The Integration of Mauretania Tingitana in the Diocese of Hispaniae

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Integration of Mauretania Tingitana in the Diocese of Hispaniae THE INTEGRATION OF MAURETANIA TINGITANA IN THE DIOCESE OF HISPANIAE Joey van Kuijck Student number: S4154630 Teacher: Dr. D. Slootjes Date of Submission: 15-06-2015 The Integration of Mauretania Tingitana in the Diocese of Hispaniae THE INTEGRATION OF MAURETANIA TINGITANA IN THE DIOCESE OF HISPANIAE CONTENTS Introduction 03 Status Quaestionis 04 Part one: 06 The situation of Mauretania Tingitana at the time of Diocletian and Maximian Part two: 10 Reasoning behind the decision to merge Tingitania into the diocese of Hispaniae Conclusion 14 Bibliography 17 Appendix 20 2 The Integration of Mauretania Tingitana in the Diocese of Hispaniae Introduction When the crisis of the third century ended due to the ascension of emperor Diocletian (r. 284- 305), it became evident that the Roman empire was too vast to rule by means of the traditional administrative structures. The creation of the diarchy in 286, which became the tetrarchy in 293, was one of Diocletian’s numerous reforms to stabilise the Empire. His reform program, which was continued by his successor emperor Constantine the Great (r. 306-337), had to increase the absolute power of the emperor and reduce the chance of a coup d’état. In order to achieve this, Diocletian started to split the vast provinces into smaller ones, resulting in a considerable increase in number of provinces. However, the idea of splitting up provinces was not entirely new. Some of Diocletian’s predecessors, such as Aurelian (r. 270-275), had already started to split up several provinces, although less extensively, in order to make them more manageable.1 The creation of the dioceses was the next step to extend and improve not only the functioning of the administrative structure, but the hierarchy of the empire as well. The head of a diocese was a vicarius or the so-called vicar, who became the superior of the governor.2 It is uncertain which emperor installed the dioceses but most scholars estimated that it occurred around the years 293-314.3 According to the Laterculus Veronensis or the so-called Verona List, which was probably written in the first quarter of the fourth century, the empire contained twelve dioceses: Oriens, Pontica, Asiana, Thracia, Moesiae, Pannoniae, Britanniae, Galliae, Viennensis, Italia, Africa and Hispaniae.4 The latter contained the provinces of Baetica, Carthaginiensis, Gallaecia, Lusitania, Mauretania Tingitana and Tarraconensis.5 The provinces of Hispaniae are all situated in present-day Spain and Portugal except for the province of Mauretania Tingitana, which was roughly situated in modern northern Morocco. This unique diocese did not geographically change until the conquest of the Vandals, Alans and Sueves in 409.6 The diocese of Hispaniae is unique due to the fact that it is not an interconnected geographical territory; the strait of Gibraltar divides it. The reason behind this 1 Daniëlle Slootjes, ‘Late antique administrative structures: On the meaning of dioceses and their borders in the fourth century AD’, in: Lee Brice and Daniëlle Slootjes (ed.), Aspects of ancient institutions and geography: Studies in honor of Richard J.A. Talbert (Leiden 2014) 177-195, here 186. 2 Daniëlle Slootjes, The governor and his subjects in the later Roman Empire (Leiden, 2006), 17-18. 3 Karl L. Noethlichs, ‘Zur Entstehung der Diözese als Mittelinstanz des spätrömischen Verwaltungssystems’, Historia 31 (1982), 70-81, here 75; Joachim Migl, Die Ordnung der Ämter. Prätorianerpräfektur und Vikariat in der Regionalverwaltung des Römischen Reiches von Konstantin bis zur Valentinianischen Dynastie (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), 54; Constantin Zuckerman, ‘Sur la liste de Vérone et la province de Grande Arménie, la división de l’empire et la date de création des diocèses’, in: Gilbert Dragon (red.), Travaux et Mémoires 14 (Paris, 2002), 617-637, here 636. Cf. William Seston, Dioclétien et la tétrachie (Paris, 1946), 334; Arnold H. M. Jones, John R. Martindale and John Morris, The prosopography of the later Roman Empire, 3 volumes (Cambridge, 1971; reprinted 1975), I: 31; Timothy D. Barnes, The new Empire of Diocletian and Constantine (Harvard, 1982), 224-225; Michael F. Hendy, Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c.300–1450 (Cambridge, 1985), 373-374; Michael Kulikowski, Late Roman Spain and Its Cities (Baltimore, 2004), 72; Elio lo Cascio, 'The new state of Diocletian and Constantine: From the tetrarchy to the reunification of the empire', The Cambridge Ancient History 12 (2002), 170-183, here 181; Jill Harries, Imperial Rome AD 284-363: The new empire (Edinburgh, 2012), 53. 4 Barnes, The new Empire, 205-208. 5 Ibidem, 208. 6 Javier Acre, El último siglo de la España Romana, 284- 409 (Madrid, 2009), 42. 