1939 .CONGRESSIONAL ;RECORD-. SENAT~ 627 By Mr. WOLCOTr: The legislative clerk called the roll, and the following H. R. 7591. A bill to limit the powers of the Reconstruction Senators answered to their names: Finance Corporation, Commodity Credit Corporation, the Adams Danaher .._ Johnson, Colo. Reed Andrews Davis King Reynolds First Export-Import Bank of Washington, the Second Ex­ Austin Donahey La Follette Russell port-Import Bank of Washington, and for other purposes; Bailey Downey Lodge Schwartz to the Committee on Banking and Currency. Bankhead Ellender Lucas Schwellenbach Barbour Frazier Lundeen Sheppard By Mr. RANKIN: Barkley George McCarran Shipstead H. J. Res. 392. Joint resolution making an appropriation Bilbo Gerry McKellar Slattery Borah Gibson McNary Smathers for loans and relief in the flood-stricken areas of Mississippi Bridges Gillette Maloney Stewart and Alabama; to the Committee on ~ppropriations. Brown Green Mead Thomas, Okla. Bulow Gurney Miller Thomas, Utah Burke Hale Minton Townsend PETITIONS, ETC. Byrd Harrison Murray Truman Byrnes Hatch Neely Tydings Under clause 1 of ruie XXII, petitions and papers were laid Capper Hayden Norris Vandenberg on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: Caraway Herring Nye Van Nuys Chandler Hill O'Mahoney Wagner 5812. By Mr. MARTIN J. KENNEDY: Petition of the Kings Chavez Holman Overton Wheeler County American Legion Welfare Committee, ·Inc., Brooklyn, Clark, Idaho Holt Pepper White Clark, Mo. Hughes Pittman Wiley N.Y., urging conference with the Administrator of the Works Connally Johnson, Calif. Radcliffe Progress Administration for the purpose of restoring recent cuts made in the Works Progress Administration; to the Mr. MINTON. I announce that the Senator from Wash­ Committee on Appropriations. ington [Mr. BoNE] and the Senator from Virginia [Mr. GLASS] 5813. ·Also, letter from the Maritime Association of the Port are detained from the Senate because of illness. of New York, urging consideration of the views of the Mari­ The Senator from Arizona [Mr. AsHURST] is absent because time Association of the Port of New York on that part of the of Hlness in his family. proposed Neutrality Act referring to American flagships; to The Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. GUFFEY], the Senator the Committee on Foreign Affairs. from Oklahoma [Mr. LEE], the Senator from South Carolina 5814. By Mr. KINZER: Petition of 44 citizens of Chester [Mr. SMITH], and the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. County, Pa., urging that the United States of America do not WALSH] are unavoidably detained. become involved in the current European war; to the Com­ Mr. AUSTIN. I announce that the Senator from New mittee on Foreign Affairs. Hampshire [Mr. TOBEY] is necessarily absent. 5815. Also, petition of 197 citizens of Lancaster County, The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-seven Senators have an­ Pa., urg~ng that the United States of America do not become swered to their names. A quorum is present. involved in the current Europe·an war; to the Committee on ADDRESS BY SENATOR WILEY BEFORE LEIF ERICSON SOCIETY, Foreign Affairs. CHICAGO . 5816. Als·o, petition of 44 citizens of the Chestnut Level [Mr. WILEY asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Presbyterian Church, of Lancaster County, Pa., urging that RECORD an address entitled "Leif Ericson's Challenge to This the United States of America do not become involved in the Age," delivered by him on October 9, 1939, before the Leif current European war; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Ericson Society of Chicago, Ill., which appears in the Ap- pendix.] · ADDRESS BY HON. JOHN W. HANES BEFORE BOND CLUB OF NEW YORK SENATE [Mr. BYRD asked and obtained leave to have printed in the FRIDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1939 RECORD an address delivered by Hon. John W. Hanes, Under Secretary of the Treasury, before the Bond Club of New York (Legislative day of Wednesday, October 4, 1939) at New York City on October 18, 1939, which appears in the The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, on the expiration Appendix.] · of the recess. EFFECT IN OREGON OF RECIPROCAL-TRADE AGREEMENTS The Chaplain, Rev. Z~Barney T. Phillips, D. D., offered the [Mr. HoLMAN asked and obtained leave to have printed in following prayer: the RECORD an article from the Oregon Voter of October 14, Eternal God, whose majesty is inscrutable and power in­ 1939, relating to the reciprocal-trade agreement with Canada, comparable, whose work is life, and whose love is grace:· We which appears in the Appendix.] bow the knee before Thee, for Thou art also our Father, of EFFECT ON BUSINESS OF TRADE SECTIONS OF NEUTRALITY whom the whole family in Heaven and earth is named, be­ RESOLUTION seeching Thee that Thou wouldst grant us, according to the Mr. JOHNSON of California obtained the floor. riches of Thy glory, to be strengthened with might by Thy Mr. DAVIS. Mr. President-- spirit in the inner man; that Christ may dwell in our hearts The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from California. by faith; that we, being rooted and grounded in love, may be yield to the Senator from Pennsylvania? able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth and Mr. JOHNSON of California. I yield. length and depth and height; and to know the love of Christ, Mr. DAVIS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to which passeth knowledge, that we may be filled with all the have read by the clerk a letter from Mr. Joseph Kohn, presi­ fullness of God. And, as Thou dost indwell us, grant that dent of the Universal Dental Co., of Philadelphia, under date we may do Thy will as it comes to us in the stream of inci­ Philadelphia, October 19. It is a very short letter and will dents that bears us onward, and may it be our joy to find take but a moment to read. our inspiration in the fulfillment of the duties of this day. The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection to the request Through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen. of the Senator from Pennsylvania? The Chair hears none, THE JOURNAL and the clerk will read. The legislative clerk read as follows: On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by unanimous consent, the reading of the Journal of the proceedings of the calendar UNIVERSAL DENTAL Co., day Thursday, October 19, 1939, was dispensed with, and the Hon. JAMES DAVIS, PhiladeZphia, October 19, 1939. United States Senate, Washington, D. C. Journal was approved. SIR: The following is a quotation from the New York Times of CALL OF THE ROLL October 19: . "As a means for further tightening the 'cash' requirements o! Mr. MINTON. I suggest the absence of a quorum. the cash-and-carry section, the Senators agreed that an amend­ The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll. ment should. be inserted · to put individuals and governments on 628 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 20 the same footing in the law. As presently framed, the trade sec­ for us to rise superior to any question of personal infiuence tions of the neutrality resolution relate to transactions between American nationals and foreign governments or their agents. The or of personal consequence and do the right thing, the just amendment sugges~ed today would eate the presumption that thing, not to France, not to England-it might be thought, • any goods purchased by a national of another country is pur­ sometimes, to hear people talk, that this was a Parliament chased for the government of that country." I respectfully call your attention to the injurious effects on of Great Britain-not to Germany, but to the United States business if such an amendment were passed. In our own particu­ of America. That is what I appeal for today-that we may lar case, we have been doing business with a British firm for the give to the United States of America the best that is in us; last 17 years and during that time our arrangements for settle­ that no man shall coerce us, no man shall say how we shall ment were on the basis of 120 days. If the amendment, as de­ scribed in the above quotation, were passed, it would mean a com­ vote or how we shall not vote; none shall be actuated in this plete disruption of our business relationship of the last 17 years forum except by conscience. If upon that basis we will deter­ and would create a hardship on our associates in England who un­ mine this question, then no man can ask more. doubtedly would not be able to adjust their finances in such a manner so as to comply with the intent of this amendment. I As the Democratic leader said yesterday, I have but one therefore call your attention to the possible injurious effects that lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of such an amendment may have on our business and I don't doubt experience. There is but one mode in which I can decide that there are thousands of other firms in the United States who this question, and that is in the pure light of reason and are in a similar position as ours and who would be gravely affected by such an amendment. the steady,- undimmed light of justice. Twenty years ago I personally am heartily in favor of the cash-and-carry principle we fought a great war, and our gradual entry into it in many and the repeal of the embargo as it affects relations between indi­ ways parallels the contest that is on us today. I shall not viduals and agencies of governments, but from my understanding it was never the intent that the act should interfere with the labor the causes of the great World War. Suffice it to say ordinary commercial relationships between individuals of the that we were gradually eased into that war in 1917; and the United States and those of belligerent countries. propaganda, cunningly written and disseminated, that seemed Very truly yours, to justify our action, is not unlike that we meet today. UNIVERSAL DENTAL Co., JosEPH KOHN, President. Some reference was made yesterday to catch phrases. I quite agree that the problem is too solemn for any catch NEUTRALITY AND PEACE OF THE UNITED STATES phrases to have aught to do with it; but I would have the The Senate resumed the consideration of the joint resolution Senate remember the many that were used to induce us to (H. J. Res. 306), Neutrality Act of 1939. fight in 1917. Do you not recall, Mr. President, the many Mr. JOHNSON of California. ·Mr. President, in the midst that were then used to induce us to fight? Do you not recall of "excursions" and "alarms," with blood pressure mounting, how we were going to make the world "safe for democracy"?­ it is difficult to write a just neutrality act, or fairly to frame how we fought for the preservation of civilization, how the any measure which may affect one side or the other of bel­ rights of minorities we were ever to cherish and protect, and ligerents. In the present instance it is particularly so, for how our brethren in arms, our allies, were fighting an ideal­ every instinct alines us with the cause of one and against the istic war to prevent the subjugation of the peoples of the other. I thought all this was indubitably established by the earth? We fought a bloody war to make the world "safe for · actions and remarks of our own people until I heard this democracy," and at the end of it there were fewer democracies debate in the Senate. I now discover that the intent was in the world, and hundreds of thousands of people had been harbored by but a few to repeal the embargo so that Great enslaved under dictatorships. The propaganda of the last Britain and France would be favored, and Germany ham­ war reads like ghoulish humor. The epithets, the worst of strung. All these assevertions of favoring one side, we now which was"--- Hun," and the idealism concerning democ­ learn, are mere perfervid oratory. So let us conclude that racy, now seem incredibly childish. everybody is seeking how best to do justice, that there is no Have we learned nothing by that war? Have not our dead partiality fn this debate except in a few instances, and all on and maimed taught us anything? Are we deaf to every the highest plane, as they raise their hands aloft, are trying lesson that may be learned from experience, and experience to do their utmost for all sides, and to hold the scales equally. dearly paid for? Have our immense war debts, a large part These truths are self-evident in this discussion: incurred in lending our money for rehabilitation, with their First. That the repeal of the embargo favors the Allies·. contemptuous repudiation and default, contained no lesson for Second. That such repeal accomplished after the begin- us? Have the incredible burdens of our people, the mon­ ning of the war would be unneutral. strous debt, the aftermath economically, been forgotten? In approaching this question· I have attempted to do so in judicial fashion. I think all who occupy our position should Oh, Members of the United States Senate who glibly talk do likewise. I have but one approach to this subject, one about another foreign war, do you not realize in common gUide, and that is the welfare of the United States of America. with me, what another war will mean for the country that I grant the urge of emotions, and it would be only a stupid you love and that I love? I am so old now that no longer is man who would not acknowledge the effect of them. But I ambition in my blood. I am so old now that I have but one insist on justice and truth in determining a policy such as is thought, and that is to serve the United States of America. presented by this joint resolution. I insist that we must Oh, can you not recall what the last war did for us under the guard ourselves against yielding too much to emotion, and the infiuence of propaganda? Can you not realize that we have refusal to dilute our emotions with reason. not yet recovered from the effects of that particular conflict? We all ought to be upon the same basis in the determina­ And if we should have another, I will not paint for you, I tion of this controversy. We all ought to rise superior to leave you to imagine, what the result would be. any of those considerations which actuate us now and then. So, my friends, I speak to you solemnly. I speak to you No matter whether an election be near or whether it be far with all the emphasis I can command, because I believe we off, we all ought to feel that we are deciding a question of are on the brink of a precipice, and if we obey the commands life and death, perhaps, for our country in accordance with that are issued to us, if we obey the commands of the British the law and the facts. We all ought to feel that there is no or the French Governments, we are likely to be forced over man on earth, no matter who he may be, who can compel us that precipice and finally find ourselves without any govern­ to do that which is wrong in this particular matter. No ment, without any democracy, with nothing of any kind· or matter how comfortable it may be, however glorious lt may be character that we desire to cherish and preserve. to sit in the sunlight that beats about a throne, we all ought It is unfortunate that this question comes to us as a war to be willing to decide this question, not upon that part, not question, upon which the fetid propaganda of war has its upon that infiuence, no man's say-so, no man's infiuence, infiuence in arousing the prejudices of our people. Calm, but we ought to decide it in favor of our country and our deliberate judgment is necessary for the solution of our children. problem, and yet we are acting at a time of great stress, when This is what I have endeavored to do. I beg you, my fellow the propaganda utilized by its masters has infiamed the minds Senators, that you do likewise. Now is the time for asser­ of our people and distorted their judgment. An unhealthy tion of that which is highest and best in us. Now is the time. and artificially stimulated war psychology is generated which 1939 (JONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .629 operates to distract the American people from their own practically every internationalist in this country? It cannot affairs and their own problems. be too often emphasized that the embargo provision of our A well-known writer, Mr. John T. Flynn, recently said in law was for some years upon the books, and that it was notice the Washington News: to all the world of the policy we intended to pursue. It Civic groups in particular find they have utterly lost the ear was an embargo applicable to all nations. It fulfilled every and the interest of the community. requirement of such a law. To repeal it now at the instance Some of this is due to the inherent interest of the war itself. of one belligerent is simply to do as that belligerent desires, Some of it is due to the effort of propagandists to raise the fears of the American people into supposing that they are in some and to commit an unneutral act. immediate danger. Whence comes the power of a foreign country to say to Everybody was geared to protect himself from propaganda from us we shall repeal a law which we solemnly passed, and which Europe. But the propaganda has been pouring upon us from Amer­ ica, from the Government itself. has been upon our statute books for 5 long years? What is We have been told we are in an emergency. Then the President the influence that is brought to bear upon us which says, starts a spy scare and hunt. Then he announces that submarines "You shall not have a law of your own passing; you must are prowling off our coasts. Then he invokes the old Espionage repeal it; you must meet even in special session in order that Act. People are asked to adjourn politics. The result is they adjourn almost everything. And thus an unhealthy and artifi­ it may be repealed forthwith; and you have no say in the cally stimulated war psychology is generated which operates to matter? You must do as you are told, and if you do not do distract the American people from their own affairs and their own as you are told you are threatened with political extinction." problems. This will be serious unless some power operates to calm the peo­ That may be harsh from some standpoints, but not from ple. What power is there to compete against the Government's others, and those now present who are familiar with what power to arouse and frighten them? transpired in the past may have some inkling of what may happen in the future. And in this atmosphere and this psychology we come to It is asserted by the proponents of repeal that this action our task. should be taken because the act as it stands is favorable to It is a pity that it is so. It should not be so in this country. Germany and disadvantageous to the Allies. It has for the . But at this time, with all our people made jittery by the actions time of its existence been a law equally applicable to all of the administration, we come to solve the greatest prob­ nations. Remember that. It was passed and it has been a lem ever submitted for solution, save perhaps that presented law for nearly 5 years now, and it is equally applicable to all to us at the time of the last World War. nations. It is impartial in that regard and it cannot be open If we have· been lulled again into a false sense of security, to the assault upon it of being partial. and have forgotten the events of the last war, the Ameri­ Mr. MINTON. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? can people have not. It may be necessary for us again to Mr. JOHNSON of California. No; and I mean no offense go through the same welter. It may be necessary for us, with by refusing to yield, but I do not wish to yield during the the misrepresentative propaganda that is before us, to go progress of my address because it is not very long., and after through the same emotional strain of 20 years ago to learn I conclude I will engage in any sort of bout the Senator the lesson of those days; but I feel sure the American people may prefer in relation to what I may say. need no second baptism to awaken their recollection. It is claimed by those whose sympathies would lead them to Since that war there have been many attempts to cooperate violate our neutrality-and I confess the urge is strong, and with Europe for peace, many efforts to convince a war-weary I can forgive those who permit their mentality to be over­ world of alternatives to war. Millions of words have been whelmed by it-that the Germans have been preparing and written, some in predatory fashion, some in loud warnings have great stores of arms and munitions while the Allies have of war's horrors and hopelessness. To the regret of peace­ little. There is nothing to justify this claim but the bald loving people all have been unhappily futile. Professor statement of perfervid advocates. Certainly the records of Beard, commenting upon the seductive phrases by which war this country shows no such disparity in the arms, ammuni­ masquerades as "cooperation for peace," remarks: tion, and implements of warfare that have been obtained by To say that one favors "American cooperation in every effort to Germany. Indeed, the records of the Munitions Board show build alternatives to war" is, in my opinion, merely using words, unless one is prepared at the same time to demand the employment but little in this category purchased here. As to aircraft and of American military and naval power in making effective any appurtenances, over $120,000,000 have been expended by rules of peace agreed upon. To take part in talking without taking Great Britain and France, while the expenditures of Germany part in the coercion necessary to make talking prevail is, in my have been negligible. The existing law prohibits the sale to view, both futile and 'perilous. If our efforts to right historic wrongs and bring peace and reason to Europe in 1917-19 have not all nations alike of arms, ammunition, and implements of taught American citizens anything, no words of mine can add to warfare. It is the only fair plan that could be adopted. their education. And do not forget that it has been the law of our land for more than 4 years past. Maintaining this provision does No doubt all here know Professor B~ard. That .is his conclusion. not favor Germany save in a negative way. In a positive way it affects all alike. I might here digress for a moment to speak of the deep Germany gets nothing under the embargo. She will get hatred with which our internationalists, now few in number, nothing if the embargo shall be repealed, but for another always refer to what they call the "isolationists"; to speak reason. Germany, therefore, gets no benefit from the law of the hideous epithets which they applied to us years and except what might be hers by reason of an advantageous posi­ years ago, at the time when we were endeavoring to keep tion. She gets no benefit from the embargo law at all, be­ this Nation out of the League of Nations, and to recall some­ cause the embargo law embargoes all equally. thing of that particular time, that it might be known how we It was back in 1936 that the President spoke of this law, were beset. But for the moment I will forego that, however and highly praised it. He then said: happily I would refer to it, and I will proceed with the As a consistent part of a clear policy, the United States is fol­ argument. lowing a twofold neutrality toward any and all nations which en­ I may add that every man who pays a bit more taxation gage in wars that are not of immediate concern to the Americas. that European governments may escape their just debts, upon First, we decline to encourage the prosecution of war by permitting which they have willfully defaulted, understands. belligerents to obtain arms, ammunition, or implements of war from the United States. Again we are asked to let ourselves be eased into such a Second, we seek to discourage the use by belligerent nations of position that there may happen to us again that which hap­ any and all American products calculated to facilitate the prosecu­ pened once before. I have no hesitancy in saying, although tion of a war in quantities over and above our normal exports of them in time of peace. the Democratic leader yesterday derided the suggestion, that a step in the direction requested of us now is the first false Again in the same speech he said: step, and that the repeal of the embargo will place us in the I trust that the objectives thus clearly and unequivocally stated shadow, walking down the bloody path of war. Will be carried forward by cooperation between thiS Congress and the President. What is this law, or part of the law, the repeal of which The United States can play but one role: Through a well-ordered is asked-aye; demanded-by Great Britain and France. and ;neutrality to do naught to encourage the contest. 630 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 20 Whence comes the mighty movement to repeal the arms about in relation to the present European war once we repeal embargo? Surely it cannot be to safeguard American neu­ the embargo, until we will not be sure where we stand or trality, for this was the rational policy declared by the Presi­ what we do. We will be pushed .about and shoved along by dent. It is not to take a step that would discourage the those wily men who play the game of power politics, which contest, for the repeal would have just the reverse effect. some of our people, some of those who are snobbish, imagine Why, then, the uproar? It can have but one purpose-to they can play better than the diplomats of Europe, but when have us take sides in the war, by methods short of war at they indulge in the game of power politics with Europe they first, but inevitably by methods that will measure our full have as much chance as I would have trying to play poker strength as a .partisan. There are many Senators, doubtless, with the Senator from Nevada. [Laughter.] who approve repeal of the embargo on the ground that it So it goes all along the line. European diplomats endeavor would help the Allies, and that allied victory is in American to have us get into that peculiar sort of a situation, and we interest. But this is a mere gamble. Such stakes are in­ will not do it. We ought not to do it, Mr. President; we volved in the gamble that I decline to participate in it. If ought not to do it. these Senators wish to give military or other help to the Repeal the embargo? Why? It is said it does not amount Allies to win the war, and if that is their motive, then the to much. It is said that its retention is a matter of inditier­ lifting of the embargo is an act of intervention. It is a mere ence. Yet such great store is set by it that some Senators gamble that we can change our law so as to help one side would not let any measure become a law now unless it con­ defeat the other and yet escape the consequences of war. tained a repealer of the arms embargo. Some say it does The gamble may be successful but it is very speculative, and not amount to anything, and yet England and France, across I will not gamble with American lives. It is a practical em­ the sea, are perhaps using this war of theirs as a pawn in bargo against Germany, for this measure enables Great the matter. Britain and France, because of their mastery of the sea, to It is the most peculiar war I ever knew of or ever read obtain everything they desire, save the few items in the about. They are sitting about waiting to see what the Senate embargo, and Germany, by reason of her position, can obtain will do about this embargo problem, and the embargo problem none of them. This ought to satiSfy the craving for discrimi­ has assumed such great importance that the measure must nation which I observe is present in a few of my brethren, be passed at all hazards. I think anything in connection and it probably can be defended as legal. The lifting of the with the pending legislation, any phase of it or any other pro­ embargo cannot be so defended. The proposed change in the vision in it, would be yielded in order to secure. the repeal of law to permit now an arms traffic that was prohibited when the embargo. the war broke out is not a return to international law but a That is a way to fight, I confess, and I have no quarrel to defiance of international law. find in that regard, but it is not the way in which you deal In a very able article by Charles Cheney Hyde and Philip C. with your blood and your bone. It is not the way to deal Jessup, they say: with your children and your grandchildren. • Thus these two factors--the governmental control already I felt somewhat offended the other day when the Senator achieved by an act of Congress and a governmental desire to relax from Connecticut [Mr. MALONEY] described Senators who had that control so as to help France and England-would combine to children who would be subject to call in case of war. He did produce a result that the opposing belligerent Germany would pounce upon to establish the unneutral aspect of embargo-remov­ not mention me. I have grandchildren subject to call. He did ing legislation. These factors would render inept and unconvincing not mention any of those of us who have grandchildren, and the contention that when or if Congress removed an embargo which I feit that he had forgotten us in mentioning those who were the United States was not obliged to impose, no legal duty to any subject to service in time of war. But we are dealing here belligerent is involved, provided every state engaged in war enjoys equal freedom to help itself to American resources. with a question that is of great consequence to our children The answer is that the manipulation of American governmental and our grandchildren and to all those whom we love, and to .control already established through a statutory embargo, with the everything that we possess; and there is something wrong .-deliberate design of aiding a particular group of warring powers by with the situation; there is something wrong with the meas­ an effort that takes cognizance of their relative supremacy at sea, 1s a deliberate taking of sides which marks intervention in the ure; there is something wrong with the debate; there is some­ conflict. Such intervention is not impartial in spirit, and it is not thing wrong here in relation to the manner in which the abstention from participation in the war. It is, on the contrary, a debate on this particular phase of the measure has been con­ specious form of interposition sought to be disguised by the oppos­ ing contenders. Yet the real ·character of such conduct shines out ducted. It is said, in spite of everything and at all times, ·like a lighthouse in the fog. (From Legal Doubt, article by Charles "The legislation must be passed. The joint resolution must Cheney Hyde and Philip C. Jessup.) be enacted into law. It must be put upon the law books." I repeat, the embargo law, when enacted, was just and And why? Nobody can tell and nobody does tell. impartial. It is just and impartial now. It was a people's law Mr. MALONEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield to when enacted. It is still a people's law. The vice of the me for one observation? position of our adversaries is in their thought. Why all this Mr. JOHNSON ·of California. Inasmuch as I referred to thought of Great Britain and France? Why no word for the Senator from Connecticut, I will yield to him. I would America? In one breath the proponents minimize the law not otherwise. and say it is of little consequence, and in the next that it is a Mr. MALO~. I ask the Senator to yield to me only horrible obstruction to Great Britain and France. In all the because he referred to me. I did not mention any members thought of the good men who favor the law, has the stress of his family. But I would like to take advantage of the opportunity to say now that I do not think there is a greater ever been upon Great Britain and France? I repeat, this was patriot in America than is the Senator from California, and the people's law when passed 4 or more years ago. It was my affection for him knows no bounds. acquiesced in practically by everybody. On more than one Mr. JOHNSON of California. Mr. President, do Senators occasion it was praised by those in power and its virtues remember there was a time in the League of Nations fight extolled. It is · an American law enacted by Americans for when certain reservations were presented by the little band the protection of America and Americans. of "isolationists"-isolationists! isolationists !-as they termed Have Senators forgotten so soon that we were to intervene us all the time? That is all right; I will come to that in in this war a few months ago to save democracy? Now it a few minutes. But there was a time when that little band •· appears that the real reason was simply to aid Great Britain presented certain reservations, and they were not adopted. and France. A fair determination of this question shows There was a time when they were fighting with their backs that it cannot justly be done, save with the strong arm, and to the wall to preserve the liberty of this country, and a great against this we protest. English statesman said to the one then in charge of the With embargo repeal we are half in and half out of war. Government of the United States, "Let them have their res­ We know from our bitter experience in the past how easy it ervations. Take them in, take them in," he said. "Let them will be to shove us along until we are fully in, and this is have their reservations, and when they once get in we Will the nub of the matter. We will be shoved along and pushed take care of them." He knew full well that once we got in 1939. ~ONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 631 half way we never could extricate ourselves. That was ex­ Kaiser he would come over and get us. Now we are told actly his position. It was correct as a matter of tactics; and that if we do not stop this war right away Hitler will come if Woodrow Wilson had followed it, despite the fact that we over and get us. It is .absolutely rot and rubbish. There made the best fight of which we were capable, he would have is not the least sense in it. had us in the League of Nations. But he would not accede We cannot tell, from one day to another, how the war to that suggestion, and his obduracy prevented our being abroad will result. Who knows what the war across the in the League of Nations at that time. Atlantic is about? Who knows what will be done? Who The League of Nations partisans are very much in evidence knows what the Russian Bear is contemplating? Who knows in this controversy. There are only a few of them left. No what is in the heads of the wily men over there who are longer is it a badge of honor to belong to that moribund determined to serve their own interests first? Who knows society. No longer is it a badge of honor to march up and anything about what may transpire? down the street and say, "Hurrah for Great Britain" and One day we see the Prime Minister of England courting "Hurrah for the rest of Europe." The few who are left are Stalin. The next day we see him doing something else. all in full cry in support of the proposed legislation. Every Finally, not receiving from Stalin the degree of courtesy or one of them, from the west coast to the east coast, is taking the degree of favor that he thinks he should, he is done. his little part with Great Britain's representatives in trying It reminds me of little boys who are running after some­ to force through this particular measure. As they sing hosan­ thing which is held by someone who has authority over nas to "collective security," ·"choose the aggressor," and the them. They are all on the run now. They were on the holy league, interspersing their hymns with savage anath­ run the other day for the purpose of obtaining the favor of emas and bitter epithets against those who once took part Turkey. Great Britain beat the other fellow to it; and this against them, they permit their long-suppressed emotions morning the British said with great eclat, feeling very fine, again to influence their judgment. That is how this whole that Chamberlain had won a great diplomatic victory. He question arises. It is a matter of suppressed emotions which, was on the road to a great diplomatic victory only a short righteous as they may seem, have risen to confound us in time ago when he met Stalin, and it was thought that Stalin dealing with the subject. would act in his behalf. Then he met with trouble, and If we are to take steps leading to war, there should be the Stalin took the greater part of the "swag." best reasons for taking them. There should be no acting on I do not know what they are now doing, or what they will false assumptions or wrong premises. ultimately do, except that they are dividing the "swag," and I have more respect for the man who feels that we ought they do not care a rap for the democracy of the United States to favor Britain and France, and who says that he would of America. That is what I care for. They do not care take us into war in behalf of Britain and France, than I whether or not they rip us asunder, tear us to pieces, and have for the man who says he has no opinion, but would dismember us for their own purposes. They do not care; but favor Britain and France. I do not blame those in this body I care, and every Senator ought to care. I can forgive young who favor Britain and France for pursuing that course. men, perhaps, who have not had experience; but it is a difficult thing to forgive old men who have such views. . If we are to take sides leading to war, there should be the So when it comes to the question of dealing with Stalin best reasons for taking them. There should be no acting on I do not know how they will deal with him, what they will false assumptions or wrong premises. Yet the argument most do With him, or what he will do with them. I do not know frequently heard in support of the pending measure, reduced what will happen. Nobody knows. to its simplest terms, is that if we do not help to stop Hitler Wnat are they fighting for over there? Does anyone now, he will conquer Europe, and we shall be next-a per­ know·t No one knows; but we are to be in it, and we are to fectly idiotic assumption; and yet earnest and honest men take part in it! We are to send our blood and bone over repeat it. If we were not affiicted with a war psychology we there to do the fighting. I know that every Senator would not listen for a quarter of a second to such a reason for · ~ays that he would not vote for a declaration of war,-and repeal of the arms embargo. Hitler will never conquer would not send a single solitary soldier across the sea. That Europe. It has never been done by anyone yet. Countless is the only good thing we have accomplished in this debate. efforts have been made to establish hegemony by force, and Wait until the bands start playing and the crowds start none have succeeded. The closest approach to it was by cheering. Wait until you hear the shouting and the tumult. Napoleon; and to compare Hitler with Napoleon is absurd. Wait until then, and then tell me you will vote with me Again, England has no equal in the play of power politics; against any declaration of war. That is the time that·I shall and when this war is over she will be at the same old game, want your assurance, and not now. I do not say that to the at which ambitious and snobbish Americans will still be detriment of my colleagues, and I am not saying it because trying their hand. I am trying .to criticize them. There is a time when we do Again, the physical exhaustion after a war in Europe would not know what we shall do a month hence, and that time is leave the participants without the reserve manpower or ma­ right now. You may say that you will not go to war. You terial with which to launch further campaigns of aggression. may say-and you may mean it-that you will not vote for Furthermore, Hitler could never successfully attack this a declaration of war, or to send a single boy across the sea. country. He would leave behind him revolt everywhere; a Who ever believed that we were sending 2,000,000 men across resurgent nationalism would likely overcome him, and the sea when we voted for a declaration of war before? No! ·guerilla warfare would be rife. There would ever be behind No! No! You must steel your hearts against the first false him the "bear who walks like a man"; and if by that time step. You must say to yourselves that you will not take a we had not yet dissipated our resources we could stand on our single step toward war, or you will find you cannot resist own shores, with our airplanes and carriers, and a vastly when the time comes. That is exactly the difficulty we find ·superior navy, and laugh at his efforts. I hope we have in this situation. heard the last of the argument "We shall be next"; and I Mr. President, I wanted to say a few words to two or three ·hope nobody is frightened by the argument "We shall be of our colleagues here who indulge in epithet or criticism of . next.'' There is no danger whatsoever of our being next. the poor old isolationists. They are able to tell you, Mr. Pres­ we used to say that 20 years ago when we were told that ident, Oh, it is a beautiful thing to be an internationalist, we had to fight to save democracy and had to fight for the to go around and look upon the world, comprehend all that sanctity of treaties. We were repeatedly told--do you not is in the world, and tell just what should be done under any recall it?