Scatec Solar Community Needs Assessment

Home , Aliwal North, Britstown, Burgersdorp, De Aar, Petrusville, Steynsburg

Scatec Solar Community needs assessment

November 2017

This document, prepared for the trustees of the Scatec Solar Community Trusts by Tshikululu Social Investments, is confidential internal property of the Scatec Solar Community Trusts and Tshikululu Social Investments NPC and should be treated as such.

Contents

1. Executive summary ...... 3 Introduction ...... 3 Results ...... 3 SMMEs ...... 3 Community Members...... 3 Recommendations ...... 4 2. Methods ...... 4 Key community assessment questions ...... 4 Surveys ...... 5 Focus group interviews ...... 6 Data analysis ...... 6 Data limitations ...... 6 3. Community profile ...... 6 Pixley Ka Seme DM ...... 6 People of Pixley Ka Seme DM ...... 7 Living conditions ...... 8 Economic profile ...... 8 4. Joe Gqabi DM ...... 8 People of Joe Gqabi DM ...... 9 Living conditions ...... 9 Economic profile ...... 10 5. Profile of SMMEs ...... 10 6. Profile of community members ...... 12 7. SMMEs ...... 14 8. Findings ...... 15 Access to finance...... 15 Education and training ...... 16 Access to markets ...... 17 9. Recommendations ...... 17 10. Community members...... 18 Findings from Joe Gqabi DM ...... 18 Findings from Pixley Ka Seme DM ...... 20 11. Recommendations ...... 22 12. Annexure A ...... 23 13. References ...... 28

List of acronyms and abbreviations

CIDB Construction Industry Development Board CLO Community liaison officer DED Department of Economic Development DM District Municipality DSBD Department of Small Business Development dti Department of Trade and Industry GDP Gross domestic product ICT Information and communications technology LM Local Municipality NEF National Empowerment Fund NYDA National Youth Development Agency SAB South African Breweries SEDA Small Enterprise Development Agency SGB school governing body SMME Small, medium and micro enterprise

1. Executive summary

Introduction

The presentation of the Scatec Solar Community Trusts strategy has brought forth many questions regarding whether the strategy meets the needs of the community. The Community Trusts strategy has elements focusing on strengthening the school governing bodies (SGBs) of respective schools, and establishing eco-clubs and maths and science clubs. Moreover, the strategy has an element of supporting inclusive education.

The District Trusts strategy has a wider focus on enterprise development. Through the District Trusts, there is a greater emphasis on market creation, social enterprise, green economy enterprise, tourism and unlocking enterprise assest. Scatec Solar’s approach focuses on social and economic development outcomes through community and personal agency, as well as creating market linkages and using local resources to achieve the aims of sustainable development.

This community assessment serves to identify key needs and issues of identified communities through systemic, comprehensive data collection and analysis. This will assist in determining if the strategy meets the needs of the respective communities in the Eastern Cape and Northern Cape. The purpose of the community assessment is to determine the needs of the community, and what can be done to ensure that any investments are able to achieve maximum impact.

Results SMMEs Results yielded from the qualitative analysis for SMMEs are summarised and illustrated below:

Political Access to Education and Access to markets interference finance training Aliwal North X X Burgersdorp X X Venterstad X X X Steynsburg X X X Hanover X X X De Aar X X Britstown X X Philipstown X X X X Petrusville X X X

Community Members Results yielded from the qualitative analysis are also summarised according to each town. This is in relation to the key themes identified from what are the three things community members liked about their town: Aliwal North Burgersdorp Venterstad and Steynsburg • Community members feel • Sense of community; • Good community relations the town is peaceful and • Sporting codes available; • Low levels of crime; friendly; • Low levels of crime; • There is nothing to like; • Close to amenities; • There is nothing to like;

Hanover Britstown Philipstown • Sense of community; • Sense of community; • Sense of community; • Keen interest in sports; • Low levels of crime; • Sense of safety in the • There is nothing to like; community; Petrusville • Sense of community; • Low levels of crime;

In addition, when community members were asked what are the things that they would like to have improved upon in their towns, below are the key themes identified: Aliwal North Burgersdorp Venterstad and Steynsburg • Job creation; • Job creation; • Job creation; • Better government services; • Better government services; • Better living conditions in the • Resources for the youth • Resources for the youth; town; • Resources for the youth Hanover Britstown Philipstown • Job creation; • Job creation; • Job creation; • Better government services; • Need for amenities (shops); • Better government services; • Development of a youth • Resources for the youth; • Need to end drug and alcohol centre; abuse; Petrusville • Job creation; • Need to end teenage pregnancy, drug and alcohol abuse; • Resources for the youth;

Recommendations The recommendations suggested are in relation to what SMMEs and community members had indicated. The recommendations are context specific and are determined by each the respective towns that were visited by Tshikululu.

2. Methods The community assessment discovered insights into the respective towns where Scatec Solar seeks to provide funding through the Community Trusts and District Trusts. Understanding the needs of community members through these results will provide input into ensuring that the strategy is designed to meet the needs of the community. Moreover, it will ensure that we are able to underscore the challenges; what can be done to improve current conditions in the respective towns; how Scatec Solar can provide support to small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) to ensure their growth and sustainability; and what can be done to enable community members to use their agency for greater good.

Below is a list of specific community assessment questions that were framed to address the main areas of the assessment.

Key community assessment questions 1. What are the three things you like most about living in your community? 2. What are the three things you would to improve in your community?

3. What can be done to improve your community? 4. What kind of support would you need to support these actions? 5. Which sector is your business currently operating? 6. What kind of support have you accessed to assist in growing your business? 7. What kind of support do you need to assist your business growth that is currently not offered? 8. What is the current turnover of your business? 9. What can be done to assist SMMEs in your area to grow and become sustainable? 10. What are the current challenges that you face in growing your business? 11. What kind of support is offered to SMMEs? 12. In which sectors do SMMEs operate in? 13. In which sectors are SMMEs more successful (in terms of sustainability, profit generation and job creation)? 14. What are some of the local assets that can be used to develop enterprise development in the area? 15. What challenges do SMMEs face? 16. What can be done to improve the sustainability of SMMES in the area?

To answer the community assessment questions, the research design incorporated methods that were most feasible for the context of the study, given the length of the community assessment and short data collection period. The key methods used to investigate the questions above included key informant interviews and discussions, focus group discussions and surveys. Tshikululu conducted site visits to towns in Joe Gqabi District Municipality (DM) and Pixley Ka Seme DM. Towns in Joe Gqabi DM are Aliwal North, Burgersdorp, Venterstad and Steynsburg. In Pixley Ka Seme DM, towns include Hanover, De Aar, Britstown, Petrusville and Philipstown. The questions asked to community members related to questions 1, 2, 3 and 4. Questions asked to SMMEs related to questions 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. Questions asked related to enterprise development incubators related to questions 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16.