3 The Integration of Mauretania Tingitana in the Diocese of Hispaniae decision is still not clear, since scholars have not found a satisfying explanation. There are some hypotheses, but there is no consensus between them. This study aims to critically compare the current theses, analysing their individual strengths and weaknesses, in order to create a clear overview which will facilitate further research on this subject. In addition, this essay attempts to bridge the gap between the existing theses. The central question of this essay is: what were the reasons for integrating the province of Mauretania Tingitana in the newly created diocese of Hispaniae? The answer to this question will be a hypothesis that tries to eliminate the less plausible explanations and which will build upon the more plausible ones. This will hopefully renew the scholarly debate around Mauretania Tingitana and hence provide more insight in the reasoning behind the choices that were made concerning the creation of the Roman dioceses. Status Quaestionis Over the last decades, several studies were published on the creation of the dioceses. The traditional view is that they were created during the reign of emperor Diocletian after the installation of the tetrarchy. This view is still often heard and there are many modern scholars who agree that it was Diocletian who created the dioceses. However, the supporting evidence for this statement is scant and deviates greatly. Supporters of this view often refer to the Acta Marcelli, the hagiography of Saint Marcellus of Tangier, in which Aurelius Agriconlanus is referred to as agentem vice praefectorum, which they translate to vicar.7 Another propagator of this view is Elio lo Cascio, who argued that during the reign of Diocletian the creation of new mints became decentralised in various regions, which accorded with the new system of dioceses-based tax collection.8 There are also scholars who do not see strong evidence that it was Diocletian who created the dioceses. The first among them was Karl Leo Noethlichs, who concluded that there was no evidence in the ancient sources for the existence of dioceses during the reign of Diocletian.9 Therefore, the dioceses were a construction of the emperors Constantine and Licinius (r. 308-324). Joachim Migl agrees with Noethlichs and adds that the installation of the dioceses was a pragmatic solution for imperial control of tax collection.10 The most recent work written about the creation of the dioceses connects the Verona List to it. This list makes the first ancient notation of the dioceses. Constantin Zuckerman argued that it was written in the summer of 314 and that at the same time the dioceses were created; since this happened together with other extensive contemporary administrative reforms of emperors Constantine and Licinius.11 7 Seston, Dioclétien et la tétrachie, 334; Jones, Martindale and Morris, The prosopography of the later Roman Empire, I: 31; Barnes, The new Empire, 224-225; Kulikowski, Late Roman Spain, 72. The idea that agentem vice praefectorum meant the same as vicar is the general consensus after the article of Michael Arnheim. See Michael T.W Arnheim, 'Vicars in the later Roman Empire', Historia 19 (1970), 593-606. 8 Cascio, 'The new state of Diocletian and Constantine’, 181. 9 Noethlichs, ‘Zur Entstehung der Diözese’, 72. 10 Migl, Die Ordnung der Ämter, 54-69. 11 Zuckerman, ‘Sur la liste de Vérone et la province de Grande Arménie’, 636. 4 The Integration of Mauretania Tingitana in the Diocese of Hispaniae Besides the questions when the dioceses were made and by whom, there is a problem to answer the question how the dioceses were made as well. Did the emperors make the decisions themselves or were there more people involved? In addition, what were the reasons to decide which provinces were to be included in a diocese? Noethlichs clarified that the provinces did not necessarily belong geographically to each other and that the size of a diocese was not a guiding principle as the dioceses differed in size.12 For example, the dioceses of Africa, Oriens and Galliae were around ca. 400.000 km² each, while the dioceses of Thracia and Asiana were only ca. 200.000 km² respectively.13 At the same time we do not know the choices made concerning the demarcation of these dioceses. Despite these uncertainties, it is certain that the borders of the dioceses correspond with provincial borders and that the borders of the later prefectures correspond with those of the dioceses. Daniëlle Slootjes adds the notion that the borders of the provinces were most likely based on local city borders.14 If this is correct, it gives an insight into the thought and decision making process of how the dioceses were composed. The line of reasoning of these scholars seems logical, but they do not answer the question how the Romans determined the size of a diocese. Hispaniae is, as was said before, unique due to the strait of Gibraltar that separates the provinces. If Noethlichs was right with his latter thesis, then why was the province of Mauretania Tingitana integrated into the Diocese of Hispaniae? In 1954, Brian H.