-that if we did not aid the Allies in stopping the given circumstances. The internationalist can see every Kaiser the Kaiser would take us next. In the time of Na­ country on the face of the earth but forget to love his own poleon mothers frightened little children to make them be country and tell exactly what the other countries ought to ·good by telling them that Napoleon would get them if they do. So I say the internationalist has a tremendous advan­ were not good, and at once they would stop their foolishness tage over us. We live here; we think only of our own coun­ and be good. We were told then that if we did not stop the try and we desire what is for its best interests. Everybody 632 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 20 believes that to be so; there should be no dissent from a we have the courage, we have the nerve, we have the ability, sentiment such as that; everybody should believe and should and we here can say it. Why should we not say it? What is be certain to say that everything they could do for the wel­ there for us left in life, what is there still that any of us fare and advantage of their own country should be done. may care for? It does not make any difference to me whether But internationalists are constantly talking about the isola­ I am reelected or defeated when the time comes; it does not tionists. I have here a little book that came to me the other make any difference to me whether I am going to be one man day which sets forth a definition of isolationists that is even or another in that particular campaign; I will stand here really better than that of the President. The President's was until doomsday, if I am the only man who so stands, and a very brief one. He said "an isolationist wishes to be isolated plead for what I believe to be right and what my conscience from the controversies and the wars of Europe." I may not justifies. Stand up, Americans! Stand up, Americans! quote him exactly, but that was substantially what he said Stand up, Americans, for your rights; stand as you ought in his Chatauqua speech. I wish to read a word or two from to stand in this struggle for maintaining that which will the book, Deadly Parallel, by C. Hartley Grattan. I acknowl• prevent the United States going into another war. edge my debt to him. I have read his book with very great Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, it would be presumptuous interest and with very great profit. I quote from it, as on my part even to imagine that I could change the views follows: of any Member of this Senate on the pending joint resolu­ It is in this sense only that the continental American is an isola­ tion. I am confident that all Senators have long since made tionist. He seeks to isolate this country from participation in up their minds on the issues involved and are now prepared attempts of foreign nations to "solve" foreign problems by force­ from the wars beyond American borders which are being fought over to vote. No measure could have been more thoroughly dis­ confused issues to unpredictable conclusions. He does not in any cussed, and all phases of the problems more ably presented, sense believe that America can impose its conception of law and than has been the case with respect to the pending legisla­ order on the world by force or create by force the conditions which tion. We have heard the ardent pleas of most of the "big feed and strengthen democracy in America. He does not believe that America knows all the answers required to solve the world's problems. guns" of the Senate, and far be it that a member of its He does not see in the present European situation any absolutely "popgun corps" could now make more convincing arguments new and unique issues, though he is quite aware of the new dress than have been heretofore presented. I shall find con­ in which the old issues today appear. solation for my efforts in the hope that, in a feeble way, I may • • Americans, he thinks, should stay at home and mind their own allay the fears of my fellow Americans and point out to them very extensive business. It is his firm conviction that war today is that a favorable vote on the joint resolution will not involve a confession of bankruptcy, not evidence of a revitalized world. It our Nation in war. cannot lead to a better world, but only to senseless destruction and It should be a comforting assurance to the American people social chaos. If Americans want a better world, they must build it 1n America. It is no contribution to the building to fight wars that war can come only if the Congress declares it. War abroad. Americans will suffer far less from a policy of abstention can be carried on only if the Congress raises and supports with regard to Europe's muddle than by plunging into war with armies for that specific purpose. So far, no Senator has starry-eyed phony idealism, an idealism corrupted at the heart by raised his voice in favor of war; on the contrary, all have its appeal to force. proclaimed for peace. We differ only in opinion as to the Mr. President, I shall say but few words more. I feel very best course to pursue in these trying times. Speaking for keenly the seriousness of the situation. I feel that should we myself, and for other fathers of fine chaps, I shall not vote, take this first step we are done. I love this country. I have under any circumstances, to send my son or the sons of my nothing else on God's earth but this country of mine. I do fellow Americans to fight the battles of those who inhabit the not want to see it go to war for one reason or another or to Old World. I firmly believe that in this I express the views go into war because it is forced in. I do not want to see us of every Member of the Senate; and, should I not, let those risk war, because I think too much of the United States to who take issue speak up. [Pause.] On the other hand, few, risk war, and if we should repeal the embargo, we would risk if any of us would hesitate to vote our entire resources, if war. Why should we risk war? That is what strikes me con­ need be, in order to protect our country from the enemy, stantly-why should we risk war? I think the only thing to should invasion be attempted. do is to let the law remain as it is. Mr. President, for years after the disastrous World War, We have had a law of this sort on the statute books for the few people felt that the Eastern Hemisphere would ever again last few years. The President of the United States has issued engage in a major confiict. It was believed then that the three different embargo proclamations since his term of office nations of the world, especialy those which actually engaged began. in the horrible death-dealing battles, were fully convinced The first was in connection with the war over the Chaco, of the futility of war. From every land and from persons in the second in the Spanish War, the third in the Ethiopian every walk of life came proposals to avert future wars. Our War. He issued three proclamations of embargo, and the people were especially interested in a plan that would assure heavens did not fall when he issued them. They were thought a lasting peace. Some felt that the munition manufacturers to be effective. He issued them, and he boasted afterward of this Nation had been responsible for our entry into the that one, at least, did the job. I will not say that he boasted confiict, and the finger of guilt was pointed in their direction. that the one issued in connection with the Italo-Ethiopian Investigations were made by the Senate, hearings were had, War did the job, because, perhaps, it did not. He struck a and the public became aroused as a result of the disclosures snag there as he went on, and he did not do all he desired; made. I am informed that the hearings were in the nature but in the case of the war over the Chaco he did do good, of an ex parte proceeding and few if any persons who took and, doing that good, he is entitled to the credit. The an opposite view evidenced sufficient interest to refute the , Spanish embargo was effective, although he was abused for it charges made. I do not mean that an opportunity was not bitterly by a certain class· of people in this country and else­ given them to disprove those charges but many felt that the where; but he stood by his guns; he maintained the embargo. accusations were so far.:fetched that refutation of the evi­ So three different times since he has been President has he dence produced was unnecessary. Be that as it may, the maintained the embargo. evidence adduced at these hearings made a profound impres­ It is said now that he must not maintain the embargo in sion on the American people and a stirring sentiment then issue here because France and Britain say "No." I say, prevailed that the most effective method to stop wars was to "Yes," and the United States Senate ought to say "Yes"; this take away the profit and the best way to accomplish that was country ought to say, "Yes; we will have an embargo; we to prevent the exportation of arms and ammunition to bel­ will have an embargo of our choosing; we will have an em­ ligerent nations. bargo that we adopted solemnly after due consideration and It was in such an atmosphere that the so-called Embargo due deliberation. We passed the embargo, and we, in spite of Act was conceived and later enacted. The people were for France and Britain, will maintain that embargo." It takes it and I am informed that few Senators opposed its enact­ brave men to say that, of course; it took brave men to do ment into law. At the time evidently little or no thought was what has been done in order to protect that embargo; but given to the existing facilities and geographical situations of 1939 .CONGRESSIONAL R·ECORD-SENATE 633 the various countries of the world; and although the embargo port such articles or materials to belligerents, or to nations was intended to apply to all alike it created decided advan­ bordering on waters declared by the President to be danger tages in favor of some nations in contrast to others. It is zones. clear to me that the law created a most unfair disadvantage Why, Mr. President, the bill not only prevents the use of to those nations that had established sea power and advan­ American ships to carry articles and materials to a belliger­ tage in favor of those nations that had lesser sea power or ent, but it serves notice on the citizens of this country that no naval equipment at an.· I will not discuss this phase of no loss incurred by them in connection with the sale or the problem further for the reason that it has been ably transfer of any such articles or materials shall be made the argued during this debate by many Senators. basis of any claims put forward by the Government of the Mr. President, it has been frequently stated here in the United States. Under the joint resolution, since no Ameri­ course of this debate, and by scores of speakers throughout can ships may be used for transporting articles and mate­ the Nation, that it would be unneutral for us to amend the rials to nations engaged in war or to nations bordering on act while a war is in progress. Many have said that such an waters declared by the President to be danger ·zones, it nec­ act would offend Germany, and that Herr Hitler would be essarily follows that the life of no American seaman will be­ displeased. Mr. President, I ask: What do we owe to this come imperiled. Since title to all goods and articles sold mad dictator, this insatiable despoiler of men and nations, must pass when loaded aboard ship at an American port, it this violator of treaties, that we must tread on tiptoe to spare likewise necessarily follows that no property of an American him displeasure? Since when has it become necessary that citizen will become exposed to seizure or destruction. we should consult with Hitler or with any other foreign power Mr. President, I repeat, what then could cause us to engage before considering the wishes of our own people? No nation in war? Would it not be the wanton taking of the lives of is being taken by surprise if we repeal the arms embargo. our citizens engaged in a lawful undertaking on the high The world was put on notice by the President of the United seas? Would it not be the unlawful destruction or confisca­ States on January 4 of this year, when he called attention to tion of the property of these citizens plying their trade with the possibility that our neutrality laws may prove to operate belligerent nations? Our experience in the World War unevenly and unfairly, and give aid to aggressor nations and answers that question. deny it to the victims. From April 5 to May 8 hearings were Mr. President, the pending legislation makes a criminal held before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on of a person who violates any of its provisions. It places the various neutrality bills, some of which had as their object officers and directors of a corporation in the category of the repeal of the arms-embargo provisions of the present law. criminals should any of the provisions of the pending joint On May 29 House Joint Resolution 306 was introduced by resvlution be violated. A fine of not more than $50,000, or Mr. BLooM, chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Commit­ imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, may be tee, and from June 2 through the 13th, hearings were held imposed on anyone who violates the provisions of the act. on the bill before Mr. BLooM's committee, and on June 17 The joint resolution goes still further. It provides that cit­ the bill was reported favorably. From June 27 to 30 House izens of this country traveling as passengers on belligerent Joint Resoluti9n 306 was debated in the House of Rep­ ships who thus expose their lives to danger, contrary to the resentatives and finally passed, and on July 5 it was received provisions of the joint resolution, are likewise criminals. by the Senate and referred to the Senate Foreign Relations Each offender is subject to a fine of $10,000, or imprisonment Committee. On July 11 the committee, by a vote of 12 to 11, ·for 2 years, or both, for each violation. What else can we decided to postpone consideration of neutrality legisla­ do, within reason, to protect the lives and property of our tion until the next session of Congress. Again, on July 14, citizens, except to make it unlawful for them to engage in the Senate received a message from President Roosevelt, acts which would cause us to become involved in war? transmitting a statement from Secretary Hull, strongly recom­ Let us contrast those restrictions with the provisions of the mending that neutrality legislation be considered before ad­ law as now written. It is therein provided that whoever shall journment. Although we were warned then that war might export, or attempt to export, or cause to be exported, arms, come, fe* of us believed it, and Congress adjourned with­ ammunition, or implements of war from the United States, or out enacting neutrality legislation. Mind you, when speak­ any of its possessions, shall be fined not more than $10,000 ing of neutrality legislation I refer to that which had to do or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. The law with the repeal of the arms-embargo provision of the existing makes it a criminal act for a person to ship such articles. law. In the light of the foregoing facts, how can we now be As to the sale and transportation of all other goods and accused of being unneutral by repealing it because it so materials the law is silent. American ships, manned by happens that at present a war is raging? ·American sailors, can transport any and all other goods and Mr. President, let us examine the so-called neutrality law materials available to countries engaged in war, or in fact and contrast its provisions with some of the provisions of the to any place in the world. Such ships, so laden, may travel pending legislation. In this comparison, my purpose is to in waters infested with submarines, planted with mines, show that the pending measure is less likely to lead us into strafed by giant combatant bombers, and if anything should war than the existing law. As I pointed out a few minutes happen to them, our laws grant them recourse through our ago, the paramount issue before us is how best to keep our Government. Should the war continue and should Ameri­ country out of this conflict. What then would cause us to can ships and American sailors be exposed to belligerent fire, engage in war? Is it the mere sale of arms and ammunition I predict that, sooner or later, we will be called upon to and other implements of war? I do not concede this to be a ·protect the lives and property of those of our citizens engaged fact. No nation should have cause to complain if we afford in such traffic. it the same treatment that is accorded other nations in this Mr. President, I ask the question: Why should we single respect. out arms, ammunition, or implements of war and permit the One of the cardinal principles of neutrality is to show no ·sale of all materials, machinery, and other articles necessary preference or partiality to any of the nations engaged in war. to manufacture such goods? I ask the indulgence of the It is our duty to treat them all alike and on the same plane ·Senate in order that I may cite some of the articles that are and basis. In being neutral we should be ready and willing embargoed under the present law, in contrast to other articles to sell to all of those engaged in con:fiict on the same basis; that are not embargoed, but which are just as essential to a and, in effect, cause them to receive the same rights and warring nation. privileges. To begin with, the present law embargoes shipments to The pending joint resolution provides that very thing. It warring nations of rifles, carbines, machine guns; automatic states that all nations engaged in war may purchase from us rifles, automatic pistols and revolvers; guns, howitzers, and any articles or materials. It requires that all sales must mortars; ammunition for those weapons; hand grenades, 1 be made for cash, and that title must pass to the purchaser bombs, torpedoes, mines, and depth charges; aerial gun · before the ships sail from our ·ports. In addition, it fur­ mounts and frames, bomb racks, torpedo carriers, bomb and ' ther provides that no American ships may be used to trans- torpedo-release mechanisms-all these ingen:ious instruments 634 .CONGRESSIONAL ~ECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 20 of death and destruction may not be sold under the present other goods and materials and foodstuffs that were exported law, and no nation at war may draw upon the United States to the Allies during the 3-year period. Everyone knows that for any of these articles. But there is no prohibition against the munitions manufacturers were not the only persons who these same nations obtaining from us all the ferro-alloys, became enriched during the World War. It is my belief that steel billets, sheets and tubes, brass ingots and disks, and an investigation into profiteering among other industries dur­ copper ingots that they may desire, in order to convert those ing the World War period would have revealed similar wrong­ materials into those same death-dealing weapons and am­ doing and profiteering on the same grand scale revealed in munition. the munitions industry. Likewise, the present law embargoes armored tanks, mili­ Mr. President, I want it well understood that I hold no brief tary armored vehicles, and armored trains--but there is noth­ for the munitions manufacturers. From a humane stand­ ing in the law which prevents shipment from this country point, their existence and purpose are abhorrent. I have no to warring nations of any amount of standard four-wheel­ interest in them, except that I consider them one of our most drive ·chassis, and standard railroad cars--and any military important adjuncts to national defense. And, as I have just expert will state that those innocent so-called peacetime stated, I cannot see the wisdom of throttling them at this vehicles are readily convertible into monsters of war. time, when our full attention should be centered on every The law states that no person or company can ship to possible manner and means of improving our national de­ warring nations any aircraft "both heavier and lighter than fenses for our own protection. air, designed, adapted, and intended for aerial combat, either Continuation of the arms embargo cannot longer be con­ assembled, unassembled, or dismantled." But we can go sidered as a deterrent to war among foreign nations, except right on shipping to those countries unlimited quantities of that it might make it easier for aggressor nations, for those steel billets, aluminum sheets and shapes, fabrics and frame nations which have prepared over the past few years for materials, such as spruce for nonmetal planes, and other waging war, to lay waste the weaker and more peaceably articles of this nature which go to make up warring airplanes. inclined nations. Every man in the Senate knows full well We throw up our hands in horror at the very mention of that our munitions plants will become our primary defenses poisonous gases, and it is provided in the present law that in event of aggression. we shall not export to warring nations any mustard gas, Yes, Mr. President; a day may come when we will be face methyldichlorarsine, diphenylchlorarsine, and a long list of to face with aggression. I pray to God that it may not be other 10- and 12-syllable tonguetwisters. But is there any so, and I am not forecasting it. Yet we must not be so blind prohibition against the shipment to those nations of chlorine, as to close our eyes to such a possibility. And before that bromine, sulfur and pyrites, arsenic, and other basic chemi­ day comes let us all realize and understand that these very cals from which deadly poisonous gases are manufactured? munitions manufacturers who are scorned and castigated The answer is, "No." and labeled as "war instigators" by some so-called isolation­ ists-these very munitions manufacturers can and will fur­ Powders and explosives are embargoed under the act-but nish the means to save us and our children and our cherished I am unable to find anything in the law which prohibits a possessions from destruction,· provided we do not now strangle belligerent nation from purchasing, in this country, any them into impotency. I maintain that they should be per­ quantity of cotton and wood pulp, with which to make cellu­ mitted to receive their legitimate share of all foreign com­ lose, sulphuric and nitric acid, toluene, aniline, phenol, am­ merce at all times, but under the cash-and-carry proviso monia, potassium nitrate, powdered aluminum, and charcoal. and other restrictions that are incorporated in the pending There is a long list of others, all of which are necessary to resolution, and always looking to the preservation of our the manufacture of such products, but I will not burden the Nation above everything else. Senate with them. Mr. President, while on this particular subject there is one Most astonishing of all, Mr. President, is the fact that other point I desire to present. As I have just stated, I am not only can we sell all of these materials of war to belligerent not prophesying that this Nation will ever be invaded. I nations, but we can send them to those nations in our own hope and pray that none of us here today, or our children, or ships, manned by American sailors. our children's children, down to the end of time, will ever be Mr. President, aware of such inconsistencies, I cannot see faced with the horror of having to shed human blood to the necessity, or the reason, or the wisdom, of throttling our defend these shores against outside aggression. But, Mr. munitions manufacturers as is done under the law now in President, science has advanced rapidly during the last decade. force. One of the motivating reasons for enacting the arms Modern warfare has taken tremendous strides. No one knows embargo in the first place was to discourage war among for­ what further advances will be made tomorrow. There may eign nations. We all have seen how utterly it has failed in come a time when we will look to friendly nations across the its purpose, and so it now becomes incumbent upon us tore­ seas for the privilege of buying modern, up-to-date weapons move the embargo, and place all industries, all articles and to defend ourselves against the enemy. Perhaps there will be goods of export, on the same basis. As I pointed out a few some new, ingenious invention of warfare available in only moments ago, there is no attempt in the present law to de­ one nation or locality which will be essential to our defense. prive any other branch of industry or agriculture of its legi­ Shall we now set a precedent by continuing this arms embargo, timate share of foreign trade. We all admit that we must slamming the door, as it were, in the face of friendly powers maintain our export markets if this country is to avoid a de­ across the sea without some day ruing those actions? Is it pression even worse than that which began in 1929. There­ not within the realm of possibility that some day we shall be fore, in common fairness, why should we penalize any one calling upon friendly foreign powers for the same privileges industry and prohibit exportation to foreign markets of the they today expect of us? Let us not be so shortsighted and articles manufactured by that industry? The hearings held blind that we will by our actions today set a precedent which before the Special Munitions Industry Investigating Com­ some time in the future might prove a boomerang to us and mittee of the Senate during the years 1934, 1935, and 1936 endanger the very existence of our Nation and people. were replete with charges against the munitions manufac­ Mr. President, I again ask the question, Which is more likely turers of profiteering, unethical practices, bribery; graft, to lead us to war, the mere sale of arms, ammunition, or greed-in fact, when one reads the record it would seem they implements of war under the restrictions provided for in the committed all the cardinal sins. But did anyone ever at­ pending legislation, including cash and carry, or the sale and tempt to ascertain how much profiteering, how much graft. delivery of articles or materials to make those instruments of how much bribery, occurred in other industries during the death, without restrictions, as is provided for in the law that is World War period? It has been shown that our foreign ex­ now on our statute books? Surely the answer to that question ports to the allied nations during the 3 years ending June 30, is self-evident. 1917, totaled $9,786,000,000. Of this figure only a fraction But it is argued by the opponents of the joint resolution over 12 percent, or $1,207,000,000, represented arms, ammuni­ under discussion, "We favor the cash-and-carry plan if only tion, and implements of war~ l'hat leaves $8,579,000,000 o! you reenact the embargo provisions." As I have previously _1939 .CONGRESSIONAL R~_QORD-S~NAT~ 635 pointed out, I can see no reason for discriminating between UCAPITULATION our producers of raw materials and our manufacturers of United Kingdom______$521,123,664 $118,246,956 finished products. Without food and clothing, soldiers could 1======1======~ not carry on the war. Without gasoline and oil, all of the American possessions------499, 015, 458 274, 784, 833 cherished mechanized units and airplanes and warships would ~~~~fce~~fs~~~r;~~~~~-_:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~g; ~~i: ~~r 19~: ~~: ~~~ be useless. WhY not embargo all articles or materials to bel­ African possessions______80,889,934 35,898,009 ligerents, and thus be classified as honest-to-goodness isola­ Oceania______------1------1------92, 817, 007 15, 591, 257 tionists? Why not have real isolation or none at all? TotaL______771,585, 105 518,909,075 1======1======In this connection, I have not heard a single Senator advo­ Total, British Empire______1, 292,708,769 637, 156,031 cate complete embargo against the shipment of any and all materials to belligerent nations; and there is good reason for United States trade with France and possessions, year 1938 their silence on this phase of the question. Permit me to present to the Senate a few figures I have Exports Imports compiled from data furnished by the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce showing our 1938 foreign France ______-----__ $133, 834, 657 $54, 060, 696 trade with the nations which are now at war. I have listed 1-======1======the exports and imports between this country and each unit Colonies,Amcncas: protectorates, · and mandates: of the British Empire, between this country and the French Miquclon and St. Pierre Islands ______13C, 814 17,043 French West Indies ------2,009,124 192,613 Republic and each of her. possessions, .and between this coun­ French Guiana ______------______----- 118,603 36,353 try and Germany and her conquered provinces. I shall not TotaL ______----- 2, 258,541 2~6,009 take the Senate's time to read these statements in detail, but 1=~~==1===~= I ask unanimous consent that the tables be printed in the Asia: Syria ______------__. ___ ·__ ------2,688, 435 2, 268,096 RECORD at this point. French Indochina.------; ____ _ 3, 128,403 7, 137,257 The PRESIDING .OFFICER (Mr. SCHWARTZ in the chair). 1------1------TotaL ______------5, 816,838 9,405, 353 Without objection, it is so ordered. Oceania: French Oceania . ~------581,540 - 611,835 The tables are as follows: Africa: • 1=====~=1======UNITED STATES FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS, YEAR 1938 2,698,888 2,433, 639 (Compiled from data furnished by Bureau of Foreign. and Domestic ~~~~ta-~ ~ =:: ======: ======~ === =:::::: = 1, 435,339 2,004, 649 Morocco ___ ------~------3, 221,953 1, 361,247 . Commerce, United St~tes Department of Co_mmerce) Madagascar______------______507,519 1,820, 785 Summary Other French Afric~------1------3, 823,449 2, 501,293 10,121,613 Exports Imports 11,61N, 148