Surveys To capture a representative sample, Tshikululu intended to conduct face-to-face surveys with a minimum of 25 community members per town, in accordance with the 2011 Census. It is important to obtain a sample population – through a process of stratified random sampling – that best represents the entire population within a town. Stratified sampling provides greater precision than a simple random sample of the same size. This process prevents unrepresentative sampling and ensures that the views of the community are represented. The sample was further deconstructed to relay relevant demographic details pertaining to gender and race, as shown in the tables below. We had envisaged to interview 225 community members across the two provinces as well as interview 90 SMMEs.

Table 1: Each town’s community members’ profile Black Town Female Male Coloured Indian White African Aliwal North 13 12 22 2 0 1 Burgersdorp 13 12 10 8 0 7 Joe Gqabi DM Venterstad 13 12 22 3 0 0 Steynsburg 14 11 17 4 3 1 De Aar 13 12 4 18 3 0 Britstown 13 12 3 21 0 1 Pixley Ka Hanover 13 12 12 12 0 1 Seme DM Philipstown 13 12 9 15 0 1 Petrusville 13 12 10 14 0 1 Total 118 107 109 97 6 13

Table 2: 2011 Census data (in percentages) for each of the towns Black Female Male Coloured Indian White Town African (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Aliwal North 53 46.6 85.3 8.5 0.2 5.7 Burgersdorp 50 49 39 31 0.69 28 Joe Gqabi DM Venterstad 52.84 47.14 87.32 10.57 1.14 0.33 Steynsburg 54.14 45.86 69.9 17.85 10.89 0.04 De Aar 50.86 49.14 16.50 71.67 10.44 0.74 Britstown 52.07 47.93 10.43 83.19 0.52 5.33 Pixley Ka Hanover 51.41 48.59 49.09 46.43 0.54 3.40 Seme DM Philipstown 52.69 47.34 36.32 58.48 0.36 4.55 Petrusville 51.20 48.80 39.99 56.63 0.79 2.07

In total, n=158 community members were able to give to participate in the survey as well as n=52 SMMEs also participated in via completing a survey.

Focus group interviews To deepen the data collected, Tshikululu worked with Scatec Solar’s community liaison officers (CLOs) to identify community members and SMMEs to interview. Tshikululu conducted six focus group discussions with community members from Burgersdorp, Hanover, Philipstown and Petrusville. Due to time constraints, Tshikululu only conducted a focus group discussion of SMMEs in Philipstown. In total, n=31 community members and n=10 SMMEs participated in the focus group discussions. Each focus group accommodated between five and 10 individuals. The focus group discussions lasted on average 60 minutes.

Data analysis Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis. Common themes were defined, and support quotes related to the themes were allocated.

Data limitations Due to limited time, Tshikululu had to collect the most relevant data as swiftly as possible Some community members were not interested in participating in the community assessment. Also, in some towns Tshikululu struggled to achieve the demographic target, as certain demographic groups were difficult to find. In one town, the bad weather prevented Tshikululu from going into the community to collect information.

3. Community profile Pixley Ka Seme DM AS per Local Government (2017), Pixley Ka Seme DM is the second-largest district of the five in the Northern Cape, but makes up almost a third of its geographical area. The district is comprised of eight local municipalities (LMs): 1. Emthanjeni LM; 7. Ubuntu LM; and 2. Kareeberg LM; 8. Umsobomvu LM. 3. Renosterberg LM; 4. Siyancuma LM; 5. Siyathemba LM; 6. Thembelihle LM; Figure 1: Pixley Ka Seme DM – map

As per Local Government (2017), the three biggest economic sectors are finance and business services (22.5%), manufacturing (17.4%) and trade and accommodation (15.4%). The main economic sectors are indicated in the figure below.

Figure 2: Pixley Ka Seme DM – main economic sectors

People of Pixley Ka Seme DM

The table below indicates that the population of Pixley Ka Seme DM has grown since 2011. In 2016, the age group 15–64 years had the most significant growth, with the other age groups decreasing in size.

Table 3: Pixley Ka Seme DM – population and age structure

2016 2011 Population 195 595 186 351 Age structure Population under 15 25.8% 31.6% Population 15–64 68.2% 62.4% Population over 65 6.0% 6.1%

Per the Q1:2017 QLFS report, the official Northern Cape Province unemployment rate is 30.7%. The table below indicates that there are fewer people with no schooling (11.9%) and more people who have passed matric (24%) since 2011.

Table 4: Pixley Ka Seme DM – labour market and education

2016 2011 Labour market Unemployment rate (official) - 28.3% Youth unemployment rate (official) 15–34 - 35.4% Education (aged 20+) No schooling 11.9% 14.6% Matric 24.0% 20.5% Higher education 5.4% 6.1%

Living conditions Table 5 below shows that, in line with the population increasing, the number of households has also increased. Similarly, the number of formal dwellings has increased to 89% in 2016, with 61.1% of the houses being owned. Table 5: Pixley Ka Seme DM – household dynamics 2016 2011

Household dynamics Households 56 309 49 193 Average household size 3.5 3.7 Female-headed households 36.8% 36.9% Formal dwellings 89.0% 86.3% Housing owned 61.1% 52.0%

Table 6 below shows that there have been strides to develop this municipality. Most of the service variables mentioned in the table have increased, except for “piped water inside dwelling”, which has decreased by 1.9%. Table 6: Pixley Ka Seme DM – household services 2016 2011

Household services Flush toilet connected to sewerage 72.6% 65.7% Weekly refuse removal 74.2% 72.6% Piped water inside dwelling 45.1% 47.0% Electricity for lighting 89.8% 85.1%

Economic profile As per the Statistics South Africa Community Survey 2016, the 2015 grants and subsidies received as a percentage of total income are as follows: Table 7: 2015 grants and subsidies received as a percentage of total income Municipality Percentage of total income Pixley Ka Seme DM 90.9% Emthanjeni LM 24.9% Renosterberg LM 73.0%

4. Joe Gqabi DM

Joe Gqabi DM (previously Ukhahlamba DM) is one of seven districts in the Eastern Cape. Aliwal North, located in the Walter Sisulu LM, is the main commercial and tourism centre.

