Dissertação Felipe Moraes

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Dissertação Felipe Moraes FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS CENTRO DE PESQUISA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO DE HISTÓRIA CONTEMPORÂNEA DO BRASIL – CPDOC PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA, POLÍTICA E BENS CULTURAIS MESTRADO ACADÊMICO EM HISTÓRIA, POLÍTICA E BENS CULTURAIS TRAIÇÃO OU TRADIÇÃO? TRUMP, POPULISMO E A ORDEM INTERNACIONAL EM XEQUE APRESENTADO POR FELIPE AUGUSTO CHAGAS NACIF DE MORAES PROFESSOR ORIENTADOR ACADÊMICO JAN OLIVER DELLA COSTA STUENKEL Rio de Janeiro, outubro de 2019 !1 FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS CENTRO DE PESQUISA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO DE HISTÓRIA CONTEMPORÂNEA DO BRASIL – CPDOC PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA, POLÍTICA E BENS CULTURAIS MESTRADO ACADÊMICO EM HISTÓRIA, POLÍTICA E BENS CULTURAIS TRAIÇÃO OU TRADIÇÃO? TRUMP, POPULISMO E A ORDEM INTERNACIONAL EM XEQUE APRESENTADO POR FELIPE AUGUSTO CHAGAS NACIF DE MORAES Rio de Janeiro, outubro de 2019 !2 FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS CENTRO DE PESQUISA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO DE HISTÓRIA CONTEMPORÂNEA DO BRASIL – CPDOC PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA, POLÍTICA E BENS CULTURAIS MESTRADO ACADÊMICO EM HISTÓRIA, POLÍTICA E BENS CULTURAIS TRAIÇÃO OU TRADIÇÃO? TRUMP, POPULISMO E A ORDEM INTERNACIONAL EM XEQUE APRESENTADO POR FELIPE AUGUSTO CHAGAS NACIF DE MORAES Dissertação de Mestrado Acadêmico apresentada ao Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil – CPDOC como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em História, Política e Bens Culturais. Rio de Janeiro, outubro de 2019 !3 ! !4 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo Sistema de Bibliotecas/FGV Moraes, Felipe Augusto Chagas Nacif de Traição ou tradição? : Trump, populismo e a ordem internacional em xeque / Felipe Augusto Chagas Nacif de Moraes. – 2019. 166 f. Dissertação (mestrado) – Escola de Ciências Sociais da Fundação Getulio Vargas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Política e Bens Culturais. Orientador: Jan Oliver Della Costa Stuenkel. Inclui bibliografia. 1. Populismo – Estados Unidos. 2. Estados Unidos – Relações exteriores. 3. Política internacional. 4. Democracia. 5. Liberalismo. I. Stuenkel, Oliver. II. Escola de Ciências Sociais da Fundação Getulio Vargas. Programa de Pós- Graduação em História, Política e Bens Culturais. III.Título. CDD – 320.973 Elaborada por Márcia Nunes Bacha – CRB-7/4403 !5 Resumo Criado no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, o sistema internacional contemporâneo está assentado no compartilhamento de valores, práticas e normas entre seus membros, formando a assim denominada ordem internacional liberal, liderada pelos Estados Unidos, que atuam há mais de setenta anos comprometidos com o multilateralismo, de modo a evitar novas guerras e perpetuar o seu poder no tempo. Contudo, é a contestação desse sistema por seu próprio administrador que motiva o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. A década de 2010 testemunhou a emergência de movimentos e líderes autoritários, antielitistas e antipluralistas em diferentes regiões do globo, inclusive nos Estados Unidos, provocando problemas no que tange à administração da ordem global. O presente estudo investiga o fenômeno do populismo e sua ascensão nesse país, o que teria culminado com a chegada de Donald Trump ao poder. Com base nisso, também buscamos compreender essa manifestação nas relações internacionais, assim como a influência do populismo trumpista sobre a política externa e a política comercial dos Estados Unidos. Questionamos, assim, o que as ações empreendidas pelo novo governo republicano podem significar para a posição que seu país ocupa no mundo. Palavras-chave: Populismo; Estados Unidos; Política Internacional; Ordem Internacional. !1 Abstract Established in the aftermath of World War II, the contemporary international system is based on the sharing of values, practices and norms among its members, forming the US-led liberal international order. The United States has been committed to multilateralism for over seventy years in order to prevent wars and perpetuate its power over time. Nevertheless, this work is motivated by the contestation of this system by its own manager. During the 2010s, authoritarian, anti-elitist and anti-pluralist movements and leaders have emerged in various regions of the globe, including the United States, originating some issues concerning the global order. This study investigates the phenomenon of populism and its rise in this State, culminating with Donald Trump’s accession to power. Based on this, we also seek to understand this manifestation in international relations, as well as the influence of trumpist populism on US foreign policy and trade policy. We thus analyse what the decisions made by the new republican