RECAPITULATION _ Grand 'total: All foreign trade 1938.------$3,004,094,621 $1, 960, 528, 295 Briti'lh Empire and French Republic ______$1,446,887,493 $711, 601, 537 Exports Imports Percent_------46. 7 36.3 Germany------$107, 588, 308 $64, 537, 217 Percent __ ------3. 4 3.3 France------$133,834,657 $54,060,696 1======:======United States trade witlt British Empire, year 1938 ±~:ri~~~fs~~~~-~--~======~: ~i~: ~~~ 9, ~~: ~~ Exports Imports ~~~~ ggss;~~:~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11, ~~; f!~ 10, ~M; ~~ TotaL------__ l---20-,-3-44-,-06-7-l-----20-, -384--, 8-10 $521, 123, 664 $118, 246, 956 · United Kingdom------l======l======Total, France and possessions_------154, 178, 724 74, 445, 506 1 Dominions, colonies, protectorates, and mandates: ' Americas: 467, 661, 884 260, 273, 830 United States trade witlt Germany and conquered possessions, Canada___ ------J------year 1938 Newfoundland and Labrador------7, 676,715 6, 581,910 British Honduras. ____ ------1, 056,593 2, 343,64-5 316,314 Bermuda ______------3, 952,283 Exports Imports Barbados ______------955, 712 372, 33'3 Jamaica______------5, 749,963 1, 197,004 Trinidad and Tobago_------7, 442,414 1, 635,859 Other British West Indies ______3, 486,261 1, 233,073 GermanY------$107, 1'.88, 308 $64, 537,217 British Guiana ____ -----__ ------1, 025,462 816,407 Austria _____ ------______l===7==45=,==96==2= :===1,;,==27==5;,,7=72 8,171 14,453 Falkland Islands __ ------Czechoslovakia ___ ------26, 492, 796 26, 174, 335 1------1------Poland and Danzig _____ ------24, 695, 903 13, 416, 775 TotaL _____ ------.-----• .:.------499, 015. 458 274, 784, 833 1======1======TotaL- __ ------l---5-1,-9-34-,-66-1- l----40-,-866--, &i- '2 Europe: Ireland ______•• _____ •• ____ ._---_-__ ----__ 26,947,071 957,620 Gibraltar------_____ --_------43ii, 389 2,154 329,836 Malta, Gozo, and Cyprus Islands ______------1------760,935 Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I desire to call particular Total ______------.------28, 141,395 1, 289,610 attention to the recapitulation of our 1938 export and import 1======1======trade . which is presented along with these tabulations. Asia: Aden ______------__ ---__ • ______304,472 233,558 It will be seen that our total foreign exports in 1938 Palestine ______----•• --••• ------_- 3. 166, 153 555,394 British India______------33,441,399 58,348,937 amounted to $3,094,094,621. Of this huge sum, $1,292,708,769 Burma ______------2, 322,515 223,993 represents transactions with the United Kingdom and her British Malaya ______------8, 854,252 112, 270, 544 possessions and $154,178,724 with France and her possessions, Coylon.. ______------_------_ 1, 344,304 16,346, 132 Hong Kong __ ------21,288,216 3,366,803 or a total of $1,446,887,493 in export trade with the so-called ------1 democratic allies, or 46.7 percent of our total foreign exports Total ______------70,721,311 191, 345,366 1======1======~ in 1938. A total of $107,588,308 was exported into Germany Africa: Union of South Africa ______70,064,955 15,982,835 during 1938, or 3.4 percent of our total foreign exports for British East Africa ______3, 759,365 5, 527,036 that year. Thus it is seen that a real, honest-to-goodness Other British South Africa ______1, 697,210 2, 977, 175 2, 785,546 6, 725,304 policy of isolation would call upon American agriculture and g?~~r~~~-s_t~~======:: =: ======::::::::: = 2, 176,485 4, 077, 175 American industry to sacrifice over 50 percent of our foreign Other British West Africa ______406,373 608,434 export markets. Total ______•••••••• ------··•w••·••----- 80,889,934 518, 909, 075 Mr. President, as has been pointed out by several Senators 1======1======Oceania: in the course of this debate, the present law does not prevent Australia ___ .. ______-----____ ------______68,823,036 8, 713,681 the sale of arms, ammunition, or implements of war to neu­ New Zealand ______------_ 23,365,864 6, 5.59, 339 British Oceania __ ------628, 107 318,237 tral nations. They may pile up and store all the weapons TotaL ______---______and ammunition they desire, no matter how near or far they 92,817,007 15,591, 257 are from warring nations. The neutral nations may sell _ 636 CONGRESSIONAL ~ECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 20 what they manufacture to those engaged in war and retain of their "abhorrence of war," some permitted their senti-· what they purchase from us for their own use. The chances ments, their feelings, their passion to becloud their better are 10 to 1 that some neutral nations will buy and resell to judgment. Fired by their deep conviction for peace, some a warring nation, notwithstanding the provision in the pres­ suggested that instead of deliberating on the question of sell­ ent law against such transactions. Although Russia is busily ing arms and ammunition, we should devote our time and engaged in crushing and intimidating smaller nations and our efforts in the direction of a lasting peace. Surely no one robbing them of their independence and their very lifeblood, woUld hesitate to give aid in that direction if only an honor­ she is not supposed to be at war. She is, according to reports, able peace coUld be obtained. Are we to attempt to nego­ leaning toward Germany. Under the present law she may tiate such a peace without invitation or suggestions? purchase from us all of the arms, ammunition, or implements President Roosevelt offered many peace suggestions during of war she desires. If she chooses, she may sell them to the current year before the war was declared, but his pleas fell Germany. What will prevent her? on deaf ears. Herr Hitler ridiculed the suggestions made We certainly are not called upon to police Russia to see and pointed the finger of scorn in our direction and intimated that all of such articles as she buys are used by her own that we should attend to our own business. Now that this armies. On the other hand, if we should refuse to sell arms power-crazed madman has seized Austria, taken Czechoslo­ or ammunition or implements of war to. Russia at any time vakia, and overrun Poland, he desires peace on his own she is not actually engaged in war, would not that resUlt in terms. In effect, he says: "I have completed my conquest strained relations between the two countries? Would not for the time being; I am willing to lay down my arms if you Russia have a perfect right to resent such action on our part? . do the same." No, Mr. President; I can see no early peace The same considerations apply to all of the Balkan nations; for Europe; in fact, I can visualize no peace for our neighbors in fact, to all nations that are not actually engaged in war across the seas as long as this insatiable brute is permitted to and that are supposedly neutral. Is it not plain that because rule over Germany. Better that we attend to our own busi­ of our inability to follow through the use to which arms, ness and hope that England and France and their Allies will ammunition, or implements of war are put by neutrals, ques­ conquer this foe of human liberties and restore peace among tions may arise that may involve us? Why take the risk? themselves and their neighbors. Why not sell all articles or materials to all nations, whether No, Mr. President, the American people do not trust Hitler. engaged in war or not, and put all of them in the same cate· As was shown by a poll taken by Dr. Gallup on October 17, gory and on the same footing? Such a procedure, in my 86 percent of Americans disagree with Hitler's attitude that humble opinion, will be more conducive to peace than the war should be stopped since the Polish question is settled. method provided under the existing law. Our people list "Hitlerism" as the main issue, and add com­ Mr. President, the joint resolution restricts credits so as ments of which the following are typical: "Hitler cannot be further to minimize the possibility of our engaging in war. The trusted." "Hitler will always be a threat to the world peace." joint resolution makes it unlawful for any person within the "Germany would like to make peace in order to make war United States to make any loans or extend any credits to any later on." government, political subdivision, or person. Again, the leg­ Mr. President, the people of this country have an irrepres­ islation brands as a criminal any person who violates this sible desire to remain at peace. They do not wish to be section and provides a penalty of $50-,000, or imprisonment parties to the conflict now raging in Europe. Although our for not more than 5 years, or both. All of these precautions people have expressed in no uncertain terms their dislike for are taken in order to make it certain that this Government Hitler and what he stands for, I am convinced that they are will not be called upon to defend and protect the rights of not so imbued with the allied cause that they would consent any citizen in such transactions as he ·may undertake with to sending our soldiers across the ocean to fight for them. belligerent nations. What a pity that such a requirement Few if any persons within the sound of my voice would cher­ was not on the statute books of our country when the World ish a victory favoring Germany. I am quite certain that a War was fought. Had that been done, our Government would vast majority of the American people favor the Allies, not not now be in the red for about $13,000,000,000. Another because they love England and France the better, but be­ thing: It is fortunate that the money due by our Allies was cause of the form of government they stand for. The Amer­ not borrowed from our citizens direct. I fear that if the huge ican people as a whole have a high regard for the German sums now due by our Allies were reduced to bond issues and people as such, but they despise their leadership. owned by our people, there woUld be little sympathy shown The American people do not want dictator neighbors to in the direction of those debtors. Did Senators ever try to the north of them-in fact, anywhere near their borders. figure out how a person feels toward one who is indebted to They prefer as their neighbors people who believe in and him and who does not pay? Two persons can be the best cherish freedom. That, Mr. President, is no doubt what of friends. Let one borrow from the other and not repay prompted the American Nation to vote so overwhelmingly and see what happens. Friendship ceases, and they become in favor of the Allies winning the war, in a recent poll made enemies. by Fortune magazine. In answer to the question "Who do you want to win the war?" the results indicated: In order to prevent the engendering of such a feeling in Percent any of our people who might desire to invest in foreign securi­ Allies------83 ties, this joint resolution makes a criminal of one who violates Mercury) Paints. arms Hitler and his clique will realize that they will soon be com­ Drugs. pletely beaten, then lose courage, and do like the old Kaiser, jump Electric apparatus. their back fences, and run for protection in some foreign land. The Qumme. . ______Medwme.Mer~\l!Y boilers. German people as a whole don't want war no more than we do. I suppose that you are familiar with the various methods used by (Expressed as quinine sulfate) Rubber ______Tires. Hitler and his clique to keep the German people in a state of moral and physical slavery. Fabrics. From conversation with Italians and non-Italians residing in Insulating materials. Italy, I am convinced that the Italians are not in sympathy Rubber goods. with Hitler and his clique; and even if Mussolini should attempt Silk (raw)------Parachutes. to enter the European conflict on the side of Hitler, which I doubt Powder bags. that he ever will, the Italians at horne and even the Army would Clothing. revolt. The Italian Prince had himself appointed by his old father Cable covering. Tin metaL ______Plating containers. at the head of a large part of the Army. You probably know that he is not on friendly terms with Mussolini, and is unalterably Bearing metal. opposed to Hitler's regime. By repealing the embargo law you Solder. might see Italy wage active warfare against Hitler and his regime, Bronze. especially now that Hitler has become a friend of the arch enemy of Tin plate. Christianity, especially the true Christianity instituted by the God­ Tinfoil. man over 1,900 years ago. Tungsten ore ______Tool steel. Fifth. I take it for granted that you are a first-class Christian man (Containing 60 percent WOa Alloy steels. and that you are a firm believer in the church instituted by the or 40 percent metal) Tungsten carbide. God-man and that you consider the saving of your soul and the Electric contacts. souls of mankind the most important duty of true Christians on Lamp filaments. this planet, and that no sacrifices are too big to deter true Chris­ A. P. bullet cores. tians from doing all that they can to promote the cause of Chris­ Radio tubes. tianity. But you are also certainly aware of the fact that Hitler Wool, excluding carpet wooL _____ Textiles. and his clique have persecuted the Church of Christ in Germany (Greasy basis) Felt. and Austria. To make matters worse, Hitler has even invited Carpet. Stalin, the arch enemy of Christ's holy church, to help him during Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent the present war. Is it not our duty as true Christian men and true followers of to insert in the RECORD at this point a letter addressed to me the One who allowed Himself to be crucified on the tree of the by Rt. Rev. J. J. Rousseau, pastor of the Church of the cross for the salvation of mankind to do all we can to lend a helping CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER ·20 ·hand to defeat thdse two enemies of the church He instituted on As to the basic and almost unanimous purpose on the part earth to help mankind to save their immortal souls? When that sam e true Christianity was threatened by cruel invaders in 1571, of Americans to keep out of the war, there can be no ques­ Pope Piu s V did not hesitate to form a powerful league among the tion. No true American can possibly wish to send another Christian princes of southern Europe, but begged them to wage army of American youth to the bloody battlefields of Europe actual war against those vast armies which were threatening Chris­ to try to make the world safe for anything. tianity in Europe. Then followed a most decisive battle at Lepanto, where _the Christians were victorious and the enemies of Christianity We ought to know by this time-and I think we do-that were decisively beaten and Christianity and Christian civilization we cannot change the habits of the Old World, which has were saved in Europe. been going to war since before the dawn of recorded history, These and other facts too numerous to include lead me to form my opinion that the law on the embargo of arms should be over much the·same causes. repealed. There is only one solution far Europe's recurrent wars­ Very respectfully yours, only one cure, one remedy. It is to be found in the teachings J. J. RoUSSEAU. of religion, which, if practically applied to a solution of the Mr. BARBOUR. Mr. President, to me one of the great social and economic problems of the Old World, offers the things about this debate on our neutrality policy is the only hope of enduring peace among the racially different absence of unreasoning partisanship in the attitudes of Sena- groups of men who are now crowded into that area of the ' tors of all persuasions. The Senate has risen to its responsi­ earth's surface. So long as they have to stay there, or think bility in the spirit of its best tradition as guardian of the they do, the only alternative to constantly recurring wars is Nation's liberties and one of the coordinate branches of the to learn to get along together and compromise the differences Federal Government charged with the conduct of foreign which lead to war. If they themselves cannot do that, there affairs. The views of the Members of the Senate have been is nothing we can do about it. They have the law and the dictated neither by partisan considerations nor by political prophets, and they have also the example of the New World, opportunism. Party lines have been obliterated. With nota­ the peoples of which have for the most part lived peaceably ble fidelity to their oaths, Senators have shaped their course togethe'r for more than a century. If those in Europe choose by the compass of conviction. to ignore.these things and pay the penalty, it should be their I pay this tribute to my colleagues on both sides of the aisle funeral, not ours. because it is their due. Any man should be proud to serve But in trying to keep out of war ourselves we must not rest in the Senate when it conducts itself as it has in this critical on wishful thinking. We must work for peace, must our­ hour in the history of our country and of the world. selves be peaceful, must avoid becon:ting emotionally aroused It is in the same spirit,· I hope, that I address myself to a by the changing tides of a war which, while confined to the brief discussion of the basic considerations which, as I see other side of the ocean, is none of our business; and we must the matter, should govern our major decisions with respect not under any circumstances let any European nation or to the country's present course. What are those considera­ group of nations think we shall eventually come in, as we tions? Certainly they are not to be found in academic did in 1917---or, as Field Marshal Goering put it, "The United discussions of a nonexistent neutrality with a world at war. States will be along later." This time we must keep out­ Neither is it intelligent to quibble over the customs and and we shall keep out if we keep our heads and are not understandings among peaceful nations which we like to call attacked by ot.hers on our own soil or in ·our own waters. international law. Up to this point we can all agree. When great nations go to war, and desperation drives the I come now to specific applications. Therein lie our dif­ participants to disregard the rules and normal relationships ferences as Senators and as Americans-differences of view of international intercourse, these things fall by the wayside. as to the best method of keeping out of the war. Treaties become scraps of paper, except as they can be en­ For weeks we have been hearing in this Chamber and on the forced by arms. Neutrality becomes an abstraction, Inter­ street. corner, in public addresses, and in our mail that this national law gives way to international anarchy, Unhappily, course or that will keep us out of war. The advocates of the Mr. President, such is the world in which we live. cash-and-carry program are convinced that their method is I do not defend this disregard of morals, treaties, agree­ the best. A second group would sell no war materials to ments, and understandings which normally govern interna­ France and England but would sell them wheat and cotton, . tiona! relations. I look upon it sorrowfully but realistically. as important in the conduct of the war as steel and powder. We would all bring about a better order of things if we could. Then there is a third group, completely isolationist, which, in Since we cannot, we must face the facts as they are, and effect, would have us tie up our ships at the docks, turn our ·while the spirit of peace takes flight, while reason surrenders backs to the rest of the world, build a Chinese wall around to war and the voic_e of the Prince of Peace is drowned in the the United States, and trade with no one until the war ends. roar of guns, take thought for our own safety and welfare. Let us see how the three programs would work out. If we are to be realistic we come down finally to a very Take program No. 1'. · The cash-and-carry plan preserves simple question: "What course is best for the United States?" our natural character as a trading nation, but one which, It is from that starting point that I have attempted to learning its lesson from the last war, will sell its goods only formulate my own ideas and reach my own decisions with for cash and refuse to embark on credit involvements, know­ respect to the pending issue. ing that if the war lasts none of the belligerents will be able I am not concerned with what we may have done or left to pay their debts, even if they should want to do so. Cou­ undone in the past, or with academic considerations of any pled with this provision, in the pending joint resolution is kind. I am concerned only with our own national life, our a further requirement that belligerents who wish to buy any­ own ideals, and our own safety. thing at all in the United States, whether wheat, cotton, air­ What is the best course for the United States in this planes, or steel, shall carry their purchases away in their own critical moment? ships. It is literally the cash-and-carry principle of the First of all to keep out of any European war. modern grocery store applied to international trade. The Second, with that consideration in mind, so to shape our ships are the market basket; the seas are the highway. Our acts as to reduce to an absolute minimum the chances that goods remain on our shelves until purchasers come for them, we may be dragged into the war, as we were into the World pay for them, and take them away. We make no deliveries War, by attacks on American ships engaged in carrying sup­ except across the counter. To say this will get us into war plies to belligerents. is as senseless as to say that a grocer who sells for cash to the Third, after charting our course by these acts and pur­ customers who can reach his store will incur the undying poses, to go our own peaceful way both on the high seas and enmity of other would-be customers who, unable to reach his at home, meanwhile strengthening our defenses to the point place of business because of bad roads, have to trade in some . where no other nation or group of nations may attack us other town. If they are willing to sell to her, Germany can with impunity. get everything in Russia or Italy she could get here in the Up to ·this point I think most Senators will find them­ United States. , selves in substantial agreement with this statement of our To refuse to sell our goods to France and England because : purposes. Germany is blocked off from American supplies by the British 1939 _CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 639 :fleet would be unreasonable and cowardly, and, by severely Under the program proposed, which I intend to support, it restricting our own output of military machines and material, seems to me that we serve our own interests as they must be would increase the chance of attack on the United States by served if we are to make the most of our determination to nations which are envious of us, coveting our land or our keep out of the war. - wealth, and which, in many respects, are better prepared for As a :final defense against war, we propose to keep our own war than we are. ships out of the war-carrying trade and also out of the more That brings up what, to my mind, is the strongest argument dangerous war zones, such as those adjacent to the land of all for the cash-and-carry program-the .obvious contri­ areas in which war is being waged. In this manner we avoid bution to our own national defense. There are two aspects of the pitfall into which we walked in the World War, when the this problem. One is the wisdom of making it possible for torpedoing of American vessels by German submarines ulti­ Canada to equip herself for defense against possible attack mately drew us in. Like every other red-blooded American, from overseas, since an attack on Canada would necessarily I approve and applaud the principle of the freedom of the bring us into the war under the Monroe Doctrine, in defense seas. But, again looking at the problem realistically, we know of American sovereignty and democracy. The other is the that in time of war the seas are free only to those who either vital necessity of expanding our own output of war weapons. control them or are willing to :fight for the right to use them The Canadian problem, in my opinion, is far more impor­ freely. And I, for one, believe that as between the alterna­ tant than most Americans realize. At present we can sell tives of keeping our ships out of the danger zones and going to planes or any other war weapons to aetheistic, communistic war, the former is the more prudent, and that the lives of Russia, either for the use of the Soviet or for transshipment American youth are more important than a little extra trade to Germany, without interference from anyone unless by or the false pride which we would sacrifice in taking this British warships. If the planes were fiown by way of Alaska precaution. and Siberia, they could not be stopped. I do not say that we I think that is the best answer also to the advocates of are likely to sell our newer models of planes to the Soviet. I program No.2, who would sell wheat, cotton, and other com­ know we have not done so, a,nd feel confident we shall not do modities to belligerents while refusing to sell them guncotton, so in the future. I say only that the law as it stands permits planes, and other weapons of war. In these days, when whole it, since Russia, technically, is not at war with any other nations go to war, and the outcome of confiicts between power. Yet the same law prevents 1,1s from selling the same great powers is determined by food supply no less than powder planes or any other war weapons-even a coast-defense gun supply, a ship carrying wheat or cotton is as likely to be tor­ or a rifie or machine gun-to our good neighbor, Canada, pedoed as one carrying guns or planes. with whom we have lived at peace for more than 100 years, As to program No. 3. That of the American who asks, "Why with an unfortified 3,000-mile border between us. It does not do we have to sell anything to anybody? Why can we not make sense, nor is it in our own national interest, to retain shut ourselves up at home and let it go at that?"-the answer on the statute books a law which permits us to aid a country is that some trade with other countries is as much a part of whose ideals, as in the case of Russia, are the opposite of our our lifeblood as trade among ourselves, the only difference · own, and which has its secret agents and propagandists and being that domestic trade normally accounts for perhaps from, spies in our midst right now, while denying the same aid to a 90 to 93 percent of the total and foreign trade for the re­ neighbor we trust, and whom we are obligated in our own mainder. But this relatively small volume of foreign trade, interest to defend as we would defend the soil of the United when it does not jeopardize the 90 percent-and that is a States. We all know that an attack on Canada would violate very important consideration-is vital. Without it, we would the Monroe Doctrine, the keystone of our own foreign policy, have no silk, no rubber for our automobile tires, no cork, ·and force us into war. Yet we all but invite attack, and cer­ bananas, coconut oil, cocoa, tea, or a hundred other things tainly make it possible, by our present ostrichlike attitude which we use every day without thought as to where they which we are now proposing to correct. originate. There would be no breakfast coffee in this Nation, But· beyond that, the cash-and-carry program will enable of coffee drinkers, consuming the bulk of the world supply. ' us to expand our production of war weapons at a time when We would have neither tin nor nickel in quantity. our( our capacity to turn them out in large quantities on short largest supplies of manganese and tungsten, so necessary in I notice might mean the difference between keeping out of war the manufacture of hard steels, come from abroad. Your· and getting into it. A Polish officer remarked bitterly after daily paper is printed on wood pulp imported from Canada the rape of Poland by Hitler's modern army, "We had to fight or northern Europe. Your clothing and blankets may con­ tanks with machine guns." It was the superiority of German tain Australian wool. Antimony, the metal from which news­ weapons rather than courage which made it possible for the paper type is made, comes to us from China. Mahogany, the German forces to conquer Poland in 3 weeks. In these days favorite wood for furniture, is a foreign product. wars come swiftly, after a long pe1iod of preparation, and the In exchange for the.se and other imports we send the Ration which is best prepared and has a purpose to serve in countries which produce theni our automobiles, sewing ma­ going to war strikes :first and hardest. In the United States, chines, .typewriters, machinery of all sorts, our textiles, our when thinking of our own safety, as we all are, we need to be shoes, oil, wheat, cotton, and other products of farm and concerned only with our ability to equip whatever army and factory. Foreign trade is literally that-trade. It involves navy we require to defend the country with the weapons they the exchange of goods: I repeat, the exchange of goods. It is need to fight successfully against possible enemies armed to the only way in which goods. can be sold except for cash, and the teeth. There has never been any question as to the cour­ we now have more than half of all of the world's gold age of the American soldier. But we must not allow him to be stock-billions more than we can use, except as a reserve sent into battle, if we ever do go to war, to fight tanks with against possible contingencies in which we may have to use machine guns, or without an air defense sufficient to keep some of it to buy supplies from others if we are ever caught enemy planes well away from American shores. in a jam. Trade takes the ships of the maritime countries Mr. President, it may be well at this point also to recall to all the seven seas. We intend to keep our own ships on again that the only distinction between offensive and defen­ the seas. We propose only to keep them out of the principal sive weapons lies in the use to which they are put. Airplanes danger zones. are a defense against other planes; tanks against tanks; To the extreme isolationist, therefore, we must say again: machine guns against machine guns, and so on. A coast­ "The facts are against you. We have to trade to some extent defense gun can be dismounted and used in an artillery offen­ with other nations whether we wish to or not." sive. The same revolver may be used by a robber or by a man From every viewpoint, therefore, it seems to me to be a defending his home. It is as idle to attempt to distinguish fair assumption that, considering our own security, our own between weapons to be sold under the cash and carry or any necessities, and our character and purposes as a nation, we other program as to say that one man's fists are serviceable are doing the right thing in adopting the cash-and-carry only for aggression and another man's only for defense against program, safeguarded with restrictions as to travel and the aggression. use of American shi;ps. 640 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 20 As for the essential purpose of the legislation, there can be which he thought were as reliable as those of the State De­ no question. At the very outset, in the language of the partment, and that his sources of information indicated that joint resolution itself, it is expressly provided that whenever there would be no war; there would be no trouble this year the President or the Congress shall find that there is a state in regard to the European situation. of war between foreign states, and-I stress that all­ I do not, of course, attempt to give the details of the conver­ important word-and that it is necessary to promote the sation, and would not do so; but inasmuch as it got into the security or preserve the peace of the United States, or to press from some source-! do not know from what source, protect the lives of citizens of the United States, then, and because I never have revealed anything that occurred in that for those express purposes, the various provisions of the pro­ conference-and there was no explanation or denial of what posed new law shall take effect. I repeat, for emphasis, the newspapers carried as to what was said, I thought I was the definite requirements which first must obtain are that justified in referring to the fact that, as I understood the the action must be necessary to promote the security, pre­ incident, the Senator from Idaho had predicted, upon the serve the peace, or protect the lives of our citizens. basis of information he received from sources in Europe which Even before the President spoke I was strongly inclined to he regarded as reliable, that there would be no war and no favor revision of the existing law in our own interest, believ­ trouble in Europe justifying any action with respect to the ing the persistent presence of American ships in the danger­ question of our embargo, which was the subject of the confer­ ous war zones to be an open invitation to trouble. Although ence and the conversation. for weeks I kept an open mind, taking counsel meanwhile Of course, if I misunderstood the Senator from Idaho, I of the citizens of my State and my colleagues in the Senate, would not willingly do that or misrepresent him; but I did I have heard neither facts nor argument to justify any get the distinct impression that the Senator from Idaho took change in my opinion on this subject. I say this with all due the position that, based upon information which he had, there ·respect to the sincerity and ability of the able Senators was no such danger as to make it necessary for Congress to who have advanced these facts and arguments with such take any action at that time. conviction and force. Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, the statement to which the I have made my own views plain in this brief discussion Senator refers with reference to the source of my informa­ only for the sake of the RECORD. I believe we have all made tion was wholly disconnected from the question whether or up our minds how we intend to vote. The issues are clear. not there would be war. It was upon an entirely different The alternatives have been fully discussed. Nothing is to be subject. The discussion as to whether or not there would be gained by anyone from prolonging the debate. I hope we war grew out of a statement of the President, a conversation shall vote and pass the joint resolution speedily, and then in regard to it, and an expression of view upon my part. I do adjourn. So shall we serve our country best in this most not think it is a very material matter; but, since it has been serious moment. dignified by a reference to it upon the floor of the Senate, I Mr. BROWN obtained the floor. desire to state that I should be exceedingly pleased to have the Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, will the Senator from Mich­ entire conversation stated and to have the interview, or what­ Igan yield to me for just a moment? ever it may be called, revealed in full. While I myself do not Mr. BROWN. I will. propose to take the responsibility of revealing all that was said Mr. BORAH. The able leader of the majority is not pres­ that night, I think those who refer to it in part ought to refer ent at this moment, but I desire to make a brief observation. to it in full. That I should be pleased to have done. When he made his address yesterday I was absent. I did Mr. BROWN. Mr. President-- not know that the majority leader was going to speak or I Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? should have endeavored to be here. I was in conference. on Mr. BROWN. I will say to the Senator from Iowa that I the Argentine tariff matter, which concerns my State very do not think a quorum call is necessary. I should prefer to much, so I was almost necessarily absent. I certainly should proceed with the Senate as it now is. ;have given myself the pleasure, however, of listening to the Mr. Gn.LE'ITE. The Senator has read my mind. If that able Senator from Kentucky had I known definitely that he is his wish, I will not insist upon a quorum. was to speak. Mr. BROWN. I prefer to proceed. In the address of the Senator from Kentucky he referred Mr. President, I have waited for some days hoping that a to me, and to his statement I desire to make a brief reference. Senator who speaks with greater authority than do I would He said: discuss the astounding statements made over the radio on It has not been long since I heard the Senator from Idaho vehe­ October 13 by Col. Charles A. Lindbergh respecting the relations mently prophesy that there would be no war in Europe this year- between the Dominion of Canada and the United States. 1939. Much has been said about his position upon the sale of arms I do not rise for the purpose of rehabilitating myself in to warring nations and his suggestion of a distinction between the mind of the able Senator from Kentucky as a prophet but offensive and defensive weapons. As a supporter of the Pitt­ to state that I wish the Senator would state where it was man resolution now pending, I am in complete disagreement that he heard this prophecy and what it was that was said. with him; but that is not the subject of my remarks today. I think it was in connection with a conversation with the Mr. President, the border line between the United States President of the United States, in the presence of other per­ and Canada is the longest boundary line between two govern­ sons. In the interest of truth, I ask those who state that I ments in the world. It extends approximately 3,000 miles, made such a statement to state all the facts-what the from Prussamaquoddy Bay on the northeast Maine coast to , President said, what took place in the discussion, and what I Puget Sound at the northwest corner of the State of Wash­ said. ington. It then again extends from the southern limits of Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Alaska approximately 1,500 miles to the Arctic Ocean. For a Mr. BROWN. I yield to the Senator from Kentucky. century and a quarter no American army has invaded Canada, Mr. BARKLEY. The substance of what I said yesterday nor has any Canadian soldier set foot on American soil as a was carried in the press following the conference to which ·combatant. After almost a century of conflict between our \ the Senator refers. I had no desire, and have no desire now, forefathers and the residents of Canada, first as Frenchmen to reveal the details of any conversation that occurred. The and then as Englishmen, the struggle ceased. It is probable press, however, carried the statement that the Senator from that more American lives have been lost in battle on Canadian Idaho had taken the position that he had sources of informa- soil than on any other foreign soil. Because of the fact that . tion in Europe which he thought were as reliable as the many who clung to the British cause during the American sources of information of the State Department with refer­ Revolution left the Colonies and went to Canada, bitter ani­ ence to the situation in Europe which indicated that it was mosity arose between the young nation and the Canadian headed for trouble which might result in war during Sep­ people after the success of our arms in the American Revolu­ tember of this year. According to the press, the Senator tion. That animosity had much to do with the War of 1812. from Idaho indicated that he had sources of informatio~ But since the treaty of peace concluding that war was sigped, 1939 CON-GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 641 our relations with the Canadian people have not only been itself with respect to movements of its armies and the estab­ unmarked by violence but they have been friendly and cordial. lishment of naval bases. It circumscribes that country in no Perhaps the fact that my own State borders for approxi­ mann~r. The Monroe Doctrine is a perfect example of a mately 700 miles on the Province of Ontario, Canada, includ­ unilateral doctrine. It relates in its efiects solely to the ing the more populous part of the Dominion, may be reason safety of the United states. Its protection to the peoples of for my unusual interest in this question. I have lived within the Americas, South and North, is only incidental to the 30 miles of the Canadian border all my life. There is much safety of the United States. It extends to them our sym­ communication between the people of Canada and the people pathy and approves of their form of government. It disaP­ of the United States. · proves any attempt on the part of European nations to col­ Our athletic teams cross the border, social relations cross onize in the Western Hemispher~. But it does not create or the border, and there is much intercommunication between offer an obligation to any other American nation. It is a the people. We have, of course, a common language and a declaration of independent policy to be interpreted and exe­ ·common ancestry. We have a common literature and our cuted by the sole direction of the nation whose President ideals are much the .same .as are theirs. Our newspapers, declared it. President Monroe in first announcing it said: ·weekly and monthly magazines have wide circulation in We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations Canada. Except for the .slender thread which ties Britain existing between the United States and those powers- end Canada together in a governmental sense, we are much Meaning the Holy Alliance, this being uttered in 1823- closer t_o the Canadian people than is England herself. to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to On October 13 Colonel Lindbergh said: extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as danger­ We must protect our sister American nations from :foreign inva.- , ous to our people and safety. sian, both :for their welfare and our own. But, in turn, they have a duty to us. They should not place us in the position of having It did not imply that we agreed to go to the aid of Latin to defend them in America while they engage in wars abroad. Can America or any other pan-American country or colony in the we rightfully permit any country in America to give bases to foreign Western Hemisphere. warships, or to send its army abroad to fight while it remains secure in our protection at home? We desire the utmost friendship with Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart, who is an authority on the the people of Canada. If their country is ever attacked, our Navy subject, says: will be defending their seas, our soldiers will fight on their battle­ When our Latin American neighbors asked for a more distinct fields, our flyers will die in their skies. But have they the right to promise of military protection at the Panama Congress of 1826, the - draw this hemisphere into European war simply because they prefer United States, in the language of John Quincy Adams, said: the crown of England to American independence? "Our neighbors must protect themselves in case of a fight with Sooner or later we must demand the freedom of this continent European powers. The Monroe Doctrine is only a pledge by the p.nd its surrounding islands from the dictates of European power. United States to itsel:t." American history clearly indicates this need. As long as European powers maintain their influence In our hemisphere, we are likely President Theodore Roosevelt, in speaking of the Doctrine, to find ourselves involved in their troubles, ann they w1ll lose no said: opportunity to involve us. The Monroe Doctrine is not a question of law at all. It is a I call particular attention to this use of language: question of policy. The Monroe Doctrine may be briefly defined as · Can we_ rightfully permit any country in America to give bases :forbidding European encroachments on American son. The United to foreign warships, or to send its army abroad to fight while it States has not the slightest wish to establish a universal protectorate .remains secure in our protection at home? over other American states, or to become responsible for their mis­ deeds. If one of them becomes involved in an ordinary quarrel with This rhetorical question is. a plain statement and has been a European power, such quarrel must be settled between them by so taken by the Canadian press as meaning that· we cannot one of the usual methods. permit Canada to give bases to English warships; that we The Monroe Doctrine was a domestic message to the Con­ cannot permit Canada to send its army abroad to fight in the gress; foreign governments were not asked to accede to it. It is British cause. How are we going to do it? Colonel Lind­ a one-sided declaration not calling for answer or· acknowl­ bergh goes on to say: edgment. No one sums it up better than did the late Senator Sooner or later we must demand the freedom of this continent Henry Cabot Lodge while he was chairman of the Senate and its surrounding islands :from the dictates o:f European power. Foreign Relations Committee, in an article he wrote for Clearly this is a plain statement, in this time of war and Scribners magazine, October 1923, and printed as Senate strife, that Canada must cut the last tie between itself and Document No. 8 of the first session of the Sixty-eighth Con­ the mother country. He goes on to say: gress. He said: American bistory clearly indicates this need. The central dominating :fact of the Monroe Doctrine is its declara­ 'tion of a policy designed to secure for all time the independence When one considers the century of peace between Canada of the American continents and thereby the safety of the United and the United States, it seems to me that the verdict of States. history is exactly contrary to the conclusion Colonel Lind­ Senator Lodge, in a more authoritative way, expressed the bergh reaches. views of the senate, and I think of the people of the United Colonel Lindbergh is a public character in the United States, when he introduced on August 12, 1912, a resolution States. relating to the Magdalena Bay incident on the west coast of We in Michigan honor him. He was born in the metro­ southern Californi~. The resolution passed the Senate in the politan city of Michigan, the city of Detroit, and his mother following langtiage: still teaches in the public schools of that great city. He is Resolved, That when any harbor or other place in the American one of the best known men in the English-speaking world, continent is so situated that the occupation thereof for naval or and his words have great weight not only in Canada but in military purposes might threaten the communications or the safety of the United States, the Government of the United States could not Great Britain and other European countries. It is inevitable see, without grave concern, the possession of such harbor or other that the people of Canada and of Great Britain will feel that place by any corporati