Joe Gqabi DM consists of three LMs: 1. Elundini LM; 2. Senqu LM; and 3. Walter Sisulu LM.

Figure 3: Joe Gqabi DM – map

Per Local Government (2017), the three biggest economic sectors are community services (55%), finance (12.6%), trade (9.7%) and manufacturing (9.6%). The main economic sectors are indicated in the figure above.

People of Joe Gqabi DM The table below shows that the population of Joe Gqabi DM has increased since 2011. The population age group that contributed to the increase are those under 15 years. The other age groups have slightly decreased. 2016 2011 Population 372 912 348 667 Age structure Population under 15 36.8% 34.1% Population 15–64 58.2% 58.4% Population over 65 5.0% 7.5%

Per the Q1:2017 Quarterly Labour Force Survey report, the official Eastern Cape unemployment rate is 32.2%. The table below indicates that there are fewer people with no schooling (8%) and more people who have passed matric (19.5%) since 2011.

Table 8: Joe Gqabi DM – labour market and education

2016 2011 Labour market Unemployment rate (official) - 35,4 Youth unemployment rate (official) 15–34 - 43,3 Education (aged 20+) No schooling 8.0% 14.5% Matric 19.5% 14.1% Higher education 5.8% 5.9%

Living conditions The table below illustrates that there has been an increase in formal dwellings from 2011 to 2016. There has also been an increase in the number of houses owned, moving from 61.3% in 2011 to 71.7% in 2016.

Table 9: Joe Gqabi DM – household dynamics

2016 2011 Household dynamics Households 95 107 97 470 Average household size 3.9 3.4 Female-headed households 46.9% 49.3% Formal dwellings 69.6% 60.4% Housing owned 71.7% 61.3%

Table 11 shows great improvement across all service variables. The biggest improvements are seen in electricity for lighting, with a 10.9% increase, and weekly refuse removal, with a 6% increase. Table 10: Joe Gqabi DM – household services

2016 2011 Household services Flush toilet connected to sewerage 28.2% 23.9% Weekly refuse removal 34.1% 28.1% Piped water inside dwelling 19.2% 17.6% Electricity for lighting 80.0% 69.1%

Economic profile As per the Statistics South Africa Community Survey 2016, the 2015 grants and subsidies received as a percentage of total income are as follows: Table 11: 2015 grants and subsidies received as a % of total income Municipality Percentage of total income Joe Gqabi DM 78.7% Walter Sisulu LM - Gariep LM 48.3% Maletswai LM 29.3%

5. Profile of SMMEs

Tshikululu conducted face-to-face interviews and hosted a focus group discussion with local SMMEs in both Joe Gqabi DM and Pixley Ka Seme DM. Tshikululu interviewed n=52 SMMEs via face-to-face interviews, and conducted a focus group with n=10 SMMEs. They were asked to indicate in which town they operated. The majority of SMMEs came from Pixley Ka Seme DM (59%), followed by Joe Gqabi DM (41%). Table 12: Enterprises interviewed Municipality Town Number of enterprises interviewed Britstown 3 De Aar 7 Pixley Ka Seme DM Petrusville 6 Philipstown 10 Hanover 11 Aliwal North 10 Burgersdorp 9 Joe Gqabi DM Venterstad 3 Steynsburg 3 Total 62

In the towns where Scatec Solar has a presence, it became easier to approach businesses and gather relevant information. In towns such as Venterstad, Britstown and Steynsburg, businesses are few, and far apart. It became challenging to find enterprises willing to take part in the interview process.

Most respondents were male (56%), with 44% of respondents being female, as shown in the table below.

Table 13: Enterprises interviewed – gender breakdown Municipality Town Male Female Britstown 1 2 De Aar 2 5 Pixley Ka Seme DM Petrusville 4 2 Philipstown 5 5 Hanover 5 6 Aliwal North 8 2 Burgersdorp 6 3 Joe Gqabi DM Venterstad 2 1 Steynsburg 2 1 Total 35 27

The age groups of 31–35 years and 51 and older had the most number of respondents. A total of 23% of respondents are from the 31–35 years category and 23% of respondents are from the 51 and older category. These were followed the age groups 25–30 years and 36–40 years. This indicates that many young people are interested in starting businesses. This may as a result of the level of unemployment in the two municipalities.

Table 14: Enterprises interviewed – age breakdown Age group Number of respondents 18–24 years 3 25–30 years 10 31–35 years 14 36–40 years 9 41–45 years 6 46–50 years 6 51 and older 14 Total 62

In Joe Gqabi DM, most businesses fell into the general trade category. These range from local butcheries, general stores and taverns to home industry-related businesses. Professional services include driving schools, laundry services and hairdressers. Fashion relates to clothing stores, and information and communications technology (ICT) relates to individuals fixing phones and laptops. Most businesses in this district meander between micro-enterprises and very small enterprises.

In Pixley Ka Seme DM, most of the businesses fell into the construction category, including building roads, painting, welding, plumbing, etc. The hospitality sector (catering, restaurants and fast food) was second. Professional services include an accounting service and business development firm, a T-shirt printing company and cleaning services.

Table 15: Types of Sectors Sector Number of respondents General trade 18 Professional services 8 Hospitality 15 Fashion 5 ICT 5 Construction 8 Logistics 2 Farming 1 Total 62

Most respondents have completed secondary education – 33% of respondents have completed matric, while 29% have completed some level of secondary education and dropped out.

Table 16: Highest qualifications obtained Qualifications Number of respondents No schooling 1 Primary 2 Some secondary 16 Completed matric 20 Certificate 6 Diploma 11 Degree 6 Total 62

6. Profile of community members

Tshikululu conducted face-to-face interviews and hosted several focus group discussions with community members in Joe Gqabi DM and Pixley Ka Seme DM. Tshikululu interviewed n=158 community members via face-to-face interviews, and conducted three focus groups with n=31 community members.