Recommended publications
  • În Spania Arestarea De Proporţii a “Gitanilor” În Spania Antonio Gómez Alfaro
    CONSILIUL EUROPEI PROIECT EDUCAŢIA ROMII | ISTORIE COPIILOR ROMI Council Conseil OF Europe DE L´Europe ÎN EUROPA ArestAreA de proporţii © CONSILIUL EUROPEI 3.3 A “gitAnilor” în spAniA Arestarea de proporţii a “gitanilor” în Spania Antonio Gómez Alfaro O măsură de securitate preventivă I O conjunctură favorabilă I Strategia I Finanţarea operaţiunii de arestare I Destinaţia prizonierilor I Bilanţul arestărilor I Probleme asociate cu „gitanii„ eliberaţi I Motivele graţierii I O întârziere neprevăzută Perioada despotismului luminat oferă autorităţilor posibilitatea mai amplă de a –şi aplica măsurile asupra tuturor persoanelor supuse jurisdicţiei lor. În Spania, această situaţie ajunge la unul dintre cele mai penibile episoade ale istoriei comunităţii „ţigăneşti” din ţară: arestarea generală executată sub domnia lui Ferdinand VI, pe 30 iulie 1749. Operaţiunea – minuţios pregătită şi sistematică - conduce la încarcerarea a zece sau douăsprezece mii de persoane „pentru simplul motiv că sunt ţigani”. Coordonarea diferitelor autorităţi publice implicate, cooperarea Bisericii (care rămâne pasivă în faţa unei asemenea injustiţii), excesele comise de toate persoanele care au făcut operaţiunea posibilă şi colaborarea concetăţenilor şi vecinilor victimelor conferă acestei „miercuri negre” - numele sub care acţiunea trece în posteritate - un caracter unic în lunga serie a persecuţiilor antiţigăneşti din Europa. Oviedo A S T U R I A S CANTABRIA G A L I C I A León 3 N A V A R R E Santo Domingo de la Calazada 1 A R A G O N LA 6 Logroño nUmĂRUl FAmIlIIlOR
    [Show full text]
  • Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early
    Dokuz Eylül University – DEU The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea Congressus internationales Smyrnenses X Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods An international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity May 14-15, 2020 / Izmir, Turkey Edited by Ergün Laflı Izmir 2020 Last update: 04/05/2020. 1 Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods. Papers presented at the international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity, May 14-15, 2020 / Izmir, Turkey, Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea – Acta congressus communis omnium gentium Smyrnae. Copyright © 2020 Ergün Laflı (editor) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the editor. ISBN: 978-605-031-211-9. Page setting: Ergün Laflı (Izmir). Text corrections and revisions: Hugo Thoen (Deinze / Ghent). Papers, presented at the international video conference, entitled “Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods. An international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity” in May 14–15, 2020 in Izmir, Turkey. 36 papers with 61 pages and numerous colourful figures. All papers and key words are in English. 21 x 29,7 cm; paperback; 40 gr. quality paper. Frontispiece. A Roman stele with two portraits in the Museum of Kırşehir; accession nos. A.5.1.95a-b (photograph by E.
