September 2018
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Bombing of Gernika
BIBLIOTECA DE The Bombing CULTURA VASCA of Gernika The episode of Guernica, with all that it The Bombing ... represents both in the military and the G) :c moral order, seems destined to pass 0 of Gernika into History as a symbol. A symbol of >< many things, but chiefly of that Xabier lruio capacity for falsehood possessed by the new Machiavellism which threatens destruction to all the ethical hypotheses of civilization. A clear example of the ..e use which can be made of untruth to ·-...c: degrade the minds of those whom one G) wishes to convince. c., '+- 0 (Foreign Wings over the Basque Country, 1937) C> C: ISBN 978-0-9967810-7-7 :c 90000 E 0 co G) .c 9 780996 781077 t- EDITORIALVASCA EKIN ARGITALETXEA Aberri Bilduma Collection, 11 Ekin Aberri Bilduma Collection, 11 Xabier Irujo The Bombing of Gernika Ekin Buenos Aires 2021 Aberri Bilduma Collection, 11 Editorial Vasca Ekin Argitaletxea Lizarrenea C./ México 1880 Buenos Aires, CP. 1200 Argentina Web: http://editorialvascaekin- ekinargitaletxea.blogspot.com Copyright © 2021 Ekin All rights reserved First edition. First print Printed in America Cover design © 2021 JSM ISBN first edition: 978-0-9967810-7-7 Table of Contents Bombardment. Description and types 9 Prehistory of terror bombing 13 Coup d'etat: Mussolini, Hitler, and Franco 17 Non-Intervention Committee 21 The Basque Country in 1936 27 The Basque front in the spring of 1937 31 Everyday routine: “Clear day means bombs” 33 Slow advance toward Bilbao 37 “Target Gernika” 41 Seven main reasons for choosing Gernika as a target 47 The alarm systems and the antiaircraft shelters 51 Typology and number of airplanes and bombs 55 Strategy of the attack 59 Excerpts from personal testimonies 71 Material destruction and death toll 85 The news 101 The lie 125 Denial and reductionism 131 Reconstruction 133 Bibliography 137 I can’t -it is impossible for me to give any picture of that indescribable tragedy. -
The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation
Salve Regina University Digital Commons @ Salve Regina Pell Scholars and Senior Theses Salve's Dissertations and Theses Summer 7-14-2011 The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation Kalyna Macko Salve Regina University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Macko, Kalyna, "The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation" (2011). Pell Scholars and Senior Theses. 68. https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses/68 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Salve's Dissertations and Theses at Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pell Scholars and Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Macko 1 The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation By: Kalyna Macko Pell Senior Thesis Primary Advisor: Dr. Jane Bethune Secondary Advisor: Dr. Clark Merrill Macko 2 Macko 3 Thesis Statement: The combined nationalist sentiments and opposition of these particular Basques to the Fascist regime of General Franco explained the violence of the terrorist group ETA both throughout his rule and into the twenty-first century. I. Introduction II. Basque Differences A. Basque Language B. Basque Race C. Conservative Political Philosophy III. The Formation of the PNV A. Sabino Arana y Goiri B. Re-Introduction of the Basque Culture C. The PNV as a Representation of the Basques IV. The Oppression of the Basques A. Targeting the Basques B. Primo de Rivera C. General Francisco Franco D. Bombing of Guernica E. -
WW2-Spain-Tripbook.Pdf
SPAIN 1 Page Spanish Civil War (clockwise from top-left) • Members of the XI International Brigade at the Battle of Belchite • Bf 109 with Nationalist markings • Bombing of an airfield in Spanish West Africa • Republican soldiers at the Siege of the Alcázar • Nationalist soldiers operating an anti-aircraft gun • HMS Royal Oakin an incursion around Gibraltar Date 17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Spain Result Nationalist victory • End of the Second Spanish Republic • Establishment of the Spanish State under the rule of Francisco Franco Belligerents 2 Page Republicans Nationalists • Ejército Popular • FET y de las JONS[b] • Popular Front • FE de las JONS[c] • CNT-FAI • Requetés[c] • UGT • CEDA[c] • Generalitat de Catalunya • Renovación Española[c] • Euzko Gudarostea[a] • Army of Africa • International Brigades • Italy • Supported by: • Germany • Soviet Union • Supported by: • Mexico • Portugal • France (1936) • Vatican City (Diplomatic) • Foreign volunteers • Foreign volunteers Commanders and leaders Republican leaders Nationalist leaders • Manuel Azaña • José Sanjurjo † • Julián Besteiro • Emilio Mola † • Francisco Largo Caballero • Francisco Franco • Juan Negrín • Gonzalo Queipo de Llano • Indalecio Prieto • Juan Yagüe • Vicente Rojo Lluch • Miguel Cabanellas † • José Miaja • Fidel Dávila Arrondo • Juan Modesto • Manuel Goded Llopis † • Juan Hernández Saravia • Manuel Hedilla • Carlos Romero Giménez • Manuel Fal Conde • Buenaventura Durruti † • Lluís Companys • José Antonio Aguirre Strength 1936 -