Table 17: Community members interviewed – gender breakdown Municipality Town Male Female Britstown 8 8 De Aar 0 5 Pixley Ka Seme DM Petrusville 14 9 Philipstown 11 14 Hanover 17 18 Aliwal North 16 12 Burgersdorp 18 18 Joe Gqabi DM Venterstad 3 5 Steynsburg 5 8 Total 92 97

Table 18: Community members interviewed – race breakdown Black Municipality Town Coloured Indian White African Britstown 4 12 0 0 De Aar 1 4 0 0 Pixley Ka Seme DM Petrusville 13 8 0 2 Philipstown 11 13 0 1 Hanover 23 12 0 0 Aliwal North 23 2 2 1 Burgersdorp 18 13 0 5 Joe Gqabi DM Venterstad 8 0 0 0 Steynsburg 9 4 0 0 Total 110 68 2 6

Table 19: Occupational status Employed Employed Self- Town Student Unemployed full time part time employed Aliwal North 4 9 0 4 11 Burgersdorp 8 9 5 1 13 Venterstad 0 2 3 0 3 Steynsburg 1 4 3 0 5 Hanover 11 6 5 0 13 De Aar 0 1 1 1 2 Britstown 3 1 2 2 8 Philipstown 0 1 5 1 18 Petrusville 7 6 1 0 9 Total 34 39 25 9 82

Table 20: Community members interviewed – age breakdown Age group Number of respondents Younger than 18 15 18–24 years 61 25–30 years 59 31–35 years 23 36–40 years 14 41–45 years 3 46–50 years 7 51 and older 7 Total 189

Most respondents in the face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were relatively young: 32% of respondents fell into the 18–24 age category and 31% of respondents fell into the 25–30 age category.

Table 21: Highest qualification – community members Qualifications Number of respondents Other 1 Primary 4 Some secondary 86 Completed matric 69 Certificate 11 Diploma 10 Degree 8 Total 189

7. SMMEs The term SMME is often challenging to define, as there are various definitions. The South African context of an SMME includes formally registered and non-registered entities, survivalist enterprises, micro and medium-sized enterprises (Seda, 2017). SMMEs are viewed in South Africa as the engine that will drive job creation, innovation and economic growth. South African SMME development is derived from the Integrated Small Business Development Strategy. In this strategy, there is a focus to “increase financial and non-financial support, create a demand for the products and services provided by the SMMEs and reducing regulatory constraints” (Seda, 2016). Moreover, there are several national policies – for example, The 1995 White Paper on Small Business, the National Development Plan, Operation Phakisa, and the National Small Business Act – that speak of promoting SMMEs to increase economic growth through concerned efforts. The Banking Association of South Africa highlights that 91% of businesses lie in small and medium-sized enterprises, and such enterprises provide more than 60% of employment and derive 34% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in South Africa (Wits Enterprise, 2017). A large majority of SMMEs operate in the domestic trade and accommodation sector, trailed by the accommodation and community, social and personal services sector (Seda, 2017).

Table 22: Categories of SMMEs Category of SMMEs Description Operate in the informal sector of the economy. Mainly undertaken by unemployed people. Income generated is below the poverty level, providing Survivalist enterprises minimum means to keep the unemployed and their families alive. Little capital invested, not many assets. Not much training. Opportunities for growing the business are very small. Between one and five employees – usually the owner and family. Informal – no licence, no formal business premises, no labour legislation. Turnover Micro enterprises below the VAT registration level of R1 million per annum. Basic business skills and training. Potential to make the transition to a viable formal small business. Part of the formal economy, use technology. Less than 10 paid employees. Very small enterprises Includes self-employed artisans (electrical, plumbers) and professionals. Fewer than 100 employees. More established than very small enterprises, Small enterprises formal and registered, fixed business premises. Owner managed, but more complex management structure. Up to 200 employees. Still mainly owner managed, but decentralised Medium enterprises management structure with division of labour. Operates from fixed premises with all formal requirements. (Source: Supporting Entrepreneurs and Equipping them for Future Success, p. 13)

SMMEs face several challenges in trying to ensure their sustainability, reach and impact. Some of these challenges include lack of access to finance and credit, lack of access to markets, poor infrastructure, inefficient government bureaucracy, low levels of research and development, onerous labour laws and an inadequately educated workforce (Seda, 2017). A 10-year review of government-sponsored SMME programmes indicates that there were several areas of underperformance, due to the misalignment of objectives and the types of business supported (Wits Enterprise, 2017).

Research into SMMEs in the Northern Cape indicates that SMMEs struggle to obtain access to finance, due to the province’s rural nature (Seda, 2017). Moreover, the Northern Cape has seen a decline in formal and informal businesses during the period 2008-2015. More than 9 283 SMMEs closed during this period. Despite the decrease, the Northern Cape experienced the highest growth in the GDP–SMME ratio in the period 2008–2013 (Seda, 2017). This shows the importance of SMMEs in the region, and their impact on the economic environment in the region (Seda, 2017).

There are several enterprise development incubators that focus on assisting businesses that operate nationally. At the government level, entities that incubate SMMEs include the Small Enterprise Development Agency, National Empowerment Fund (NEF), Department of Trade and Industry (dti), Small Enterprise Finance Agency, Transnet Enterprise Development Hub, Department of Economic Development (DED), National Youth Development Agency (NYDA) and the Department of Small Business Development (DSBD) (Seda, 2017). The private sector has also come on board to support enterprise development in an effort to facilitate broad-based black economic empowerment. A number of these incubators have emerged, including Anglo American Zimele, New Ventures Studio, Edge Growth, Angels Resources Centre, E-Zone, SAB Tholoana Enterprise Programme, Awethu Project and Ignitor, among others.

Interventions regarding the development of SMMEs are often limited to the survivalist, informal and micro- enterprises. Larger entities tend to get preference when it comes to receiving support and advice in growing their business. Moreover, there is evidence that shows that few small micro enterprises are able to evolve and become larger (Seda, 2017). What tends to happen is that SMMEs at the survivalist, informal and micro- enterprise level require a lot of support and encouragement to be able to become sustainable and have some impact in the communities in which they operate.

8. Findings

SMMEs in the towns visited by Tshikululu brought forth interesting nuances. Through the interactions of several SMMEs, a number of key themes emerged. These include political interference, access to finance, education and training, and access to markets.

Access to finance Many businesses indicated that they had started the business using their own funds, either through personal savings or using their retirement savings. In De Aar, a few SMMEs indicated that they had obtained funding through Scatec Solar. In Hanover, Tshikululu interviewed three respondents who indicated that they are funded by Scatec Solar. One respondent from Aliwal North mentioned that they are part of the SAB Tholoana Enterprise Programme, which consists of participants being offered financial and non-financial support to grow their businesses. Many businesses in Philipstown mentioned that they tried to gain support from SEDA, but did not get any support. Many lamented that the support received was inadequate from enterprise development incubators. One participant indicated that SEDA was involved in “politics”, hence its lack of support.

“We submit our application, but it’s a quagmire for your business to be successful… They are not assisting us the way they are supposed to assist us.”