    [Show full text]
  • Her-Spania Per Person, Sharing
    PROGRAM RATES Her-Spania Per person, sharing................... $6,590 A Woman’s History of Spain Single supplement........................ $990 With Florinda Ruiz and Lorri Olán June 3–13, 2021 Program Rates Include: 9 nights hotel accommodations • 9 breakfasts, 7 lunches, and 4 dinners • Full program of briefings, lectures, presentations, and musical entertainment • Group arrival and departure transfers by motor coach • Baggage handling • Gratuities to porters, waitstaff, guides and drivers • Entrance fees • House ITINERARY wine and beer with all group dinners • Tour manager throughout the program Thu June 3 - Depart U.S. RESERVE A PLACE Fly overnight to Madrid For the ease of registering online (preferred method), please visit lifelong.wlu.edu/HerSpania21. Once you have submitted your online Fri June 4 - Arrive Madrid, Spain reservation, Criterion Travel will call within two business days to City tour, Old Quarter confirm your reservation and collect your deposit. If you would prefer to mail your registration, please complete the Sat June 5 - Madrid form below and mail with your deposit check made payable to Retiro Park, Prado, Dress Museum Criterion Travel to: Washington and Lee University Office of Lifelong Learning Sun June 6 - Madrid 204 W. Washington Street El Escorial and Segovia Lexington, VA 24450 Mon June 7 - Madrid TRAVELER INFORMATION Reina Sofia Center TITLE/FIRST NAME/LAST NAME CLASS YEAR Tue June 8 - Madrid / Ávila / Salamanca World Heritage cities TITLE/FIRST NAME/LAST NAME CLASS YEAR Wed June 9 - Salamanca City tour,
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
    Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground-Water Resources of the Bengasi Area, Cyrenaica, United Kingdom of Libya
    Ground-Water Resources of the Bengasi Area, Cyrenaica, United Kingdom of Libya GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-B Prepared under the auspices of the United States Operations Mission to Libya, the United States Corps of Engineers, and the Government of Libya BBQPERTY OF U.S.GW«r..GlCAL SURVEY JRENTON, NEW JEST.W Ground-Water Resources of the Bengasi Area Cyrenaica, United Kingdom of Libya By W. W. DOYEL and F. J. MAGUIRE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-B Prepared under the auspices of the United States Operations Mission to Libya, the United States Corps of Engineers, and the Government of Libya UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract _ _______________-__--__-_______--__--_-__---_-------_--- Bl Introduction______-______--__-_-____________--------_-----------__ 1 Location and extent of area-----_______----___--_-------------_- 1 Purpose and scope of investigation---______-_______--__-------__- 3 Acknowledgments __________________________-__--_-----_--_____ 3 Geography___________--_---___-_____---____------------_-___---_- 5 General features.._-_____-___________-_-_____--_-_---------_-_- 5 Topography and drainage_______________________--_-------.-_- 6 Climate.____________________.__----- - 6 Geology____________________-________________________-___----__-__ 8 Ground water____._____________-____-_-______-__-______-_--_--__ 10 Bengasi municipal supply_____________________________________ 12 Other water supplies___________________-______-_-_-___-_--____- 14 Test drilling....______._______._______.___________ 15 Conclusions.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground Water in the Sirte Area, Tripolitania United Kingdom of Libya
    Ground Water in the Sirte Area, Tripolitania United Kingdom of Libya GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-C Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Agency for International Development Mission to Libya Ground Water in the Sirte Area, Tripolitania United Kingdom of Libya By WILLIAM OGILBEE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-C Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Agency for International Development Mission to Libya UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Faga Abstract-- ____ ___--_-_____________________-___-_.__-_-_____-_.-.-__ Cl Introduction._ ____________________________________________________ 1 Geographic and climatic features.____-__-__---________-_____________ 3 Geology ____--_-______-__--_____________-----__-_____-__--_-_-_-__ 5 Ground water__ ___________________________________________________ 8 Occurrence ___________________________________________________ 8 Chemical quality______________________________________________ 9 Fresh-water aquifer in the Qa§r Bu Hadi area.__----__--_______-__ 10 Conclusions.._____________________________________________________ 13 Selected references,________________________________________________ 14 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1. Map showing location of the Sirte area and average annual rain­ fall in northern Tripolitania__-_--___---_--_-_-----_----_ C3 2. Map of the Sirte area showing location of wells and geologic and hydrologic features_____________-_____-____-_------_ 4 3. Graphic logs of typical wells in the Sirte area.-______________ 6 4. Generalized north-south geologic section A-A', Sirte to Qasr Bu Hadi____.____________________________ 7 5.