government may represent to the position that its country occupies in the world. Key Words: Populism; United States; International Politics; International Order. !2 Agradecimentos Ao professor Oliver Stuenkel, por acreditar em meu potencial e se disponibilizar a me orientar. Nossas trocas me deram a confiança necessária não somente para me aventurar no campo da pesquisa, mas também para a escolha de um tema muito recente nas relações internacionais contemporâneas, o que trouxe desafios e incentivos para o desenvolvimento desta dissertação. Aos professores Matias Spektor e Guilherme Casarões, pelos preciosos comentários e observações que contribuíram para a elaboração do presente trabalho. Aos professores Paulo Velasco e Paula Vedoveli, que até o presente momento não tivera a honra de conhecer, pela disponibilidade e gentileza demonstradas para compor minha banca avaliadora. Aos professores do Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil, da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, cuja influência foi muito positiva no sentido de embasar as abordagens e argumentos apresentados nesta pesquisa. Agradeço nominalmente aos professores Alexandre Moreli, Marcio Vilarouca e João Marcelo Maia, pelas aulas e incentivo para a consecução deste trabalho. À Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, particularmente ao professor Honorio Kume, da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas. Suas aulas e a bibliografia trabalhada trouxeram aporte essencial para o desenvolvimento do terceiro capítulo desta dissertação. A meus professores do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, pela formação de excelência que tive o privilégio de receber. Seus ensinamentos foram determinantes na minha maneira de pensar e despertaram meu interesse pela investigação da política internacional. Agradeço especialmente aos professores Alexandra Silva, Diego Jesus, Fernando Maia, Leane Naidin e Márcio Scalercio: suas aulas e indicações de leitura foram muito !3 importantes para a pesquisa que desenvolvi e para o caminho profissional que espero seguir. A meus professores do Colégio São Vicente de Paulo, pela formação cidadã que me propiciaram. Agradeço particularmente aos professores Emir Portella, Luiz Cláudio Gomes e Ligia Coutinho, a quem devo a descoberta da História e da Geografia. A meus pais, Othon Moraes e Stela Moraes, sem quem este trabalho simplesmente não teria sido possível. Sua contribuição passa não somente pelo amor e apoio a mim dedicados, mas também pelo modelo ético e profissional que neles encontro para minha vida. Aos demais membros de minha família, cujo apoio foi igualmente importante para o caminho que percorri até aqui. De maneira especial, agradeço a minha avó, Walderez Moraes, a minha avó do coração, Irandê Ribeiro, a meus tios, Ângelo Chagas, Marta Chagas e Angela Moraes, bem como a meu primo, Bruno Rego, pelo carinho e pelas conversas que direta ou indiretamente influenciaram as escolhas referentes ao caminho que venho trilhando. Aos amigos e colegas, antigos e novos, que também acompanharam minha trajetória durante a faculdade e a pós-graduação. Agradeço em especial a Bruna Gonçalves, pelo apoio e pela ajuda na logística dos gráficos e tabelas, aqui apresentados, e a Andréa Faria, pelas frutíferas discussões em torno de meu mestrado. !4 A meus avós e a minha tia-avó, Anicse Rodrigues de Moraes, Ataliba Belleza Chagas, Maria Magdalena Sardinha Chagas e Theresinha Barros Nacif. (In memoriam) !5 Sumário Introdução 7 Capítulo 1 – Populismo: conceito, antecedentes e conjuntura atual 14 1.1 – Qual populismo? 14 1.2 – A ascensão do populismo no mundo contemporâneo 32 1.3 – Donald Trump como ator populista 42 Capítulo 2 – Ordem internacional liberal e política externa norte-americana 53 2.1 – A preponderância dos Estados Unidos na ordem global 53 2.2 – A grande estratégia norte-americana 71 2.3 – Populismo e política externa: o governo Donald Trump 78 Capítulo 3 – A ordem liberal em xeque: Donald Trump e o comércio internacional 93 3.1 – O fenômeno da globalização e o comércio internacional 93 3.2 – O desenvolvimento do sistema multilateral de comércio 100 3.3 – A política comercial norte-americana e o populismo trumpista 107 Considerações finais 132 Referências bibliográficas 150 Anexos 163 !6 Introdução Fundada no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, a arquitetura do sistema internacional está assentada em um conjunto de valores, práticas e normas compartilhados por seus membros. Desde então, os Estados Unidos assumiriam definitivamente a posição que o Reino Unido ocupara até o início do século XX, outorgando para si o papel de principais administradores da ordem mundial, através da criação ou reativação de instituições de caráter liberal, com o objetivo de promover a cooperação entre os Estados e evitar guerras futuras. Esse ator, inicialmente através da liderança econômica, criou um sistema orientado por regras que permitiu a reconstrução
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