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Oliveira Tgg Me Mar.Pdf (2.231Mb) UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS SAN TIAGO DANTAS – UNESP, UNICAMP E PUC-SP THIAGO GODOY GOMES DE OLIVEIRA O nacionalismo e a política externa dos Estados Unidos: o Partido Republicano no século XXI São Paulo 2021 THIAGO GODOY GOMES DE OLIVEIRA O nacionalismo e a política externa dos Estados Unidos: o Partido Republicano no século XXI Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Relações Internacionais San Tiago Dantas, da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) e da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), como exigência para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais, na área de concentração “Instituições, Processos e Atores”, na linha de pesquisa “Estudos sobre Estados Unidos”. Orientadora: Cristina Soreanu Pecequilo São Paulo 2021 THIAGO GODOY GOMES DE OLIVEIRA O nacionalismo e a política externa dos Estados Unidos: o Partido Republicano no século XXI Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Relações Internacionais San Tiago Dantas, da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) e da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), como exigência para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais, na área de concentração “Instituições, Processos e Atores”, na linha de pesquisa “Estudos sobre Estados Unidos”. Orientadora: Cristina Soreanu Pecequilo BANCA EXAMINADORA Prof. Dra. Cristina Soreanu Pecequilo (Universidade Federal de São Paulo) Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Carvalho (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo) Prof. Dr. Filipe Almeida do Prado Mendonça (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia) São Paulo, 2 de março de 2021 A todos que acreditam em dias melhores. AGRADECIMENTOS O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Código de Financiamento 001. As opiniões, hipóteses e conclusões ou recomendações aqui expressas são de responsabilidade dos autores e não necessariamente refletem a visão das instituições que apoiaram esta pesquisa. Aqui também cabe o agradecimento ao Programa San Tiago Dantas, seu corpo docente, em especial ao professor Samuel Soares, Giovana e Isabela da Secretaria do Programa, Graziela da Biblioteca do Programa, aos membros do NEAI, alunos e colegas de turma. Muito obrigado por todas as trocas, atenção e oportunidades ao longo desses últimos dois anos. Serei eternamente grato. Meus primeiros agradecimentos vão para a pessoa mais especial em minha vida. Lari, muito obrigado por todo o apoio, amor, compreensão e pela vida que nós partilhamos juntos há mais de três anos. Obrigado pelos inúmeros artigos lidos por você e por ter sempre me motivado e acreditado em mim. Você é sensacional e acho que um parágrafo é pouco para agradecer o quanto você fez parte desse processo desde o início. Meu amor eterno é seu. Gostaria de agradecer toda minha família pelo apoio e todo o amor, em especial aos meus pais. Muito obrigado por acreditaram em mim e me apoiar nesse processo. Apesar da distância física, o laço de amor familiar nunca diminui. Cabe um agradecimento especial aos meus amigos que também estiveram presentes ao longo desse processo, em especial ao Tiago, Paulo, Rachel, Victor, Edu, Júlio, Mari, Júlia e Lucas. Aos alunos que tive e ainda tenho o prazer de lecionar, meu muito obrigado pela confiança e por cada aula dada. Meus imensos agradecimentos à professora Cristina Pecequilo pela orientação, auxílio e amizade. Muito obrigado por ter aceitado esse desafio, por ter acreditado no meu tema de pesquisa e por ter me ensinado tanto ao longo desse processo. Espero que nossa parceria possa perdurar durante muito tempo. Meu muito obrigado também ao professor Carlos Gustavo por ter sido meu orientador nos momentos iniciais da pesquisa. Mesmo que o destino tenha interrompido formalmente sua orientação, o apoio e amizade ainda continuam. Gostaria de agradecer também aos professores Lucas Leite, Fernanda Magnotta e Igor Alves pela amizade, apoio e por serem fontes de inspiração para o profissional que desejo ser. Ao professor Carlos Eduardo, muito obrigado pelas aulas, ensinamentos, apontamentos nesse trabalho e disponibilidade para participar da banca. Ao professor Filipe Mendonça, muito obrigado pelos apontamentos realizados até aqui e por também ter topado o desafio de fazer parte da banca. O trabalho não teria chegado nesse resultado final sem as contribuições feitas por vocês na banca de qualificação. Cabe um agradecimento também aos professores que tive o prazer de terem sido meus mestres ao longo dos anos: Viviane Franco, David Magalhães, Laíz Azeredo, Diego