS OF THE OFFICE OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE IN NEW YORK... “EL MOROCCO” is one spot sure to be visited by anyone eager to see the best in New York. Schenley Reserve Whiskey is one of the good things to be found there. for connoisseurs anywhere in the world ... OVERSEAS ...Wherever people of discriminating taste gather, Schenley is always in evidence. It is one of the fine, things that are always in demand wherever the discerning meet. • Always ask for Schenley Reserve, the bright, light American Whiskey with a rich, mellow flavor that is superbly different. Enjoy it with soda, ginger ale, or water — use it in cocktails and other mixed drinks. Its excellence is a tradition. Schenley International Corpora¬ tion, Empire State Building, New York 1, N. Y., U. S. A. In the Smart World, it’s The world9# SCHENLEY largest selling CONTENTS OCTOBER 1946 Cover Picture: New Headquarters of the Ofiice of the Foreign Service: — War Manpower Building, 1778 Penna. Ave., Wash., D. C. This is also the location of the Divisions of Foreign Service Per¬ sonnel, Administration and Planning. The Informal Diplomats i 7 By Dorothy E. Greene Language Training for the Foreign Service and the Department of State—Part II 11 By Henry Lee Smith, Jr. The Foreign Service Officer Speaks 14 By Robert M. McClintock, William C. Afield, Jr., Edward G. True blood and William P. Cochran, Jr. Office of the Military Government for Ger¬ many—Staff Meeting—Photo 17 Committees of Congress 18 By Maud Macdonald Hutcheson STEEL lor the cities Letters to the Editors 20 ol tomorrow Editors’ Column 22 As new buildings of every type replace WELL DONE the old, there will be new conveniences, Press Comment 23 new inventions, new kinds of architec¬ ture. -
THE ELEANOR ROOSEVELT PAPERS: VOLUME 1 1945–1948 Vii Erpfm 9/25/06 3:28 PM Page Viii
ERPfm 9/25/06 3:28 PM Page vii Contents Acknowledgments ..... XXV Foreword ..... XXXI Introduction ..... XXXV Editorial Principles and Practices ..... XLV Chronology ..... LI Abbreviations ..... LIX 1945: April–December Introduction: “We have to start again under our own momentum and wonder what we can achieve.” ..... 1 Leaving the White House 1. Eleanor Roosevelt to Lorena Hickok 19 April 1945 ..... 13 On Starting Over 2. My Day 19 April 1945 ..... 15 On FDR and the Founding of the United Nations 3. My Day 25 April 1945 ..... 18 On Germans and the Holocaust 4. My Day 28 April 1945 ..... 21 On the Dangers of Racial Superiority 5. My Day 30 April 1945 ..... 23 6. If You Ask Me May 1945 ..... 25 On Churchill, Stalin, and the German Surrender 7. Harry Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt 10 May 1945 ..... 27 8. Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry Truman 14 May 1945 ..... 28 On the Bretton Woods Accords 9. My Day 21 May 1945 ..... 33 On ER’s Political Future 10. Harold Ickes to Eleanor Roosevelt 21 May 1945 ..... 35 11. Eleanor Roosevelt to Harold Ickes 26 May 1945 ..... 36 On the Importance of Unions 12. My Day 26 May 1945 ..... 39 THE ELEANOR ROOSEVELT PAPERS: VOLUME 1 1945–1948 vii ERPfm 9/25/06 3:28 PM Page viii CONTENTS On Stettinius and the San Francisco Conference 13. My Day 31 May 1945 ..... 41 14. My Day 1 June 1945 ..... 42 Eleanor Roosevelt and Democratic Party Politics 15. Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry Truman 3 June 1945 ..... 46 16. Eleanor Roosevelt to Robert Hannegan 3 June 1945 ..... 47 17. -
UNITED NATIONS E Economic and Social Council Distr. GENERAL 10
UNITED E NATIONS Economic and Social Council Distr. GENERAL 10 December 1946 CND Res.9(I). Procedure for future appointments to the Permanent Central Opium Board On 3 October 1946,*/ the Economic and Social Council adopted a resolution requesting the Commission on Narcotic Drugs to advise the Council as to the procedure to be followed in making future appointments to the Permanent Central Opium Board created under the Convention of 19 February 1925. The Commission examined carefully this question at its meetings of 6 and 9 December 1946. In the light of past experience, and guided by the provisions of article 19 of the Geneva Convention of 19 February 1925, the Commission has formulated the following recommendations: (1) The Commission recommends that the Economic and Social Council, at its first session following the entry into force of the amendments to the Convention of 19 February 1925 as set forth in the annex to the protocol amending the agreements, conventions and protocols on narcotic drugs signed on 11 December 1946, request the Secretary-General to invite the parties to this Convention each to submit to him the names of two persons satisfying the conditions of article 19 of this Convention. This article as amended by the above-mentioned protocol reads as follows: "The Central Board shall consist of eight persons who, by their technical competence, impartiality and disinterestedness will command general confidence. "The members of the Central Board shall be appointed by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. "In making appointments, consideration shall be given to the importance of including on the Central Board, in equitable proportion, persons possessing a knowledge of the drug situation, both in the producing and manufacturing countries on the one hand, and in the consuming countries on the other hand, and connected with such countries. -
NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL (NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946 Page numbers in braces refer to IMT, judgment of 1 October 1946, in The Trial of German Major War Criminals. Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg, Germany , Part 22 (22nd August ,1946 to 1st October, 1946) 1 {iii} THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL IN SESSOIN AT NUREMBERG, GERMANY Before: THE RT. HON. SIR GEOFFREY LAWRENCE (member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) President THE HON. SIR WILLIAM NORMAN BIRKETT (alternate member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) MR. FRANCIS BIDDLE (member for the United States of America) JUDGE JOHN J. PARKER (alternate member for the United States of America) M. LE PROFESSEUR DONNEDIEU DE VABRES (member for the French Republic) M. LE CONSEILER FLACO (alternate member for the French Republic) MAJOR-GENERAL I. T. NIKITCHENKO (member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) LT.-COLONEL A. F. VOLCHKOV (alternate member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) {iv} THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Against: Hermann Wilhelm Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Robert Ley, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Walter Funk, Hjalmar Schacht, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Karl Dönitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Martin -
VI. 10. Constitution of Japan, 3 November 1946
International Law Studies – Volume 46 International Law Documents U.S. Naval War College (Editor) The thoughts and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the U.S. government, the U.S. Department of the Navy or the Naval War College. 257 Nations; and Italy promotes and favors international organiza tions directed to this end. ARTICLE 16. .. Every citizen is free to leave and re-enter the territory of the Republic, subject only to legal obligations. ARTICLE 26. The extradition of a citizen can be consented to only where it is expressly provided for by in tern a tional con ventions. It cannot be allowed in any case for political offenses. ARTICLE 35. The Republic ... promotes and favors inter national agreements and organizations intended to strengthen and regulate the rights of labor. It recognizes freedom of emigration, except where contrary to obligations estabilshed by law in the general interest, and pro tects Italian labor abroad. ARTICLE 75 . ... The referendum is not allowed for laws .. granting authoriaztion to ratify international treaties. ARTICLE 80. The Chambers [Chamber of Deputies and Sen ate] authorize by laws the ratification of international treaties which are of a political nature, or provide for arbitrations or judicial settlements, or bring about changes of territory or bur dens on the finances or modifications of laws. ARTICLE 87. The President of the Republic is the head of the State and represents the national unity .... He accredits and receives diplomatic representatives and rati fies international treaties, with previous authorization of the Chambers when necessary. 10. Constitution of Japan, 3 November 1946 (United States Department of State Publication 2836.) [Translation] We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and · are deeply conscious of the high ideals con trolling human relation ship, and we have determined to preserve our security and ex istence, trusting in the justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world. -
The Rouen Post, November 1946
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker The Rouen Post Base Hospital 21 Collection 11-1946 The Rouen Post, November 1946 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/rouen_post Recommended Citation "The Rouen Post, November 1946" (1946). The Rouen Post. Paper 99. https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/rouen_post/99 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Base Hospital 21 Collection at Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Rouen Post by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ROUEN POST A p A P E R D E V 0 T E D T 0 T H E I N T E R E S T S 0 F R 0 U E N P 0 S T N o. 2 4 2 WILLIAM STACK Editor• ELIZABETH GLEENARA BROOKS Outstanding honors of the nursing profession came to attractive, red haired Miss Brooks a member of Rouen Post No. 242 a short while ago. Miss Brooks, who is head nurse at the St. Louis Children's Hospital was named "Typical American Nurse of 1946" 'at the fiftieth annual : convention of the American Nurses at Atlantic City. She received the i crown that goes with the title and a $750.00 scholarship after being announced as the first choice in a nation-wide poll of almost 300,000 nurses. Accompanying the award was a citation declaring her "in char acter, education and competence, in her desire for increasing knowl edge of her profession, in her loyalty and spirit of service, a true repre sentative of professional nursing today"! It was not the first time that Miss Brooks has been cited. -
Counterintelligence in the OSS: End Notes
