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Victories Over Violence Ensuring Safety for Women and Girls Victories over Violence Ensuring Safety for Women and Girls A PrActitioner’s MAnuAl Mahnaz Afkhami Haleh Vaziri VICTORIES OVER VIOLENCE: ENSURING SAFETY FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS A PRACTITIONEr’s MANUAL MAHNAZ AFKHAMI HALEH VAZIRI Women’s Learning Partnership For Rights, Development, and Peace (WLP) 4343 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 201 Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel: (1) 301-654-2774 Fax: (1) 301-654-2775 Email: [email protected] Web: www.learningpartnership.org Cover Design and Layout by Xanthus Design © Copyright 2012 By Women’s Learning Partnership for Rights, Development, and Peace (WLP) ISBN 978-0-9830995-5-0 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 1 Who We Are 2 About the WLP Partner Organizations 3 Introduction Causes and Consequences of Violence against Women and Girls, Educating for Safety and Peace 7 WORKSHOP SESSIONS Section A: Violence in the Private Sphere 13 Session 1: Meeting and Greeting to Create a Learning Community 14 Session 2: Verbal and Psychological Abuse at Home 17 Session 3: Mistreatment of Domestic Workers 21 Session 4: Intimate Partner Violence 27 Session 5: Female Genital Mutilation 36 Session 6: Forced Marriage and Child Brides 43 Session 7: Murder in the Name of Honor 53 Section B: Violence in the Community 65 Session 8: Sexual Harassment in Public Spaces 66 Session 9: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace 72 Session 10: Rape and Sexual Assault 79 Session 11: Hate Crimes against Lesbians 87 Session 12: Prostitution 95 Section C: Violence by the State, Across Borders and in the Global Arena 103 Session 13: Trafficking for Sex Slavery 104 Session 14: Rape as a Weapon of War 111 Session 15: The Roles and Rights of Women and Girls in Peacemaking and Post-war Reconstruction, UN Security Council Resolution 1325 115 Session 16: Conclusions, Evaluation of the Experience and Recommendations 120 For Further Reading 127 The UN Mandate for the Elimination of Violence against Women: Standards, Instruments and Guidelines for Its Effective Use, By Yakin Ertük 128 Combating Violence against Women and Girls: Examples from Latin America, By Jacqueline Pitanguy 133 Appendices Appendix 1: UN Security Council Resolution 1889, S/RES/1889 (2009) 139 Appendix 2: UN Security Council Resolution 1888, S/RES/1888 (2009) 145 Appendix 3: UN Security Council Resolution 1820, S/RES/1820 (2008) 155 Appendix 4: UN Security Council Resolution 1325, S/RES/1325 (2000) 161 Appendix 5: UN General Assembly Resolution 48/104, Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, A/RES/48/104 (1993) 167 Appendix 6: UN General Assembly Resolution 1763 A(XVII), Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages (1962) 175 Appendix 7: The Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (2006) 179 Annotated Bibliography 206 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful for the generous support provided by the following foundations for the development, testing and adaptation of this manual: Channel Foundation Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs MDG3 Fund Ford Foundation National Endowment for Democracy New Field Foundation Oxfam-Novib Shaler Adams Foundation The Sigrid Rausing Trust Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency We greatly appreciate those who gave us invaluable advice and insights into the causes of violence against women and girls, its consequences and efforts to prevent and redress it: Lina Abou Habib, Zainah Anwar, Yakin Ertük, Rakhee Goyal, Asma Khader, Sindi Medar-Gould and Jacqueline Pitanguy. We also owe thanks to Magdalene and Thistle Farms and their founder Becca Stevens for inspiring the case study on prostitution in session 12, as well as to Jacki Lyden and National Public Radio (NPR) who granted us permission to draw on their broadcast coverage of these rehabilitation programs. 1 Victories Over Violence: Ensuring Safety For Women and Girls WHO WE ARE A partnership of 20 autonomous organizations, Women’s Learning Partnership (WLP) trains and supports women in the Global South, primarily in Muslim-majority countries, to become leaders and advocates for a just, peaceful world. WLP creates culture-specific leadership trainings on democratic participation, and it partners with local organizations to help women gain the skills they need to fulfill greater leadership roles at the family, community and national levels. Over the past decade, WLP has developed curricula and education resources that encourage women’s leadership and rights, and bolster their capacities as agents for change toward the establishment of free, fair and democratic societies. In 2001, WLP published Leading to Choices, a leadership training manual for women with a special focus on women in Muslim-majority societies. By 2010, Leading to Choices had been translated into 20 languages and adapted for dozens of different cultural contexts. To date, WLP’s programs and training materials have reached tens of thousands of women and men in over 40 countries, strengthening local organizations to become self-sustaining and empowering women’s movements around the globe. 