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Introduction: Apartheid and American Jews

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Introduction: Apartheid and American Jews Notes Introduction: Apartheid and American Jews 1. Dr Martin Luther King stated these ideas in his acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. “Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Acceptance Speech,” The official website of the Nobel Prize, accessed August 26, 2009, h t t p : // nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-acceptance. html. David Hostetter takes note of this speech, in which King mentions American ideals and South African apartheid before an international audience. [Hostetter, Movement Matters: American Antiapartheid Activism and the Rise of Multicultural Politics (New York: Routledge, 2006), 1.] 2. On July 31, 1990, leaders of the National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council (NJCRAC), an umbrella organization for mainstream Jewish organizations, issued a memo to all of its member agencies which sum- marized the response of these organizations to Mandela’s relationship to Yasser Arafat and his sentiments toward Israel and American Jews. [from Herbert Wander, Co-Chair, Ad Hoc Committee on Apartheid, and Diana Aviv, Assistant Director, NJCRAC, to NJCRAC and CJF Member Agencies, July 21, 1990, Reform Action Committee Papers, American Jewish Archive (AJA), Cincinnati, OH.] 3. See, for example, The ‘Bashing’ of Israel,” advertisement of FLAME, “Facts and Logic about the Middle East,” New York Times, June 12, 1990. 4. Murray Friedman, The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Friedman devotes a small amount of space to conservative leadership within Jewish organizations. Several prominent American Jewish historians have challenged some of the points of Friedman’s posthumously published book. See, for example, Gerald Sorin, review of The Neoconservative Revolution, by Murray Friedman, The American Historical Review 111, no. 4 (October 2006): 1219–1220. Michael Staub concludes his book, Torn at the Roots, with an analysis of the intense criticism of Breira, a left-leaning American organiza- tion founded in the 1970s as an “alternative” (the translation of the Hebrew word) to mainstream positions on Israel. Staub’s remains the most important study of these debates in American Jewish organizations. Michael Staub, Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America (New York: Columbia, 2002). See also Stuart Svonkin, Jews against Prejudice: American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). 5. See, for example, Rafael Medoff, Jewish Americans and Political Participation (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC/CLIO, 2002); Gal Beckerman, When They Come for 156 Notes Us We’ll Be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2010). 6. Hasia Diner, In the Almost Promised Land: American Jews and Blacks, 1915–1935 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977); Cheryl Lynn Greenberg, Troubling the Waters: Black-Jewish Relations in the American Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006); Eric L. Goldstein, The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006). 7. Svonkin, Jews against Prejudice. 8. Michael Staub, The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2004). 9. Michael Galchinsky, Jews and Human Rights: Dancing at Three Weddings (Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 2008); Sasha Polakow-Suransky, The Unspoken Alliance: Israel’s Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa (New York: Pantheon Books, 2010). 10. Interestingly, a call for transnational Jewish history appeared in a compara- tive journal of South African and American Studies, in the midst of a conten- tious debate over the response of South African Jews to apartheid. See Jennifer Glaser, “Beyond the Farribel: Towards a Transnational Reassessment of Jewish Studies,” Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies 10, no. 1 (2009): 99–104. 11. David Hollinger defines “communalist” approaches to American Jewish his- tory as those “with an emphasis on communal Jewry, including the organi- zations and institutions” that emphasize Jewish peoplehood. “Dispersionist” Jewish history “takes fuller account of the lives in any and all domains of per- sons with an ancestry in the Jewish diaspora.” While this study travels infre- quently beyond the Jewish world, it does count and examine the contributions of Jewish anti-apartheid work done outside of the communal Jewish world. Importantly, it also examines the contests over what was to be the response of the “Jewish people” to apartheid, and how that response contributed to the “alienated, indifferent, or ambivalent” attitude toward Jewish belonging. Hollinger, “Communalist and Dispersionist Approaches to American Jewish History in an Increasingly Post-Jewish Era,” American Jewish History 95, no. 1 (March 2009): 4; Tony Michels, “Communalist History and Beyond: What is the Potential of American Jewish History” AJH 95, no. 1 (March 2009): 64. Edited by Eric Goldstein, this issue of AJH includes a thoughtful exchange on Hollinger’s ideas by Hasia Diner, Paula Hyman, Tony Michels, and Alan Kraut. My thinking here was also strongly influenced by Hasia Diner and Tony Michels’s essay “Considering American Jewish History,” OAH Newsletter 35 (November 2007): 9, 18. 12. See, for example, Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Francis Njubi Nesbitt, Race for Sanctions: African Americans against Apartheid, 1946–1994 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2004); James H. Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935– 1961 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2001). 13. Temma Kaplan, Crazy for Democracy: Women in Grassroots Movements (New York: Routledge, 1996); Pamela E. Brooks, Boycotts, Buses, and Passes: Black Women’s Resistance in the U.S. South and South Africa (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008). The most recent volume to examine Jewish Notes 157 women in postwar America takes on the daunting task of making Jewishness visible in the Cold War era, when assimilation, migration, and upward mobil- ity challenged the cohesiveness of Jewish communities. This collection looks at Jewish religious life, efforts for world Jewry, and representations of Jews in American popular culture. Hasia Diner, Shira Kohn, and Rachel Kranson, eds, A Jewish Feminine Mystique: Jewish Women in Postwar America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2010). 14. Mary Dudziak, Cold War, Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000); Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003). 15. Franklin Hugh Adler, “South African Jews and Apartheid,” Patterns of Prejudice 34, no. 4 (2000): 24; Shula Marks, “Apartheid and the Jewish Question,” Journal of Southern African Studies 30, no. 4 (December 2004): 889–900; Milton Shain and Richard Mendelsohn, eds., Memories, Realities, and Dreams: Aspects of the South African Jewish Experience (Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2002); Immanuel Suttner, “Introduction,” in Cutting Through the Mountain: Interviews with South African Jewish Activists (London: Viking, 1997); Shirli Gilbert, “Jews and the Racial State: Legacies of the Holocaust in Apartheid South Africa, 1945–60,” Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, Society 16, no. 3 (Spring/Summer 2010): 55; Gideon Shimoni, Community and Conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2003). 16. See, for example, Christopher Coker, The United States and South Africa, 1968–1985: Constructive Engagement and Its Critics (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986); Kevin Danaher, In Whose Interest? A Guide to U.S.- South Africa Relations (Washington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies, 1984); Princeton N. Lyman, Partner to History: The U.S. Role in South Africa’s Transition to Democracy (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2002); Brian J. Hesse, The United States, South Africa and Africa: Of Grand Foreign Policy Aims and Modest Means (Burlington: Ashgate, 2001); Thomas Borstelmann, Apartheid’s Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). Borstelmann’s analysis employs the methods of social history to docu- ment attitudes toward southern Africa in the United States. 17. To cite just one example: of college student divestment activists, Bradford Martin writes that in addition to anti-racism, “what fueled the movement was students’ realization of U.S. economic ties to the apartheid regime.” Martin, The Other Eighties: A Secret History of America in the Age of Reagan (New York: Hill and Wang, 2011), 52. Other social histories of the movement include Brooks, Boycotts, Buses, and Passes, and Kaplan, Crazy for Democracy. 18. Michael Galchinsky writes that “Diapora Jewish activists enthusiastically embraced international human rights in the 1950s and 1960s, but since the mid-1960s and especially after Israel’s Six-Day War in 1967, their enthusiasm has declined due to the conflicts among their commitments to international Human Rights, Jewish nationalism, and domestic pluralism.” This study of Jewish struggles over apartheid demonstrates that the tension among these
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