DOCSLIB.ORG

Eg Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eg Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Understanding the Circular Economy in Kenya: Critiquing the Dominant Discourse by James Turing PhD International Development The University of Edinburgh 2021 Abstract Over the last decade the circular economy has become popular in the Global North and is beginning to gain traction in the Global South. Yet analysis of this sustainability concept is notably lacking in the Global South, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study analyses the concept to answer what forms the circular economy is taking in Kenya. Doing so reveals where and how the concept is manifesting within this particular context, and how this compares to the archetype of the circular economy established in the Global North. Research was conducted through case studies using an inductive approach to theory development, built upon interview data. The empirical evidence illuminated three different forms of the circular economy: the ideal type that could not be identified in practice as it is unrealistically idealistic, an actually existing type generally articulated by small and medium-sized enterprises, and lastly an instrumental type mostly performed by multinational corporations. Notably the Kenyan forms of the circular economy identified conflicted with the dominant technocentric conceptualisation and often demonstrated ‘quiet sustainability’. This was largely due to the lower-middle income context of Kenya. This highlighted how the technological fundamentalism of the dominant conceptualisation excludes quiet sustainability contributions that are vital to realising the ideal type of the circular economy in Kenya. In doing so, the dominant conception of the circular economy from the Global North is generally instrumental and subsequently is at times enabling new forms of greenwashing in the Kenyan context. ii Lay Summary Over the last decade the concept of the circular economy has become increasingly popular in Europe, North America and China. The concept is beginning to gain traction in the rest of the world too. Yet analysis of this sustainability concept is notably lacking in many parts of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study analyses the concept to answer what forms the circular economy is taking in Kenya. Doing so reveals where and how the concept is manifesting within this different context, and how this compares to the dominant form of the circular economy that has been predominantly established in Europe and North America. Research was conducted through case studies and interview data. The empirical evidence illuminated three different forms of the circular economy: the ideal type that could not be identified in practice as it is unrealistically idealistic, an actually existing type generally articulated by smaller companies, and lastly an instrumental type mostly performed by multinational corporations. Notably the Kenyan forms of the circular economy identified conflicted with the dominant conceptualisation and often demonstrated ‘quiet sustainability’ - a way of describing widespread practices that result in beneficial environmental or social outcomes but are not portrayed as relating directly to environmental or sustainability goals. This was largely due to the lower-middle income context of Kenya. The comparison with quiet sustainability practices in Kenya highlighted how the technology- focused dominant conceptualisation of the circular economy is flawed because it fails to sufficiently account for these important sustainability contributions that are vital to realising the ideal type of the circular economy in Kenya. In doing so, the dominant conception of the circular economy, primarily from Europe and North America, is subsequently at times enabling new forms of greenwashing in Kenya. iii Acknowledgements I must begin by thanking the whole team at the Turing Trust. At the start of this PhD process the charity was solely a volunteer run operation, but thanks to the dedication of everyone involved it has grown beyond all expectation and installed thousands of computers in African classrooms. In the last five years you’ve given me the immense support I needed to pursue this PhD whilst simultaneously running the charity. I remain honoured and humbled to work with you all. I am of course indebted to all the interviewees who were generous enough to give up some of their valuable time to answer my questions. My thanks also goes out to my supervisors Dr Jamie Cross, Dr Omaima Hatem and Dr Andrew Bowman for their constant guidance and support, particularly for their flexibility and jumping in to assist during the most challenging later stages of this PhD process. I thank the University of Edinburgh and the Leverhulme Trust for awarding me a Perfect Storm Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training Scholarship that make this research financially possible. I am very grateful to my wife Barbara for her ever lasting patience as well as my family for their ongoing support. Lastly I wish to thank my brother John for his immense support and advice over the last few years. I could not have asked for a kinder, more insightful or generous brother, thank you. iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... II LAY SUMMARY ...................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES .............................................................. VIII LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................ IX CHAPTER 1 - THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN KENYA .................................... 1 1.1 - OVERVIEW ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 - THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN A KENYAN CONTEXT .......................................... 7 1.3 - RESEARCH FINDINGS .............................................................................. 15 1.4 - CONTRIBUTIONS ................................................................................... 18 1.5 - THESIS STRUCTURE ................................................................................ 