    [Show full text]
  • What Influenced Life's Daily Routines for Jesus
    Acts: NT222 Crucifixion, Resurrection & Proclamation LESSON 2 of 4 What Influenced Life's Daily Routines for Jesus Craig L. Blomberg Ph.D. Distinguished Professor of New Testament Studies at Denver Seminary in Littleton, Colorado I. Introduction to Physical, Political, and Gentile Religious Settings In this second part of the New Testament setting, we will discuss the topography of Palestine, its climate, and everyday life. We will then examine the political environment and the Gentile religious setting of the New Testament world. II. Topography of Palestine The topography of Palestine can be divided into four zones which run north to south. These are (1) the coastal plain, continuous with the Phoenician coast; (2) Galilee and the central hill country, continuous with the Lebanon Mountains; (3) the Jordan rift valley, continuous with the Bekaa (Beqa) Valley; and (4) the Transjordanian highlands, continuous with the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. A. The Coastal Plain The coastal plain extends northward from Sinai along the Mediterranean Coast to the border of modern Lebanon. It narrows progressively from a twenty-mile width near Gaza on the Philistine plain to twelve miles near Joppa on the border of the Plain of Sharon, to less than two miles along the Plain of Dor, south of Haifa. Mount Carmel, a northwesterly extension of the central highland, interrupts the coastal plain where it meets the Mediterranean Sea at the modern city of Haifa. North of Mount Carmel the Plain of Acco, some five to seven miles in width, ends abruptly at the white limestone cliffs of Rosh Hanikra. B. Galilee and Central Hill Country The hills of Galilee comprise one of four main regions into which the central highlands can be divided.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Settlement Patterns in Roman Galicia
    Settlement Patterns in Roman Galicia: Late Iron Age – Second Century AD Jonathan Wynne Rees Thesis submitted in requirement of fulfilments for the degree of Ph.D. in Archaeology, at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London University of London 2012 1 I, Jonathan Wynne Rees confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This thesis examines the changes which occurred in the cultural landscapes of northwest Iberia, between the end of the Iron Age and the consolidation of the region by both the native elite and imperial authorities during the early Roman empire. As a means to analyse the impact of Roman power on the native peoples of northwest Iberia five study areas in northern Portugal were chosen, which stretch from the mountainous region of Trás-os-Montes near the modern-day Spanish border, moving west to the Tâmega Valley and the Atlantic coastal area. The divergent physical environments, different social practices and political affinities which these diverse regions offer, coupled with differing levels of contact with the Roman world, form the basis for a comparative examination of the area. In seeking to analyse the transformations which took place between the Late pre-Roman Iron Age and the early Roman period historical, archaeological and anthropological approaches from within Iberian academia and beyond were analysed. From these debates, three key questions were formulated, focusing on
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the Late Antiquity Episcopal Complex of Valentia
    Archeologia e Calcolatori 28.2, 2017, 369-377 RECONSTRUCTING THE LATE ANTIQUITY EPISCOPAL COMPLEX OF VALENTIA The Almoina Archaeological Center was built on the most important excavation area in Valencia. Thanks to the old buildings, it is an authentic interpretation center of Valencian urban history. This space of 2,500 m² is more than a simple complex of archaeological ruins, because there are also extraordinary finds directly related to relevant historical events of the city, like, for example, the place of the Saint Vincent’s martyrdom and several evidence of the foundation of the city and the beginning of Christianity in Spain (Escrivà, Ribera, Vioque 2010). Among the different excavated buildings, which are opened to the pub- lic, there is a wide range of typologies. Most of them could be considered standard ones, because they appear also in other sites. Instead, others can be classified as exceptional examples within a large geographical context, i.e. the Episcopal Complex with the Cathedral, the Baptistery, the Mausoleum and the peculiar Visigoth necropolis (Ribera 2005, 2008). 1. The beginnings of the Christianity. The site of the martyrdom St. Vincent was martyred in Valencia in 304 AD, being part of the great persecution against the Christianity started by the Emperor Diocletian. He had a special and universal veneration in early Christian times. On the ruins of the prison, where he supposedly suffered the martyrdom, a horseshoe apse was erected. This is the only remaining testimony of the building, perhaps a small church, commemorating the sacred place. The ground floor has been well preserved, but just with little elevation.