2 About the WLP Partner Organizations Afghan Institute of Learning (AIL): AIL is a women-led non-governmental organization that uses a creative, responsive and dedicated approach to meet the health and education needs of Afghan women, children and communities. AIL trains and works with health and education professionals and organizations through programs in teacher training, health professional training and health education and leadership and human rights training. Programs support home schools, community-based organizations, women’s learning centers and a pre-school education program. www.afghaninstituteoflearning.org All Women’s Action Society (AWAM): Founded in 1985, AWAM is an independent feminist organization committed to improving the lives of women in Malaysia. Its vision is to create a just, democratic and equitable society where women are treated with respect, and are free from all forms of violence and discrimination. To reach this goal, AWAM informs, connects and mobilizes those interested in securing women’s rights, bringing about equality between men and women and supporting women in crisis. AWAM’s activities include advocacy, training and education and direct services to victims of violence, including counseling and legal aid. www.awam.org.my Association Démocratique des Femmes du Maroc (ADFM): ADFM is an independent association established in 1985 to defend and promote the human rights of women and to foster equitable policies and social practices. As one of the largest non-governmental organizations in Morocco focused on the rights of women, ADFM has been successful in forming networks with civil society and governmental institutions regionally and internationally. The organization guarantees and reinforces the rights of women through advocacy, awareness raising, literacy campaigns, direct assistance and education, among other activities. www.adfm.ma Association des Femmes Chefs de Famille (AFCF): AFCF is a non- governmental organization in Mauritania with a primary mission to promote human rights and to defend the rights of women and children. AFCF strives to bring support to women in precarious situations (particularly female heads of households), create a network of associations working to improve living conditions for women and children, and contribute to fostering gender equality and building active solidarity among women of different social classes. www.afcf.fr.gd/ Aurat Foundation: Aurat Foundation was established as a non-governmental organization in 1986. The foundation is committed to working for women’s rights and empowering citizens to participate in good governance for the purpose of creating a just, democratic and humane society in Pakistan. The organization works in partnership with over 1,200 non-governmental and community-based organizations on activities related to advocacy, activism and knowledge – and information-building for women’s rights and gender equality in Pakistan. www.af.org.pk 3 Victories Over Violence: Ensuring Safety For Women and Girls BAOBAB for Women’s Human Rights (BAOBAB): BAOBAB is a non-profit organization working for women’s human rights and legal rights under religious laws, statutory laws and customary laws, with a particular focus on Muslim women. BAOBAB works with legal professionals and paralegals, policymakers, women’s and human rights groups, other non-governmental organizations and members of the general public. Its programs promote human rights education, particularly women’s human rights. BAOBAB sponsors women’s rights training and education projects, and programs that enhance understanding of women’s rights to influence social and government policies. www.baobabwomen.org Be-Free Program/Bahrain Women Association for Human Development (BFP/BWA): BFC/BWA is a women’s rights and child empowerment organization in Bahrain. The organization strives to increase awareness of women’s legal rights, as well as other issues that affect women, such as globalization, information technology, the environment, health care, culture and the family. The Be-Free Center focuses on eliminating child abuse and neglect and empowering children to be powerful and productive citizens. Through activities including training workshops and seminars, radio and television programs, advocacy campaigns and networking, BWA promotes active citizen participation among women. Officially established in 2001, the vision of BWA is “to empower leaders for the human
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