26 CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW: WHAT IS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY? .......................................................................... 31 2.1 - THE FIELDS OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY .................................................... 34 2.2 - LOCATING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY ......................................................... 38 2.3 - THE THEORIES OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY ................................................ 46 2.4 - WHAT DOES ‘SUSTAINABILITY’ ACTUALLY MEAN? ....................................... 52 2.5 - THE EXPANSE OF GREEN TERMINOLOGY .................................................... 55 2.6 - LOCATING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY WITHIN THIS EXPANSE OF SUSTAINABILITY . 62 2.7 - HOW DOES THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY RELATE TO SOCIAL JUSTICE? .................. 69 2.8 - WHERE DOES THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY BELONG? ....................................... 74 2.9 - USING DISCOURSE ANALYSIS TO ANALYSE THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY ................ 80 v CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 105 3.1 - RESEARCH QUESTIONS ......................................................................... 105 3.2 - METHODOLOGICAL OVERVIEW .............................................................. 108 3.3 - DATA COLLECTION .............................................................................. 113 3.4 - AN OVERVIEW OF THE CASE STUDIES ...................................................... 121 3.5 - ETHICS ............................................................................................. 133 3.6 - POSITIONALITY AND REFLEXIVITY ............................................................ 134 3.7 - LIMITATIONS ..................................................................................... 138 CHAPTER 4 - WHAT FORMS IS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY TAKING IN KENYA? ............................................................................................... 143 4.1 - DEFINING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY FOR A KENYAN PERSPECTIVE .................. 146 4.2 - HOW AND WHY IS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IMPORTANT IN KENYA? ............ 147 4.3 - TO WHAT EXTENT HAS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY REACHED KENYA? ............. 154 4.4 - THE INFLUENCE OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY DISCOURSE IN KENYA ..................... 161 4.5 - CONCLUSION: THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IS IMPLICITLY IDENTIFIABLE IN KENYA 174 CHAPTER 5
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2018-2019 Year in Review
    Year in Review 2018–2019 Table of Contents Reflections on the Year ..................................................................................................4 From the Headlines ..........................................................................................................6 Letter from the Faculty Chair ........................................................................................8 Our Work ............................................................................................................................9 Programs ............................................................................................................10 AGTech Forum .................................................................................................................................10 Assembly ..........................................................................................................................................11 CopyrightX .......................................................................................................................................13 Cyberlaw Clinic ..............................................................................................................................14 Techtopia ..........................................................................................................................................16 Spotlight: Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Initiative 17 Projects & Tools ................................................................................................20
    [Show full text]
  • Centre for Feminist Foreign Policy Disrupted
    DISRUPTED THE FEMINIST FOREIGN POLICY ISSUE ISSUE NO. 1 | DECEMBER 2017 The Disrupted journal is published by the Centre for Feminist Foreign Policy. We would like to acknowledge the contributions of all involved: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS Marissa Conway Bina D’Costa Daisy Jaimez EDITORIAL BOARD Maryam Nahhal Cecilia Francisco Carcelén Nanjala Nyabola Jennifer Brough Jessica Olson Simone Lieban Levine Swati Parashar Thomas O’Brien Mari-Claire Price Raissa Vitorio Pereira Tabitha Sanders Allison Spiegel Ghiwa Sayegh Deborah Villarreal Rahel Weldeab Sebhatu George Simpson DESIGN Natasha Spreadborough Marissa Conway Sam Turner Oriana López Uribe Marisa Viana Copyright © 2017 The Centre for Feminist Foreign Policy All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the author. Applications for the copyright owner’s permission should be addressed to The Centre for Feminist Foreign Policy, 72 Trinity Road, London N22 8XX. Printed on recycled paper. DISRUPTED ................................ The Feminist Foreign Policy Issue CONTENTS.............................. 09 Can African Women Make Foreign 32 Cut the Strings: Bodily Autonomy Needs Policy? Sustainable Funding Nanjala Nyabola Mari-Claire Price, Ghiwa Sayegh, Marisa Viana, and Oriana López Uribe 14 The End of the Central America Minors 37 Climate Change: The Importance of Program Feminist Storytelling Daisy Jaimez Jessica Olson 18 The Digital Mediatization of Feminist 40 Exploring Mentorship in the US Defense Foreign Policy
    [Show full text]
  • City Research Online