Businesses in Philipstown asked that they needed start-up capital in the form of a grant. A grant is less problematic than a loan, because some businesses do not receive opportunities on a regular basis and are unable to make consistent profits. Businesses that are considered to be in the survivalist, micro and very small enterprise categories struggle to obtain finance through traditional means, because they do not have business acumen and/or collateral to use when seeking loans. Business that fall into the small enterprise category did not indicate that they need help. Enterprises in the survivalist, micro and very small enterprise categories indicated that they need financial support for their business to purchase equipment to help improve their capability, improve their cash flow, replenish their stock, and rent premises to sell their goods and services. The equipment needed varies per sector. What is clear is that many businesses operating in the smaller towns – Britstown, Hanover, Philipstown, Petrusville, Venterstad and Steynsburg – are barely able to make consistent profits to sustain their businesses. Certain industries are able to make profits based on where they located and the supply and demand of the goods. Liquor stores are a very popular example in terms of generating consistent profile. Tourism (accommodation related businesses) that are based in bigger towns e.g. Aliwal North and De Aar are also more popular due to the nature of the town.

In trying to understand the turnover of businesses in the respective towns, it is apparent that many entrepreneurs do not have the necessary systems to determine their turnover accurately. Enterprises in Aliwal North have a wider audience to offer their businesses to, and hence their turnover ranges from R10 000 to R300 000 per month. One respondent in the hospitality sector indicated that they make in the region of R300 000 per month, while enterprises in the survivalist and micro enterprise category stated their turnover is in the region of R10 000 per month. In Burgersdorp, the turnover ranges from R2 000 per month to R160 000 per month. The local tavern in one of the townships indicated that it makes a turnover of R100 000 per month. The turnover of survivalist enterprises is quite low, due to a lack of customers, supplies and necessary equipment. Local entrepreneur in Aliwal North

In the towns of Venterstad and Steynsburg, the turnover of SMMEs is quite small. The majority of businesses are making a turnover of R0 to R40 000 per month. One SMME even indicated that it is making a loss, due to the community of Steynsburg being so small. Enterprises in De Aar are making a turnover of R12 500 to R160 000 per month. The more established enterprises are at the top end of the spectrum, while survivalist enterprises are struggling to make consistent profits. Many enterprises indicated that they rely on being able to gain business from government and other projects in the community.

In Philipstown and Petrusville, businesses indicated that their turnover ranges from R0 to R14 000 per month. However, due to the nature of these towns, this turnover is not consistent, and varies each month. Many businesses lamented that they struggle to gain government tenders and opportunities from large enterprises. Moreover, the nature of the towns make it difficult to receive continuous business opportunities.

Education and training Businesses across all the towns stated that they need business-related training programmes to assist them to become sustainable and achieve some form of functionality. Skills development courses relating to business management; business development; financial management; specialised training related to relevant industries; and mentorship are desperately needed. Some entrepreneurs have no idea where to

obtain information to learn more about how to start a business. Entrepreneurs also stated they wanted to obtain qualifications to show that businesses are competent when seeking offer their business to potential customers.

Enterprises in the construction sector stated that their level of grading prevents them from being able to obtain certain businesses. The CIDB is Built Environment Body that acts a regulatory and development framework that determines a contractors financial and work’s capability to complete construction work. The majority of enterprises from the construction sector range from Grade 1 to Grade 2GB, with the exception with one enterprise that has a 6CE certification. An enterprise with a Grade 2 certification can only tender for construction-related work to the value of R650 000, and an enterprise with a Grade 3 certification can only tender for construction-related work to the value of R2 000 000.

“It is not enough to receive money, you also need someone to mentor for at least a year.”

Many entrepreneurs travel far to receive the necessary support to grow their business. In the towns of Hanover, Philipstown and Petrusville, there are no enterprise development incubators. The closest incubators are in De Aar, which is 50–60 km away. De Aar is home to many enterprise incubators, including SEDA, Transnet Enterprise Development Hub and Angel Resources Centres.

Access to markets In Philipstown, Britstown, Venterstad, Steynsburg, Hanover and Petrusville, businesses lamented that customers do not have enough money to purchase their goods and services. The towns are very small and thus their target market is limited. Moreover, unemployment plays a huge role in the purchasing power of consumers in those towns. While some SMMEs have managed to procure business from government departments and large enterprises, these opportunities are very few and do not happen often. There are also several enterprises that operate in the same sector, which limits the market size of enterprises and their ability to offer their services due to the high levels of competition. Most of the towns are far apart; as a result, entrepreneurs often have to travel as far as De Aar, Kimberley and Johannesburg to purchase inputs to make goods and services. This affects the availability of stock, their ability to offer services timeously and, ultimately, their ability to become sustainable. Thus, there is a need to promote enterprises that offer their goods and services to other parts of South Africa, and to assist them to ensure sustainability.

In Philipstown, SMMEs indicated that they struggle to have consistent profits, because business is very scarce. As a result, some SMMEs are operating from hand to mouth. Moreover, many lamented that they struggle to be integrated into the supply chain of Scatec Solar. SMMEs felt that they are not being considered for business opportunities in the renewable energy sector. Some indicated that they would like to offer their services of cutting grass and washing solar panels, yet “outsiders” are given those opportunities. What is particularly concerning is that there is an increase in foreign-owned businesses in most of the towns, and many respondents indicated that such businesses do not give back to the community. These businesses also increase competition. In several towns, no industry is present, hence high levels of unemployment and low disposable income levels.

9. Recommendations

There is a clear need to support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri- urban and rural areas. SMMEs that fall into the survivalist, micro and very small enterprise categories need specialised training and support to assist them to gain access to markets, assist in skills development and training, and be being able to access finances to enlarge their capabilities. Each of the categories will need a different level of intervention that is both industry-specific and person-specific. Enterprises also need a

safe space – either a venue or office or shop – where they can showcase their products and meet buyers in a centralised location. Such a location should be able to offer business development advice and become a centre where SMMEs can gain knowledge and use the available resources at the centre sustainably.

Moreover, these is a need to create an ecosystem in the respective towns where a value chain can be created to ensure that community members are able to identify which products are produced by SMMEs, and how can they purchase those goods and services to encourage financial flows to remain in those town. In Hanover, Britstown, Venterstad, Steynsburg, Philipstown and Petrusville, there are several survivalist enterprises, while the more recognised towns (Aliwal North, De Aar and Burgersdorp) have more established businesses.