Thomas, Okla. Truman Van Nuys White first great need-should this Nation ever become involved Thomas, Utah Tydings Wagner Wiley in a war. Townsend Vandenberg Wheeler The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. MINTON in the chair). Shortly after the passage of the National Defense Act of 1920, the War Department began its study of the problem Eighty-seven Senators having answered to their names, a of the recruitment of men in time of emergency. This in- quorum is present. .volved not only a study of recruiting plans, but also a study Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I do not rise for the purpose of of the task which would result should the Congress again making an extended speech upon the deep-seated govern- pass a selective-service law. The story of the World War .mental problem now before the United States Senate. I can- Selective Draft Act is contained in the hearings held before not add anything to what has already been said. I doubt the House and Senate Military Affairs Committees in April that there is a Senator who can make a further contribution and May 1917, and in the reports of the provost marshal to the basic questions involved. It seems to me that all has general issued during the war. Those documents indicate been said that can be said upon the matter before us. If I how stupendous was the task of setting up ail organization debated the question at length, I would consider that I was 'merely encumbering the RECORD and causing a delay which, to handle registration, classification, and induction of the soldiers required for the war. Below are but a few statistics it seems to me, would be unjustified at this particular time of indicative of what-was -involved. the discussion. The first Selective Draft Act was passed by the senate on -I am confident, from the letters I have been receiving dur- May 17, 1917, and signed by the President oii. the next day. ing the last 2.or 3 days, that the people of the-Nation as a On ·June 5, 1917, all males between the ages of · 21 and whole fairly . well understand what the issues are and have 31 years of age were registered. To accomplish this, 4,000 definitely. made up their minds in- manner similar to that registration boards were set up and 125,000 registrars and ·in which the Senators have made up -their minds, and they, .too, are anxious that the debate close with some dispatch and assistant registrars conducted the 'registration of 9,586,508 expedition, and that we· soon reach ·the point where we can men. read the bill for amendments and discuss some of the amend- Before any men could be selected for service complete regu- lations had to be written and issued. · · ments which seem necessary and vital to the successful Forty-five million blank forms had to be drawn up, printed, administration of the proposed law. . and distributed. · . Mr. President, I rise primarily for the purpose of discussing · Quotas of men needed had to be computed for every state. a point made a few days ago by the able senior Senator from Missouri [Mr. CLARK],' when, in his remarks on October ll, A lottery drawing had to be conducted iri Washington to .he referred to what he called "the effort of the war D~pa;rt- determine the order in which registrants were to be called. ment to make the Nation war-minded by preparations for the Local boards had to be established, make themselves fa- ft, h , · miliar with the regulations, issue questionnaires, and, based d ra · He stated t at 'officials are going about the country ·on the answers to those questionnaires, classify the registrants. training draft boards for the purpose of conscripting the youth of our land for military service." He further said that Between July 20, 1917, and August 25, 1917, 4,557 local "plans are already far under way for drafting boys 18 years boards heard and disposed of almost 1,000,000 cases. old who have not even had the poor privilege of voting for Not until September 1, 1917, did any men of the initial those who pass the laws and determine the policies which draft report to camp. Thus we find that after the Congress would send them to the shambles." The authority cited for had decided to use selective service as a method of procuring these statements was a rather garbled dispatch appearing in men 105 days elapsed before any men were available to begin the washington Post of october 5, 1939, headed "Draft boards training. Had it · not been for the exceedingly able work to lay plans for M day. Army-Navy selective service com- accomplished by General Crowder, his principal assistant, mittee sets four conferences." . Gen. Hugh Johnson, and the staff of men and women which Mr. President, since the speech of the able senior senator they hurriedly assembled, this time would have been much from Missouri, the senior Senator from Illinois has received greater· . . a number of letters from the mothers of . boys of Illinois As a part of its plans for the mobilization of the man­ around the age of 18 years, bitterly complaining about 'this power of the Nation, and based upon the experiences of the very thing; and they have a right to complain, assuming the ·world War, the War Department General Staff has, since .facts as stated by the Senator from Missouri to be correct. 1925, carried on a scheme of training a few individuals in .But in this short address I challenge the statement of the · the problems connected with the recruitment of large forces. Senator, and merely do so to demonstrate beyond the ques- ·This has been done under the assumption if this Nation tion of a doubt how hearsay evidence and rumors which get should ever go to war in self-defense, every possible day should into these debates, and which are unfounded, create a certain ·be saved and every possible mistake and error that can be fear and a certain war psychology such as that which -exists for-eseen should be obviated. in the United States at this very moment. . . Mr. President, I happen to have personal knowledge of this The inference contained in the statement to which I have particular situation, because during the last 5 years the State -referred was so misleading that I felt compelled to make an staff of the Illinois. National Gua-rd has done that very thing. analysis of the situation as it really is with respect to the This-is nothing new. It has not just happened since Germany so-called plan for selective service. I do this primarily made war upon Poland. I thought the able Senator from because I happen to be at this time a member of the State Missouri left that inference, and that is the reason for this staff of the Illinois National Guard, and I believe I know full explanation. • what is going on with respect to this phase of the military I repeat, as a part of its plans for the mobilization of the operations in my section of the country. manpower of the Nation, and based upon the experiences of Let me state some facts about this matter. In section 5 of the World War, the War Department General Staff has, since the National Defense Act, passed in its amended form on 1925, carried on a scheme of training a few individuals in the June <,l, 1920, the War Department General Staff is directed problems connected with the recruitment of large forces. to prepare plans for the national defense and the use of the This was done under the assumption that if this Nation military forces for-that purpose, both separately and in con- should ever go to war to defend itself, every possible day junction with the naval forces, and for the mobilization of the should be saved and every possible mistake and error that manhood of the Nation. · could be foreseen should be obviated. To that end a rather That was provided in 1920. The National Defense Act was small group of Reserve officers and of National Guard State passed because .of our experiences in the war of 1917 and 1918, staff officers, who will be involved in the task of procuring which I shall discuss briefly later. personnel, has been given training. The conference at Fort The War Department would be exceedingly remiss if, in Sheridan, Ill., to which the Senator from Missouri referred, carrying out the directions received from Congress, it did not is one of these training periods. It lasted from October 8 make exhaustive plans for the procurement of personnel-the through October 21. Assembled there were one or two ~tate 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 647 staff officers from each of the States of the Middle West and this debate is our interest. I submit they would be better Reserve officers from that area. Among the subjects taken fortified if we had eliminated a certain amount of emotion, up at that conference were the following: "The training of fear, hearsay, speculation, and conjecture. I submit that if State staffs and State departments" and "Classification in the in these debates we could have foregone prejudicial and spec­ Army." ulative statements, many thousands of Americans would have In other words, a study of the best way to use the men avoided a severe case of war jitters. What war hysteria there according to their aptitudes, training, and capabilities. now is in the Nation has been brought about in a great Is there anything wrong about that? Is not that in keep­ measure through failure of men in high public office to stick ing with the letter and spirit of the National Defense Act, to the facts, reason, and cold logic. which was passed by Congress in 1920, after our disastrous At this time I want to commend the senior Senator from experience with the Selective Service Act in 1917? Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY] for the sensible, sane, and dispas­ "The recruiting plans of the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh sionate address made by him yesterday. The Senator in that Corps Areas and of the ninth naval district." Committees address impugned the motives or decisions of no Senator in have studied and considered such problems as the type of the debate. Tile Senator submitted facts; he gave cold and forms to be used, the problem of preventing the loss of skilled hard facts, and from such a premise made an argument labor, and the problems of National and State headquarters. which seems to me to be unanswerable. I wish that every The men assembled at this conference were Reserve officers man and woman in America who have this war fear existing and National Guard officers, who, because of their patriotism within them at the present time could read and reread every and interest in national defense, are willing to give up their word of the speech the Senator from Kentucky made. own time in an effort to prepare themselves so that they Mr. President, I deny that we are on the road to war. I might the more efficiently carry on their duties should it ever submit with all the sincerity I possess that the Pittman joint become necessary for the Federal Government to call them to resolution negates everything that brought us into the war active duty. This conference is but one of many which have in 1917 and 1918. I submit that the Pittman joint resolution, been held in various sections of the country for the last several instead of placing us on the road to war, as has frequently years. It has no connection whatsoever with the present war been said on the floor of the Senate, which charge has caused in Europe. Its purpose is not to make the country war­ so much excitement throughout the country, is a step to­ minded, but solely that of carrying on the functions of pre­ ward maintaining peace. No country in all the history of paredness, for which we maintain all of our national-defense nations has ever made such tremendous sacrifices in the institutions. interest of our own national defense and our welfare for the So far as training local draft boards is concerned, it is ob­ 130,000,000 people as we shall make when we enact the viously an impossibility. The War Department has no au­ Pittman joint resolution into law. thority for such training, nor has it the means. '!bat is I submit that this is not our war. We must stay out, and only a matter for Congress to determine. Should selective I say that we will stay out because of the sentiment of the service ever become effective, over 5,000 local boards would be American people at the present time. Out of the 100,000 required. telegrams, postal cards, and letters that have come to my desk, With respect to the drafting of boys 18 years old: It should · all from Tilinois, there are various views expressed as to what be noted that no selective-service law exists today and none should or should not be done with the Embargo Act, but can ever exist without definite, positive action on the part there is not a single letter in which there is the slightest of the Congress. A decision as to whether we shall have selec­ trace of the militaristic spirit that some people would want tive service and as to what shall be the age limit of those us to believe exists in this country today. Every single one selected would always rest in our hands and not with the War concludes in one form or another, "Mr. Senator, do what you Department. As a matter of fact, if the World War is any can to keep us out of war." precedent, we know that at that time the registration ages Mr. BURKE. Mr. President- were initially 21 to 30. Not until late in 1918, when it ap­ The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. MINTON in the chair). peared possible that the available manpower in those age Does the Senator from Tilinois yield to the Senator from brackets might become seriously .depleted, had other ages Nebraska? even registered, and no one below the age of 21 was inducted. Mr. LUCAS. I yield. To sum up, we find that the War Department, acting in Mr. BURKE. I am interested in the Senator's statement compliance with the requirements of the National Defense that in the 100,000 letters and telegrams he has received from Act, has carried on for years a study of the problem of mobil­ his own State of Illinois there has not been a single suggestion izing manpower. This study has involved investigation of looking toward the involvement of this country in war, and our experiences in past wars, of the difficulties encountered, ' I would ask the Senator if from any other source-official, and of the administrative problems that might be met in the semiofficial, private. or whatever it may be-any suggestion future. The training work which it is currently carrying on has been made to the Senator that this country ought to go and has been carrying on for several years is no different in to war or ought to permit itself in any way to become involved purpose from that training given to its tactical units. With­ in the war that is raging in Europe? out such preparations our ability to defend ourselves, should Mr. LUCAS. In reply to the question of the able Senator we ever become involved in a war, would be seriously affected. from Nebraska, I will say that I have not had a single com­ I believe in all sincerity that had the senior Senator from munication of any kind or character from anyone in this Missouri given that question some thought and consideration country that expressed even the slightest hope that this coun­ he probably would not have taken the press account and try would be involved in the present European crisis across given out the statement based upon it, which he did. the sea, and for that reason it is difficult for me to under­ . Those gentlemen in this work are there for high patriotic stand the necessity for all of this war talk throughout the reasons, and they should not be condemned but commended country at the present time. I maintain, Mr. President, that for doing their duty. Their motives should not be questioned, only when the sentiment of the American people is changed especially on the basts of a newspaper article, which is noth­ will this country ever go into war, and, insofar as my section ing more or less than hearsay evidence in the eyes of the of the country is concerned, that sentiment is 100 percent law. · against involvement in the bloody conflict across the sea. Mr. President, in conclusion, let me say there is one thing Mr. BURKE. Mr. President, will the Senator again yield? I regret and about which I feel I should speak. Many state­ Mr. LUCAS. I yield. ments have been made on ihe floor of the Senate similar to Mr. BURKE. Does the Senator mean to say that no the one made by the senior Senator from Missouri, which munitions manufacturer, no industrialist, no international have given the country an erroneous impression as to what banker, no one of any kind has directly or indirectly sug­ the Congress of the United States is attempting to do in gested that this country ought to go to war? connection with the present debate. This question affects Mr. LUCAS. I just told the Senator a moment ago that the general welfare of 130,000,000 people. Their interest in no one had ever contacted me with suggestions one way or 648 _CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 20 the other, and consequently that I cannot follow the argu­ Mr. CONNALLY. Exactly. One of the primary objects of ments which are made on the :floor of the Senate about the the joint resolution is, not to give up any of our rights under international bankers and the munitions makers wanting international law, but to claim them all, except that, realizing this country to go to war to make a few dollars, as has been the realities and facing the hard facts, we have provided for suggested in debate by some of those who seek to retain the the removal of those possibilities and those incidents which embargo on arms, ammunition, and implements of war. might again drag us into war. Under the terms of the joint Mr. BURKE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield fur­ resolution no German submarine could sink an American ther in order that there may be no misunderstanding? vessel because there would not be any American vessels going Mr. LUCAS. I yield. to belligerent countries. No German submarine could kill an Mr. BURKE. The Senator stated that no one in this coun­ American citizen on his way to a belligerent country, be­ try had suggested the possibility or advisability that we do cause there would be no American citizens on their way to anything which might involve us in war? I know, and we all belligerent countries. . know, of course, that no one outside of the country has made Mr. LUCAS. I thank the Senator from Texas and the Sen­ any such suggestion to the Senator, but I think I should also ator from Nebraska for their contributions. include that in the question. No one who was in the Senate yesterday and who heard the Mr. LUCAS. I will make the answer all inclusive, I will address of the majority leader as he analyzed the very ques­ say to the Senator. Of course, I am not as closely in touch tion which was discussed by the Senator from Texas could fail with governments across the sea as some other Senators seem to have been impressed; and a fair, prudent person listening to be who are discussing this question from time to time. from the gallery must have reached the very defi..l1ite conclu­ Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? sion, if he was not familiar with what occurred back at that Mr. LUCAS. I yield. time, that only one thing finally dragged us into the war of Mr. ·coNNALLY. In connection with what has been sug­ 1917 and 1918, and that was the sinking of our vessels, carry­ gested by the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. BuRKE], of course, ing American citizens down to the bottom of the sea. Not that suggestion is in refutation of the oft-repeated insinua­ only 1, but some 20 American ve~els were sunk from the time tion or veiled charge by certain Senator-s and those outside the Germany declared .war in 1914 until April 6, 1917, when Chamber that either the munitions makers, the bankers, the America declared war on Germany; ·and 8 additional-American propagandists, or the industrialists ·Jed us into the World ships were attacked and damaged without loss of life. Thase . War. Let me :remind the .Senator that I have often expressed wer~ our merchant vessels . . In addition, the lives of American the view that we have wholly repudiated and rejected any · citizens were lost upon belligerent vessels. Under interna­ such theory. As a matter of fact, the declaration bf war in tional law those Americans at that time had a perfect right to 1917 answered that contention,· because we did not declare sail the high seas upon those vessels. ·. war. We simply recognized that a state of war existed, that As the Senator has .well said, the joint resolution and par­ Germany had already made war upon us. To make· war ·on ticularly the. cash-and-carry.. plan, negates .every ~ne of the another nation, a nation does not need to come over and obstacbs and perils which ·brougl;lt us.into the war of 1917. bomb the· capital of the other nation. It is not necessary that Certainly if we keep our vessels out of the submarine-infested a nation making war upon us come over and batter down the ·waters of the Atlantic no one will deny that there will be less walls of the White House. It is not necessary that the other chance of our becoming involved. When we look about and nation get our Constitution and thrust a bayonet through it. .see what Germany recently did to . two Swedish vessels and But when it makes war on Amer~can ·citizens, when it de­ one Finnish vessel loaded with wood pulp bound for England, stroys the property of American citizens, when it kills our we know exactly what she will sooner or later do to neutral people, it makes war on us. The symbols of America are her American vessels carrying secondary war supplies to the bel­ citizens and their property. When· Germany made war on ligerents if we permit them to sail in those waters. Amer~can citizens she made war on the · United States. It . Mr. CONNALLY. 'Mr. President, will the Senator yield.? was not the munitions makers who touched off the torpedoes Mr. LUCAS. I yield. from the submarines. It was not the ·bankers who captained Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator mentioned a vessel laden any of the undersea craft. It was not the propagandists who with wood pulp. Submarines also sank a Danish vessel loaded lay in wait and assassinated our citizens on the high seas. with butter. It was the destruction by Germany of American lives ·and Mr. LUCAS. If the war lasts long enough everything under American property on the high seas that took us into the God's shining sun will become contraband in the eyes of the World War. We simply recognized that fact. Under inter­ belligerents. Not a single thing will be left that will be national law every American who goes abroad on a ship in classified as non·contraband. Therefore, when we say in the his lawful pursuits is just as much a part of this Nation as joint resolution that all secondary war supplies, including he is when he remains at home; and he goes clothed with all wheat, cotton, steel, ore, and copper, along with war materials, the sanctity and protection that the flag gives to any citizen. shall be shipped across the ocean only when the belligerents So when Germany made war on our citizens and on our come to our shores and·pay cash and take title to the goods, property on the high seas she was making war on us. we send them out into the Atlantic under the responsibility What is making war? It is the destruction by violence of of the belligerents themselves. That is the nub of the joint resolution. In my humble judgment, it will do more to keep human life or property of another nation. us out of war than any piece of legislation that has ever, · I thank the Senator from Nebraska for again nailing the heretofore, been written. Certainly the Congress of the false claim that the bankers lured us into war, or that the United States is using the maximum amount of caution in propagandists took the Congress of the United States and eliminating the probabilities of war in passing this legislation. the President by the nose and led us into something that we . Mr. President, in conclusion, let me make one statement. did not want to go into; or that the industrialists, by some I have no interest in France or England. It has been stated · sort of pressure or influence, drove us into the World War. upon the floor of the Senate today,- at least by inference, that The only propagandists, the only munitions makers, the only those who vote to repeal the embargo are being controlled international bankers who forced the United States into the by France and England. World War, were the submarines which killed American citi­ Mr. President, I can speak only for myself. I hold no zens on the high seas and destroyed American property brief for any country across the water, whether it be Eng­ which was under the protection of our flag and the sanction land, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, or any other nation. of international law. Of course, I am not impartial, and no other individual in Mr. BURKE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? America is when he knows what is going on over there. Mr. LUCAS. I yield. However, on the question of neutrality I look only to my Mr. BURKE. The purpose of the Pittman joint resolution America. I shall cast my vote on the joint resolution only which is now pending before the Senate is to prevent such from the standpoint of what I conceive to be the best interest circumstances from again arising? of my country, to tbe end that America will keep the peace, 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 649 and that we do not go to war. My conscience will be clear Mr. CHANDLER. Let me ask the Senator, under the cir­ when I cast my vote, and I shall be able to sleep after casting cumstances, and taking into account the fact that all of us it, because I shall have voted for what I conceive to be a meas­ abhor war and wish devoutly that it be avoided, when we ure for national defense. I shall have done the best I can, realize that peoples across the sea have been unable to avoid with all my limitations, to give the great State of illinois the war and are constantly menaced by war, has not the Con­ best representation I know how to give it in connection with gress of the United States the right to take into account that, a great measure of this kind involving the peace and the whatever wars they may have, if they must have war, it is security of 130,000,000 Americans. our obligation, in the long run of years, to keep it over there, Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President- and consequently, if we can, to prevent it coming over here? The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Illi­ In doing that we best protect, in my opinion, Mr. President, nois yield to the Senator from Kentucky? the safety of the people of America. Mr. LUCAS. I yield. Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, the first section of the pending Mr. CHANDLER. Much has been said in this debate joint resolution has for its avowed purpose the protection and about a vote for the repeal of the arms embargo being the security of the American people as well as our national de­ first step toward war. Does the Senator from illinois be­ fense. My vote will be cast upon this question in line witl:l . lieve that it is either the first step or any step toward war? what I believe to be for the best interest of this country and And if he did so believe, would he vote for the repeal of the not of any other nation in the world. The present law, when embargo? it was passed a few years ago, was a neutrality law at that Mr. LUCAS. I certainly would not vote for the repeal of particular time when applied to all the nations throughout the embargo if I believed for one moment that it was a step the world; but can anyone say that the law is now operating toward war. Such an assertion has been frequently made; neutrally upon all nations when at this very moment this but the conclusion is unjustifiable, and there are no facts country, under the Embargo Act, can sell a Luger gun to upon which the assertion can be based. It is made in the Mr. Stalin, and that is considered an act of morality, but if thin air of conjecture and speculation. In the humble we should sell a similar Luger gun to Mr. Hitler that would opinion of the Senator from Illinois it has done more to create be an act of immorality? That is exactly the manner in a war hysteria in this country than any other statement that which the present law operates, and that is one of the reasons has been made in all the debates. why I am for repeal. As the . Senator from Michigan a moment ago said, the Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President-- people of this country have a notion that the moment we The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Dli­ repeal the present Neutrality Act we are on the road to war. nois yield to the Senator from Alabama? That is the idea that has been given to them over the radio Mr. LUCAS. I yield. and through the press as the result of expressions of men in Mr. BANKHEAD. Does the Senator know of any nation high public oflice. in the world, except the United States, which has an embargo Mr. CHANDLER. I may make the observation, if the Sen­ at this time on arms, ammunition, and implements of war? ator will allow me, that has been done to an extent that has Mr. LUCAS. I will say to the Senator from Alabama in greatly alarmed the people of the country, and many of them reply that I am not aware whether they have or have not, now believe that if the embargo should be repealed it would but I can see, understand that, perhaps Finland or Norway, be the first or some step toward war. Let me ask the Senator or the other Nordic countries, small as they are, and attempt­ a further question: Is it his belief that the present law is an ing as best they can to carry on democracy somewhat similar unneutrallaw and in its application works to the advantage to ours, might be coerced or intimidated to do almost any­ of Germany and against the Allies? thing when they see the guns of the bear of Russia pointed Mr. LUCAS. I will say to the Senator in answer to that toward them. When Finland, the Netherlands, and Switzer­ question that I have always contended that what is neutrality land, and other small nations, are threatened at this very today may not be neutrality tomorrow. It depends upon con­ moment, I can understand that, as a matter of self-defense, ditions as they develop from time to time throughout the they might do the very thing the Senator is talking about; world as well as upon the frailties and irresponsibility of and I can understand that they might do just the opposite, human beings. Of course, the law at the present time on the as a matter of self-defense and self-preservation, just as I statute books is for the benefit of Germany. If it should be think the enactment of the pending joint resolution will repealed, such repeal would operate for the benefit of France help us to do. and England. There can be no question about that. Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for Mr. CHANDLER. Are not arms and ammunition being another question on that point? sent to neutral countries and thence to belligerents? _ Have Mr. LUCAS. I yield. we not at the present time-and I have obtained this idea Mr. BANKHEAD. The Senator, of course, has kept in principally from the very impressive speech of the Senator touch with all the developments in the countries surround­ from Nebraska [Mr. BuRKE]-closed to England and France ing Germany and Russia and England and France in recent even the possibility of securing essential war materials and months. Has he heard of any threat against any of those arms from the United States while at the same time we are countries, including the Scandinavian countries or Switzer­ shipping such arms and materials to neutrals, by whom, in land, that they would be forced into war unless they passed · turn, they may be shipped to belligerents? Consequently the an embargo act? present law is working to the advantage of Mr. Hitler and his Mr. LUCAS. No. I will say in answer to the Senator associates. from Alabama, that in my humble opinion, that would be Mr. LUCAS. In answer to that question of the Senator the last reason why any of those countries would go to war. from Kentucky, knowing what I do about conditions existing I have maintained from the beginning that either the con­ in the Old World, and recalling from the pages of history tinuation or- the repeal of the Arms Embargo Act will not what has happened there during the course of a thousand inv·olve us in war. It has been unduly magnified, Mr. Presi­ years, and especially during the last 5 or 6 years, I do not dent, in the humble judgment of the Senator from Illinois. have much confidence or faith in any of the European nations, If the American people at this moment believed sincerely whether neutrals or belligerents. I know in my own mind that there was not going to be any war on the part of the that if tomorrow we should sell under the present law, as we United States, arguments over repeal or the retention of the can do, a thousand bombing planes to communistic Russia, arms embargo would drop out of the picture overnight. If Germany would get some of them under the agreement she the Senate and House of Representatives, by a concurrent has with Mr. Stalin. resolution should declare, or the President of the United I know if tomorrow we should sell war supplies to Belgium States should say that, under no circumstances, would troops that England could get a part of those supplies if and when be sent to Europe in the bloody struggle there raging, argu­ she wanted them. ments for or against the repeal of the arms embargo would 650 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 20 pale into insignificance overnight, and this debate would be tion and determine the legal question. But if the belligerents concluded in a hurry. are satisfied that there is no danger to a submarine in visit­ The only question in the minds of the American people ing and searching a vessel of ours, and they do so and then at this time is whether or not their sons are going to be actually destroy the vessel and its cargo, but, before doing sent across the seas to pull the chestnuts of some foreign so, make provision for the safety for the lives of our citizens, government out of the international fire. When we get there is not going to be any cause that will arouse the people down to cold facts that is the basis of it all. A great num­ of this country to a war fever, and we shall not get into ber of our people have the erroneous impression that if any trouble. and 'when we repea.l the embargo we will become involved in That is the object of the pending legislation. There is the war, and many of the letters and arguments coming from today no law on ·the statute books to prevent an American the crossroads in my section of the State of illinois are based vessel from carrying anything on earth to a belligerent except upon that very point. a few manufactured articles. We know that our vessels will Mr. PITTMAN. Mr. President-- be stopped. We know that they will be destroyed, if neces­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Illinois sary. That is the foundation of the legislation before Con­ yield to the Senator from Nevada? gress. The World War demonstrated that keeping off a few Mr. LUCAS. I yield. manufactured articles would not prevent the sinking of our Mr. PITI'MAN. The Senator is familiar with the history vessels during that war. The present war demonstrates that of the World War. Is there anything in it that discloses that the same course will not do it now. It is perfectly apparent. a single one of our vessels was sunk on the ground that it There is one other matter to which I wish to call the Sena­ w~s carrying arms, ammunition, and implements of war? tor's attention which seems to be misunderstood ~ not only Mr. LUCAS. My recollection is, as I have scanned casually by the masses of the people of this country but by a great the annotations of the diplomatic correspondence carried on many of the lawyers of this country and by the writers of this between Secretary Lansing, Secretary Bryan, President Wood­ country, namely, that the present law does not apply to any row Wilson, and the German Government, that not a single country on earth except those which are actually at war. one of the ships that were sunk was carrying such articles, Today no countries are at war except Great Britain, France, but they were carrying secondary materials of war, such as and. Germany, and Poland, if you wish to say that she is still wheat, oil, cotton, copper, and similar commodities. at war. The present law ·does not apply to any country Mr. PITTMAN. As a matter of fact, history discloses that except those four. All the arms and ammunition we choose Great Britain captured American vessels, took them into her to sell may go to any other country in the world-to Russia, ports, and kept them there, with their cargoes, an undue to Ruma.nia, to Yugoslavia, even to Italy. Russia is not at length of time, not because they were carrying arms, ammuni­ war. Italy is not at war. Rumania is not at war. Yugo­ tion, and implements of war to Holland and Sweden, for slavia is not at war; Arms and ammunition may go to any instance, but because they were carrying, in many cases, of them. wheat and cotton. Wheat and cotton were first called condi­ · The Senator from Idaho [Mr. BoRAH] said that arms and tional contraband; that is, they were contraband if destined ammunition and implements of war should not go to Italy, for the army of the enemy. The British captured and con­ but the present law does not allow the President to stop them fiscated ships carrying contraband; practically everything on from going to Italy because Italy is not at war. It would be the list of commodities was named as contraband; and, even­ necessary, in order to accomplish that, to amend the present tually, wheat, flour, and cotton were so denominated. They act to make it apply to certain neutrals-what neutrals? did not try to draw a distinction between arms, ammunition, Who is to determine what neutrals it shall apply to? and implements of war, and oth~r commodities that aided The Senator from Ohio [Mr. TAFT] suggests that we do not the enemy in winning the war. It will not be found in all the allow anything at all to be shipped to Europe. That might correspondence either with Germany, or with Great Britain, be the safe way, but, if we should do that, what would be or in the protests which were filed that the seizures were based the result? Let us get away from Germany. So many upon the fact that such ships were carrying arms, ammuni­ people are touchy about Germany. Take the case of Russia. tion, and implements of war. Take the case of Stalin. There is no more brutal conqueror Therefore, in the light of the experience of the World in the world than Stalin. Hitler is a piker beside him. Yet War, we would not save a single American vessel either from under the law that is on our statute books today, which some capture in one case or from sinking in the other case by desire to repeal, Russia may buy all the arms and ammunition simply stating to the governments at war that our vessels she wants to buy from us because the present law does not were not carrying arms, ammunition, or implements of war. apply to Russia. She is not at war. What has she done? The exclusion from their cargoes of arms, ammunition, and She has already bought airplanes from us. She has bought implements of war did not save them from destruction dur­ airplane eng.ines from us. She has helped to build up her ing the last war; and taking the experience today · of the defense. She has bought our patents; she has obtained sinking by Germany of Swedish vessels which were carrying licenses under our patents; she has built up one of the great­ wood, we know that the same course now would not save est war machines in all the world. And here are Estonia, our ships from being destroyed. If it will not save our ships Latvia, Lithuania, peaceful little countries, interfering with from being destroyed, how does it help us? How does it keep no one, with no factories to build arms and ammunition and us at peace? What we want to do is to save the lives of our implements of war. · Here is Finland in exactly the same fix. citizens. There is Norway, in the same fix. Sweden may have a few Mind you, it is possible that having proposed a law that factories, though very few by comparison. Yet Russia, when our ships shall not be armed, that they shall be identified she has taken advantage of our law and built up this great otherwise than by the American flag-which can be copied armament and great surplus~ may prevent Finland, Estonia, by any belligerent-and by identification every time they Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, Holland, Belgium, Hun­ leave a port, belligerent submarines may be able to come to gary, Rumania, Yugoslavia-all of them-from getting a sin­ the surface and, as surface vessels, comply with interna- ~ gle, solitary airplan·e; a single, solitary instrument of defense. tiona! law by visit and search, not sinlting without notice. : How? By doing something over which we have no control­ If that takes place, what is the result? ' by simply bringing about war against those countries. That A German or a British submarine comes alongside one of is what may happen under the present law. our vessels. The vessel is not armed. There is no danger. Mr. CLARK of Idaho. Mr. President-- Men from the submarine go aboard our vessel by means of Mr. LUCAS. I am very much indebted to the Senator from a small boat. They determine for themselves whether or Nevada for the contribution ·made by him. I now yield to not the cargo is contraband. They may determine the ques­ the Senator from Idaho. tion wrongly, but they determine it during war; and there is Mr. CLARK of Idaho. I thank the Senator. no remedy for a wrong determination except to fight, or Mr. President, what the Senator from Nevada has said is, wait until the war is over and then go into courts of arbitra- of course, thoroughly true. We have been, to a certain ex- ,, 1939 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE tent, an arsenal for Russia in order that she might better take took, if they had not known In advance that there would be an care of Finland and some of the other Baltic states.. It attempt to repeal our present embargo. might be well to point out to the Senator what, of course, he Mr. LUCAS. That is another one of those violent con­ already knows-that the great democracy of England, as I clusions, based upon conjecture and speculation, which has understand, has just concluded a written treaty with Mr. been running rife throughout the country; Mr. HAMILTON Stalin whereby she is about to furnish him with two of the FisH, a distinguished Member of the House of Representatives most strategic war materials which she possesses, tin and and minority leader of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, rubber, which, of course, will go into implements of war and made a trip into Germany and flew in Ribbentrop's plane all can go into substantially nothing else except that some of over the country, but I would not say that Congressman FisH them may find their way to Germany for the purpose of is for the continuation of the embargo because he wants to carrying out the aims of what I concede to be the greatest aid Germany. conqueror of them all, Mr. Stalin. It seems odd. So we come right back to the one proposition, so far as the We have entered into some kind of an agreement with Eng­ Senator from Tilinois is concerned: What is best for America? land to exchange cotton for rubber. I do not know what the England has not contacted me; Germany has not contacted status of that agreement is· at this time. The Banking and me; France has not contacted me; and no agent of any of CUrrency Committee considered it last year. I believe the those governments which are now at war, nor any agent of Senator from South Carolina [Mr. BYRNES] was particularly any of those nations, has ever said anything to the Senator interested in that agreement. It would be interesting to from Illinois about what he should do. I have never been in a know whether we are getting that rubber in exchange for meeting since Congress met for this extraordinary session, cotton, as it was agreed that we should do. with anyone outside of the Senate, either at dinners, or teas, The Senator, however, again raises the question of trans­ or what not, where any single individual ever approached me shipment. Of course in this joint resolution and in existing for the purpose of attempting to convince me that it was law we do everything we can to prev~nt transshipment. proper for me to vote for repeal of the embargo because it We create a munitions board, and we make it unlawful would help England and France. for our manufacturers to ship for transshipment. After the Mr. President, I have spoken longer than I had intended. goods leave our country, however, we have no control over I am like the Swede who proposed to the girl; I have said them. We do everything we can, as long as they are in the too much already. [Laughter.] · I did not intend to say this United States, to prevent transshipment. Once they get out much; if I have talked too long the Senator from Nebraska of our hands, anything may happen. must assume a part. of the responsibility, because it was he Ireland is neutral. Ireland has not declared war. Bel­ who started the debate by asking me a question, when I was gium is neutral. Russia is neutral. Italy is neutral, as the r~ady to cease and desist. Senator well points out; and any of them theoretically may Mr. PITTMAN. Mr. President, will the Senator from buy our materials, war materials or otherwise, until the new Illinois yield? law goes into effect, and transship them. But, as I pointed Mr. LUCAS. I yield to the Senator from Nevada. out to the Senator from Nevada I . think a week or so ago, in Mr. PITTMAN. The junior Senator from Idaho [Mr. the World War England put every neutral nation on a quota CLARK], who I do not think has the very highest admiration basis. They now have announced their intention of doing for Great Britain, judging by his speech, seems to want us likewise. Of course, that does not justify our allowing trans­ to follow the example of Great Britain. In the first place, shipments to be made if we can prevent it; but England now Great Britain agreed to trade some rubber with Russia for has a mission in Sweden working out a quota for Sweden some wheat. Our Embargo Act does not prevent us during and Norway and the Scandinavian countries based upon war from selling rubber to. Great Britain, does it? Not at their peacetime needs; and they will unquestionably follow, all. The things about which Great Britain has entered into an agreement with Russia are not arms, ammunition, and and have announced themselves as going to follow, th~ir former wartime policy of putting neutrals on a quota basis. implements of war, which the Senator thinks it is illegal to So, as a matter of practical fact, there will be very little sell. They are not on our list. We can sell to any warring transshipment to Germany; but I still wonder about the power any of the articles about which the Senator is talking, good faith of England in asking us at this time to repeal our because the things in which they are dealing are not what embargo and then entering into a contract to furnish tin the Senator calls arms, ammunition, and implements of war. and rubber to Russia. But suppose Great Britain were selling arms, ammunition, anci Mr. PITTMAN. Mr. President, let me answer that for implements of war to Russia. Would that justify us in selling arms, ammunition, and implements of war to Great just a ~econd. Britain under the Senator's theory? I do not think it. would Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I should like to know just at all. when England asked us to repeal this embargo, and just The Senator is talking about handling those things after what information is coming from England, through whom, they get into a country, and refers to the fact that our law and to whom. I have heard the statement made on this provides that they cannot be sent by transshipment to a floor in the past several days in these debates that England belligerent. Yet he is one of the strongest advocates of our is giving us the sign over here to go; the sign to repeal our not meddling in the affairs of other countries, of our "keeping Embargo Act. As one of the two Senators from Dlinois, our nose out of their business." Nevertheless, he would allow who represent 7,800,000 people, I am vitally interested in arms, ammunition, and implements of war to go to Russia, finding out just where this information is coming from, a country that is larger than the United States, with more who is getting the information, and why .I have not been boundaries over which to cross into Germany and to other invited in on some of these conferences. countries than we have here, and after they get them there Mr. PITTMAN. Mr. President-- Germany can obtain them legally. The Senator would at­ Mr. LUCAS. I should like to have the Senator from tempt to have us apply a spy system there to see wh-ether or Idaho answer that question. He made the assertion. not, after the articles got to Russia, they were to be taken into Mr. CLARK of Idaho.· Mr. President, I think, if the· Sen­ Germany. ator from Tilinois will recall, a gentleman known as Sir Mr. CLARK of Idaho. That would not be changed under Anthony Eden came over here for a very good purpose. Of the so-called Pittman measure, would it? course, it is not subject to mathematical proof; but immedi­ Mr. PITTMAN. Yes; because we have no embargo. ately after the boat docked in London he went to No. 10 The Senator's idea is to have an embargo on four or five Downing Street and at least assured certain persons there . . things. They can legally be sent to Russia, if they are to stop that he thought the American embargo would be repealed. there, but the Senator would have us go with them to see if Mr. LUCAS. So what? [Laughter.] they stop there and do not go to Germany. He wants a spy Mr. CLARK of Idaho. So what? So this, that England system there, or·some little agent down here saying, "I suspect and France probably would never have taken the position they it is going to Russia to be sent to Germany. I suspect it is 652 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 20 going to Yugoslavia to be sent to Germany. I suspect it is is without changing a word in it until the nations across going to Rumania to be sent to Germany," and he would stop the seas settle their bloody disputes. Whether it takes 6 it, one little man here offending the whole world by meddling months or 6 years. in their affairs, attempting to find out, after they legally buy Just imagine adopting a theory of that kind, and con­ something here, -whether at some later time it is to be trans­ tending that that is a theory of national defense, a theory ferred somewhere else. We would be in more trouble than which will protect the welf~re of the people of this Nation. ever. The Senator would have us go to every neutral country Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? and have a spy system set up to see whether or not, after Mr. LUCAS. I yield. articles are brought in legally, they are sent illegally to bel­ Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator speaks of those who wish to ligerent countries. Talk about sticking your nose into other have the present embargo law remain on the books as it is. people's business. If there is a worse example of such a Is it not inescapable that Senators who desire to retain the course than that, I do not know what it could be. present embargo law want to retain it and all of the conse­ Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President,_I am not interested in what quences which flow from it, so eloquently pointed out by the England did in the last war with respect to quotas; I am not Senator from Illinois, like Russia buying a thousand bombing interested in what England and Soviet Russia are doing at the planes, but Canada not being able to get one? In other present time with regard to any trade pacts they are com­ words, if they keep the law, then they must hug to their pleting. I am not interested in what Germany and Italy are breasts the consequences and effects of the law. doing at this time wi~h respect to pacts into which they are Mr. LUCAS. Of course the Senator from Texas is 100 per­ entering. I am not interested in the England-Turkey pact cent right. He is exactly correct. which has just been completed. What I am interested in, if I shall not detain the Senate longer, but shall say just one you will indulge me again, is what is best for my country word in conclusion. I again assert that this is not our war; under present world conditions. I assert that America should stay out; I repeat that so long When I study the present law from the standpoint of neu­ as I am a Member of the Senate I will vote, if necessary, trality and find that it is possible to sell to communistic billions of dollars for the defense of our shores, but the senior Russia a thousand bombing planes tomorrow, but that we Senator from Illinois will never vote a dime to send American cannot sell to Canada, our peaceful neighbor for over a hun­ boys across the ocean to pull the chestnuts of some other dred years, a single pound of powder, I cannot comprehend nation out of the international fire. I make this statement how anyone can contend that such a law is a law of neutrality, again because I have found, in reading my mail, some who operating fairly and with equity and good conscience upon are wont to scoff at this declaration of policy. all nations alike. · Let us stay out, Mr. President, because when this holocaust Mr. LUNDEEN. Mr. President-- of hell has been finished across the sea, if European civiliza­ The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. SCHWELLENBACH in the tion is not destroyed, it will be seriously crippled. The Old chair). Does the Senator from Illinois yield to the Senator World will need America to bind up her wounds and keep from Minnesota? civilization from completely collapsing. Mr. LUCAS. I yield. . Mr. BYRNES. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to Mr. LUNDEEN. Who put the law on the statute books? have printed in the RECORD the statement of the President Mr. LUCAS. That is not the question. made at the time of the signing of the Neutrality Act of Mr. LUNDEEN. Who put it there? You put it there. The 1935. administration put it there. It is your law. It is on the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so books. Why are you complaining about it? ordered. Mr. LUCAS. I did not yield for any long dissertation by The statement referred to is as follows: the Senator from Minnesota. · AUGUST 31, 1935. Mr. LUNDEEN. The law is the one you made. STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I understood I had the floor. I have given my approval to Senate Joint Resolution 173, the I did not think the Senator from Minnesota had the floor. neutrality legislation which passed the Congress last week. If I read the RECORD of a few days ago correctly, I can under­ I have approved this joint resolution because it was intended as an expression of the fixed desire of the Government and the people stand how he would want the floor, because he wants a lot of the United States to avoid any action which might involve us in of things; he wants this Nation to take a good portion of war. The p-p.rpose is wholly excellent, and this jpint resolution the British islands out along the eastern coast of America. will to a considerable degree serve that end. It provides for a licensing system for the control of carrying He is a peace-loving advocate, one of the great apostles of arms, etc., by American vessels, for the control of the use of Ameri­ peace in this country, and I admire him for it. He has done can waters by foreign submarines; for the restriction of travel by a great work, and has made a great contribution to the cause American citizens on vessels of belligerent nations, and for the of peace. I solemnly confess I was startled when I learned embargo of the export of arms, etc., to both belligerent nations. The latter section terminates at the end of February 1936. This that my good friend from Minnesota, this man who loves section requires further and more complete consideration between peace better than he loves anything else, had started out now and that date. Here again the objective is wholly good. It upon a career to get this country into war by seizing these is the policy of this Government to avoid being drawn into wars between other nations, but it is a fact that no Congress and no islands belonging to Great Britain. I was shocked; I was Executive can foresee all possible future situations. History is surprised; I ·was chagrined. filled with unforeseeable situations that call for some flexibility of Of course, we passed this law; but are we to remain para­ action. It is conceivable that situations may arise in which the wholly inflexible provisions of section 1 of this act might have lyzed and take no steps to protect our national welfare under exactly the opposite effect from that which was intended. In other changed conditions? Has there ever been a law passed in words, the inflexible provisions might drag us into war instead the history of the country that was not amended from time of keeping us out. The policy of the Government is definitely to time in the light of experience? committed to the maintenance of peace and the avoidance of any entanglements which would lead us into conflict. At the same Oh, Mr. President, I know when the law was passed, I time it is the policy of the Government by every peaceful means know how it was done. I was a Member of the House of and without entanglement to cooperate with other similarly minded Representatives at that particular time. I voted for it. I governments to promote peace. In several aspects further careful consideration of neutrality remember when we amended the law in the middle of a needs is most desirable and there can well be an expansion to session in order to capture a few airplanes which were on include provisions dealing with other important aspects of our their way to Spain. That was not changing the rules in the neutrality policy which have not been dealt with in this tempo­ middle of the game; that was just emasculating them com­ rary measure. pletely. Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, I wish to assure the Sen­ We passed the so-called neutrality law in 1935. Today there . ate that I shall take only about 8 minutes of its time. The is a European war of gigantic proportions in progress. Yet majority leader says he will give me 10, but I do not think I it apparently makes little difference in the estimation of shall need so much. some that that war vitally affects our domestic policy and our The debate already had upon the measure has so clearly national defense. They want that law to remain just as it covered every question involved that I have concluded not to 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 653 make a speech but simply to announce the reasons why I to keep_: out of other people's wars, whomever it might be shall vote for the repeal of the embargo and the existing aiding, whomever it might be injuring? Neutrality Act and to substitute therefor on the statute books Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, when it is conceded by the pending administration me~ure, known as the Pittman everyone, including the Members of this body that the em­ joint resolution. bargo helps aggressor Germany, aggressor Hitler, I cannot I am for the repeal of the embargo- understand why the Senator from North Dakota is not willing Because I am for peace, first, last, and all the time, and to vote to repeal the embargo, since he admits that at the time believe that the policy of an embargo is at war with the policy of its passage he did not know it would have such an effect of peace; as it has had. Because in our experience with embargoes they have always Mr. MINTON. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? gotten our Government and our people in trouble; Mr. McKELLAR. I yield. Because the only real embargo this country ever adopted, Mr. MINTON. I ask the Senator to yield in order to permit the one of 1807 and years following, was largely instrumental me to ask the Senator from North Dakota a question for in getting us into war with England and came very near to my information. It has been stated around the lobbies and getting us into the war with France. on the :floor of the Senate-and I should like to know whether I am for repeal- or not it is a fact-that the Senator from North Dakota Because an earlier attempt at embargo came near involving advocated raising the embargo in the Spanish civil war us in war during Washington's and Adams' administrations; situation? Because the embargo of 1807 came very near destroying our Mr. NYE. It is quite true that I did, Mr. President, and merchant marine, and if this embargo is continued it will for a very good reason, which I will state, if the Senator endanger, cripple, or destroy our present merchant marine. will extend to me the privilege. I am for repeal- Mr. MINTON. Yes; let us hear it. I should like to have Because the embargo of 1807 impoverished our people on the Senator from North Dakota, if necessary, take the :floor the entire Atlantic seacoast; for the remainder of the day to make his explanation. · Because the embargo of 1807 came exceedingly near to Mr. NYE. I shall take but 1 minute. · causing the New England States to secede from the Union. Mr. McKELLAR. I shall be glad to yield, but I hope Sena­ The State of my friend the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. tors will not occupy all the remaining time. DANAHER] was very anxious to secede when that embargo was Mr. NYE. I shall reply in only a few words. The embargo imposed, and a convention was held in Hartford to discuss against Spain was voted by the United States Congress after the question. war came to Spain. Its repeal under those circumstances Mr. President, I am for repeal- was quite different from the repeal which is now being asked. Because an embargo is contrary to the processes of peaceful Mr. McKELLAR. Of course, its object was to keep us out adjustment of differences between nations; of war. Because I believe that embargoes are injurious alike to the Mr. NYE. Who was it that contended that the Spanish nations against which they are aimed, and more injurious to arms embargo was needed to keep us out of war? the nation which enacts the embargoes; Mr. McKELLAR. Well, the Senator from North Dakota Because I do not desire this war to injure American trade was managing the embargo campaign at that time. If he and commerce on the seas any more than necessary in order does not know-- to preserve our peace. Mr. NYE. No, Mr. President, the Senator is sadly I am in favor of repeal- mistaken. Because the present embargo, while not intended by anyone Mr. McKELLAR. If he does not know anything about who voted for it as an aid to an aggressor nation, has in prac­ it-- tice been found to aid such aggressor nation, and I do not Mr. NYE. The Senator who managed the Spanish arms favor aiding aggressor nations; embargo was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Because, while I believe England and France, in repudiat­ Committee, the Senator from Nevada [Mr. PITTMAN]. He ing their war debts to us contracted during and after the pleaded at that time that the imposition of an embargo was World War, have failed in their duty to us, and deserve noth­ the way to keep us out of that Spanish situation. ing at our hands, on the other hand, Germany also owes us Mr. McKELLAR. Was it the purpose of the Senator from and has not paid us, and I believe that it is unwise for the North Dakota to get us into the Spanish Civil War when he United States to take part against Great Britain and France advocated raising the embargo? I do not know what his in this war and in favor of Hitler. To be specific, the present purpose was, but at any rate we kept out of that war and embargo aids Hitler in his war of aggression upon Poland, retained the embargo. France, and Great Britain, and I do not think our people wish Mr. President, I am against the present embargo and for to aid him in any such aggressive tactics. the so-called Pittman joint resolution, because the embargo I favor repeal- is a distinct aid and help to Hitler in his aggressive war Because I do not think anyone in the Congress believed at moves in Europe, which war moves I do not desire to see the time of the passage of the Embargo Act that such would succeed and which will not benefit my country or the rest of be its effect. mankind, in my judgment. Mr. President, I am almost tempted to propound a question I advocate repeal of the embargo because it has the effect to my distinguished friend across the aisle, the Senator from of aiding nazi-ism and communism, to neither of which North Dakota [Mr. NYEJ, who has had so much to say about "isms" I subscribe, and both of which I abhor. embargoes and peace in the last few years. When the Senator How Members of this great body can favor the retention of voted for the Embargo Act did he believe that it would aid an embargo act which helps nazi-ism and communism I Germany in her campaign of aggression? cannot understand. Mr. NYE. Mr. President, I am delighted the Senator has I shall vote for repeal of the embargo because it operates put that question to me. to injure two of the great democracies of the world, France Mr. McKELLAR. I hope the Senator will answer it. and England, and I do not think it was intended by Congress Mr. NYE. When we passed the Arms Embargo and the in the passage of the embargo to injure those two great Neutrality Act I had no means of knowing whom it was going democracies, or others to a less degree, in behalf of a totali­ to injure or whom it was going to aid. When Congress passed tarian state led by a wild man. the Neutrality Act containing the arms embargo that question What are we doing when we defend the present embargo? was not in my mind, nor was it in the mind of any other We are promoting the highest and best interests of this wild Senator, nor in the mind of any Representative. man. There was only one question, one thought, at that time, Mr. President, I am against the embargo and for the Pitt­ and that was, Is not this the best way "for the United States man joint resolution because the embargo in its operation 654 _CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 20 and effect is not a neutrality law in any possible sense of there, and I have seen them in my country. They are a the word. splendid people, and I have no word of criticism for them. I am against the embargo because I believe the Congress I think the sooner they escape from the domination of a war­ made a mistake in passing the Embargo Act, although I was crazy dictator, the better it will be for them and the better one of those who voted for it. When a mistake of such it will be for the remainder of mankind. tremendous importance-in view of subsequent events-is Again, Mr. President, I believe that the more trade and made, it ought to be corrected at the earliest possible moment. commerce we have with a nation, the less likely we are to After I have made a mistake I am ever willing to correct that get into war with that nation; and for that reason, specifi­ mistake. cally and generally, I am opposed to the embargo. An I am against the embargo, Mr. President, because I think embargo tends toward strife and hatred at home and abroad. there is no force in the argument that if. Congress passed a I wish some Senator would challenge me if my next state­ bad law affecting foreign nations it has no right, immediately ment is incorrect. or at any time, to repeal that law, whether or not the nations So far as I have been able to ascertain from reading history, affected by the bad law are at war. no embargo has ever averted war. I challenge my opponents Mr. MINTON. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? to cite an instance in which war· has ever been avoided by Mr. McKELLAR. I yield. an embargo. Mr. MINTON. Does the Senator from Tennessee think we Mr. HOLT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? would have done better to take the advice of the Senator Mr. McKELLAR. I yield. from California -[Mr. JOHNSON], who, -when we were debating Mr. HOLT. Has the Senator read the life and letters of this question in 1935, -said: Thomas Jefferson? In 1815 he wrote a letter in which he· We must pass it now, in advance of the war, it is said. Not so said that if the embargo had. been kept 2 months longer we at all. We would do infinitely a better job if we should wait until should not have had the War of 1812. the occasion arose and the re;:tlities wer~ pefore us. Mr. McKELLAR. I have read ·what Mr. Jefferson saitl; That is what the Senator from California said in 1935. I but I have also read the history of the embargo which-was think it was eminently correct then, but that was not what adopted by the Congress in Mr. Jefferson's administration. he said today. I know from the history of· that embargo that it was more· Mr. McKELLAR. It was good sense then, and it is good responsible for the War of 1812 than any other act or factor.· sense now. Mr. HOLT. Does the Senator know in what year the Mr. President, I believe it is to the best interests of America embargo was repealed? · - · and the cause of peace generally to repeal the embargo law. Mr. McKELLAR. The embargo was finally repealed in I believe the Embargo Act gave great encouragement to Hitler 1811 or 1812. to proceed in his aggressive steps toward ·weak and helpless Mr. HOLT. I think if the Senator will check his history he nations, and especially toward Poland. will find that it was repealed in February 1809. Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for Mr. McKELLAR. It was amended several times after it a question? was passed. I refer the Senator to the histories. There ·are Mr. McKELLAR. Yes. I am taking more than 8 minutes, plenty of them. but if the Senator is responsible for that I am glad to yield. Mr. President, I repeat that so far as I have been able Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator has just stated that he be­ to find no embargo has ever averted a war; and I challenge lieves the existence of the Embargo Act encouraged Hitler to any Senator to give an example of an embargo which has go on with his aggressive conquests. prevented war. I see my good friend the distinguished and Mr. McKELLAR. I doubt if he would ever have under­ able Senator from North Dakota [Mr. NYEJ in his seat. The taken to overrun Poland if it had not been for his knowledge Senator has been talking about peace for the past 6 or 8 of the existence of the Embargo Act and the consequences years. He has been the most active advocate of peace. which followed it. Every one is for peace; but probably the Senator from North Mr; CONNALLY. The opponents of repeal-notably, the Dakota has talked more about it than has any other Senator. Senator from Michigan [Mr. VANDENBERGJ-say that inas­ Can he give an e~ample of any nation which has ever es- much as we have made certain promises to Hitler, we ·must not caped a war by means of an embargo? - change the rules during the game. In other words, if Hitler Mr. NYE. No; but I can give an example of a nation acted upon the assumption that we had the embargo and which got into war because it repealed an embargo. -- that it would help him, we have no right, now that he is en­ Mr. McKELLAR. What nation? gaged in his campaign of conquest, to change the law, because Mr. NYE. The nation about which the Senator has been we are estopped. We led him into it· and encouraged him, talking, involving the embargo which hrought about our war and now we must be fair and not repeal it, but must stand with England in 1812. hitched and keep our word that we will not allow any of his Mr. McKELLAR. . The Senator should refresh his memory victims to obtain anything with which to defend themselves. about the history of that embargo. It impoverished New Mr. McKELLAR. The Senator from Texas is probably England, and very nearly took - New England out of the suspicious that the Senator from Michigan is entirely mis­ Union. Think of New England seceding from the United taken in his line of reasoning. I think we have a perfect States because of an embargo! The embargo got us into war, right to pass the joii).t resolution. Who would say that Con­ a war we had lost up to the time old Andrew Jackson won it gress, having passed an unfortunate and partial law, has no in the Battle of New Orleans, which was after the war was right to repeal that law at any time? over, although peace had not been formally declared. Again, Mr. President, I am against the embargo because · Mr. President, I believe in trading with foreign nations and some time ago I read Hitler's book- called Mein Kampf, and selling them either materials ·or manufactured ·goods. Con­ after reading that book I believe it is Hitler's purpose to ducted peacefully, 1t is a natural, normal process of business; bring as much of the world as possible under his control and a prohibition against such trading is abnormal, hostile, during his lifetime. I do not desire to help him in that and strife producing. Why should we keep the embargo? endeavor. I believe the Embargo Act helps him in his fight Historically speaking, the only previous time we ever had a on the democracies and in obtaining world control. real embargo act it brought us into war. · Why should we keep Again, Mr. President, I am for repeal of the arms embargo the present embargo? because, instead of the repeal·of the Embargo Act being a step Mr. SCHWELLENBACH. Mr. President, will the Senator toward war, as is so· frequently contended, it is a step away yield? from war. I believe that the safeguards in the joint reso­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator from lution constitute many steps to keep us out of war. I think Tennessee yield to the Senator from Washington? the embargo is the first step toward war. · Mr. SCHWELLENBACH. . I wish to refer to the question Mr. President, I admire and respect the German people. submitted by the Senator from West Virginia [Mr. HOLT]. I have frequently visited Germany. I have seen Germans Will the Senator yield for that purpose? 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 655 Mr. McKELLAR. I do not want to debate the matter, but Mr. HOLT. Then, why does the Senator say that the I yield for a question. embargo stopping war trade would prevent war? It is not Mr. SCHWELLENBACH. The Senator from West Virginia consistent. asked the Senator from Tennessee if he was familiar with a Mr. McKELLAR. I did not understand the Senator's letter written by Jefferson in 1815 concerning the embargo question. of that time. I ask the Senator if he is familiar with the Mr. HOLT. The Senator said he was for the pending joint letter written by Jefferson to Madison in March 1808? The resolution because it would prevent war trade. embargo was passed in December of 1808. Mr. McKELLAR. Oh, no, no! Mr. McKELLAR. In 1807. Mr. HOLT. What did the Senator say? Mr. SCHWELLENBACH. In 1807; and in March of 1808 Mr. McKELLAR. The Senator misunderstood me. I do Jefferson wrote to Madison saying-! cannot quote the exact not want to take up the time of the Senate with answering words, but saying almost precisely this-that he appreciated questions of that sort. I suggest to the Senator that he read that the time would soon come when the oppressions of the a little of the history of his own country before he asks embargo would become so great that the people of the United questions of that kind. States would prefer war to a continuation of the embargo. Mr. President, I believe from our experience-and, by the Mr. McKELLAR. Yes. way, experience is the best kind of a teacher-that the pres­ Mr. SCHWELLENBACH. The Senator indicated that the ent Embargo Act was the first step we took toward war. embargo was repealed in 1809. It is a fact that the embargo I am delighted that we are going to reverse that first step, was changed in 1809. Let us recall that step. Let us take no step that will involve Mr. McKELLAR. It was changed several times. us in war. Mr. SCHWELLENBACH. Fourteen months after it was Mr. HOLT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? adopted there was so much objection to it that it was neces­ Mr. McKELLAR. I will yield in a moment. sary to change it. However, there was substituted for it not In conclusion, I wish to say that I shall never again vote a complete embargo against all shipping, but embargoes to send our boys into any European war. I so voted in 1917, against England and France, the two adversaries. The but. I shall never again vote that way. I shall never vote for change to which the Senator referred as coming in 1812 was any war except when another nation attacks us; and a man a deliberate change after our Congress had decided to take or a nation that will not fight when attacked is not much of the side of France as against England. a man and not much of a nation. Mr. McKELLAR. As I recall, that was the Nonintercourse In the situation which confronts us in our dealings with Act with those two countries. other nations I wish to be fair and just to all, but I have but Mr. HOLT. Mr. President, in the first place, I did not one thought, one purpose, one ambition. That is to serve say 1812; I said in February 1809. and protect the best interests of America and Americans, and Mr. SCHWELLENBACH. That is just where the Senator keep our blessed and beloved and splendid country out of was wrong. I heard him say 1809. war. Mr. HOLT. And I want to say that what the Senator I now yield to the Senator from West Virginia. quoted from Jefferson did not suggest that we were in danger Mr. HOLT. Mr. President, I was about to ask the Senator of an involvement from without, but we repealed the embargo when he came to the conclusion that the embargo was a because of the profit mo~ive from within, and that is why we step toward war. are repealing this one. Mr. McKELLAR. I think it was just after I heard the long Mr. McKELLAR. We might not have been in danger from argument of the Senator from West Virginia the other day. forces from without; but, as I remember history-my life [Laughter]. I had some suspicion that it was wrong before does not extend back quite that far-as I remember history, that time, but after hearing the argument of the Senator and I think I remember it correctly, we got into an awful from West Virginia in favor of retaining the embargo I en­ war. on account of it at that time, and that was a force tirely changed my mind, and made up my mind that I would without, as I understand. give the reasons why I favored repeal. Now, I come to another reason why I shall vote to repeal Mr. HOLT. The Cenator has just found it out, then, in the present act; and I want Senators to listen to this because the last day or two; has he not? the claim is so often made in this debate that it is immoral Mr. McKELLAR. Oh, it was confirmed in the last day or for us to manufacture and sell to foreign nations arms, two. ammunition, and implements of war with which to kill people. Mr. HOLT. How long has the Senator had the idea that In answer to that claim, I say it is no more immoral to sell the embargo was bad? them manufactured arms and implements than it is to sell Mr. McKELL...<\R. After I heard the Senator from West them the materials which we know at the time are going Virginia, it took me· about one-half minute to make up my to be manufactured by the foreign nations into arms, ammu­ mind that the Senator was wrong, and that the great body of nition, and implements of war for precisely the same purpose. the Senate was right in its determination to enact the so­ We all know that .to be true. It is ridiculous to talk about called Pittman resolution. [Laughter.] it being immoral or more immoral to sell manufactured arms, RECESS ammunition, and implements of war than it is to sell the Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I move that the Senate materials for manUfacturing them. take a recess until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. Mr. President, I believe that the plan to prohibit our ships The motion was agreed to; and (at 5 o'clock and 8 minutes from going into war zones, prohibiting our citizens from p. m.) the Senate took a recess until tomorrow, Saturday, going into war zones, and prohibiting war credits is the most October 21, 1939, at 12 o'clock meridian. effective means of keeping o.ur country out of war. Mr. HOLT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. McKELLAR. Yes; I yield. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. HOLT. I thought the Senator said a moment ago FRIDAY, 0CTOB~R 20, 1939 that the more trade we had with foreign nations, the better off we would be. Does the Senator confine that statement The House met at 12 o'clock no.on. just to war, or to peace, or when? The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., Mr. McKELLAR. I confine it to nothing. If the Senator offered the following prayer: has read the history of this country, he knows, or he cer':" Most gracious and sacrificial God, the fountain of life and tainly should know, that the more trade we have with for­ the source of all joy, be pleased to accept our deepest grati­ eign nations, the better off we are; and that is true whether tude for every gift of Thine. Thou who makest the great in war or in peace. world a place of beauty, let Thy silence speak to us. Thy 656 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 20 manifold mercies are the expressions of man's utmost need another Democratic administration .in Pennsylvania in 100 and hope. We thank Thee for enduring friendships, near years. When you read this article you will find out that is and far; for faith in man, for the triumph of truth, and for the case. the might and the conquest of the cross. Our Father, as our The article referred to follows: · memory stretches across the years to that frontier called the THE MILLIONS ALREADY SAVED BY THE JAMES ADMINISTRATION IN past, we thank Thee for the arms that held us; may mother PENNSYLVANIA ever remain the monarch of the human heart. Cause us to One of the first acts of the Earle administration in Penn­ see anew that life flows on and its light fades not as the sylvania-the New Deal Democrats--was to create new taxes to sun goes down. Teach our country the truths by which we the amount of one hundred and sixty-three millions a biennium But even this great additional revenue was not sufficient to financ~ may be free and strong; lift the cloud that hang-s over the the waste, extravagance, ineptitude, and political spending of the earth and let the stars shine through. In our Redeemer's Earle New Deal administration. name. Amen. Expenditures during the second biennium of the Democratic regime ( 1937.,...39) were one hundred and eighty-one millions more · The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and than the biennium 1933-35 which directly preceded the Earle approved. administration. In other words, State expenditures during 1937-39 were 78 per­ PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE cent higher than the appro_wiations for 1933-35, under Republican Mr. MAPES. Mr. Speaker, unanimous consent was given control. The Earle administration not only spent every dollar received in yesterday to the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. GIF­ r~venue, but -increased the State debt by 56 percent and, in addi­ FORD], at my request, to address the House for 20 minutes tiOn, spent $50,000,000 more than it took in. on Wednesday next. I should have asked for 40 minutes, It went even further than that. It not only increased the State Mr. Speaker; and I now ask unanimous consent' that the debt by 56 percent through the issuance of State authority bonds and put the State in the hole for $50,000,000 of excess expenditures' gentleman from Massachusetts may be given permission to but it entered into commitments which would have required address the House for 40 minutes on next Wednesday. one hundred and sixty millions of entirely new and additional The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the taxes to have carried out. . Confronted With this situation upon taking office last January, gentleman from Michigan? Governor James and the Republican legislature took the following · There· was no objection. tremendous steps toward an immediate shutting off of the terrific Mr. MARTIN of Colorado. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous waste of tax money and restoring Pennsylvania to an even keel consent to address the :House for 30 minutes today at the financially: 1. Cut the ordinary operating costs of the State government so as conclusion of the other special orders on the calendar. to save $7,000,000 between January 17, 1939, and the end of that · The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the biennium on May 31, 1939. gentleman from Colorado? 2. Saved $17,500,000 in the appropriations for the operating costs of tbe State -government in the biennium 1939-41. · There was no obje9tion. 3. By shutting off the steady iJu.tfiow of tax money for a multi­ EXTENSION-OF REMARKS plicity of legislative investigating commissions, and by putting the brakes on special allocations. for these and similar pur_poses, saved Mr. WALLGREN asked and was given permission to revise·and six hundred and seventeen . thousand over the . second Earle extend his own remarks in- the ·RECORD. biennium. · Mr. VOORHIS of. California. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ 4. Finally, and more important than all, they wiped out commit­ mous consent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD on ments under which the Democrats already had arranged .to spend one hundred and sixty millions more, which would have required two subj~cts and to include in one a .brief article on the that much new and additional taxation. subject of war profits, and in the other a speech by Mr. In those four briefly stated items is the story of an outstanding J. Warren Madden, the Chairman of the National Labor piece of statesmanship in the interest of the people of Pennsylvania. Those four items represent a saving of one hundred and eighty­ Relations Board, on the subject of civil liberties. · five millions during the current 2 years, .over what the Demo­ - The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the crats undoubtedly would have spent during the same period, had gentleman from California? they been successful at the polls last November. - · There was no objection. Indeed, as their record shows that they spent more than -they took in, or even had in sight, during each of the 4 years that they PERMISSION TO . ADDRESS THE HOUSE were in office, it is conservative to say that this saving by Governor James and a Republican legislature encompasses something in Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNS.ON. Mr. Speaker, at the conclu­ excess of $200,000,000. sion of the special orders for today, I ask 1,manimous consent If the James administration accomplished nothing more than to address the House for 10 minutes. that during its whole 4 years, it would have earned the eternal The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gratitude of every person in Pennsylvania who knows that the gentleman from Texas? · - , · way to sound business revival and reemployment of our workers is to cut to the bone the expenditures of tax money, by whatever There was no objection: may be the taxing unit--<:ity, State, or Nation. Mr. TREADWAY. Mr. Speaker, on Thursday next, fol­ Many of the problems which Pennsylvania inherited from the lowing the special order heretofore adopted, I ·ask unani­ Democratic merry-go-round of the past 4 years are still with us. However, Governor James has set an example not o:p.ly for Penn­ mous consent that I may address the House for 30 minutes. sylvania, but for the Nation; and it is becoming increasingly appar­ The SPEAKER. Is there objectio:r,~. to the request of the ent that a majority of the people of this country are now convinced gentleman from Massachusetts? that neither an individual, a community, a State, or a Nation, can spend itself into prosperity, and that only by frugal governmental There was no objection. - housekeeping can a sound economy be maintained. COMPARISON OF DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS . IN PENNSYLVANIA EXTENSION OF REMARKS Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to pro- Mr. REES of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ ,ceed for 1 minute. . sent to extend my remarks in the RECORD and to include The SPEAKER . .Is there objection to_the request of the therein a short editorial from an issue of the Country gentleman from Pennsylvania? Gentleman. There was no objection. The SPEAKER. In there objection to the request of the Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, I want to. call your· attention to gentleman from Kansas? the remarks I am going to extend in the RECORD today, which There was no objection. give a comparison of the administration of the Governor of Mr. SPRINGER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent Pennsylvania, Arthur James, and showing the y;ay the Re­ to extend my own· remarks in the RECORD and to include publican administration is handling the affairs of that State, therein an editorial appearing in the Washington Evening as compared with the administration of the old Earle regime, Star of October 18, 1939, on war and trade. which was the first Democratic administration in the State The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the ,of Pennsylvania in 40 years; and when the people of Penn- gentleman from Indiana? sylvania make this comparison I am sure we will not have There was no objection. '1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 657 Mr. YOUNGDAHL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous ·con­ back of the leg a long, strong tendon which, when cut, de­ ' sent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include stroys the power to go forward. Wolves pursuing the deer or 1 therein an editorial from the Minneapolis Star-Journal. moose render it helpless and bring it to earth for the kill The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the by cutting this tendon in a slashing attack from the rear. gentleman from Minnesota? For preservation these United States rely not upon speed There was no objection. in fleeing from an enemy but upon ships of war; upon hun­ Mr. ANGELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to dreds of thousands of motor vehicles; upon munitions of war; extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include therein upon transportation; upon aircraft and upon patriotic men ' : an article of the American Humane Society as to what war trained and skilled to operate our ships; our tanks; our really means to animals. mobilized units; whether all these be employed to repulse The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the an enemy who seeks us out, or to attack one which threatens gentleman frpm Oregon? us. We are now constructing some 93 ships. We have on There was no objection. the high seas some 329 armed ships; we are reconditioning · Mr. PIERCE of Oregon asked and was given permission to and preparing for war many other vessels. Airplane fac­ revise and extend his own remarks in the RECORD. tories throughout the land are working at full capacity to PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE build bombers and pursuit planes. Other factories all over this land of ours are engaged in a race to produce for the Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask una~mous consent :that at the conclusion of the special orders of today I may be Army and Navy motors which are essential, which are abso­ lutely necessary in-the building of these planes, for the giving ! permitted to address the House for 20 minutes on the subject ·of public power. _- of life and energy to our tanks, to the trucks which in time of The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the war will transport not only guns and munitions, and other gentleman from Mississippi? war supplies; but our soldiers and the food, clothing, and fuel ' There was no objection. upon which they will depend, not only for effectiveness, but for existence. ADJOURNMENT OVER It is idle to build ships for the Navy-battleships, cruisers, Mr. RAYBURN. M;r. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent destroyers, or submarines-if when war comes production in that when the House adjourns today it adjourn to meet on the factories at home is to be hindered or delayed. It is idle to Monday next. construct tanks to carry men across "no man's land" or The SPEAKER. .Is there objection? against the enemy's fortifications, if behind them there is no There was no objection. source Of 'supply for replacement or repairs. It is foolish to COMPARISON OF DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS IN expend money to mechanize the Army or the Navy if the fac­ PENNSYLVANIA tories which turn the equipment out which must keep them , Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that going, or when they are destroyed· make replacement, are in 1 rn:ay insert the article to which I referred a few moments the hands of those who seek our downfall. 1, ago in the RECORD. The gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. It is worse than idle-it is criminal, with even the . poss~bility RANKIN] tells me that I did not ask for that. I would like to of our involvement in war staring us in the · fac~to permit . have that permission. ourselves to get into the situation which we are now in, The SPEAKER. Is there objection? where· communistic organizations, under the guise of labor Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Spealter, I reserve the right to object. unions, those who teach the overthrow of this Government I called tne gentleman's attention to the fact · that he failed by force, are left in a position to hamstring our industrial ·to make that request to insert the article as a part of his production. That they are in such a position is disclosed by l:emarks. I ask h.im now whether he has read that article? the press day after day · when it brings to us news of slow­ Mr. RICH. I have read it, and I hope the gentleman from downs, of strikes, of men kept from their jobs by picket lines Mississippi will read i_t, because he will· get a lot of light numbering thousands of men, in factories upon which our on how to operate a State economically. Army and our NavY are dependent for their supplies. That · Mr. RANKIN. Further reserving the right to object-and these organizations are in this position, able as they are to I shall not object, because I do not want to interfere with sabotage our war machinery, is due to the fact that this ad­ the distinguished "watchdog of the Treasury" when he at­ ministration, through the Labor Department, through the tempts to insert something in the RECORD concerning his operations of the National Labor Relations Act and the Na­ ; home State. As Byron says: tional -Labor Relations Board, and to the sympathy shown for " 'Tis sweet to hear the watchdog's honest bark their allied organizations by the administration, including the Bay. deep-mouthed welcome as we draw near home." First Lady of our Land and the Attorney General of the This concerns Pennsylvania; -it will not cost much. :United States, who have refrained from frowning upon their Mr. RICH. _ It will_be a good les·son. activities---on the contrary, by omission, given them aid. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? The President called Congress in special session, declaring Mr. ARNOLD. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the right to object. that a limited national emergency existed, the idea appar­ Does this article say anything about previous Republican ently being that because there was a war in Europe we might administrations in Pennsylvania? become involved therein; that, in any event, prudence re­ quired that we prepare for whatever might come. It matters Mr. RICH. If we were to put in all of the good and the ·bad of all of them, it would take quite a while, I admit, but little whether, as charged, the President said that our first , notwithstanding that, the good and bad of all Republican line of defense is on the Rhine; the fact remains that today, Friday, the 20th day of October 1939, the administration and ; administrations could never equal the bad that was in this those who support its policy are going forward on the theory, i last Earle administration in Pennsylvania. openly announced in the Senate and strenuously advocated by The SPEAKER. Is there objection? many of the great dailies supporting the administration, that · There was no objection. it is·our duty to aid Great Britain and France in this strug­ The SPEAKER. Under previous order of the House, the gle. We are called to aid them now by selling arms and muni­ ·.gentleman from Michigan [Mr. HoFFMAN] is recognized for tions. If history of a former Democratic administration .1 20 minute's. · repeats itself, we will shortly be called to extend credit, furnish ADMINISTRATION HAMSTRINGS OUR NATIONAL DEFENSE money, then an army. Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Speaker, it is my purpose to show The Congress was called here by the President for the ' that this administration, and- the Communists within its purpose of repealing the arms embargo and with the pre­ ranks; and its communistic allies, are hamstringing the pro­ tense that that repeal would aid in preserving our neutrality, / gram for national defense. In man and beast there is at the but from the administration the mask has been torn and. LXXXV-42 658 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 20 as just stated, the purpose now openly confessed is to ·aid This new equipment, it is said, will complete motorization Great Britain and France in this war. of the Army's five Infantry divisions in continental United Since the President's Chicago speech many thoughtful, States. patriotic people have been convinced th_at he intended, in the As reason for the decision to order so.me 12,000 motor event that war came, to give aid to Britain and to Franye. If vehicles without awaiting congressional appropriation, the it be that through the will and the actions of this man in the · War Department is reported to have said that without them White House this Nation is once more to become involved in the new divisions being organized would be unable to take the war by now giving aid to one of the belligerents; if because field. Let me quote: of his belief that we should police the countries of Europe; It has become necessary, therefore, to arrange for this mass pur­ determine and punish the aggressor; and if because of ma­ chase in order to enable the Army to conduct the divisional and: corps maneuvers which are designed for the purpose of training the' terial consideration to which he made reference in his address Regular Army nucleus of our defensive forces in such a manner to Congress, American youth are once more to follow the :flag that it can be considered as a first-line combat team. into the hell of modern warfare, then the least which he and Yes; without congressional authority. Though Congress is those who are responsible for his actions, if anyone is re­ in session and the authorization could be obtained in an hour, sponsible for his inconsistencies, and in any event Congress, the War Department, acting evidently on the suggestion of which has the power to curb him or to direct the course of the President, authorizes the expending of $15,000,000 to national defense, should be patriotic enough to shake off the purchase motor transportation; and the President, with news coma which paralyzes it and to see to it forthwith, by ag­ dispatches bringing home to him day after day the fact that gressive action, that those who in time of war would destroy the organization which-he has not condemned, the C. I. 0. and­ the effectiveness of our Navy and -Army are rendered in­ its affiliates, are hamstringing the operations of industry, sit­ nocuous and if necessary incarcerated until the danger is over. ting idly by in the White House, taking a vacation trip down The objective of every patriotic American should be to the Chesapeake Bay, or going home to Hyde Park to plant carry out the purpose of the founders of our Government. Christmas trees. Nero fiddled while Rome burned. Frank­ They declared it to be their purpose under God to-:- lin D. Roosevelt fishes and vacations and dreams of sitting in Form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic a world-wide game of power politics, while his friend, John L. tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our Lewis, with his organization and his, the President's, sup­ posterity. porters, Browder and his communistic agents, hamstring our national defense. Neither the pages of history nor tradition set forth a higher ideal, nor give us knowledge of a goverment, society, or The point I am trying to make is this, that some ·labor organizations throughout this land of ours are now, with the organization better adapted to bring to the human race the sanction of the administration-and I notice the majority blessings so enumerated. The procedure which gives us leader is now on the floor-and without opposition from the these blessings is founded on the principles enunciated in majority, using the methods of the Communists, and the the Declaration of Independence and promulgated in our unions are in some instances controlled by the Communists, Constitution. nullifying the Nation's efforts to prepare for war. That is a. Our Government has gone forward, always forward, always rather serious charge. If there is no foundation for it, or if bettering the conditions of our citizens and of those in the there is not adequate foundation for it, the charge should not world at large, until today this Government of ours stands be made, or, if made, it should be withdrawn, and I shall next to Christianity itself as the guide for man's salvation. be happy in the coming week to have some of the majority As in the days of old there were those who crucified the side point out to me wherein I am in error so that I may rise Christ, so there are today those in this land of the free, on the floor of the House and withdraw the remarks that I those who here . enjoy a degree of prosperity and liberty am making today, or acknowledge that in large part I have­ which they nowhere else could attain, who advocate the been misinformed and that there is no basis for them. destruction by force of that Government under which they Talk about Hitler and the things he does. Here Congress. are nourished, which permits them to breathe and live, which is in session and has been in session since the 21st day of' tolerates their existence. And we, like the man with a ma­ September, and there is no doubt in anyone's mind here,.. lignant cancer gnawing at his vitals, poisoning his whole whether it be needed or not, if the President or the War system, destroying his life, permit the Communists a place in Department would send to Congress a request to authorize our body politic. the appropriation of $15,000,000 or $20,000,000 for this pur­ When, 0 when, will we become practical, sensible in our pose, the Congress in an hour's time by unanimous consent treatment of these traitors who would destroy us? . No longer would give that authorization. Yet the administration, do they labor wholly in secret; openly they set forth their having the right way before it, having the legal method of purpose, brazenly they announce their objective, unashamed obtaining this money, chooses to follow the other method­ they seek support for their candidates and organizers. the method of the dictator. On the fioor of this House within the month your attention Just as our homes may be wrecked by the boring of the was called to the fact that a labor organization in this same termites in foundation timbers, so, too, our Nation may be city of Detroit, aided by one Richard T. Frankensteen, who destroyed by criminal alien organizers who worm themselves has taken an active part in violating the law in Michigan, into organizations which control oil, steel, coal, and the threw a picket line around the plants of the Bohn Aluminum motor industry. & Brass Corporation, which was manufacturing bearings for The President may smile and smile, throw the glamour of the Army and the Navy for motors which were to be used in his charming personality over official Washington and those the national defense. For a period of 41 days this organiza­ newspapers which blindly follow his ambition to the Court tion held up production on Government orders-orders which of St. James's, but unless he mends his ways, history will were for materials which were to be used in building ma­ record him as either the most uninformed or misinformed or chinery to defend our Nation in time of war. careless Executive who ever sat in the White House. In the press this morning appears this headline: How silly, how absurd, how utterly foolish it is for this Army Orders Motorization of Four Divisions-Main Striking Force Congress to appropriate money for national defense, billions Put on Wheels. upon billions of dollars wrung from the taxpayers, through · Reading further, we learn that on Presidential authority­ the sweat of their bodies, and then permit an organization and there is no such thing in this instance-the War Depart­ which has Communists within its ranks, who would over­ ment called on industry to submit bids immediately for 12,000 throw this Government by force, to hinder, hamper, or de­ vehicles of various types, costing around $15,000,000 ex­ stroy the plans of our Navy and our Army engineers, by pecting that Congress will appropriate the money to pay for their refusal to permit others to work. Respect, so long as them. we are at peace, the right to strike, but see to it in no uncer- 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 659 tain manner that they do not deny to others the right to The SPEAKER pro tempore Judy show; pup­ affiliated with the C. I. 0., which in peacetime are sabotaging pets, or are we men charged with some responsibility to the our .efforts toward adequate national defense, which in time people who elect us? Is the President right in his . estim~tion of war would neutralize-yes, utterly destroy-the efforts of that we lack capacity, or do we lack the courage or th~ initia­ our Army, our NaVY, our air forces, and deprive our men in tive to go ahead? We are all drawing our pay. You all know the trenches of those necessities upon which their very lives what it is. We are all getting our mileage allowance for depended. coming here; and yet you on the majority side tie us, tie us, Your attention has been called to the strike at the Bohn day after day, and we cannot consider anything in the House Aluminum & Brass Corporation, which directly affected our except this neutrality legislation. Oh, yes, I noticed yester­ preparation for national defense. In addition to that strike, day there was a meeting of some of the southern Members. we have another in the plant of the Nash Motor Corporation, Some of the States which you represent experienced a where, the press tells us, that on Tuesday of this week 3,000 drought, and so you propose to dig up some $50,000,000 for pickets were thrown around that plant to prevent men here them. Well, that is your own business; that is a loss at in America-so-called free America-following their accus­ home; but why not take care of this proposition that I am tomed tasks, working at the jobs which the Nash Corporation talking about, this thing which threatens our very existence provided. if war comes to us? It has been said in the Senate that it Why send an army to fight for liberty in Germany, in is our duty to help Britain and France. They have been ·Russia, when here in the State of Wisconsin men and women ·spoken of a-s our Allies. Well, if they are, and if it' be our are denied their constitutional right, denied their civil liberty, destiny to be drawn into this war, then if we love our country; ·in thousands of instances? if we cherish our liberty, are we going to sit here and laugh - Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Speaker, will the gentle­ and smile, as the gentleman from California [Mr. FoRD] is man yield? doing right now, instead of doing something against that day Mr. HOFFMAN. I yield. when the. war comes and the boys in the front-line trenches Mr. CASE of South Dakota. On that particular point I will want food and clothing hauled to them; will want guns want to say that on yesterday I received a telegram from a hauled to them; will want munitions hauled to them? How dealer, Mr. R. A. Pierre, of Rapid City, S.Dak., calling atten­ will they feel when we have to give them the answer: "Well, tion to the fact that this strike at the Nash plant was having you could not get it because those Democrats in Congress its effect in his section. He stated that he and 5 other would not let us act"? dealers· in that immediate territory had -been unable for some Mr. GEYER of California. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman time to get any deliveries and that meant there were 28 fam­ yield? ilies who were dependent on their organizations for their income, who were now facing the probability that they would Mr. HOFFMAN. I yield. have to ask the Government to put them on the relief rolls Mr. GEYER of California. I have heard the gentleman because nothing was being done to settle that strike. from Michigan rise in this House day after day after day Mr. HAWKS. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? talking about the rights of the employer. I have not heard Mr. HOFFMAN. I yield. the gentleman yet say anything favorable about the em­ Mr. HAWKS. In the city of Kenosha they have had a ployees. ·relief load for several years that they have not been · able to Mr. HOFFMAN. You have not heard me talking for the carry. There are jobs waiting for men and a few Communists employers alone; more often have I spoken for the employees. and a few labor leaders are keeping them from those jobs. I am glad to talk for them. Why do we not do something about it? - Mr. GEYER of California. And I would like to ask the · Mr. HOFFMAN. I thank the gentleman. gentleman if he would not say something about the speed-up Mr. PITTENGER. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? system_that is going on at the present time in the Chrysler Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent plant. I wonder if the gentleman would not sometime tell that I have as much more time as these gentlemen have used, us something about that. not exceeding 10 minutes. I may not use more than 3 Mr. HOFFMAN. Sit down and I will. What do you know minutes. about the speed-up system in Chrysler? 660 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 20 Mr. GEYER of California. I wonder if once in a while not the labor racketeer nor the labor organizer. The true he would not say something besides merely talk against the friend of the man who works, the employee, is the man who interest of labor. will put on the books sound, constructive legislation that is Mr. HOFFMAN. I will tell you something right now about fair to everyone, legislation which guarantees in its opera­ the employee. Under section 7 of the Labor Act the em­ tion rights to labor as distinguished from privileges to union ployees were given the right to bargain collectively. Now, we organizers, men who are engaged in the business of forming an know about the Merchants and Manufacturers' Associa­ organizations, and men who are engaged in the business of tion; they are all biased, let us, however unjustly, assume. drawing salaries as officers in those organizations, rather They are employers. The chambers of commerce are out. than in securing for and protecting the rights of the men who They. are economic royalists, it is said. So we will pass on to actually work. If the gentleman will read the decisions, I the American Federation of I..abor. Credit them with, say, shall be glad to have him cite to the House one decision of 50 percent of truth and accuracy; allow them that much­ any court which declares that the Labor Act gives the em­ ·would that be fair? ployees the right to bargain collectively if they are in the Mr. GEYER of California. Give them 75 percent. minority. I get the drift of the gentleman's argument, which Mr. HOFFMAN. They object to the Labor Board. They is no argument at all, but merely a charge that I do not brand it as unfair, biased. So we start out 50 percent against know what I am talking about. Look at this large circular it. Now let us come down to the gentleman's pet, the C. I. 0., and note this statement: the organization through which John L. Lewis takes money Support the peace policy of the Soviet Union, the land of socialist out of the under dog's pockets in order to contribute to the democracy, progress, peace, and national liberation. national New Deal campaign fund to the extent of $470,000. NATIONAL COMMITI'EE, COMMUNIST PARTY, Now, John ought know something about what he is talk­ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, to WM. Z. FOSTER, National Chairman. ing about, because at first he praised the Labor Board to J;he EARL BROWDER, General Secreta1·y. sky. He .said in his last speech that we ought to do away with the Labor Board. He is against it, and he ought to Distributed from the Chicago office of the Communist Party. know. [Laughter.] An appeal, not to support an American policy, but an appeal Now, if 70 percent of the people have expressed themselves to follow "red" Russia, the policy adopted by Bridges. as demanding amendment of the N. L. R. A., can you not Mr. GEYER of California. Will the gentleman yield? induce your leadership to do something? And yet you say Mr. SCHAFER of Wisconsin rose. that I am talking against the under dog? Mr. HOFFMAN. I yield to the gentleman from Wisconsin Do you not know that under the decisions of the Labor [Mr. SCHAFERJ. Board the employees cannot bargain collectively? That they Mr. GEYER of california. Yes; you better. have, by the Board's decisions, been denied the very right Mr. HOFFMAN. Now, do not threaten me that way; you given them by section 7? Do you not know that under the frighten me; you make me to tremble in fear; you almost decision in the longshoremen's case all of the A. F. of L. union reduce me to tears. members on the west coast were forced into the C. I. 0. or Mr. GEYER of California. I am not threatening the gen­ deprived of the right to bargain collectively? Do you not tleman, but he has no right to come i~.to the Well of the know that the Federal courts here in the District of Columbia House and insinuate that I am supporting Soviet Russia. have so declared? Do you read anything, or do you just Mr. HOFFMAN. I am not insinuating anything, my turn the little wheels inside and get your thoughts from the speech is plain enough. My words leave nothing to inference. unmeshing of the gears that fail to work there? What does the gentleman uphold? Mr. GEYER of Calif-ornia. The gentleman has asked me Mr. GEYER of California. I uphold the principles of a question; I will answer it. American democracy. One might think, although I do not Mr. HOFFMAN. Not now. believe it is true, that the gentleman upholds Hitler; one Mr. GEYER of California . .,. I thought so. might think that from the way he has been speaking here Mr. HOFFMAN. All right, if the gentleman puts it on that this morning. I am too much of a gentleman to accuse my basis-"! dare you!"-a little boy trick. What is the gentle­ colleague of that and I think if he is the gentleman that I man's answer? believe him to be, he will retract the words he just said. Mr. GEYER of California. I want to state that I represent Mr. HOFFMAN. Not one single word, not one single syl­ a district on the Pacific coast-- lable, not one single thought. If a coat has been cut which fits Mr. HOFFMAN. Bridges' district? you and you choose to put it on that is not my concern. Mr. GEYER of California. That has longshoremen in it, Mr. GEYER of California. I was quite sure that would be and if the gentleman will go there and take the trouble to the case. read something besides the certain press that agrees with Mr. HOFFMAN. The gentleman can make his own de­ him, he will find out he does not know what he is talking fense in his own time, if he needs a defense. about here this morning. Mr. GEYER of California. I need no defense. The gen­ Mr. HOFFMAN. I would not be the first Member to learn tleman has made it for me. that, nor am I the only Member who does not know it all. I Mr. HOFFMAN. I yield to the gentleman from Wisconsin do know that for years the west coast has suffered from [Mr. SCHAFER]. strikes under the leadership of the alien Communist, Bridges, that in disgust because of that leadership the people of Los Mr. SCHAFER of Wisconsin. The gentleman who bas Angeles and Oregon have enacted laws to protect workers been interrupting has just defended alien Communists who and the people as a whole. are leaders in the C. I. 0., Harry Bridges the alien British Mr. GEYER of California. The gentleman will find there Communist who, no doubt, is his constituent. Mr. Bridges are a lot of things he has yet to learn. is a leader of the organization which the gentleman from Mr. HOFFMAN. That is nothing new and, unlike some, Michigan mentioned-the Communist Party. So that might I am always '\Villing to learn. explain the reason for the interest of the gentleman from Mr. GEYER of California. He will find that out-enough California in Mr. Bridges' welfare and his opposition to the real interests of our American working men and women. said. He will find that out plenty. Mr. GEYER of California. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. HOFFMAN. I would like to get the point of the gen­ tleman's argument, if there is any. Mr. HOFFMAN. No. I will yield the gentleman 25 min­ Mr. GEYER of California. The point of the argument is utes tomorrpw. about as pointed as the one that has been made in the Well Mr. GEYER of California. You are a sweet boy. of the House this morning, and perhaps more so. Mr. HOFFMAN. Thanks, but I am past 65. Here is the Mr. HOFFMAN. Do not blame me because you are unable point I want to make: None of us knows any too much. We to understand an argument; weigh the facts. I say the true just say what we think and believe. There- is no question friend of the laboring man, the true friend of the employee, is but that these organizations have Communists in them. 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 661 Communists control and direct some of their activities. You In Michigan, Governor Murphy was endorsed by the Com­ .cannot get away from that. There is no doubt but that they munists and he accepted the communistic support without are holding up production in some of our factories. There dissent. He was honored and rewarded by the President. is no. question in the mind of any reasonable man but that The President's Secretary of Labor, Mme. Perkins, rightly the holding up of production in the steel, oil, motor, and coal or wrongly, has become known the country over as a friend industries in time of war would seriously cripple our national of the radicals, as a partisan of the "reds." She it was who at activities. Our defense or our aggression, whichever it may the time of the sit-down strikes, which every informed, right­ be. would be crippled. There is no doubt about that. If we thinking person knew instinctively to be not only illegal, but are true Americans, interested only in America, as the gentle­ unjust and unfair, un-American, and a direct denial of civil man states he is---as I believe we all are--interested only liberty, said, in substance, that the legality of that procedure in protecting and preserving our country, then why not now, had not been determined. while we are at peace, amend this National Labor Relations She should either make a new confession of faith or by her Act, which practically everyone concedes must some time be actions demonstrate to the public that the opinion that it has amended? Let us do ifnow. of her is unjustified, or the President should remove her from Take another dispatch, this time from Detroit, 55,000 men the Cabinet. And speaking of the Cabinet, unless the Presi­ thrown out of employment because the Chrysler Corporation dent intends to become a dictator and assume authority over has refused to agree to the union's demand that no one but all of the departments now administered by Cabinet officials, members of that organization shall be given employment. he might well fill the position of Secretary of the Navy. The Chrysler Corporation expects to sell its cars to people Earl Browder, the Communistic candidate for the Presi­ who do not belong to the C. I. 0. affiliates, why should it dency, who has admitted that he traveled on a forged pass­ agree to give employment only to C. I. 0. members? An­ port in violation of our country's laws, has endorsed the Presi­ other demand made upon the Chrysler Corporation is that dent for a third term and to date the President has failed to it permit the union to tell it how many cars it shall run off repudiate that support. the assembly line. At conventions of organizations which have Communists in Not content with attempting to force all men who work in their official ranks, the First Lady of the Land, without dis­ the Chrysler Corporation to sign its membership cards, obey approval of the President, has attended and congratulated its rules and regulations, give support to its leaders, who em­ those organizations upon their activities. · ploy communistic methods, that union now demands that . The First Lady, it is reported, entertained Communists at Chrysler itself must limit its production in accordance with her home at Hyde Park and when criticism was made, ac­ the union's demands. That union though it neither creates cording to the Associated Press dispatch in the Washington the jobs nor pays the wages, claims the right to fix the amount Post of October 11, 1939, she observed that "she knew of of-compensation, to determine the hours of work, and to limit no reason why Communists should not have tea with her," and ·the number of motor vehicles produced. It assumes no re­ in answer to a criticism because she took tea with Com­ sponsibility for the sale of the finished cars nor the meeting munists intimated that she did not think it was anyone's of the pay roll. The stating of the proposition shows its business. That is the inference from her statement. absurdity. It is a demand that American· workmen give up Mr. GEYER of California. That is right. their freedom to contract for work to sustain themselves Mr. HOFFMAN. Perhaps it is; maybe it is not. Let us and their families by their toil. The result, if widely followed, see. The gentleman nods approval. The gentleman endorses would be to prevent these United States of America from the statement, and the statement was that it is all right to preparing to meet the threatened danger. take tea with the Communists. About this there can be no question. This administration Mr. GEYER of California. Anybody she wants to. does not control these organizations which in time of peace Mr. HOFFMAN. Anybody she wants to. exerc·se the power, as apparently they do, to tell the Army Mr. GEYER of California. That is her business. and the Navy and the airplane industries when and how many Mr. HOFFMAN. There is no reason why as a private indi­ bearings they can have in making preparation for national vidual, if she is willing to accept the general public's opinion defense. In time of war, they could do the same thing and as to the objectives and the activities of the Communists she the men who are fighting in the front-line trenches would should not have tea with Communists, but in that event she be forced to risk their lives without adequate supply of arms should remember the common saying: "Birds of a feather and munitions, clothing: and food because back in the safety flock together." After all, while she has certain rights as a of the home zone Communists had been successful in their private citizen, she also, as the First Lady of the Land, exer­ policy of boring from within by delaying production. cises influence that she would not have were she not the wife Who is responsible for this situation which so hampers and of the Chief Executive. There is no reason why, as an indi­ curtails the plans for our national defense? Who, I ask, is vidual, if she believes in the doctrines, in the practices, in the responsible for this. There is, and can be but one answer, objectives of the Communists, she should not have tea with the responsibility rests squarely upon the shoulders of the them. On the other hand, she should realize that, while the President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. American public has no right to criticize the activities of a To a lesser degree it lies on the doorstep of this Congress, private citizen, she being the First Lady of the Land, and which, in session, knowing, and if it thinks at all, realizing because of her constant traveling about the country, her in­ the great danger which confronts us, accepts the commands cessant utterances, and the fact that she writes daily for the of the White House and sits idly by while Communists the papers, she is ever in the public eye; not only as an individual country over undermine the very foundation of those indus­ but as one who speaks with authority, one whose official tries upon which the safety of our country depends. residence, at least, is in the Executive Mansion at Washing­ The charge is here and now made that the President of the ton. In fairness so that we may not misjudge her in her United States, by remaining silent throughout the sit-down official capacity, or as a private individual, she should, if in strikes; by failure to condemn those unlawful activities which her mind a distinction exists, distinguish between those Com­ occurred at that time; by his subsequent recommendation of munists whose activities she approves, and who are invited to Governor Murphy, of Michigan, who violated his oath of have tea with her, and those whose activities and objectives office when he failed to enforce the law for a period of 40 she does not approve. It is well known that the Communist days, has encouraged these Communists in their subversive Party is an organization advocating the overthrow of this activities. That by extending the hand of fellowship to Government by force. Assuredly she does not accept that John L. Lewis, who at the time had on his executive com­ doctrine, and we cannot presume that she would entertain mittee two outstanding Communists who were using com­ socially and so add to the influence of those Communists who munistic, unlawful methods throughout the sit-down strjkes, openly preach such doctrine. the President of the United States placed the stamp of ap­ Mr. GEYER of California. Since the gentleman is staring proval on the activities of these Communists. at me all the time, will he yield? 662 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 20

Mr. HOFFMAN. She is so busy that she probably did not rolling on, and it will be rolling on after Franklin Delan~ have time to investigate the facts. Let us be charitable about Roosevelt and Eleanor, his wife, have gone from Washington... it. Let us be more charitable than was she the other day, Why should we not take up matters of permanent legislationj when, referring to Co1onel Lindbergh, whose patriotism there and dispose of them? is no reason to question, she made this statement: A duty rests upon this Congress which we as individuals We were all interested in Mr. Walter Lippmann's column of a few . cannot shirk. We cannot escape responsibility by telling our days ago and in Dorothy Thompson's column today. She sensed in people at home that the administration or the President has Colonel Lindbergh's speech a sympathy with Nazi ideals, which I thought existed but could not bring myself to believe was really gagged us; that, while unlike Hitler, he permits us to re ... there. main in session, he, Hitlerlike, forbids us to act except as he permits. Elected by the voters of our respective districts, As was said editorially by. one of the Washington papers: upon us rests the responsibility to stem this "red" tide which There may be a fine shading to distinguish between what Mrs. now has disclosed its purpose, which is now delaYing our Roosevelt ''thought" but couldn't "believe,"· but the net effect is name calling-which, we should think, our gracious First Lady program of national defense, which in time of war would· would be the last to encourage by example. render our efforts ineffective, would result in the death of hundreds of thousands of our soldiers. At the door of this The First Lady is fully capable of "handing it out.'' Let me repeat, let us treat her more kindly, more charitably than administration, of the Speaker of this House, Qf the majority she treated Lindbergh; and let us assume "that when she said leadership, and the individual members of the majority party, she could see no reason why she should not entertain Com­ I lay the responsibility for letting these un-American activ .. munists at tea, she did not have in mind the activities nor ities continue, and I challenge this House to take up and act the purposes of the Communist Party, or did not at least upon the legislation which was introduced in the last session believe that those attending her tea were Communists or of Congress, which .would do much to preserve our Nation, entertained the views held by the Communist Party. Let us curb these organizations. To the Members on the majority be more charitable to her than she is to herself. side I put this query: Are we puppets or are we men; do We in Michigan, at least, are fully aware of the statement we possess sufficient intelligence to solve the domestic prob­ put. out by the Communists in a Detroit campaign in which, lems which admittedly confront us, or will we, in answer tq, asking for support for one of its candidates at the election, it the Hitlerlike commands of the President, submerge our·• appealed to- · selves; cease to be thinking, acting individuals and become but; stooges? All who hate the smug priests of the Catholic Church, and the slimy, hypocritical ministers of the Protestant churches. Since the 21st day of September, here; if thinking, we hav~ given no evidence of thought; but sat, gagged and bound hand If the First Lady desires to sit down to tea with members and foot, while the administration plays foreign power poli­ of an organization who believe in the above sentiments, that tics. We have refused to consider legislation. Strong and is her privilege; if she chooses as her tea companions those mighty men are we in our own bailiwick? Puffed up and who are members of an organization who put into their cam­ self-important, strutttng the. streets of our home towns, but paign document- here like Samson of old after the ancient hairdresser finished Down with religion, which is opium which the ruling class feeds with him, we too are blind and impotent while the modern;. you to keep you satisfied with the miserable existence whi«b you Delilah, Mme. Perkins-she just gave Andrews, Administra• lead. There is no God. tor of the wage and hour law, a haircut--heads the Labor Then let her sip her tea with them, but let the people of the Department and the President dreams of himself as chief of Nation know of some of the things which the CommunistS, the world police force. You may like it--I do not, and would as an organization, advocate, and let her condemn state­ remedy the situation. [Applause.] ments like the above. Let her go, if she will, into their con­ [Here the gavel fell.] ventions, and address them, and permit them to use the The SPEAKER pro tempore.· Under special order, the Chair prestige of her posiiion, her sojourn in the Executive man­ recognizes the gentleman from Colorado [Mr. MARTIN] for sion, to create sentiment for their organization and to in­ 30 minutes. crease their membership. That is her privilege as an Mr. MARTIN of Colorado. Mr. Speaker, I have read with American citizen. Let her and the President accept the sup­ the utmost amazement the curious document inserted in the port of these organizations, but require them to assume with daily CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of October 11 by the Member it the responsibility for their activities. from Montana [Mr. THORKELSON]. It must be the most scur­ Mr. GEYER of California. Will the gentleman yield? rilous, the most reprehensible, the most un-American docu­ Mr. HOFFMAN. No; not just now. ment ever printed within the two covers of the CoNGRESSIONAti Mr. GEYER of California. The gentleman looked right RECORD. It could only have been conceived by a mind pois:.. at me. If he has reference to me, he should Yield. oned against America and all its leaders and all its activities, Mr. HOFFMAN. I have to face the front. The gentleman and it could be credited by no man with sufficient knowledge knows how painful it is for me to watch him. Accommodate and intelligence to occupy a seat in the American Congress, me, and be charitable to me, and retire to the lobby, if I no matter by what fortuitous chance of politics elected. offend you, or turn your face the other way. I cannot help I have read but one document in my lifetime which could it; I will do the best I can. I will hold this piece of paper compare with it in the impress of falsity, of spuriousness on between us and so relieve you from sight of me. every page, in every paragraph, in every sentence, in every SerioUSly and earnestly, I ask the membership of this House line-the most damnable tissue of falsehood the human mind why it is that, if we are going to consider this measure for could conceive. The other document was an alleged oath of the relief of the farmers in your Southern States, where they the Knights of Columbus, so manifestly absurd, so patently a have a drought, we ·cannot consider the amendment of the malicious concoction, that to read it was to refute it. But, no National Labor Relations Act, not for the relief, as the gentle­ doubt, when the occasion serves it will bob up again as it has man from California would say, of the employer, but for the in the past to inflame the minds of the ignorant and cred­ freeing of those employees who have fallen under the power ulous against a great patriotic American organization which of the union organizations which are controlled by the Com­ distinguished itself in the service of soldiers of all creeds in munists. That is all I am asking. Is it unreasonable? Is the World War. it unfair? Let me ask the majority leader-and he sits here Withdrawing such a defamatory and injurious document before me--do you want to go back and tell your constituents from the permanent RECORD does not suffice. What is written after 30 or 35 or 45 days that the President would not let us is written. It has been scattered to the ends of the earth in do anything or that we did not think it wise to do anything the daily RECORD. Its sponsor should be dealt with in such a with any of these problems; that we are incapable of solving manner as to visit the official condemnation of the House of them? Men are still eating, men are still living. They still Representatives upon him and it, not simply withdrawing it need clothing, they still need homes. The old, old world is at his request, while still standing on his avowal of its truth. 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 663 Perhaps not all Members of Congress will have the time and son. Let the sponsor of the document squirm as he will patience to wade through this stuff as I have done, and cer.:. through columns of the RECORD to evade a square answer as tainly not the general reading public. For that reason· I have to who Col. E. M. House was. No man of such pretensions as gone through it and collated a sufficient number of character­ his to historical knowledge can hide behind the cloak of pre­ istic paragraphs to indicate its general nature and its self­ tended ignorance as to the identity of Col. E. M. House. No refutation. Before quoting them I want to mention some of man in this House can doubt that the false and forged sig­ the illustrious American names and American institutions nature at the end of this letter was Col. E. M. House, of besmirched in this alleged proposal of a distinguished Ameri­ Texas, friend and advisor of the World War President. Col­ can to make this great Nation again a vassal of the British onel House is represented as rendering the then Prime Min­ Crown, which is the whole purport of the document: ister of England, Mr. Lloyd George, an account of a campaign Woodrow Wilson, former President of the United States; being conducted under his, Colonel House's, direction, in William H. Taft, former President and former Chief Justice this country to restore the American Colonies to the dominion of the United States; the entire family of former President of the British Crown, and I quote: Theodore Roosevelt; former Attorney General George w. From the moment of my arrival here it was evident to me that Wickersham; Gen. John J. Pershing, commander in chief of such an Anglo-American alliance as would result in the return of the American Expeditionary Forces in the World War, con­ the American Colonies to the dominion of the Crown could be brought about only with the consent of the dominant groups of temptuously referred to as "Sir" John Pershing; Gen. Tasker the controlling clans. H. Bliss and Gen. Peyton March, distinguished American gen­ erals of the World War, referred to as "Sir" Tasker Bliss and The plan to establish control appears to have been com­ "Sir" Peyton March; William Sims, distinguished admiral paratively simple, due, it develops, to the simplicity of the of the American Navy, listed as "Sir" William Simms; Samuel American type of mind on which it was to operate. Says the Gompers, founder of the American Federation of Labor, re­ fictitious Colonel House: peatedly referred to as a most effective tool of the British It was early apparent that in spite of the great diversity of Government in lining up labor for the proposed colonization American types who are labeled "Americans"- of America; Elihu Root, distinguished lawyer and outstanding ! stress the word "labeled"- American; President Eliot, of Harvard, and President Nich­ labeled "Americans," a remarkable uniformity in mental mode olas Murray Butler, of Columbia, alleged propagandists of existed among them. Hence it was comparatively easy to standard­ British treason in America; Senator King; Franklin K. Lane, ize a method to convert quickly and cheaply an ordinarily hostile fermer Secretary of the Interior; William B. Wilson, first American into a colonist amenable to His Majesty's pleasure. Secretary of Labor; Alfred Noyes, for 40 years head of the How quickly and cheaply an American, an ordinarily hostile Associated Press, and owner of the Washington Star; Fred­ American, could be converted into a colonist amenable to His eric Wile, distinguished writer; James M. Beck, a former Majesty's pleasure is then set out. The author is specific. distinguished Member of the House of Representatives; J. He leaves nothing to guess or conjecture. Under the heading Pierpont Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, Cleveland Dodge, John of "Results of standard method," which had been adopted, he V/anamaker, and numerous other leaders of American edu­ says: cation, journalism, finance, industry, and public life; too Tables of cost and efficiency which I submitted to the Foreign many to mention. Office- · No American institution is spared-the American Red The British Foreign Office- Cross, the Boy Scout movement, the Young Men's Christian on December 1, 1916, showed then that the average duration of the Association, the Young Women's Christian Association, the resistance of Americans to anglicization was in England 37 days, Carnegie Foundation, and many other educational and civic in America 104 days. and religious and charitable bodies are smeared with treason­ able activities in this infamous document. A pain·staking The Americans in America were tough. They lasted over 3 effort to besmirch is obvious in every line. Its slime spreads months. with every paragraph. It leaves nothing American un­ But the next paragraph shows that the standard method touched or undefiled. America's illustrious dead are held up and the results were improved upon, and that the American to the scorn and contumely of all patriotic Americans. morale, if any, was breaking down. Says the author: No; merely expunging such a document from the perma­ The report I had the honor to submit to you, dated December 1, 1918, showed that the average anglicization time for Americans in nent RECORD will not undo the wrong or meet the ends of England had been reduced to 14 days; in America to 29 days 3 hours justice. It reaches out beyond the confines of the United 16 minutes. States. It is an alleged expose involving our relations with all of Latin America and with countries of Europe. It seeks Another encouraging improvement noted was that the cost to array the world against the United States as a venal tool per head of making Englishmen out of Americans had fallen of Britain. Do not tell me that any man in his right ·senses in the space of 2 years from $31.02 per head to $3.79, a very could have considered this an authentic document or could great saving. In 2 years Colonel House had learned how to have sponsored its publication in the daily CoNGRESSIONAL make 10 Englishmen at the prior cost of 1. It is possible REcORD unless he was thoroughly saturated with the ran­ that the Americans were also improving and learned faster. corous mind of its author and shared his hatreds. However, the Americans are to be credited in this document with no such display of intelligence, and the improvement It has one weakening feature. It overreaches itself. It is must be attributed wholly to the methods . . grossly overdone. If it affected only the United States, it might be treated with derision instead of righteous anger. . Under the next heading, "Americanization," it is noted But it may, and no doubt will be, translated into foreign lan­ that- guages to inflame the peoples of other countries who are held Since 1776 Anglo-Americans have wisely refused to emphasize up in it as sufferers frcm the blind obedience of this country their origin by a hyphen. as a tool and agent of a nefarious world dream of British Em­ It is to be regretted that Colonel House did not apply this pire. No words can express my scorn for any man who would method generally. I have never been able to get a way from lend himself to the end of giving authenticity and publicity the feeling that when it takes a hyphen to describe an and claiming truth for such a document. American the accent is on the hyphen. This document purports to have been written on the letter­ It has been pointed out on the ftoor that the author of head of the British consulate in New York City, June 10, 1919, a letter written in 1919 had somewhat anticipated future to the Right Honorable David Lloyd George, then Prime Min­ events by mentioning an act involving President Franklin D. ister of England, by Col. E. M. House, whom everybody knows Roosevelt in 1937; but since the author gives a place in his to be the man who, during the period of the World War, was Who's Who of Distinguished American Anglo-Maniacs to the closest confidant and advisor of President Woodrow Wil- the first Roosevelt, he probably leaned over backward to do 664 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 20 justice to the second one by including him. Referring to the It is also noted that Lady Baden-Powell has lined up the World War, he says: Girl Scout movement, and that both of these movements are Members of the Roosevelt-- being lined up with various patriotic youth organizations­ and with the school system through the loyalty of Dean Russell of Theodore Roosevelt- Columbia University- Lamont, and other first 1amilles hastened to volunteer for active service under our flag. Of whom the author observes-. Quentin Roosevelt, it will be recalled, was an American In his case a degree from one of our universities is already overdue. aviator, killed in action in France. Some way I always sus­ The dean gets both a decoration and a degree. pected that Theodore Roosevelt was an American, and I am For the young over Scout age we have theY. M. C. A. and the indebted to the Member from Montana for correcting the Y. W. C. A. and other kindred organizations, financed by our aux­ error. I see now he was just a camouflaged tool of Britain. iliaries. • • • As the style here has it, they are interna­ How the colonel's method operated so successfully and upon tionalized. such a major scale is disclosed in the following comprehen­ And then this incredible screed goes on to say that all these sive paragraph: extrascholastic bodies are to be correlated with Teachers Col­ With the active cooperation of the administration, our "Amer­ lege, Columbia University, and the school system generally. ican" defense societies, security leagues, protective associations, and A number of distinguished Americans, including President and other extra-legal bodies enabled us to terrorize; sterilize, and stand­ Mrs. Wilson and the Presidential son.