Interactive Venice: Using Art and Games to Bring Awareness to Venetian Social Concerns
Interactive Venice: Using Art and Games to Bring Awareness to Venetian Social Concerns An Interactive Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science Submitted by Michael Frankfort Rinaldo Izzo Roni Rostom Jillian Sauer Sponsors: Venice Project Center Worcester Polytechnic Institute Project Advisors: Professor Frederick Bianchi Professor Fabio Carrera Website: https://sites.google.com/site/ve11bien/ 1 AUTHORSHIP This project was completed with the participation of each team member. Without combined cooperation and effort, this project would not have been successfully completed and brought to its current form. Each team member contributed his or her skills in the different pieces of this project, and aided in its overall success. The “Interacting” hardware installations were created and tested by Rinaldo Izzo and Roni Rostom. The “Exploring” geocaching route was created and tested by Michael Frankfort and Jillian Sauer. The “Exploring” online puzzle game was created and tested by Michael Frankfort and Jillian Sauer. The “Contributing” mobile application was created and tested by Michael Frankfort. The “Interactive Venice” exhibit room design was created through the effort of the entire group. This report was written by the entire team, and edited by Jillian Sauer. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our deepest gratitude for the help of all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Andrea del Mercato- Fabio Carrera- Frederick Bianchi- Cody Smith- 3 ABSTRACT This project explores three approaches to raising awareness about the social concerns in Venice through fun and interactivity. -
Casanova, Julían, the Spanish Republic and Civil
This page intentionally left blank The Spanish Republic and Civil War The Spanish Civil War has gone down in history for the horrific violence that it generated. The climate of euphoria and hope that greeted the over- throw of the Spanish monarchy was utterly transformed just five years later by a cruel and destructive civil war. Here, Julián Casanova, one of Spain’s leading historians, offers a magisterial new account of this crit- ical period in Spanish history. He exposes the ways in which the Republic brought into the open simmering tensions between Catholics and hard- line anticlericalists, bosses and workers, Church and State, order and revolution. In 1936, these conflicts tipped over into the sacas, paseos and mass killings that are still passionately debated today. The book also explores the decisive role of the international instability of the 1930s in the duration and outcome of the conflict. Franco’s victory was in the end a victory for Hitler and Mussolini, and for dictatorship over democracy. julián casanova is Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Zaragoza, Spain. He is one of the leading experts on the Second Republic and the Spanish Civil War and has published widely in Spanish and in English. The Spanish Republic and Civil War Julián Casanova Translated by Martin Douch CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521493888 © Julián Casanova 2010 This publication is in copyright. -
Picassos Guernica Psych Second Paper
Liv Bonner Bradley Collins Art & Psychoanalysis November 2018 Picasso’s Guernica: Present Tragedy & Enlightened Past The catastrophic bombing that occurred on April 26, 1937 in the Basque town of Guernica may be seen as not only a major event of the Spanish Civil War, but accredited with retrieving Pablo Picasso from his creative paralysis. Despite Picasso’s invitation by the Spanish Government and agreement to produce a mural for the Spanish pavilion at the Paris International Exposition, he remained uninspired up until the news of the bombing.1 Following the tragedy, Picasso’s intention for the commission was driven by not only a newfound interest for political propaganda, but by his subconscious identification with the event. While the concept that would become the masterpiece of Guernica was in response to the events of that influential April day, Picasso’s true inspiration lied in his childhood trauma of enduring an earthquake that mirrored that of the bombing of Guernica. With the reference of Picasso: Art as Autobiography by Mary Mathews Gedo, the personal and symbolic influences of the artist’s memory are revealed in the pictorial narrative of Picasso’s Guernica. The efficacy of the painting is not merely due to the intrinsic political commentary, “the protest…found in what has happened to the bodies…the imaginative equivalent of what happened to them in the flesh,”2 but rather more so found in the emotional impact of Picasso’s subconscious influence. In order to understand Guernica’s chaotic narrative, the individual 1 Mary Mathews Gedo, Picasso, Art as Autobiography, (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1980), 173. -