10. Community members

Findings from Joe Gqabi DM The towns that Tshikululu visited in Joe Gqabi DM (Aliwal North, Burgersdorp, Venterstad and Steynsburg) provided an interesting insight into how community members view the towns they live in, what they like most, what they do not like and what can be improved in their respective towns. For many people entering the Eastern Cape, Aliwal North is one of the first towns that people encounter. As a result, it is seen as a gateway to the Eastern Cape and offers many amenities including shopping centres and accommodation establishments. During Tshikululu’s visit to the town, there was a lot of movement and a vibrant community. When Tshikululu asked community members what the three things were that they liked about the town, many respondents took a while to respond. After analysing the qualitative data, the themes that emerged were community members viewing the town to be friendly and peaceful, and being close to amenities, while others commented that they did not like anything about the town of Aliwal North. The varied responses show that people are indifferent about the town and there are many underlying issues in the town. When asked what could be done to improve the community, the themes that emerged were job creation, better government, and resources for the youth.

Many respondents indicated that jobs are scarce in the town and even jobs are advertised, many large enterprises tend to hire “outside people”, instead of people from the community. There have been numerous instances where new shops and banks would open in the community, yet the majority of staff come from Gauteng or from other towns nearby. Respondents also complained that government services are not adequate. Many complained about the quality of roads, the need for clean water, the need for housing, the need for better policing in the community, and a lack of quality health facilities. There are also not many places for youth to engage in a safe space. Many respondents indicated the town needs resources related to the youth, such as a library, sports facilities, better school conditions and activities to keep youth engaged and away from engaging in crime, drugs and alcohol consumption.

Burgersdorp is 60 km from Aliwal North. Despite the distance, many people from Burgersdorp frequent Aliwal North to obtain goods and services that are not available in their town. When community members were asked the three things they liked about their town, the themes that emerged were community members feeling that the town was quite small and there was a sense of community, many respondents prided themselves in the different sporting codes available in the town, and low levels of crime. Respondents indicated people in Burgersdorp are supportive and friendly. Sport is quite popular in the town and there are several sporting codes that people participate in, including soccer and rugby. Moreover, there are several places of interest and possible opportunities to promote tourism in the town.

When asked about the three things that could be done to improve the community, the themes that emerged were job creation, better government services, and resources for the youth. Jobs in Burgersdorp are limited, and there is a dire need for skills development in the area. Respondents complained about the

quality and frequency of water services, poor police services and a lack of road maintenance. Moreover, there is a pressing need to engage the youth in the town: there are a lack of educational facilities and safe spaces for young people to be kept busy. Respondents indicated a youth centre is needed and such a centre could offer skills development programmes to assist people to study further. Venterstad and Steynsburg are smaller towns than Burgersdorp and Aliwal North. Both towns have small populations and, as a result, there is not much economic activity taking place. When respondents were asked to state the three things they liked about the towns, the themes that emerged were good community, and low levels of crime, and some respondents indicated there was nothing they liked about the town. When asked about the three things community members would like to improve in their communities, the themes that emerged were job creation, better living conditions in the town, and resources for the youth. The lack of jobs in both towns is a serious concern and respondents complained that jobs are few and far between. All respondents complained that there is little economic development taking place in both towns. There is a lack of variety of businesses and shops, places for entertainment, banks, automated teller machines and lack of consistent government services. Moreover, there are no spaces to engage the youth and ensure that they are kept busy. Respondents indicated the towns need skills development centres to assist young people to continue with their education and stimulate economic growth. Young people have become despondent and, as a result, there are high levels of crime and alcohol consumption in the towns. Tennis courts in Steynsburg

Community members were asked questions relating to education, employment, and business, and their responses are below.

• A total of 48% of respondents indicated that they completely agree that education is key to employment. This indicates that people are seeking to develop skills and educate themselves to look for employment opportunities.

• A total of 53% of respondents indicated that they agree that you open a business to make money. While this indicates people’s propensity to make money, it would be interesting to determine how many respondents have the necessary skills to start a business.

• A total of 57% of respondents wished to further their education. This response echoes the need for a youth centre that allows people to develop skills and ensure that they able to explore employment opportunities. In all the towns Tshikululu visited, it was clear that there are limited places for people to further their education.

• A total of 27% of respondents indicated that they would be likely to start a business if they were unable to find employment opportunities.

• A total of 51% of respondents agreed that they would like to start a small business to make some money. The unanimous response indicates that many respondents are not in any form of

employment and feel that their options to earn an income are limited, hence the need to start a business to make money.

• A total of 31% of respondents had indicated that they are not looking for a job. This is a surprising finding; however, it’s important to note that some respondents are employed on a full-time or part- time basis, or self-employed, and some respondents are students. A total of 44% of respondents, however, are seeking some form of employment.

• A total of 76% of respondents agreed that science and mathematics are important subjects to study further and to obtain a good job.

• A total of 50% of respondents indicated that they need assistance with applications and their CV. What is interesting is that in Aliwal North, many indicated that they do not need assistance. The need is more acute in smaller towns.

• A total of 39% of respondents mentioned that they agree with the statement, that I need help with my applications and CV, and 24% indicated that they completely agree with the statement. It is important to note is that respondents in Joe Gqabi DM have either achieved some level of secondary education and/or have completed their secondary education. In Burgersdorp, Venterstad and Steynsburg, the majority of respondents have some form of secondary education, while in Aliwal North, the majority of respondents have completed matric.

Findings from Pixley Ka Seme DM The towns that that Tshikululu visited in Pixley Ka Seme DM (Britstown, De Aar, Hanover, Petrusville and Philipstown) provided an overview of the DM. De Aar is the most developed of the towns visited, and residents of the smaller towns visit De Aar for many reasons. The data collected in De Aar was much smaller than the other towns, hence the research focuses on the other towns in terms of what community members like about their community, what they would like to improve in their community, and what the interesting nuances are in the towns.

Hanover is a small town that is situated alongside the national N1 route. When Tshikululu asked community members what the three things were that they liked about their community, the theme that emerged was a sense of community, sense of safety in the community and keen interest in sports. Many respondents stated that the town is small and community members are quite supportive, the town is secluded and there is a sense of respect and support. Respondents felt a sense of pride when associated with Hanover, and this also came through in the focus group discussions.

Field Band rehearsal in Hanover

When asked about the three things they would like to improve in their community, the themes that emerged were job creation, better government services, and the development of a youth centre. Job creation is a common thread across the two districts. There is consensus that there are no spaces for young people to engage in meaningful activities and, as a result, people engage in drugs and alcohol consumption. The need for a youth centre would solve such challenges and ensure that people are to access services to assist them. Respondents also lamented about the lack of healthcare facilities – e.g. hospitals – and people have

to wait for a long time to access emergency services. Some respondents lamented that young people in the community are bored and engage in risky behaviour e.g. teenage pregnancy, sexual intercourse etc.