    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Bunce, M., Franks, S. and Paterson, C. (2016). INTRODUCTION: A New Africa’s Media Image? In: Bunce, M., Franks, S. and Paterson, C. (Eds.), Africa's Media Image in the 21st Century: From the ‘Heart of Darkness’ to ‘Africa Rising’. (pp. 1-14). UK: Routledge. ISBN 9781138962316 This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/13391/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] INTRODUCTION: A New Africa’s Media Image? Mel Bunce, Suzanne Franks, Chris Paterson Africa’s Media Image in the 21st Century. From Heart of Darkness to Africa Rising is the first book in a generation to assess in detail and from multiple perspectives the way that sub Saharan Africa is reported in the international media. Beverly Hawk edited an Africa’s Media Image in 1992, which focused, primarily from a US angle, upon the way that the media represented Africa (Hawk, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Catalogue As A
    HURST PUBLISHERS AUTUMN–WINTER 2020 ABOUT HURST Founded in 1969, Hurst is an independently owned and run non- fiction publisher specialising in books on global affairs, particularly politics, religion, conflict, international relations and area studies in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Hurst releases approximately 90 new titles each year and publishes internationally. CONTENTS General Interest 1–16 South Asian Studies 27–31 European Studies 17 African Studies 32–33 War Studies 18–21 Critical Muslim 34 Middle East Studies 22–24 New in Paperback 35–40 Development Studies 25 Recent Highlights 41–43 Sociology 26 Index 44 Hurst Publishers 41 Great Russell Street London WC1B 3PL Tel: +44 (0)20 7255 2201 www.hurstpublishers.com @hurstpublishers GENERAL INTEREST ROSIE WHITEHOUSE The People on the Beach Journeys to Freedom After the Holocaust One summer’s night in 1946, over 1,000 Holocaust survivors secretly travelled to an Italian beach. They waited silently in the moonlight for a ship disguised as a banana boat to collect them. They had survived Auschwitz, hidden in forests and endured death marches— and now they were taking on the Royal Navy, trying to run the British blockade of Palestine. Through the extraordinary stories of passengers on board the Josiah Wedgwood, Rosie Whitehouse explores the mass exodus of European Jews after the Second World War. The People on the Beach is a journey through history September 2020 to places where Jews had lived for generations, 9781787383777 the camps where they suffered, and the forests 234mm x 156mm where they took up arms. Whitehouse follows 416pp, 8pp b&w illus the survivors’ routes out of Europe, leading her £20.00 Hardback to those still alive in Israel—some of whom tell History / Holocaust their stories for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Data As a Development Issue
    Data as a Development Issue Friday, January 31, 2020, 9:00 AM – 5:00 PM Lindner Family Commons, Room 602 Elliott School of International Affairs, 1957 E Street, NW The digital transformation of the global economy can help businesses and governments provide better services. But it also creates new risks for individuals whose personal data fuel these new digital products and services. To succeed in the data-driven economy, policymakers must establish clear rules about how data can be collected, used, and shared in a manner that simultaneously protects citizens from abuse and enables innovation, development, and growth. Striking this balance may be particularly difficult in lower income countries, where the diffusion of technology is often slower and less complete than in wealthier ones. We are in the early phase of debating how governments should prepare for and manage the growing role of data in their economies and there is a limited consensus on best approaches. The aim of this free conference is to improve our shared understanding of the role of data governance for economic growth and development. Throughout the day, speakers will address how data can be used to stimulate development; how best to govern different types of data and data-driven services; and how global governance might support full and fair participation of lower income countries in the digital economy. Organizers Co-Sponsors Agenda 9:00am Welcome by Professor James Foster, Professor and Director, Institute for International Economic Policy, George Washington University 9:15am Presentation by Vivien Foster, Chief Economist for the Infrastructure Vice-Presidency, World Bank 9:50am Coffee Break 10:00am Data and Development: How will data and the data-driven economy affect development? ● Emmanuel F.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries
    Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries February 2021 Tony Roberts (ed.) The Institute of Development Studies (IDS) delivers world-class research, learning and teaching that transforms the knowledge, action and leadership needed for more equitable and sustainable development globally. For more information visit: www.ids.ac.uk © Institute of Development Studies 2021 First published by the Institute of Development Studies February 2021 Editor: Tony Roberts Citation: Roberts, T. (ed.) (2021) Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2021.003 ISBN: 978-1-78118-762-3 DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2021.003 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library This is an Open Access paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited and any modifications or adaptations are indicated. The Institute of Development Studies and authors cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this report. The views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of IDS or UKRI. Funder acknowledgements The African Digital Rights Network (ADRN) and this publication are generously funded by the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCFR) through the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Collective Fund for Digital Innovation for Development in Africa. The authors would also like to thank Kevin Hernandez, Andrea Jimenez Cisneros, Becky Faith, and Pedro Prieto Martín for reviewing and helping improve earlier versions of these reports, David Haddock for the graphics, Production Editor Beth Richard, and copy editors James Middleton and Dee Scholey.