The TRUSTY SERVANT
The TRUSTY SERVANT N O .122 N OVEMBER 2016 The Headmaster replies: Dr Timothy Hands speaks to the Editor, 3. Having left the madding crowd of 4. From Div to compulsory Latin, Tim Giddings: Oxford to come to the heart of Winchester is known for its Wessex, would you describe traditional curriculum. Can this 1. Three weeks into your first Short yourself as a Boldwood, a Troy or an ethos continue when Japanese and Half, what are your initial Oak? computer-programming might be impressions of the School? more useful in the global talent race? Well I’m no second Troy: the man That’s a simple question: it’s fantastic. was a philanderer, and Mrs H wouldn’t The school of which I was last Why? 1, the houses; 2, the beauty; 3, the approve. Boldwood and Oak, however, Headmaster had an even more traditional accumulated traditions. It’s unique and are both fixated on one woman; Mrs H curric ulum. Draw your own conclusions – I’m loving it. might be flattered. Hardy, on the other and perhaps see if Ladbrokes will offer 2. What first drew you to school- hand, could never make his mind up you odds. mastering? about what he felt about either gent: 5. How much do you think we should Boldwood is first to be executed and then My father was a headmaster. My be aiming at shaping the whole pardoned; and in the American serial mother was a teacher. My sister was a character of the men rather than version of the novel Oak becomes a teacher. -
The Spanish Civil War (1936–39)
12 CIVIL WAR CASE STUDY 1: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR (1936–39) ‘A civil war is not a war but a sickness,’ wrote Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. ‘The enemy is within. One fights almost against oneself.’ Yet Spain’s tragedy in 1936 was even greater. It had become enmeshed in the international civil war, which started in earnest with the Bolshevik revolution. From Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 , 2006 The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936 after more than a century of social, economic and political division. Half a million people died in this conflict between 1936 and 1939. As you read through this chapter, consider the following essay questions: Ģ Why did a civil war break out in Spain in 1936? Ģ How significant was the impact of foreign involvement on the outcome of the Spanish Civil War? General Francisco Franco, the Ģ What were the key effects of the Spanish Civil War? leader who took Nationalist forces to victory in the Spanish Civil War. Timeline of events – 1820–1931 1820 The Spanish Army, supported by liberals, overthrows the absolute monarchy and makes Spain a constitutional monarchy in a modernizing revolution 1821 Absolute monarchy is restored to Spain by French forces in an attempt to reinstate the old order 1833 In an attempt to prevent a female succession following the death of King Ferdinand, there is a revolt by ‘Carlists’. The army intervenes to defeat the Carlists, who nevertheless remain a strong conservative force in Spanish politics (see Interesting Facts box) 1833–69 The army’s influence in national politics increases during the ‘rule of the Queens’ 1869–70 Anarchist revolts take place against the state 1870–71 The monarchy is overthrown and the First Republic is established 1871 The army restores a constitutional monarchy 1875–1918 During this period the constitutional monarchy allows for democratic elections. -
The First Exile of the Basques, 1936-1939 – Contemporary History 35, 2007
The first exile of the Basques, 1936-1939 – Contemporary History 35, 2007. 683-708 THE FIRST EXILE OF THE BASQUES. 1936-1939 Jesús J. Alonso Carballés University of Limoges-EHIC Nor could he have guessed that everything would disappear; that the houses and roads as well as the people, would not be the same. Sancho de Beurko In a volume intended for an overall assessment of the Civil War seventy years after the bombing of Guernica, as a foremost objective, this article attempts to portray an overview of what was the first Basque exile; the flight of tens of thousands of people going to other countries at different times of the conflict between 1936 and 1939. Within this chronological framework, we endeavour to tackle the different phases of this phenomenon which began with the flight of thousands of Basques to France due to the francoist offensive on Guipúzcoa in 1936, and continued with an enormous number of evacuations from the Northern Front between March and October 1937 and then finished with the great exodus of January and February of 1939, which marked the final campaign of Catalonia. We will analyse the specific nature of each of these waves, how the Basque Government organized each wave and cared for the refugees, the solidarity and aid from the various governments and humanitarian organizations whilst not forgetting the refugees’ presence in Catalonia. In short, we will try to give an overview of this key episode of the history of the Basque Country, with particular attention to the exodus of the children as the main subject in this process, the innocent victims in war who are rarely given their rightful place in history. -