In Britstown, when respondents were asked what the three things were that they liked about their community, the themes that emerged were that there is a sense in the community, and crime is low, and some respondents indicated that they did not like anything about their town. What is clear is that even though community members felt that the town is small enough for everyone to know each other, and that crime is considered to be lower than in major towns, many felt that the town is not progressing. When asked about the three things they would like to improve in their town, the themes that emerged were job creation, the need for shops, and resources for the youth. Many respondents indicated that Britstown needs jobs, so they can earn an income and feed their families. Respondents also strongly mentioned that the town does not have enough shops to buy basic goods and services. Another common thread is the need for a place for the youth to gain access to information – e.g. applying to university and for jobs – as well as assisting them to change their mindset and become productive members of society. Youth Centre in Britstown

In Philipstown, when community members were asked the three things they liked about their community, the theme that emerged was that there is sense of community. Respondents indicated they felt safe and people are supportive of each other. Moreover, there is a warm environment in the community and people know each other. When asked about the three things that they would like to improve, the themes that emerged were job creation, improved government services, and the need to end drug and alcohol abuse. It’s evident that unemployment in the town is prevalent, and even when employment opportunities are available, there is a system of job allocation dependent on your political affiliation. Many respondents indicated that this is a pressing need that must be addressed. The lack of government services impacts on the living conditions of the community. Respondents complained about the quality of water services, the lack of well-maintained roads, lack of consistent electricity and lack of housing opportunities. Another concern that emerged was the poor internet and mobile reception in the town, and how that affected the quality of living in the town. Drugs, teenage pregnancy and alcohol abuse are also concerns that the community would like to be improved. Young people are engaging in risky behaviour due to a lack of opportunities in the town.

Youth Centre in Philipstown

In Petrusville, when community members were asked what the three things were that they liked about their town, the themes that emerged were a low level of crime, and the sense of community. Community members felt crime is lower compared to other towns, and many felt that they have been living in the town for many years and, as a result, there is a sense of good communication among community members. When asked about the three things they would like to improve, the themes that emerged were job creation, the need to end teenage pregnancy, drugs and alcohol abuse, and the need for resources for youth. Several respondents indicated that drug and alcohol abuse is rife in the community, and due to the lack of

meaningful amenities, this form of abuse will continue. Community members were asked questions relating to education, employment and business. Their responses are below:

• A total of 93% of respondents indicated that they either agree or completely agree that education is the key to employment. This finding is particularly acute in the smaller towns, as there are limited places to further their education.

• A total of 54% of respondents agreed that they are interested in opening a business to make money. What is interesting is that this sentiment is quite strong in the smaller towns. Also of interest is that many of the entrepreneurs interviewed had multiple businesses.

• A total of 78% of respondents indicated that they either agree or completely agree that they wish to study further. Opportunities to study further are quite limited in the smaller towns, hence the demand for further education. Moreover, there are more institutions to study further in De Aar, compared to the smaller towns.

• A total of 76% of respondents indicated that they agree with the notion that you open a business if you can’t find a job. This suggests that community members have a high entrepreneurial spirit. Moreover, it suggests that there are high levels of unemployment in the district.

• A total of 72% of respondents indicated that they either agree of completely agree with the notion that the only thing left for them is to open a small business to make money. This suggests that most respondents are not in any form of employment, and opening a business is their last resort.

• A total of 45% of respondents indicated they completely agree that they are looking for a job. Due to high levels of unemployment, this is particularly the case in Petrusville and Philipstown.

• A total of 91% of respondents either agreed or completely agreed that mathematics and science are important subjects to enable one to study further and obtain a good job.

• A total of 51% of respondents agreed that they need assistance with their applications and CV.

• A total of 78% of respondents indicated that there are not enough jobs for people with their relevant skills. What is evident is that the majority of respondents have some form of secondary education. In the towns of Philipstown, Hanover and Britstown, the majority of respondents mentioned that they did not complete their secondary education, while in Petrusville, respondents have completed Grade 12.

11. Recommendations The common thread across both districts is the need for job creation and the need to ensure there are resources for the youth. What is evident is that opportunities are limited and there are not enough amenities to keep young people active and engaged in meaningful activities. Interventions created need to cater for both learners in the education system as well as young people are not in education, employment or training. The need to keep young people engaged keeps them away from dangerous activities such as teenage pregnancy, drug and alcohol abuse.

What is alarming that is there are several community members who have not completed their secondary education and this affects their ability to gain employment. Interventions around quality education outcomes is crucial in ensuring that learners complete their secondary education and achieve the necessary marks to study further should the opportunity present itself.

12. Annexure A

To give readers a sense of the people living in the towns visited by Tshikululu, we asked some community members to keep a diary of each day. The purpose of the diaries is meant to give an account of what a typical week looks like for community members in the respective towns.

Name: Zanozuko Ntoyanto

Town: Thembisa, Burgersdorp

02/10/2017 This morning I woke up and went to my group called ‘’Equal Strikes’’. On the previous weekend we

held an event at Emma`s Entertaining place, situated also in Thembisa. The reason was to collect

everything we borrowed from people to host the event, things like the sound system, microphones, mixers, because we rent them, Also to make sure they got their money as promised, because we do not have our own, so we rent them.

After every event we hold, we always hold deep-briefs as to how it went down, also highlighting our strengths and weaknesses for future improvements. So we set down and had a meeting planning our next move and it always takes almost the whole day. We always try and always try and discover other people’s talents within our community, believing in making the Thembisa movement a versatile one, so we always want to add as many different genres and different talents on it, so we visited new

people, asking them as to find out if they could be interested in joining the movement so we can be a

total ‘’combo’’ all under one big GROUP in Thembisa.

The reason we focussing on Thembisa for now, is that we do not have the sufficient tools to accommodate the whole town, so we start small.

03/10/2017 Today again I met up with the group (Equal Strikes), early in the morning and we suggested A plan of generating our own income and not sit down and wait for sponsors.

The plan was to open a corner-shop that will render different services e.g. Selling popcorn, washing

people`s sneakers and cleaning mats with cleaning equipment which we don’t have now, but working on a plan to raise all those funds with our talents, also doing a lot of things that will benefit us and the community as well. This brainstorming took us about 4 hours to conclude.