CI in the OSS End Notes 1 The problem of X-2 operational communications was 13 Mark Clarks 5th Army went into hibernation in October never satisfactorily resolved X-2 communications, 1944 The British 8th Army did not continue its northern unlike other OSS traffic, were not read for information push through Christmas 1944 However it was behind by other OSS officers or branch staffs in Washington or the 5th Army and did not reach Bologna before the in the field However, several incidents of using X-2 spring of 1945 communications to by-pass normal OSS channels finally resulted in the compulsory review of all X-2 14 Sicherheitsdienst, or SD, was the intelligence arm of messages in Washington by the Directors office and in Heinrich Himmlers Reichssicherheitshauptamt the field by the Strategic Services Officers (RSHA) Although the Militarisches Amt also belonged to the RSHA, it was composed of former members of 2 Vetting is the process of checking all available CE files the defunct military intelligence service, the Abwehr to ascertain whether the individual in question has ever As of October 1944, the Germans had three radio agents been reported to have unfavorable or potentially reporting from Allied-occupied territory These agents, dangerous associations who were not under Allied control, regularly communicated with their German case officers from 3 British Military Intelligence 5 was responsible for home Florence, Leghorn, and Rome, respectively British SCI, security, while MI-6 (V) took care of security abroad German Espionage and Sabotage -
The Utah State Alumni Quarterly, Vol. 24 No. 1, November 1946
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Utah State Magazine Publications 11-1946 The Utah State Alumni Quarterly, Vol. 24 No. 1, November 1946 Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/utahstatemagazine Recommended Citation Utah State University, "The Utah State Alumni Quarterly, Vol. 24 No. 1, November 1946" (1946). Utah State Magazine. 67. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/utahstatemagazine/67 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Publications at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Utah State Magazine by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. V.2i Vol XXIV November 1946 Number 1 Alumni Quarterly u T · A . H s T A T Ibft~®il®~@ rr~@®ID)@§ when General Electric men and women retire Every General Electric employee with General Electric as early as 1912. a year or more of service will be eligible The new program-one of the most ad to receive a life income upon retirement, vanced in the industry-is part of General offered under the provisions of the com Electric's long standing objective to help pany's greatly broadened and expanded employees provide security for themselves Pension Plan. and their families, both through the years This plan provides a pension for the of productive work, and upon retirement. years already worked , at no cost to em It is another General Electric "job ployees. For this, the company pays the dividend" like employee insurance, profit entire cost, estimated at $100,000,000. sharing, and :financial help in case of sick To increase this retirement income as ness or accident. -
Agreement for the Establishment of the Caribbean Commission, Washington, 30 October 1946 *
International Law Studies—Volume 45 International Law Documents The thoughts and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the U.S. Government, the U.S. Department of the Navy or the Naval War College. IV. THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE THE CARIBBEAN COMMISSION Note.—An Anglo-American Caribbean Commission was established on an informal basis on 9 March 1942, with a view to improving the economic and social development of the region. In 1945, it was enlarged to include members designated by France and the Netherlands, and its name was changed to Caribbean Commission. The secretariat of the Commission has its head- quarters at Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. The Agreement of 30 October 1946, designed to place the Commission on a more formal basis, had not formally entered into force on 1 November 1947, but the Commission operates within its framework. (17) Agreement for the Establishment of the Caribbean Commission, Washington, 30 October 1946 * (British Parliamentary Papers Cmd. 6972) The Governments of the French Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, whose duly authorised representa- tives have subscribed hereto, Being desirous of encouraging and strengthening co-operation among themselves and their territories with a view toward improving the economic and social well-being of the peoples of those territories, and Being desirous of promoting scientific, technologi- cal, and economic development in the Caribbean area and facilitating the use of resources and con- certed treatment of mutual problems, avoiding duplication in the work of existing research agencies, surveying needs, ascertaining what research has been done, facilitating research on a co-operative basis, and recommending further research, and Having decided to associate themselves in the work heretofore undertaken by the Anglo-American Carib- bean Commission, and The Agreement was approved by the United States on 5 March 1948.