Building Bridges
ChCh Matters a/w 7 24/5/04 12:55 PM Page 1 Chri Church Matters TRINITY TERM 2004 ISSUE 13 Editorial This issue of Christ Church Matters is full of history and anecdote, some undergraduates. The aspirant actors of a previous period, more subservient of it no doubt ben trovato. It shows amongst many other things a certain to the control of OUDS and the ETC, will be able to compare their English (and more correctly but more anxiously perhaps, a British, fortunes in the period of the ritual OUDS Summer Majors in College European and Rhodes Scholarish) affection for eccentricity, particularly gardens with the free market described by Harry Lloyd. The success of when it is manifested within Oxford by dons in the period when they often Christ Church graduates in a rather different market can also be tracked in seemed to be a rather harmless protected species; though the war time the articles on the automotive industry. All very various; all at least in experiences of some of them, particularly Robert Blake, and the Cherwell- memory deriving from a single community, and it is in the attempt to Einstein connection noted below, rather belie that. Our articles will also extend that memory and to sustain a highly individual sense of community convey I hope a strong sense, not just of nostalgia, but of the interestingly that Christ Church Matters can derive a great deal of pleasure. changing assumptions of the many different generations of House CHRISTOPHER BUTLER, Tutor in English & Co-Editor Building Bridges HE YEARS THAT FOLLOWED the (subsequently Archdeacon of Oxford and Canon of Second World War were challenging to the Christ Church) devoted notable time and effort. -
Lorenzo Taezaz and the Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941)
Prof. Daniel KindieAug 12, 2013 Lorenzo Taezaz And The Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941) Media source: Blaten Geta Lorenzo Taezaz (June 1900 - June 1946) Lorenzo Taezaz could be considered as one of the legendary heroes of the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935-1941. From the day he left his homeland in 1925, until his untimely death in Sweden in 1946, he had an unusual life. Few Ethiopians of his generation have enjoyed a life so intense and so productive over a period of 21 years. He contributed more than his share to the liberation of Ethiopia from Italian fascism. Yet, the young generation of Ethiopians, which has grown up after the war, are almost entirely ignorant about him. The reason of his consignment to oblivion, for instance, has never been fully known. Similarly, the manner of his death which invites more questions than answers is passed over in complete silence. The purpose of this study is limited in scope. First, it is to introduce Lorenzo Taezaz to the general reader, and possibly, to stimulate more discussion about him among scholars who study Ethiopia. Second, to investigate the actual role he played in the 1935-1941 period of Ethiopia’s struggle against fascism. This requires some information about the man’s early life, and the circumstances for his departure from Eritrea. Who was he? And what was his background? I will treat the essentials of his early life and discuss the reasons why he left his homeland, how he met Ras Teferi Mekonnen [the future Emperor Haile Selassie I], and how he started his career with the Ethiopian government. -
Blood Is Thicker in Oil Jacqueline Brittain
1 Blood is Thicker in Oil Jacqueline Brittain A mother cries, her head raised to the heavens, over the dead body of her child. On the right, the burning pyre that was a building entombs a woman while she is still alive. In the center, a wounded Spanish horse shrieks in both terror and agony. A candle holder and a bull stare at the scene in horrified shock. The body of a warrior continues to scream in the agony that brought on its death. And, above all of this, a light illuminates the horror of both what is, and what was, Guernica (see fig. 1). Fig. 1. Guernica, by Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso painted Guernica in 1937 for the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (25 May 1937 – 25 November 1937). Picasso first exhibited his 3.5 meter by 7.8 meter canvas in the Spanish Pavilion in July—a mere three months after the tragedy of Guernica ("Guernica Undergoes”). On April 26, 1937, a German air fleet flew over the historic city of Guernica, strafing the city with “100,000 pounds of explosives” and machine gun fire for three and a half hours. The attack left the town decimated and a third of its inhabitants dead (Stokstad and Cothren 1062; "News Report by George Steer”). Within days, the event had become the muse and namesake of one of Picasso’s greatest masterpieces. Picasso painted Guernica to bring the horrors of a single event of the Spanish Civil War to light, as well as the atrocities of war as a whole.