    [Show full text]
  • Programme Day 1
    Programme th Day 1 | Saturday 16 ​ November ​ ​ ​ Start End Session Location 9:15 10:00 Registration & Breakfast 10:00 10:50 Welcome Conversation: Narratives of Change; Changing our Narratives Milner Hall · Elleke Boehmer (South Africa-at-Large & St John’s 1985), Professor ​ ​ ​ of World Literature in English, University of Oxford; Fellow, Royal Society of Literature · Lyndsey Stonebridge, Professor of Humanities and Human Rights, ​ ​ ​ University of Birmingham In conversation with Elizabeth Kiss (Virginia & Balliol 1983), Warden & CEO, ​ ​ Rhodes Trust 10:50 11:45 Narratives for Our Times Milner Hall · Helen Ghosh, Master of Balliol College, University of Oxford ​ · Marnie Hughes-Warrington (Tasmania & Merton 1992), Professor ​ of History, Australian National University · Alan Rusbridger, Former Editor-in-Chief, The Guardian; Principal, ​ ​ ​ Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford Moderated by Jay Ruckelshaus (Indiana & St John’s 2016), DPhil Candidate in ​ ​ Political Philosophy, University of Oxford 11:45 12:15 Coffee break Atlantic th 12:15 13:15 Keynote Address – Telling Stories of 20 ​ Century China through Women’s Milner Hall ​ Lives · Jung Chang, Author ​ ​ ​ Q&A with Elleke Boehmer ​ 13:15 14:10 Lunch 14:10 14:40 Keynote Address – Scales of Narrative Milner Hall · Danny Dorling, Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography, ​ ​ ​ University of Oxford 14:40 15:40 Breakout Session 1: Storytelling across Media Playing with History: Theatre-Making in a Field of Contested Narratives Beit · Amy Ng (Hong Kong & Balliol 1997), Playwright
    [Show full text]
  • Long Version
    Detailed information about Panels and Round Tables Africa Challenges International conference of the „African Studies Association in Germany“ (VAD) Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 07 – 11 June 2021 Africa Challenges 07 – 11 June 2021 Vereinigung für Afrikawissenschaften in Deutschland e.V. (VAD) c/o GIGA Institut für Afrika-Studien Neuer Jungfernstieg 21 20354 Hamburg http://vad-ev.de/ Website: https://vad-africachallenges.de/ Twitter: VAD e.V #AfricaChallenges E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Africa Challenges 07 – 11 June 2021 Content Foreword ................................................................................................................................... 4 Opening Ceremony and keynote ............................................................................................ 6 Timetable .................................................................................................................................... 8 Meet the editors of Africa Spectrum ...................................................................................... 13 Book Launch Berghahn .......................................................................................................... 13 Book Launch Nomos .............................................................................................................. 14 Research Data Day / Forschungsdatenmanagement .......................................................... 15 Film Program .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Models for Platform Governance
    Models for Platform Governance A CIGI Essay Series 1 Contents Introduction: Why Platform Governance? 3 TAYLOR OWEN The Social Media Council: Bringing Human Rights Standards to Content Moderation on Social Media PIERRE FRANÇOIS DOCQUIR 9 Navigating the Tech Stack: When, Where and How Should We Moderate Content? 15 JOAN DONOVAN What’s So Difficult about Social Media Platform Governance? SUSAN ETLINGER 20 Digital Platforms Require a Global Governance Framework 27 ROBERT FAY Global Standards for Digital Cooperation 33 MICHEL GIRARD Regulating Them Softly 39 ROBERT GORWA Syncing Antitrust and Regulatory Policies to Boost Competition in the Digital Market 44 GENE KIMMELMAN Does Facebook’s Oversight Board Finally Solve the Problem of Online Speech? 51 KATE KLONICK The Fiduciary Supply Chain 55 SEAN MCDONALD Platform Governance of Political Speech 63 NANJALA NYABOLA Protecting Information Consumers 69 JONATHON W. PENNEY Moving “Upstream” on Global Platform Governance 77 KARINE PERSET, JEREMY WEST, DAVID WINICKOFF AND ANDREW WYCKOFF Public Investments for Global News VICTOR PICKARD 85 Rights and Responsibilities of Internet Intermediaries in Europe: The Need for Policy Coordination 91 DAMIAN TAMBINI Social Media Councils 97 HEIDI TWOREK 2 Contents Credits Director, Global Economy ROBERT FAY Senior Fellow TAYLOR OWEN Publisher CAROL BONNETT Managing Editor ALLISON LEONARD Publications Editor LYNN SCHELLENBERG Graphic Designer SAMI CHOUHDARY Illustrations by SIMÓN PRADES Watch the series video at cigionline.org/platforms Copyright © 2019 by the Centre for International Governance Innovation The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Centre for International Governance Innovation or its Board of Directors.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Equity As an Enabling Platform for Equality and Inclusion
