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Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries February 2021 Tony Roberts (ed.) The Institute of Development Studies (IDS) delivers world-class research, learning and teaching that transforms the knowledge, action and leadership needed for more equitable and sustainable development globally. For more information visit: www.ids.ac.uk © Institute of Development Studies 2021 First published by the Institute of Development Studies February 2021 Editor: Tony Roberts Citation: Roberts, T. (ed.) (2021) Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2021.003 ISBN: 978-1-78118-762-3 DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2021.003 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library This is an Open Access paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited and any modifications or adaptations are indicated. The Institute of Development Studies and authors cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this report. The views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of IDS or UKRI. Funder acknowledgements The African Digital Rights Network (ADRN) and this publication are generously funded by the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCFR) through the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Collective Fund for Digital Innovation for Development in Africa. The authors would also like to thank Kevin Hernandez, Andrea Jimenez Cisneros, Becky Faith, and Pedro Prieto Martín for reviewing and helping improve earlier versions of these reports, David Haddock for the graphics, Production Editor Beth Richard, and copy editors James Middleton and Dee Scholey. Available from: Institute of Development Studies, Library Road Brighton, BN1 9RE, United Kingdom +44 (0)1273 606261 ids.ac.uk IDS is a charitable company limited by guarantee and registered in England Charity Registration Number 306371 Charitable Company Number 877338 Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries February 2021 Tony Roberts (ed.) ids.ac.uk Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries 4 Contents Contents Notes on Contributors 5 Opening and Closing Online Civic Space in Africa: An Introduction to the Ten Digital Rights Landscape Reports 9 Tony Roberts and Abrar Mohamed Ali Zimbabwe Digital Rights Landscape Report 43 George Karekwaivanane and Natasha Msonza Zambia Digital Rights Landscape Report 61 Sam Phiri and Zorro Uganda Digital Rights Landscape Report 85 Juliet Nanfuka Sudan Digital Rights Landscape Report 105 Abrar Mohamed Ali South Africa Digital Rights Landscape Report 125 Tanja Bosch and Tony Roberts Nigeria Digital Rights Landscape Report 145 Oyewole Oladapo and Ayo Ojebode Kenya Digital Rights Landscape Report 167 Nanjala Nyabola Ethiopia Digital Rights Landscape Report 185 Iginio Gagliardone and Atnafu Brhane Egypt Digital Rights Landscape Report 209 Mohamed Farahat Cameroon Digital Rights Landscape Report 229 Kathleen Ndongmo ids.ac.uk Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries 5 Notes on Contributors Notes on Contributors Abrar Mohamed Ali is a development practitioner and digital rights researcher in Khartoum, Sudan. She holds an MA in Development Studies from the Institute of Development Studies, UK. Abrar’s research interests include digital rights in Africa and, more specifically, internet shutdowns in Africa. Tanja Bosch is Associate Professor of Media Studies and Production in the Centre for Film and Media Studies, University of Cape Town. She teaches multimedia production, social media, and qualitative research methods. Her book Broadcasting Democracy: Radio and Identity in South Africa was published by HSRC Press in 2017. Her second book, Social Media and Everyday Life in South Africa (2021, Routledge), explores how South Africans use social media for personal and group identity formation. Tanja is at the forefront of publishing in the area of social media activism in Africa, most notably on #RhodesMustFall and #FeesMustFall. Atnafu Brhane is a digital rights activist based in Ethiopia. In 2012, he co- founded the blogging collective Zone9 Bloggers and conducted extensive social media campaigns on rule of law, constitutionalism, and freedom of expression. In 2016, the collective accepted awards from Reporters Without Borders, Human Rights Watch, Martin Ennals, and Committee to Protect Journalists. In 2014, Atnafu was arrested and charged with Ethiopia’s anti- terrorism proclamation and was imprisoned for 18 months. From 2018–19, Atnafu was Digital Integrity Fellow at Open Technology Fund and worked with human rights defenders and human rights organisations in Ethiopia on creating awareness in digital literacy, privacy, and security. He co-founded the Network for Digital Rights in Ethiopia and is Programme Director and co- founder of the Center for Advancement of Rights and Democracy. Mohamed Farahat is an Egyptian-based legal practitioner, trainer, and political researcher. He works as Legal Analyst for HUMENA for Human Rights and Civic Engagement, as Legal Consultant for International Organization for Migration Egypt, as Legal Expert for the Center for Migration and Refugees Studies, and as Research Fellow for ICT Policy Centre for Eastern and Southern Africa (CIPESA). He is also member of the Internet Rights and Principles Coalition steering committee and of the North Africa Internet Governance Management Advisory Group. Mohamed holds a law degree from Cairo University, and postgraduate diplomas in human rights and civil society, international negotiation, African studies, parliamentary studies, and international law. Currently, he is an MA researcher in the Faculty of High African Studies, Cairo University. DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2021.004 ids.ac.uk Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries 6 Notes on Contributors Iginio Gagliardone is Associate Professor in media and communication at the University of the Witwatersrand, and Associate Research Fellow in new media and human rights in the Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy, University of Oxford. He holds a PhD from the London School of Economics. Iginio has been living between Italy, Ethiopia, the UK, and South Africa, researching the relationship between new media, political expression, and human development, and exploring the emergence of distinctive models of the information society in the global South. Recent publications include China, Africa, and the Future of the Internet (2019, Zed Books), World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development (2018, UNESCO), and The Politics of Technology in Africa (2016, Cambridge University Press). George Hamandishe Karekwaivanane is a lecturer in African Studies at the University of Edinburgh. He received his doctorate from the University of Oxford and his research focuses on socio-legal studies and digital cultures. His recent publications include a Special Issue in the Journal of Eastern African Studies on ‘Publics in Africa in a Digital Age’ and The Struggle Over State Power in Zimbabwe: Law and Politics Since 1950 (2017, Cambridge University Press). Natasha Msonza is an information security analyst, trainer, and privacy advocate. She is cofounder of the Digital Society of Africa, a distributed network of technologists that applies holistic approaches to supporting human rights defenders, marginalised communities, and everyday technology users in becoming more resilient and secure in their use of digital tools online and offline. Natasha has interests in internet governance and research. For several years, she has produced the State of Internet Freedom in Zimbabwe country report commissioned by CIPESA. Natasha holds a Master’s degree in Human Development Studies. Ayobami Ojebode is Professor of Applied Communication in the Department of Communication and Language Arts, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. His research interests are in community communication, community governance, new media, and political communication. Ayobami has led and participated in research into the online advocacy and empowerment by the Bring Back Our Girls movement in Nigeria, social and political action for energy rights, voices and experiences of retiring migrants, and community media and governance. He is a member of the African Digital Rights Network and other professional and academic associations. DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2021.004 ids.ac.uk Digital Rights in Closing Civic Space: Lessons from Ten African Countries 7 Notes on Contributors Oyewole Adekunle Oladapo is a lecturer in the Department of Communication and Language Arts, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He received his doctoral degree in 2018 from University of Ibadan. His doctoral thesis examined variations in online and offline audiences’ deconstruction of newspaper representation of Nigeria’s unity. Oyewole’s areas of interest include media and development, protests and politics on social media, and media and identity. He has authored and co-authored book chapters and articles in both local and foreign journals. Juliet Nanfuka has a background in journalism and new media. She works with the Collaboration on ICT Policy in East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) where she works on digital rights research, advocacy, and projects related to the
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