Steps that must be taken, is to find a building to rent, where these activities are going to take place and our assumption was to get A busy position in the location where everyone will be able to notice our place and of course the place needs to be paid for monthly due to our lack of finance, we cannot afford to buy our own place to commence these activities.

We visited different households within the location, addressing our vision to those we thought were

the relevant people with relevant positions for the business and a lot of them were concerned about the safety of their places at night. We explained to them that our working hours are going to be convenient and safe which will be 08:00 – 17:00 daily. Again this took us the whole day, but we don’t give up. We believe in our dream and we won`t let anything mislead our vision for this can benefit not only us but the whole of our community and that is change.

04/10/2017 Today as I woke up I contacted every member of the movement alerting them about a mass meeting that we should have, addressing everyone of what must take place next week with our HR management.

At 09:00 am we started collecting everyone to my place and that took us almost two hours but eventually it was done. Because we want to be a presentable group from Thembisa, I find it very important that every single artist must have a portfolio of him/her where everything of the artist is going to be kept (database). As we are a growing local media team and we busy trying to find sponsors, it is important that whoever funds us need to know who they are funding and all our artists still needs to be registered.

We mentioned uniformity that as we all are one, even our display /image needs to present uniformity and will grow us all at once and still united that will show people we are one, although we do different things according to our talents and that our parents should know about every moment we about to do, for safety and for their prayers because we need them more than anything. The meeting was held and everyone was happy with our conclusion and the day went well for everyone.

05/10/2017 Today we went back to Day 2’s plans of establishing our market place and looked into every tiny detail that we must consider in getting everything in order. We went around our location, asking households to donate old zinc boards in order for us to build our corner shop, and I must say it was the hardest task because people always want something in return for their equipment, so that made things very difficult for us.

Some residents gave whole heartedly and we managed to get A few of them, but not enough to build a fully structured shack, but the race still continues for we know this is possible, only patience will do it for us. We started collecting nails around old buildings and poles, obviously with permission and placed them at my yard for safe keeping so-long, but the remaining issues was to find the suitable spot where our shop will be built. As time was moving the day was getting dark so we had to call it a day due to our different responsibilities at our homes and the matter was still not resolved of the place.

06/10/2017 Our community is a less privileged community so everyone who puts in a hand on our movement intends to also gain something due to high rate of unemployment in our Town and that makes everything hard not only for us. Our biggest challenges are finance, so every weekend we intend to make functions to generate money just to make some of the process easier so as much as we had to finish our plans, But we had to finish our plans. We also had to plan for another show that we should host to gather funds for some things we need in the group.

We went to our friend’s car wash that was recently opened and we were discussing how we could work together to fund raise for both sides so we can all make extra cash to support our plans and needs for launching his carwash and at the same time promoting small business and telling young people to start making their own businesses and stop depending on employment to make a living. So we listed all the stuff that we should hire from people and how much it will all cost. The meeting was a success.

Our task left now is to go to people with equipment and hire their sound and place a date of event and print posters of the event, hire a DJ and we will show case once again our talents to the community with hope to raise funds and promote our Artists.

Name: Siyamthanda Ngqukwana Town: Burgersdorp

02/10/2017 Today was an exciting day for me, which I did not expect, because my days are normally the same. I was called to Scatec for a short interview, which was about youth challenges in our community, where we were asked different questions about our community. The interview taught me so much things about my community and to hear what others think of our community. Amazingly, the same day of the interview I met two local artists who were hosting an event in one of the townships and they invited me to come take photo`s for them, since I own a camera. I did all of that voluntarily. The event shocked me in an amazing way, I did not know how talented the youth actually is in Burgersdorp, it’s a pity no one is helping, but at least the small events are platforms to showcase some talents. When the event was finished, I walked home to finish the day with my family.

03/10/2017

The event carried on, on the second day, but only for half of the day. I was invited again this time it was two times full of fans. There were more performers, there were vendors selling people came to watch since there's nothing else to do in our community. I personally feel the high rate of alcohol abuse, teenage pregnancy is there, because the youth has nothing to do and entertain themselves with. If our local government and some companies would invest in our youth, it would have a great influence in our community. Yeah, today was a short day.

04/10/2017 Today I woke up to go quickly pour water in the buckets, since the water crisis. I bathed, ate while watching tv. I went to the public library to read my emails and continue job searching on the net, with no luck. I came back, went to see my girlfriend, then I went to the gym until late. Took a shower for the night and read a book.

04/10/2017

I woke up to fetch some water, they close the water every day. I bathed and went to get some breakfast while watching some TV (I like tv). I went to the library for my emails and came back disappointed because all open vacancies, either need experience or a degree. I came back watched tv for a bit and went to the gym. It was really a boring day for me. I wish there were more things to do in Burgersdorp for the youth, that would help us to stay away from alcohol abuse, drugs, teenage pregnancy and all other social ills our community is facing.

05/10/2017 I woke up early filled the buckets with water before municipality shut them down. We live in a water scarce community so our water is cut during the day. I took a bath and had breakfast while watching cartoons. I went to the library to check my emails and did some research on vacancies on the internet.

I am currently seeking for a job anywhere I can find. I came back after 5 p.m. and had a quick meal, went to see my girl and head for the gym afterward.

13. References

Anon, (2016). The Small, Medium and Micro Enterprise Sector of South Africa. [Online] Available: http://www.seda.org.za/Publications/Publications/The%20Small,%20Medium%20and%20Micro%20Enterp rise%20Sector%20of%20South%20Africa%20Commissioned%20by%20Seda.pdf [6 September. 2017].

Local Government. (2017). Municipalities of South Africa: Joe Gqabi District Municipality (DC14). [Online]. Available: https://www.localgovernment.co.za/districts/view/5/Joe-Gqabi-District-Municipality 1 September 2017

Local Government. (2017). Municipalities of South Africa: Pixley Ka Seme District Municipality (DC7). [Online]. Available: https://www.localgovernment.co.za/districts/view/37/Pixley-Ka-Seme-District- Municipality 1 September 2017

Statistics South Africa. (2012). Census 2011: Burgersdorp. [Online]. Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=3939 Accessed 1 September 2017

Statistics South Africa. (2012). Census 2011: Emthanjeni. [Online]. Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993&id=emthanjeni-municipality Accessed 2 September 2017

Statistics South Africa. (2012). Census 2011: Hanover. [Online]. Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=6952 Accessed 2 September 2017

Wits Enterprise (2017). Supporting Entrepreneurs and Equipping them for Future Success. [Online]. Available: http://tshikululu.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Tshikululu_FirstRandFoundation- _Entrepreneurship_Report.pdf [5 September 2017].