HERBAL FARMING NOTE: Please Identify Herbal Crop(S) You Like to Grow and Carry out Participatory Research After Registering with TASACCO

HERBAL FARMING NOTE: Please identify herbal crop(s) you like to grow and carry out participatory research after registering with TASACCO. If you think you have reliable research information that can guide others, please let us share it with you. READ ON ……

TASACCO is encouraging its members to go into herbal farming as a means of increasing their disposable incomes and savings to deposit in their accounts. Herbal farming is practiced in many countries of the world. This is why we are able to get a lot of information about various medicinal plants. Unfortunately, there are questions we cannot give satisfactory answers. This is because we do not have reliable information as yet. To get this information, we must carry out basic and participatory research in various parts of the country. Under such research program, we should be able to establish answers emanating from the following 16 question categories.

1. ADAPTABILITY Soils, Altitude, Drainage, Rainfall 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3. BENEFICIAL USES 4. PROPAGATION 5. PRE-SOWING TREATMENT 6. MANAGEMENT 7. AGE TO MATURITY 8. SEED PRODUCTION 9. PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS 10. STORAGE 11. VALUE ADDITION RECOMMENDED 12. WE ARE IN THE WORLD MARKET 13. COSTS Seeds/Seedlings Land preparation Sowing/Planting Harvesting Land/Labour Value Addition Health benefits 14. PRODUCT PRICING 15. REVENUE EARNINGS (SEASONAL, ANNUAL) 16. RETURNS TO INVESTMENT 17. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

LET MEDICINE BE FOOD, AND FOOD MEDICINE

HERBAL FARMING: CHOOSE YOUR ENTERPRISE FROM THIS LIST Table 1.1 MEDICINAL CROPS: ANNUALS LIFE CYCLE: NAME RETURNS TO PART USED ONE YEAR VERNACULAR ENGLISH BOTANICAL INVESTMENT? Mchicha (Swa) Amaranthus Amaranthus Sp. S, L, R, St Kalela (Swa) Bitter Gourd Momordica charantia Fr, St. Turia (Asian) Ridged gourd Luffa acutangula Fr, St. Dhudhi (Asian) Bottle Gourd Lagenaria sicenaria Fr, St. Tindori (Swa) Ivy Gourd Coccinia cordifolia Fr, St. Tinda (Asian) Squash Melon Citrullus vulgaris Fr, St. Pandola (Asian) Snake Gourd Trichosanthes auguina Fr, St. Biringanya (Swa) Egg Plant Solanum melongena Fr, St. Pilipili (Swa) Chilli Capsicum annum Fr, St. Mbinda (Swa) Okra Abelmoschus esculentus Fr, St. Njahi (Kikuyu) Hyacinth Bean Lablab purpureus Fr, St. Guwar (Asian) Cluster Bean Cyamopsis tetragonoloba F, St. Papadi (Asian) Dolichos, Kidney Bean Dolichos lablab,V. aconitifolia F, St. Njugu (Swa) Pigeon Peas, Soya Cajanus cajan, Glycine max S, St. Pojo (Swa) Green, Black Grams Vigna radiata, V. mungo S, St. Kunde (Swa) Cowpea Vigna unguiculata S, St. Mooli (Swa) Radish Raphanus sativus R, L. Nduma (Swa) Cocoyam Colocasia esculentus R, L. Singo (Swa) Drumstick Moringa oleifera F, L Tangawizi (Swa) Ginger Zingiber officinale R, St. Viazi vitamu Sweet Potatoes Ipomea batata R, St Cassava Cassava Manihot esculenta R Karati (Swa) Carrots Daucus carota R Mboga (Swa) Cabbages Brassica oleracea L Nyanya Tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum F Ntunduku Cape Gooseberry Physalis peruviana F Ndania Coriander Coriandrum sativum L Spinach spinach Rumex sp L Sukuma Kale Brassica oleracea L Managu Night Shade Solanum villosum L Rhubarb Rhubarb Rheum officinale St Mbariki (Mer) Castor Bean Ricinus communis S Mahindi (Swa) Indian Corn Zea mays S Fig Figwort Scrophularia nodosa Fr 1.2 AQUATIC Spirulina Spirulina Spirulina sp S Scurvy Grass Watercress Nastartium officinalis Wh Marsh Trefol Buckbean Menyanthes trifoliata Fr Mawele Sorghum Sorghum bicolor S Wimbi Finger Millet Eleusine coracana S Mtama Bulrush Millet Pennisetum glaucum S Mtama Foxtail Millet Setaria villosum S Uyoga Mushroom Agaricus augustus S Additional information on medicinal value, uses, adaptation, soils, field preparation, manure application, sowing, weed control, harvesting, seed pests, diseases being compiled KEY TO PRODUCT S=Seeds, Fl=Flowers, Fr=Fruits, St=Stems, R=Roots, L=Leaves, B=Bulb, B=Bulb, Ba=Bark, Tu=Tuber, Rh=Rhizome, Br= Branches, Pe=Peel, Wh=Whole plant