    Digital Equity as an Enabling Platform for Equality and Inclusion Policy Brief Digital Equity as an Enabling Platform for Equality and Inclusion Laura E. Bailey and Nanjala Nyabola JUNE 2021 Digital Equity as an Enabling Platform for Equality and Inclusion About the Authors Laura E. Bailey has spent much of her 30+ year post-graduate career focusing on thought leadership and operational innovation on matters of fragility, conflict, and violence, with a particular interest in leadership in difficult contexts. She recently retired from the World Bank, completing her 20-year tenure there as the Global Lead for Stability Peace and Security at headquarters in Washington, D.C., after many years in country leadership roles. She holds a Master of Public Policy degree from Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. Laura is at work on a book about blind spots in the global development architecture, analogous cracks in the structure of social and economic opportunity in her home country of the United States, and the opportunities created by the pandemic to reimagine our collective efforts to reduce inequality and violence. Nanjala Nyabola contributes policy analysis to the Pathfinders Grand Challenge on Inequality and Exclusion and CIC's Defending and Promoting Multilateralism program. As an independent writer and researcher, her work focuses on the intersection between technology, media, and society. She has held numerous research associate positions including with the Centre for International Governance Innovation, the Overseas Development Institute, and the Oxford Internet Institute, while also working as a research lead for projects on human rights and digital rights around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • State Capture in Africa Cover Final Wednesday, June 20, 2018 9:11:18 AM STATE CAPTURE in AFRICA
    The term state capture was first used to describe a pervasive form of S meta-corruption in former Soviet bloc states after the Cold War. In this T edited volume, leading voices on democracy and governance in Africa A T STATE explore the applicability of the idea to the African context and ask the question: 'How “captured” are African states in 2018?’ E C Despite the fact that regular elections have become the norm on the A CAPTURE IN continent, the attainment and consolidation of substantive P democracy, including socioeconomic transformation and social T U justice, remain elusive for many African democracies, even some of AFRICA R those viewed as relatively mature. E I One of the key prerequisites for the consolidation of democracy is that N there should be established 'rules of the game'. State capture undermines these rules by eroding democratic processes and state A institutions, thus depriving citizens of the rights and benefits that F R OLD THREATS, should be provided by the state. This leads to a system in which power I is systematically diverted from citizens, unravelling democratic gains C NEW PACKAGING? and socioeconomic transformation. A The contributors to this volume explore the concept of state capture and its place in democratic discourse in Africa, analysing examples ranging from South Africa to Madagascar, the United States to the former Soviet bloc, in an effort to contribute meaningfully to the debate about the consolidation of transitional democracies. O L D T H R E A T S , N E W P A C ISBN: 978-1-920446-77-2 K A G I
    [Show full text]
  • From Unilateral Response to Coordinated Action: How Can
    From Unilateral Response to POLICY BRIEF Coordinated Action How Can Mobility Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa Adapt to the Public-Health Challenges of COVID-19? www.migrationpolicy.org JUNE 2021 BY LING SAN LAU, KATE HOOPER, AND MONETTE ZARD mission is a common feature of SARS-CoV-2, reduc- Executive Summary ing the effectiveness of common screening tools such as temperature checks and strategies such as As in almost every part of the world, the COVID-19 symptom-based isolation. pandemic has severely disrupted migration and mobility throughout sub-Saharan Africa. In March and April 2020, many governments in the region While many countries in sub- moved quickly to close their borders and impose Saharan Africa have experience travel restrictions to control the spread of infection, substantially curbing (although not entirely halting) dealing with infectious disease movement. The speed of these actions caught many outbreaks ... COVID-19 forced unawares, with hundreds of thousands of migrants governments to rethink some of their left stranded across the region. Like the large num- public-health strategies. bers of people affected by lockdown measures, those whose livelihoods rely on cross-border trade Instead, governments have relied on a combination or travel face significant economic uncertainty. While of screening, testing, and quarantine requirements some of these restrictions have since been revised or along the migration continuum to try to reduce the phased out in favor of more targeted measures (e.g., risk of cross-border transmission and lay the ground- testing), the emergence of several concerning new work for reopening borders more fully. Introducing variants of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing the disease some of these measures (e.g., to administer and COVID-19) has led some governments to reintroduce process COVID-19 tests, or to expand public-health additional travel restrictions.
    [Show full text]