Lopes, Mekitarian, Paulo Dutra, Ana Paula, Vanessa e Joyce Luz Meus agradecimentos também aos meus filhos felinos, Jesse, Ludovica e Bartolomeu. Meu último obrigado vai para meu filho mais velho, Ringo, que sempre esteve presente desde os meus 9 anos de idade. The point is that as soon as fear, hatred, jealousy and power worship are involved, the sense of reality becomes unhinged. (ORWELL, 2018). RESUMO Dentro da história dos Estados Unidos, o nacionalismo sempre se fez presente em distintos momentos, se materializando no contexto de um sentimento cívico. Nos últimos anos, a ascensão de um sentimento nacionalista mais agressivo e escancarado ficou nítida dentro do Partido Republicano, alcançando seu ápice na administração de Donald Trump. Logo, é de suma importância explorar o crescimento histórico do nacionalismo dentro do principal agente globalizador, buscando compreender a dinâmica do nacionalismo com o Partido Republicano. Para tal, a abordagem utilizada pelo trabalho será o método hipotético-dedutivo. Sob o ponto de vista procedimental, a pesquisa utilizará o método histórico, uma vez que se faz necessário compreender o ponto de partida do Partido Republicano e as transformações ocorridas no decorrer histórico. A pesquisa será de caráter exploratório, baseando-se no levantamento bibliográfico. Os dados utilizados serão secundários, fazendo uso de elementos qualitativos e quantitativos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o Partido Republicano, desde o switch partidário na década de 1960, buscou conciliar sua base mais moderada com outra mais nacionalista. Nesse sentido, com flertes com essa base nacionalista em cada ciclo eleitoral, o não comprometimento do partido com essa parcela nacionalista viria a frustrar grande parte de seu eleitorado, criaria um cenário propício a uma tomada nacionalista do partido. Trump, logo, não seria a causa do avanço do nacionalismo, mas sim um sintoma e um potencializador, justamente por ter sido capaz de identificar elementos nacionalistas cada vez mais presentes na sociedade norte-americana e, consequentemente, instrumentalizá-los no âmbito político. Palavras-chave: Grand Old Party. Donald Trump. Política Internacional. ABSTRACT Within the history of the United States, nationalism has always been present at different times, materializing in the context of a civic sentiment. In recent years, the rise of a more aggressive and wide-ranging nationalist sentiment has been evident within the Republican Party, reaching its peak in the administration of Donald Trump. Therefore, it is extremely important to explore the historical growth of nationalism within the main globalizing agent, seeking to understand the dynamics of nationalism with the Republican Party. For this, the approach used by the work will be the hypothetical-deductive method. From a procedural point of view, the research will use the historical method, since it is necessary to understand the starting point of the Republican Party and the transformations that occurred in the historical course. The research will be exploratory in nature, based on the bibliographic survey. The data used will be secondary, making use of qualitative and quantitative elements. The results obtained demonstrate that the Republican Party, since the party switch in the 1960s, sought to reconcile its more moderate base with another more nationalist. In this sense, as it would flirt with this nationalist base in each electoral cycle, the non- commitment of the party to this nationalist portion would frustrate a large part of its electorate, creating a favorable scenario for a nationalist takeover of the party. Trump, therefore, would not be the cause of the advance of nationalism, but rather a symptom and an enhancer, precisely because he was able to identify nationalist elements increasingly present in American society and, consequently, instrumentalize them in the political sphere. Keywords: Grand Old Party. Donald Trump. International Politics. RESUMEN Dentro de la historia de Estados Unidos, el nacionalismo siempre ha estado presente en diferentes momentos, materializándose en el contexto de un sentimiento cívico. En los últimos años, el surgimiento de un sentimiento nacionalista más agresivo y de amplio alcance ha sido evidente dentro del Partido Republicano, alcanzando su punto máximo en la administración de Donald Trump. Por tanto, es de suma importancia explorar el crecimiento histórico del nacionalismo dentro del principal agente globalizador, buscando comprender la dinámica del nacionalismo con el Partido Republicano. Para ello, el enfoque utilizado por el trabajo será el método hipotético- deductivo. Desde el
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