LET MEDICINE BE FOOD, AND FOOD MEDICINE

Table 1.3 MEDICINAL CROPS: BIENNUALS; EXOTIC, DOMESTICATED. LIFE CYCLE: NAME RETURNS TO PART USED 1-2 YEARS ENGLISH BOTANICAL INVESTMENT? Hibiscus Hibiscus abelmoschus Fl Eyebright Euphraisia officinale L Pumpkin Cucurbita pepo F Sesame Sesamum indicum S Damiana Tumera diffusa L Rose Rosa gallica F Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba L Agave Agave americana R, L Fennel Phoeniculum vulgare S Garlic Allium sativum B Onion Allium cepa B Echinacea Echinacea anguistifolia Fl Water Lily Nymphaea alba F Ladie’s Mantle Alchemilla vulgaris R, L Pasque Flower Anemone pulsatilla R Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris Fl,R Calendula Calendula officinalis F, Basil Ocimum basilicum L Sage Salvia officinalis L Asparagus Asparagus officinalis R Rosemary Rosemarindus indicus L Sesame Sesamum indicum S Aloe Aloe sp. L Passion Flower Passiflora incamata Fl Ginseng Panax gingseng R Nasturtium Trapaeolum majus L, Fl Alfalfa Medicago sativa L, Fl Dill Anethum graveolens S Sunflower Helianthus annuus S Lavender Lavendula anguistifolia Fl, L Thyme Thymus vulgaris Fl Peppermint Mentha piperita L, F Roman Camomile Anthemis nobilis Fl Pepper (Black,white) Piper nigrum Fr Banana Musa sp Fr Vine Yam Dioscorea T Traditional aquatic yam Colocasia sp. T Artemisia Artemisia annua F Chickpea Cicer arietinum S Lentil Lens culinaris St Water melon Citrullus vulgaris Fr Sweet Melon Citrullus sp. Fr Additional information on medicinal value, uses, adaptation, soils, field preparation, manure application, sowing, weed control, harvesting, seed pests, diseases being compiled

KEY TO PRODUCT S=Seeds, Fl=Flowers, Fr=Fruits, St=Stems, R=Roots, L=Leaves, B=Bulb, B=Bulb, Ba=Bark, Tu=Tuber, Rh=Rhizome, Br= Branches, Pe=Peel, Wh=Whole plant

LET MEDICINE BE FOOD, AND FOOD MEDICINE

Table 1.3 MEDICINAL CROPS: EXOTIC, DOMESTICATED BIENNUALS 1.4 EXOTIC, WILD, INDIGENEOUS RETURNS TO PART USED ENGLISH NAME BOTANICAL NAME INVESTMENT?) Common Ash Tree Fraxinus excelsior B,L Burdock Arctium lappa R Fig Tree Ficus carica Fr Stockbill Erodium cicutarium Fl, L Wild clover Trifolium pratense L. Fl Arnica Arnica montana L,Fl Valerian Valeriana officinalis R Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis S