    [Show full text]
  • Perjury and False Witness in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages
    Perjury and False Witness in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages by Nicholas Brett Sivulka Wheeler A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Nicholas Brett Sivulka Wheeler 2018 Perjury and False Witness in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Nicholas Brett Sivulka Wheeler Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This dissertation, ‘Perjury and False Witness in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages’, investigates changing perceptions of perjury and false witness in the late antique and early medieval world. Focusing on primary sources from the Latin-speaking, western Roman empire and former empire, approximately between the late third and seventh centuries CE, this thesis proposes that perjury and false witness were transformed into criminal behaviours, grave sins, and canonical offences in Latin legal and religious writings of the period. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction: The Problem of Perjury’s Criminalization’, calls attention to anomalies in the history and historiography of the oath. Although the oath has been well studied, oath violations have not; moreover, important sources for medieval culture – Roman law and the Christian New Testament – were largely silent on the subject of perjury. For classicists in particular, perjury was not a crime, while oath violations remained largely peripheral to early Christian ethical discussions. Chapter 2, ‘Criminalization: Perjury and False Witness in Late Roman Law’, begins to explain how this situation changed by documenting early possible instances of penalization for perjury. Diverse sources such as Christian martyr acts, provincial law manuals, and select imperial ii and post-imperial legislation suggest that numerous cases of perjury were criminalized in practice.
    [Show full text]
  • J. E. H. Spaul I.A.M. 2,250 = Ae 1967, 655 And
    J. E. H. SPAUL I.A.M. 2,250 = AE 1967, 655 AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF COLONIA BABBA aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 103 (1994) 191–201 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 191 I.A.M. 2,250 = AE 1967,655 AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF COLONIA BABBA Part I. Where was Colonia Iulia Babba Campestris? Only one of the many "Inscriptions Antiques du Maroc, tome 2, inscriptions latines" mentions the colony of Babba, a town whose location has been and still is the subject of controversy. No. 250 is therefore the only epigraphic pointer which we have to help in bringing this controversy to an end. But before examining the inscription, it is appropriate to review the historical and literary pointers and the previous attempts to locate Babba. It is generally accepted that Colonia Iulia Babba Campestris was one of the three colonies established by Octavian in western Mauretania (Mauretania Tingitana) for men discharged after the Battle of Actium. The original reference to Babba Campestris occurs in the Elder Pliny's Natural History, 5, 1, 5. Pliny has already mentioned one of the three colonies, Colonia Iulia Zilil Constantia, and after describing Lixus, he continues: "Ab Lixo XL millia passuum in mediterraneo altera Augusti colonia est Babba, Iulia Campestris appellata, et tertia Banasa XXXV millia passuum Valentia cognominata: ab ea XXXV millia passuum Volubile oppidum tantumden a mari utroque distans." This seems simple; forty miles inland from Lixus is another Augustan colony, Babba, called Iulia Campestris, and a third, 35 miles further, Banasa, with the surname Valentia; from there, a further 35 miles, is Volubilis, a town which is equidistant from both the seas, the Atlantic and Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • De Episcopis Hispaniarum: Agents of Continuity in the Long Fifth Century
    Université de Montréal De episcopis Hispaniarum: agents of continuity in the long fifth century accompagné de la prosopogaphie des évêques ibériques de 400–500 apr. J.-C., tirée de Purificación Ubric Rabaneda, “La Iglesia y los estados barbaros en la Hispania del siglo V (409–507), traduite par Fabian D. Zuk Département d’Histoire Faculté des Arts et Sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade Maître ès Arts (M.A.) en histoire août 2015 © Fabian D. Zuk, 2015. ii Université de Montréal Faculté des etudes supérieures Ce mémoire intitule: De episcopis Hispaniarum: agents of continuity in the long fifth century présenté par Fabian D. Zuk A été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Philippe Genequand, president–rapporteur Christian R. Raschle, directeur de recherche Gordon Blennemann, membre du jury iii In loving memory в пам'ять про бабусю of Ruby Zuk iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Résumé / Summary p. v A Note on Terminology p. vi Acknowledgements p. vii List of Figures p. ix Frequent ABBreviations p. x CHAPTER I : Introduction p. 1 CHAPTER II : Historical Context p. 23 CHAPTER III : The Origins of the Bishops p. 36 CHAPTER IV : Bishops as Spiritual Leaders p. 51 CHAPTER V : Bishops in the Secular Realm p. 64 CHAPTER VI : Regional Variation p. 89 CHAPTER VII : Bishops in the Face of Invasion : Conflict and Contenders p. 119 CHAPTER VIII : Retention of Romanitas p. 147 Annexe I: Prosopography of the IBerian Bishops 400–500 A.D. p. 161 Annexe II: Hydatius : An Exceptional Bishop at the End of the Earth p.
    [Show full text]