Garden Raspberry Rubus idaeus Fr, L

Witch Grass Agropyrum repens Rh

Mistletoe Viscum album St

Horseweed Erigeron canadensis St

Knotweed Polygonum eviculare St

Sorrel Rumex acetosa St, L Milk Thistle Silybum marianum St, L Wild Radish Raphanus sativus R Dandelion Taraxicum officinale St,L Pineapple Ananas sativarus Fr Wormwood Artemisia absinthium Fl Tumeric Hydrastis canadensis Tu Gentian Gentiana lutea R Laurel Laurus nobilis L Early Purple Orchid Orchis mascula L, Fl Psyllium Plantago psyllium S Pomegranite Punica granatum F Sarsaparilla Smilax aspera Rh Cascara Sagrada Rhamnus purshiana Ba Parsley Petroselinum sativum L Cherry Tree Prunus avium Fr Stevia Stevia sp. L Datura Datura stramonium Fr, L Ndongu Solanum incanum R, Fr Rosehip Rosa canina S

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Additional information on medicinal value, uses, adaptation, soils, field preparation, manure application, sowing, weed control, harvesting, seed pests, diseases being compiled KEY TO PRODUCT S=Seeds, Fl=Flowers, Fr=Fruits, St=Stems, R=Roots, L=Leaves, B=Bulb, B=Bulb, Ba=Bark, Tu=Tuber, Rh=Rhizome, Br= Branches, Pe=Peel, Wh=Whole plant

LET MEDICINE BE FOOD, AND FOOD MEDICINE

Table 1.4 MEDICINAL CROPS: PERENNIALS, EXOTIC, DOMESTICATED PERENNIALS NAME PART USED RETURNS TO INVESTMENT? ENGLISH BOTANICAL Drum stick Moringa oleifera S, L, St. Guava Psidium guajava F, L, Clove Eugenia caryophilata F Golden seal Hydrastis candensis R Cactus Cereus grandiflorus F, L Camphor Cinnamomum camphora B Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Fl Motherwort Leonurus cardiaca Fl, L, Early Periwinkle Vinca minor L Olive 0Olea europaea F Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus F Cypress Cypressus sampervirens L, F Stinging Nettle Urtica sp. L, R Lemon Tree Citrus limon L, F Orange Tree Citrus aurantium L, F Mango Mangifera sp F Avocado Persea americana F, L Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus L St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum L. St Desert tea Ephedra distachya St, Br Licorice Glycyrrhiza gabra R Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis L, Fl Poppy Papaver rhoeas Fl Butterbur Petasites hybridus Rh Common Plantain Plantago major L, R Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum St. Mother of Thyme Thymus serphylum L, St, R Wild Clover Trifolium pratense Fl, L Mullein Verbascum thapsus Fl St. Benedict Thistle Cnicus benedictus L Pawpaw Carica papaya F, S Wormseed Chenopodium ambrosoides L, Fl Cinnamon Tree Cynnamonum zeylanicum Ba Wild Marjoram Origonum vulgare L Anise Pimpinella anisum Fr Red Currant Ribes rubrum Fr, L False Acacia Robinia pseudoacacia F Lavender Santolina sp. F Cat’s Tail Sideritis anguistifolia F Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum S Additional information on medicinal value, uses, adaptation, soils, field preparation, manure application, sowing, weed control, harvesting, seed pests, diseases being compiled KEY TO PRODUCT S=Seeds, Fl=Flowers, Fr=Fruits, St=Stems, R=Roots, L=Leaves, B=Bulb, B=Bulb, Ba=Bark, Tu=Tuber, Rh=Rhizome, Br= Branches, Pe=Peel, Wh=Whole plant

LET MEDICINE BE FOOD, AND FOOD MEDICINE

Table 1.4 MEDICINAL CROPS: PERENNIALS

LIFE CYCLE: EXOTIC AND INDIGENEOUS RETURNS TO PART USED (Over 2 years) ENGLISH NAME BOTANICAL NAME INVESTMENT? Tinnevelly Senna Cassia anguistifolia S Chestnut Castanea sativa Ba Apple Tree Pirus malus F, Ba Tamarind Tamarindus indica Fr, L Bramble Rubus fruticosus Fl, Fr Grapevine Vitis vinifera Fr Hedge Garlic Allaria officinalis St, L Spanish Carrot Ammi visnaga Fr Buchu Barosma betulina L Bearberry Arctostaphylos urva-ursi L White Birch Betula alba L, Fl Golden Rod Solidago virga-aurea Fl Cacao Theobroma cacao S Oleander Nerium oleander St Prickly Pear Opuntia ficus-indica F Solomon’s Seal Plygonatum odoratum Rh Comfrey Symphytum officinalis R Cinchona Tree Cinchona officinalis Ba Grapefruit Citrus maxima F Lime Citrus aurantifolia F Citron Tree Citrus medica F Coconut Cocos nucifera F Plums Prunus sp F Peach Prunus persica F Pears Pyrus communis F Grapes Vitis sp. F Cashew nut Anacardium occidentale F Apple Malus syvestris F Litchi Litchi chinensis F Loquat Eriobotrya japonica F Macadamia M. integrifolia, M. tetraphylla F Strawberry Fragaria sp. F Pineapple Guava Acca sellowiana F Cherimola Annona cherimola F Soursop Annona muricata F Custard Apple Annona squamosa F Betel Nut Arecha catechu F Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis F Jackfruit (Fenesi) Artocarpus heterophyllus(integrifolia) F Cucumber Tree Averrhoa bilimbi F Star Fruit Averrhoa heterophyllus F White Sapote Casimiroa edulis F Yellow Sapote Pouteria campechiana F Additional information on medicinal value, uses, adaptation, soils, field preparation, manure application, sowing, weed control, harvesting, seed pests, diseases being compiled KEY TO PRODUCT S=Seeds, Fl=Flowers, Fr=Fruits, St=Stems, R=Roots, L=Leaves, B=Bulb, B=Bulb, Ba=Bark, Tu=Tuber, Rh=Rhizome, Br= Branches, Pe=Peel, Wh=Whole plant

LET MEDICINE BE FOOD, AND FOOD MEDICINE

Table 1.4 MEDICINAL CROPS: PERENNIALS LIFE CYCLE EXOTIC AND INDIGENEOUS RETURNS TO PART USED Over 2 years ENGLISH NAME BOTANICAL NAME INVESTMENT?) Quince Cydonia oblonga (vulgaris) F Tree Tomato Cyphomandra betacea F Oriental Persimmon Diospiros kaki F Durian Durio zibethinus F Oil palm Elaeis guineensis F Pitanga Eugenia uniflora F Kumquat Fortunalla sp. F Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana F Sapodilla Manikara zapota F Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum F Date palm Phoenix dactylifera F Kapok Tree Ceiba pentandra F Almond Prunus dulcis F Strawberry Guava Psidium cattleieanum F Himalayan Raspberry Rubus rosifolius F Ambarella Spondias cytherea (S. dulcis) F Jambolan Syzygium cuminii (Eugenia jambolana) F Rose Apple Syzygium jambos F Zanzibar Oil Vine Telfairia pedata F Lemon Grass Cymbopogon citrullus F Bamboo Arundinaria sp. S Neem Azadirachta indica ALL Mulberry Tree Morus sp. F, L Muthithi, Sandalwood Santallum sp.(spicatum, album, acuminatum) St.

Additional information on medicinal value, uses, adaptation, soils, field preparation, manure application, sowing, weed control, harvesting, seed pests, diseases being compiled. KEY TO PRODUCT S=Seeds, Fl=Flowers, Fr=Fruits, St=Stems, R=Roots, L=Leaves, B=Bulb, B=Bulb, Ba=Bark, Tu=Tuber, Rh=Rhizome, Br= Branches, Pe=Pee Wh=Whole plant,

LET MEDICINE BE FOOD, AND FOOD MEDICINE

Table 1.5 COMMONLY USED HERBAL TEAS NAME PART PROPA- HEALTH BENEFITS ENGLISH NAME BOTANICAL NAME USED GATION Apple Pinus malus Fr Cholesterol, Bowels Anise Pimpinella anisum S, L Digestion, reduces pain Cardamom Elletaria cardamomum S Digestion enhancer Chamomile Arthemis nobilis F Calms, soothes stomach Cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ba Blood circulation Citrus Citrus limon Pe, L Toxin removal Dandelion Taraxacum officinale R, L Liver & kidney cleanser Echinacea Echinacea anguistifolia F Immune booster Fennel Foeniculum vulgare S Flatulence control Ginger Zingiber officinalis R Improves blood flow Gingseng Panax gingseng R Increases stamina Hibiscus Hibiscus abelmoschus F Toxin removal Lemon grass Cymbopogon citrullus St, L Reduces stress Licuorice Glycyryyhiza glabra R Immune booster Mint Lythrum salicaria L Digestion enhancer Neem Azadirachta indica Ba, L Immune & anti-viral Nettle Urtica dioica L Toxin remover Raspberry Rubus ideaus L Controls diarrhea Roibos Aspalathus linearis L Body toxin removal Rosehip/Brier hip Rosa canina Fr, R, L Immuno-stimulant , fatigue Rosemary Rosemarinus indica L Circulation enhancer Sage Salvia officinalis L Calms, improves digestion Srawberry Fragaria vesea L Pain reliever, improves digestion Thyme Thymus vulgaris L Antiseptic, immune booster Coffee Coffea arabica F Stimulant Tea Camelia sinensis L Green tea- Heart, Arthritis, Bone

DISCLAIMER: Information given is not medical advice, these are facts gathered scientifically from users and sellers of the above products. Our readers are advised to consult a Doctor or a Herbalist before embarking on any herbal tea therapy for any ailment. KEY TO PRODUCT S=Seeds, Fl=Flowers, Fr=Fruits, St=Stems, R=Roots, L=Leaves, B=Bulb, B=Bulb, Ba=Bark, Tu=Tuber, Rh=Rhizome, Br= Branches, Pe=Peel, Wh=Whole plant

LET MEDICINE BE FOOD, AND FOOD MEDICINE

Table 2.1 ANIMALS BENEFICIAL TO INTEGRATED NATURAL HEALTHCARE SYSTEM Derived Products RETURNS TO B. ANIMALS ECO-ZONE INVESTMENT? MAMMALS DOMESTIC Meat, milk, hides, Cattle, Dairy skins, blood meal, Cattle, Beef bones, organic Sheep, Mutton manure Sheep, Wool Sheep, Dual Purpose Goats, Meat Goat, Milk Pigs Rabbits, ALL Camels Donkeys Dogs Cats

WILD

Giant rat

BIRDS DOMESTIC & WILD Meat, eggs, Chicken, indigenous feathers, blood Chicken, Broilers meal, bones, Chicken, Dual purpose organic manure Goose, ALL Turkey Ostrich, Doves Guinea Fowl REPTILES AQUATIC Meat, Bones Fish (all species) Shrimp

SEMI-AQUATIC ALL Crocodile Meat, Eggs, Hides

Frog Meat

MOLLUSCS Snails Meat Crabs ALL Oyster

INSECTS BEE KEEPING (APIARY) HONEY, POLLEN, BEESWAX ALL TERMITES PROTEIN Additional information on medicinal value, uses, adaptation, menu, feeding, spacing, pests and diseases being compiled