-in-law, have an been very ardize--in a word, "Amerlcanize"-the minds of the people and helpful, and all the otficial family, male and female, have been their legislators, so that their conquct, and even their thoughts, zealous even where they have proved expensive. , conformed scrupulously to the common pattern we had laid down for them. Then he gets down to the United states Naval College ancl The foregoing comprehensive morsel would seem to detract the Rhodes scholarships and the Carnegie Trust. all diligent somewhat from the magnitude of the colonel's labors in that in the work of reclamation for the mother country. he had only to line up President Wilson, whose vast war Under the heading "Pulpits" we learn: British born and trained prelates, divines, and pastors have been powers finished the job. provided as popular preachers here in many of the leading churches. At this point Messrs. Taft and Polk get "our thanks." Also We are arranging "to augment the number o.f British professors Secretary of War Baker for banning from the National Army in the various theological seminaries here. camps all the "anti-British books in our Index Expurgatori­ The author names the American churchmen and institu­ ous." . Also "Messrs. Morgan, Rockefeller, Cleveland Dodge, tions who are engaged in this good work. Wanamaker, Hamilin, Childs, Du Pont, Ryan, Insull. Do­ At this point the author becomes happy over the enlarging heny." "These contributors:' observes the author, "doubtless sphere of the imperial dream. will be, or have been, appropriately rewarded by His Majesty's I am happy- Government." . What the author has to say about the progress of the cam­ Says he- paign to anglicize American education is summed up in a to report that the movement of which the Earl of Dysart is presinent, the Im~;:uial British-Israel Association, which is foundeg. on the very comprehensive sentence as foilows~ belief that the English are the lost tribe of Israel and the people We are now nearing the point where through their concerted who shall inherit the earth, is making great progress here in spread.; efforts-- ing the knowledge that the British Empir-e fulfills divine prophecy. That is, British school and university clubs- Whereupon he gives credit to whom credit is due entitling them to British decorations. Another error is cleared up. we shall control from the cradle to the grave .whatever mind this nation possesses. We had been thinking all along the British were Nordics. Then he takes another crack at the "Red Cross, the Yet the sponsor of this infamous libel stands in his place on Y. M. C. A., the church, and other humane, religious, and the floor of the House and says that this document bears quasi-religious organizations" where the international racket such an imprimatur of truth on its face that the question of is working. Special mention is made of the Reverend Ray­ authorship is immaterial. mond Fosdick and President Nicholas Murray Butler. We The author, pursuing the educational features of the may already visualize them seated in the House of Lords. method, continues: Comes now the tum of the American bar, beginning on a We are rewriting the school history books in order to make King rather low note, to wit: George III, of glorious memory, a German King, so that our late English- and Canadian-born jurists are not as numerous as we enemies may be penalized for the wrongs which the colonists fancy would wis~. they received at his royal hands and ours. But, he· adds: The next paragraph is a rare philological gem in the way of The bar as a whole has been actively in sympathy with us-­ a title. It is "Puericulture." This term appears to apply to the education of very youthful Americam;, no doubt suggested to And he gives special recognition to the services of the late the author by his estimate of whatever mind this Nation pos­ Hon. James M. Beck,· of lovable memory in this House, and sesses. Says he, under the heading of "Puericulture": adds: We are at present engaged in a campaign to Americanize the I recommend that he be made a bencher of Gray's Inn. schools to make obedient loyal little Britons out of the undisciplined I know the many Members who loved to sit and listen to native young. we are replacing with the song America the scurrilous Star­ Mr. James M. Beck and applaud him even when they did Spangled Banner, which, after expurgating, we socially ostracized. not agree with him, will be glad to know that in the docu­ America, which has the same air as God Save the King, is usually ment I am discussing he achieves the rank of a Colonial played and not sung- luminary. Mr. Beck was noted as an authority on the What a lie !-the interpolation is mine---; American Constitution and those of us who listened to him so in effect we· are conferring on this colony the imperial anthem. will find it rather diffi.cult to visualize him as entitled to a royal order of merit for his services in returning the Colonies Apparently the author is forcing the season. for he says "this to the mother country. Speaking personally, it strikes me as colony" as though it were already a fact accomplished, as one of the most transparent lies in this whole insane tis­ Hitler says after he disintegrates another little country, and sue, this fantasmagoria, of falsehood. says there is nothing to fight about. With the bar gone over to the enemy there would, of Now he confers British medals on what he calls extra­ course, be no hope for the stage, the poets, and the authors. scholastic educational bodies. I quote: ''Their work," says the writer, "is not only of great value in We have spread everywhere the Boy Scout movement and placecl our campaign but is also paid for so happily by Americans.~ . the 1,000,000 American Boy Scouts under Sir Baden-Powell. Those stupid Americans! 1939 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 665 Ah, now we come to an activity over which we may smack regardless of tl;le question of authorship. I know these ab­ our lips: "Press Associations and the Press." It seems that surdities sound more like the ravings of an irresponsible Lord Northcliffe. however, and not Colonel House, ·is en­ paranoic. :titled to· a British decoration in this field, for that he-I Under the heading of Labor, Mr. Gompers comes in for quote, through censorship, cable monopoly, passport control, further commendation. Says the author: enabled us to hold all American newspapers isolated from But I cannot let pass this opportunity to record our appreciation· the non-American world as if they had been on another of the innumerable ways in which the loyalty of Mr. Gompers has planet instead of another hemisphere. The realization of been demonstrated. He checkmated strikes "' "' "' he con­ trolled the labor press • * "' he has made organized labor here this by "the Associated Press and the other universal news more imperial than is labor in England. gatherers-except Hearst-was most helpful in bringing only our point of view to the papers they served." He then lists Then he notes further progress on the part of the Red the journalists and journals whose consistent work for the Cross, for, says he: return of the Colonies entitles them to special mention, not They ousted Miss Boardman, and through Messrs. Taft and H. P. forgetting the Washington Post, the New York Globe, the Davidson they nationalized and directed the American Red Cross, and then internationalized it under the direction of Mr. H. P. Wall Street Journal, the World's Work, Christian Science Davidson. Monitor, Mr. Alfred Noyes, and other publications and pub­ lishers. It appears that when these distinguished American The American Red Cross was made safe for England. publicists visited England, "the expense of the visit was negli­ Now comes the turn of the chambers of commerce: gible compared with the value of the newspaper influence we Ber-mudian Mr. Outerbridge _directs _the New York Chamber of Commerce as other Loyalists direct the chambers of commerce in acquired through it." Says the writer: other cities. · The social favor shown these gentlemen will keep most of them Our censorship, our cable control, "' • our control of ship- devoted to His Majesty as long as they live. ping, "' • • of international banking • • enable us to shut the American trader out of the non-American markets of It seems that Mr. Adolf Ochs of the New York Times nearly the world. I lost out on the roll of honor because of "a notorious defeatist In fact, American commerce exists largely by our favor. ' editorial-which, however, has been atoned for"; but the Industry comes next; control of oil and thereby the world's 1records of Mr. Reid of the New York Tribune, Mr~ Wigham transportation and industry: of the Metropolitan Magazine, Mr. Keeley of the Chicago This· control Will enable us to exert such preesure as would make Herald; and others, are clear. However, this excellent show­ American industrial interests ame?able to His Majesty's pleasure. ing on the part of the American Press would appear not to be due to the House methods, for it is noted phat- The war debts are to be canceled because-- American newspaper owners exclusively employ British subjects, we fought America's fight for her for 2 years while she was journalists born and trained in. Britain, as their English . cor­ prospering in cowardice. respondents. But, oh, lowest of the low, are American industrialists. I And alas for motion pictures. They have gone over to the quote: enemy baots and baggage. There is no ·need to particularize The intri:nsic patri~tism· of AID.erican iridust~ialists seems to be on this industry. It can just be charged off as a total loss to remarkably low; indeed, it rarely ex-ceeds 1.96 percent of the nor- Iany remnants of America which may be left. mal average of the population. - The Americans, be it noted, are easily corrupted by British When you consider how low the normal average is repre­ honors, and the colonel pleads with Mr. Lloyd George: sented to be, it will be seen that industrial patriotism is a On your recommendation His ~jesty might be graciously pleased mere infinitesimal abstraction. to signify in ·some way the royal appreciation of the zeal shown by Still, says the writer: these , persons in our campaign. The American industrialist has failed to raise the profit-patri­ He is referring to the "first families of America" as listed otism coefficient to the level of imperial unity. Below that level, 1 in America's Who's Who "an American imitation of Burke's imperial unity cannot be securely established on the debris of I Peerage, from which you may see at a glance the pathetic the Constitution here. eagerness with which the prodigal colonist apes our social Still, the next paragraph sounds a more hopeful note: system." · As long as President Wilson, with the Canadian-born Secretary It is while discussing this category of Americans that the of the Interior, Mr. Franklin Lane; with our Scotch-born Secretary of Labor, Mr. W. R. Wilson; and.with our London-born Mr. Samuel author, with the prescience of omniscience, looks down into Gompers, now controls the administration, imperial unity will the future and beholds Prof. Richard Gottheil, of Columbia daily grow more infinite and more perfect. · University, "who pinned the medal on F. D. Roosevelt in 1937 for his distinguished service to world Jewry." The reconciliation between the long-estranged mother and This remarkable document has one consistency; as the child having been effected, the new order, or rather the re­ lines flow on the slime spreads. Nothing in America escapes stored order, is happily set ·forth. under the paradoxical its tarnishing touch. The next heading, Cost of Campaign, heading "America's Day." The ·Fourth of July is to be abol­ shows that the process of making John Bulls out of Uncle ished. Mr. Elihu Root is to be "lord chief justice of the col­ Sams cheapened, even while the letter was being written, ony," and Messrs. W. H. Taft, Nicholas Murray Butler, J.P. Morgan, Elizabeth Marbury, Adolph Ochs, and Thomas La­ for I read: mont will constitute the "colonial privY council." "As a spe­ The cost of converting an American into a colonist of His Majesty is now 53 cents. cial mark of royal and imperial condescension," Washington will be renamed Georgetown, and to eliminate sectional You will remember that in 1916 it was $31.02 and in 1918, jealousy, royal charters will be granted to the cities of Boston $3.79. ~ow, on June 10, 1919, it had dropped to a new low of and Chicago which will entitle them to style themselves ; only 53 cents- · respectively, Kingston and Guelf. God save the King. Our expenses we have met by a levy on the population. Some of Perhaps this felicitous augury would prove a happy ending the inhabitants we induced to pay by terror, particularly those of 1 German extraction. for a tale that suggests that at least ever since June 10, 1919, the date of this document, Baron Munchausen has usurped : Then he goes on to gloat how. they had taxed and made the the title of being the most monumental liar that ever lived. 1 American people pay for their own degradation: He never had the imag-ination or the effrontery to attempt 1 I know of no comparable achievement in the history of the to concoct such a fabric of falsities and offer it as fact. 1 Empire, but then where is people comparable with the American? To avoid an anticlimax I have omitted a brainstorm about : It is difficult to keep in mind as I quote these things that the League of Nations, which, it seems, after all, was a : they are copied literally from the daily CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, concoction of British ingenuity to help inveigle the world I where they were placed by a Member of this body, who vouches into its net, with additional appropriate slanders on Wood­ 1 for the whole text of the letter as a recital of historical facts, row Wilson. 666 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 20 If any Member is not satisfied with my performance, he These 8 ships that were mined before our entry into the may analyze this astounding document for himself, with my World War, and these 28 ships sunk by the German subma­ assurance that he will find therein no.t only all I have quoted rines, destroyed not only a great deal of property but exacted a but innumerable other lies, inventions, and distortions. toll of 70 lives of American citizens. When he finishes he will not need my assurance that he In my extension of remarks I will put all those facts so has read the greatest number and variety of transparent lies that the House may read them. I will not take the time to and calumnies ever uttered in the same number of words. read them at this time, but I simply Wish to say that what I [Applause.] believe is that the facts I shall furnish here substantiate the The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. BYRNS of Tennessee). contention which I made last week that it is not the sale of Under special order heretofore made, the Chair recognizes goods, whether they be arms, munitions, or implements of the gentleman from Texas [Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON] for war, but the delivery of commodities, the shipment of com­ 10 minutes. modities, that causes incidents which arise, which create a Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. Speaker, I have sought frame of mind that gets us into war. this time, not to make a speech but to furnish detailed infor­ Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Speaker, Will the gentleman yield? mation upon the subject which I discussed last week. I made Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. I yield. the statement in my speech on neutrality last week as estab­ Mr. BROOKS. I have been very much concerned, and so lishing the fact that the circumstances which arise that are has everybody else, over the sinking of the Athenia. Re­ calculated to get us into war have to do with our ships, and cently, by chance, we happened to find a man who said he with the destruction of our ships at sea by belligerent nations, was an eye-witness to the sinking of t:tle Athenia, and he and I stated that prior to our entry into the ·world War 26 made rather serious charges as to the disembarking of the merchant ships of the United States were sunk or attacked by personnel and passengers from the Athenia and the carrying German submarines. I have since investigated more care­ of munitions by the Athenia. I am wondering if the gentle­ fully the record with reference to that statement from two man has any information to give the House on that subject. sources--the Cong.ressional Library records and the records I know we are all very much interested and concerned. of our own Navy Department. Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Let me say in answer to the I find that I understated the number attacked by German gentleman that he is dealing with an entirely different phase submarines before our entry into the war. Instead of 26, of the question which I am now discussing, We cannot regu­ as I stated, there were 28. I have prepared a list of these late the ships of other countries. The Athenia was not an giving the names of the ships, the dates of the attacks, the American vessel. It was a British vessel. size of the ships, ·the location of the attacks, and also the Mr. BROOKS. But, Mr. Speaker, it had some 300 Ameri• cargo, as far as it is possible to obtain it, and I shall insert can people on it. ' this as . a part of the extension of my remarks. Since I Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Certainly. prepared it myself, I do not have to ask unanimous consent Mr. BROOKS. And some 28 American citizens were to do this. drowned. When I asked ·last week to put into the RECORD the list Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Certainly, and that is the that has been furnished by the Congressional Library, ob­ very reason that in our neutrality law we seek to prevent jection was made to such request unless I would also place in Americans being there, by making it unlawfUl for American the RECORD the list of ships mined and sunk by the French citizens to travel upon the ships of any belligerent nations. and English, and the gentleman who made the objection Of course, the Athenia incident occurred immediately after stated that there were more than 26 ships mined and sunk the outbreak of war and our law prohibiting American cit­ by the French and English before our entry into the war. izens from traveling upon belligerent vessels was not then in The gentleman who made the objection is not always neutral, e:ffect, since it expressly provides that that provision shall and at times is exceedingly partisan, and his partisanship in not apply until 90 days after the date of the President's proc­ this instance has led him to grossly exaggerate the facts. lamation putting into e:ffect the terms of the neutrality law. Since the delivery of my speech last week, and desiring to I agree with the gentleman that the Athenia sinking is most accommodate the gentleman to ascertain the real facts as to distressing and inexcusable. I do not think the gentleman the number of our merchant vessels which were sunk before is any more concerned about the loss of those lives than I our entry into the World War, I have made careful investi­ am, because I knew a number of the passengers personally. gation and have learned from the Navy Department the They were a group of very fine young ladies from Texas facts with reference thereto. who were on that ship. Fortunately they were all saved. There were not 26 ships sunk by British ana French mines The only thing we can do with reference to incidents like the before our entry into the World War. There were in all only Athenia is to make it unlawful for our people to travel upon eight United States merchant ships that were mined before the ships of belligerents. We cannot control the shipping of our entry into the war, and I have here a list of those ships other countries. and their names and the dates when they were mined, and Mr. BROOKS. May I ask one more question in that re­ the tonnage and cargo, and where they were mined. Six of spect? those incidents occurred in the North Sea and two occurred Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Certainly. in the Bay of Biscay. Instead of their being sunk by British Mr. BROOKS. I do not know whether your committee and French mines, there was only one of the eight that the has investigated the sinking of the Athenia. I think the Department of the Navy was able to identify as having been House will be pleased to have your committee give us some sunk by a British mine. The other seven were sunk by mines, facts which might be available to your committee. but it is not known whether they were British, French, or Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. I understand the ~ate De­ German mines with which the ships came in contact, be­ partment and other agents of the Government are making cause, as was told me by the authorities in the Navy Depart­ and will make a complete and thorough investigation. I do ment and also in the Maritime Commission, the Bay of not think that our committee will be prepared to make an in­ Biscay and the North Sea were mined not by one of the bel­ vestigation that would be required on a question of that kind. ligerents but by all of the belligerents--that .is, the British, [Here the gavel fell.] the French, the Germans, and all of the countries at war at Mr. GIFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that time had placed mines in both the North Sea and the that the gentleman may have 5 additional minutes. Bay of Biscay. There were what were called mines and Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. I did not expect to make a cross mines and counter mines, and, in fact, there were mines speech at this time, but will be glad to answer any questions of all belligerents, and it is impossible to tell the mine of the gentleman from Massachusetts may care to propound. what particular country struck the ship or ships and caused The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the their sinking. One of the eight was identified as being a request of the gentleman from Massachusetts? British mine, and the other seven mines were unidentified, There was no objection. and may have been the mine of one country or another. Mr. GIFFORD. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 667 Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. I yield. brought around this change in the attitude of the American Mr. GIFFORD. The gentleman is such an exceedingly people? It seems to me the fight on that resolution was very high authority that I want to ask him a question about this bitter. I think the majority leader will recall that that matter. The contemplated law, as I understand it, is that we resolution merely advised Americans not to travel on bel­ ' will not allow our ships to go into war zones. Now you want ligerent ships; yet today we are prohibiting their travel on ; to make it unlawful and you want to fine citizens who may belligerent ships, and I think rightfully so. I would be glad travel on belligerent ships. How is anybody going to get to have the gentleman's views on what has brought about the into England from the United States? changed attitude on the part of the American people. Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. The present law, I will say Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. The author of that resolution, to the gentleman, already makes it unlawful for Americans Mr. McLemore, was a Representative from the State of Texas, to travel upon belligerent ships. my own State. As I recall that resolution, it simply expressed Mr. GIFFORD. I asked the question, "How is any Amer­ it as being the will of Congress, or the American Government,­ ican citizen going to arrive in England?" that citizens should not travel upon belligerent ships during. Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. He would have to travel on a war; that if they did so, it must be at their own risk, or some-_ ship of some neutral nation, and_not the ship of a nation at thing to that effect. It was simply a regulation. Sentiment war. at that time was overwhelmingly against it, and the resolution Mr. RAYBURN. Well, it is not contemplated that a law was defeated. of that kind would stop business and create hardship -cases. · Public sentiinent has so changed since that time, however, It has been my understanding that there would be some that we have seen that. very proposition written into our neu­ leeway, some relaxation, to give the State Department au­ trality legislation. ·Not only have we seen the prohibition thority to visa passports for those people. written in, and the warning that they do so at their own risk, Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON; The only exception under the but it is in such strong language that it makes it unlawful present law is that the inhibition against Americans trav-eling for them to do so. I think·the American people have realized 1 upon belligerent ·vessels -shall -not apply ·when the voyage­ that it is better to deny themselves temporarily the right-of. was begun in advance of the President's proclamation, and freedom of the seas arid certain other rights in ·order to keep ' shall not apply until 90 days after the President's proclama­ out of war. I feel that much progress has been made. tion to a citizen of the -United States returning home from . Mr. MILLER. It is an interesting development. a foreign state to the United States, and the President is Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. It certainly is, and the present vested with authority to make rules and regulations govern­ and proposed neutrality legislation is in response to that ing this provision. But I wiU say, in answer to the gentle- sentiment. [Applause.] : man, that when war is raging throughout the land it does Mr. Speaker, the list of ships I referred to -earlier in my ' work hardships upon our people and upon their rights and remarks follows: 1 upon the shippers of goods to have these restrictions, and LIST OF UNITED STATES MERCHANT SHIPS SUNK OR ATTACKED BY GER­ ~ I think the United States is the only government on earth . MANY DURING THE WORLD WAR BUT BEFORE OUR ENTRY THEREIN 1 that is willing to make such great sacrifices and such depriva­ January 27, 1915: Schooner William P. Frye, gross 3,374 tons, . tion of rights of its citizens to keep us out of war. captured by German auxiliary cruiser Prinz Eitel Friedrich (com­ merce raider) in South Atlantic, southeast of Brazil, in 29°53' S., Mr. GIFFORD. Is the gentleman familiar with those 26°47' W.; sunk January 28, 1915; no casualties; carried cargo of . exceptions? wheat. Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. They are contained in sec­ April 28, 1915: Cushing attacked by German ain:hip; carried cargo of petroleum (New York Times, May 1, 1915, p. 1, column 7). ' tion 9 of the present law. - May 1, 1915: Steamship Gulftight, tanker, grcss 5,189 tons, tor­ Mr. GIFFORD. Is it not simply to grant the President pedoed by German submarine 20 miles west of Scilly Islands; towed power to make those regulations? in; three lives lost; carried cargo of oil. Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Under existing law the Presi­ May 25, 1915: Steamship Nebra::;kan, gross 4,409 tons, torpedoed by German submarine 40 miles south by west of Southcliffe, off ; dent is empowered to prescribe .rules and regulations govern­ southwest Ireland, in 51 °14' N., 10°52' W.; salvaged; no casualties; : ing this provision of law. I do not know what changes, if in ballast-no cargo. · any, will be made in the bill now being considered- by the July 25, 1915: Steamship Leelanaw, gross 1,923 tons, fired on, torpedoed, and sunk by German submarine off the north coast Senate upon this question. of Scotland, about 60 miles northwest of the Orkney Islands, in Mr. RAYBURN. Under the general law a man cannot leave 59°55' N., 4 °22' W.; no casualties; carried cargo of :flax. · ' the ports _of this country to go to a foreign country unless August 4, 1915: Pass of Balhamas, motor vessel, gross 1,571 tons, i the State Department grants him a passport. Further, no voluntarily .surrendered .by the master to a German· submarine in ship can leave a port of this country without having clearance the North Sea; converted 1nto raider Seeadler; wrecked August 2, 1917; no casualties. papers under general law. August 14, 1915: Oswego fired on 10 times, but made port. -· Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. In other words, under the December 5, -1915: Petrolite fired on by Austrian submarine re­ general law of the land as it has always existed a person peatedly after vessel had stopped; carried cargo of oil (New York cannot travel on the ocean to a foreign country unless he Times, Dec. 8, 1915, p. 2, column 1; Dec. 9, 1915, p. 3, column 2). October 1916: Kansan fired on by U-53 leaving United States. has a passport; and as stated- by my friend the majority October 28, 1916: Steamship Lanao (Philippine steamship) , gross leader, every ship must have clearance papers before she 692 tons, bombed and sunk by a German submarine 30 miles off leaves port. Cape Vincent, Portugal, in 36°45' N., 8 °25' W.; no casualties; car­ · Mr. GIFFORD. The · gentleman understands I -tried . to ried cargo of rice. November 7, 1916: Steamship Columbian, gross 8,673 tons, bombed bring the·matter up for further study; but it seems to me that and sunk by German submarine U-49, 50 miles northwest of Cape I to make it unlawful for a person to attend his mother's Ortega!, Spain, in 44° N.,. 8°44' W.; no casualties. funeral in England is going very far. November 26, 1916: Steamship Chemung, gross 3,061 tons; tor­ · Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Sometimes people must forego pedoed and sunk with . gunfire -by Austrian submarine in Mediter­ ranean, 14 miles east of Cape de Gata, in 36°37' N., 1 °55' W.; no even such things in the interest of the general welfare and to -casualties; carried a general cargo, including 5,760 plates of spelter, prevent war. 854 tons pig iron, 300 coils of copper wire, 36 barrels of copper, Mr. MILLER. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? 200 bales of cotton, 153 cases of iron wire, and quantities of pro­ visions; no ammunition or powder on her manifest (New York Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. I yield. Times, Nov. 29, 1916, p. 1, column 1). Mr. MILLER. In- looking up another matter the other December 10, 1916: St. Helens att acked by German submarine . . night I ran across the records containing the debate in the December 14, 1916: Rebecca Palmer fired on and damaged by Ger­ House on the McLemore amendment, I believe it was. I do man submarine 70 miles west-southwest of Fastnet; no casualties. December 15, 1916: Galena fired on by German submarine. not know whether the gentleman from Texas was a Member January 4, 1917: Steamship Norlina, gross 4,596 tons, damaged by of the House at that time or not. torpedo fired by German submarine U-88 in Atlantic Ocean about Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. No; that was before my time. 180 miles northwest of Inishtrahull Island, off the nort h coast of Ireland, in 56°38' N., 12°20' W.; did not sink; no casualties. Mr. MILLER. I wa.S rather astonished at the bitterness of January 9, 1917: Sacramento fired on by German submarine. · the debate. I wonder if, as a matter of interest, the gentle­ February 3, 1917: Steamship Housatonic, gross 3,143 tons, bombed man cares to comment on the circumstances he thinks have and sunk by German submarine U-53, 20 miles south of Bishops 668 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUS~ OCTOBER 20 Light; no casualties; carried a cargo of contraband (New York Times, special orders already entered for that day I may be permitted Feb. 4, 1917, sec. 1, p. 1, column 5). · February 12, 1917: Lyman M. Law, schooner, gross 1,300 tons, cap­ to address the House for 25 minutes. tured and S\lnk by German submarine U-35 in the Mediterranean, The SPEAKER pro tempore._ Is there objection to the about 25 miles from land, near Cagliari, Sardinia, in 38"32' N., request of the gentleman from South Dakota? 7"58' E.; no casualties. December 3, 1915: Communipaw fired on, but proceeded; carried There was no objection. cargo of oil (New York Times, Dec. 8, 1915, p. 1, column 8). The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the special order of March 12, 1917: Steamship Algonquin, gross 2,832 tons, sunk with the House heretofore made, the gentleman from Mississippi gunfire and bombs by German submarine U-62, 65 miles west of Bishops, off Scilly Islands, in 40°52' N., 7°32' W.; no casualties; [Mr. RANKIN] is recognized for 25 minutes. carried cargo of foodstuffs. DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC POWER-BONNEVILLE AND T.V. A. March 16, 1917: Steamship Vigilancia, gross 4,115 tons, torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U-70, 145 miles west of Bishops; Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, on yesterday the gentleman 15 lives lost; carried general cargo. from Oregon [Mr. PIERCE] niade some remarks on the dis­ March 17, 1917: Steamship City of Memphis, gross 5,252 tons, sunk tribution of power generated at Bonneville Dam on the with gunfire by German submarine (UC type), 35 miles south of the Fastnet; no casualties; in ballast--no cargo. Columbia River, which I hope every Member of the House March 18, 1917: Steamship Illinois, tanker, gross 5,225 tons, sunk will read. with bombs by German submarine (UC type) in the English Chan­ We have now reached a point in, the Bonneville develop­ nel, 20 miles north of Alderney, Channel Islands; no casualties; in ballast--no cargo. • ment when we must decide whether or not the power gen­ March 21, 1917: Steamship Healdton, tanker, gross 4,489 tons, erated at that dam and at other dams to be constructed on torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine 25 miles north of the Columbia River is going to be used for the benefit of the Terschelllng, Holland, in 53°53' N., 4°28' E.; 20 lives lost. April 1, 1917: Steamship Aztec, gross 3,727 tons, torpedoed and American people or is going to be turned over to the Power sunk by an enemy submarine (UC type), off Ushant Light, Quessant Trust to be resold to the people in that great section of the Island, northwest coast of France; 28 lives lost. country at the exorbitant rates they are now charging. April 4, 1917: Marguerite, schooner, gross 1,553 tons, sunk with bombs by German submarine U-35 in the Mediterranean, 35 miles One of the greatest blows we friends of public power have southwest of Sardinia; no casualties. had in recent years was the death of J.D. Ross, the admin­ April 4, 1917: Steamship Misscmrian, gross 7,924 tons, shelled with istrator at Bonneville, one of the great pioneers in public gunfire and sunk by German submarine U-52 in the Mediterranean, power throughout the entire country. He is gone, but he near Porto Maurizio, Italy, in 43°31' N., 8°14' E.; no casualties. left behind him a record of service that will never die. LIST OF UNITED STATES MERCHANT SHIPS MINED DURING THE WORLD WAR, BUT BEFORE OUR ENTRY THEREIN Others have attempted since his death to formulate a new February 19, 1915: Steamship Evelyn, gross 1,963 tons, sunk by policy for Bonneville. A new administrator has been ap­ mines in North Sea, near Isle of Borkum, 10 miles west of Norderney, pointed there, Dr. Paul J. Raver, and every conceivable pres­ in 53.52' N., 6°7' E.; one life lost. sure is being brought to bear by the private power interests February 22, 1915: Steamship Carib, gross 2,087 tons, sunk by mine in the North Sea, in 53°56' N., 7°56' E.; 3 lives lost. to get him to discard the policies of J. D. Ross, to ignore the April 2, 1915: Steamship Greenbrier, gross 3,322 tons, sunk by wishes of the Congress of the United States, to ignore the British mine in the North Sea, near Amrum, North Frisian Islands; interests of the American people, rob the people of the no casualties. September 27, 1915: Vincent, schooner, gross 1,904 tons, sunk by Northwest of their birthright, and sell this power to private mine in the North Sea, near Cape Orloff, Russia; 4 injured. power companies for them to resell to the people of those November 18, 1915: Helen Martin, schooner, gross 2,265 tons, sunk States without any restrictions as to the rates they shall by mine in North Sea, 3 miles west-northwest of Cape Orloff; salvaged; 4 injured. charge the ultimate consumers. June 18, 1916: Steamship Seacc:mnet, gross 2,294 tons, sunk by The friends of public power in this House take the position mine in the North Sea, off Great Yarmouth, England; no casualties. that the power generated at a public dam on a navigable July 10, 1916: Steamship GoldsheZZ, gross 5,614 tons, struck mine in the Bay of Biscay; salvaged; no casualties. stream, or its tributaries, is public property, national wealth, December 18, 1916: Steamship Kansan, gross 7,913 tons, struck that belongs to all the American people, and it should be mine in the Bay of Biscay; salvaged; 6 injured. used for their benefit. It should be delivered to them at Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous rates based upon the cost of generation, transmission, and consent to address the House for 1 minute. distribution. The SPEAKER pro tempore

CONTRACT POWER RATES Annual income, profit and loss, year ending Dec. 31-Continued Contract power rates -that provide for a lower step in the rate - than quoted above are available to large consumers who maintain 1936 1937 193S a power factor of 90 percent or better; provided, however, that each contract is approved separately in writing by the commissioner of public utilities and the city council. Less appropriations to bond redemp- tion reserves __------$679, 333. 34 $i14, 333. 32 $745, 833. 34 I hope every Member and everyone else who reads this Add bond redemptions ______678, 000. 00 713, 000.00 744, 000. 00 RECORD will get out his canceled light or power bills and Income profit and loss balance compare the rates with the Tacoma rates and the T. V. A. to unreserved surplus_------1, 619, 099. 88 894,621.42 927,881.39 rates, and then he can verify my statements as to these overcharges. Comparative balance sheets, Tacoma Light Division If Members who are interested in this proposition will con­ 1936 1937 1938 sult a publication issued by the Burns & McDonnell Engineer­ ing Co., consulting engineers of Kansas City, Mo., entitled "Results of Municipal Lighting Plants," they will find the ASSETS Plant and equipment ______$23, 524, 317. 96 $23, 896, 330. 84 $24,429, 241.93 records of 717 cities and towns that have municipal owner­ Sinking funds ____ ------394,269. 38 398, 111.88 400,438.35 ship of electric-power facilities, together with their rates Current assets: Cash ___------404, 2S6. 92 460, 686. 03 477,387.54 in effect during 1938 and 1939, the capital and investments, Loans receivable ______115,500.00 110,500. OG 23,250.00 taxes paid, profits realized, and so forth. Consumers' deposits ______82,669. 18 85,421. 75 90, 289.46 Accounts receivable ______495,156.86 510,713. 67 724,121.99 The cold facts which this volume presents are one of the Materials and supplies ______309,726.42 401,021.24 409,378.94 greatest arguments in favor of municipal ownership of power Other current assets ______7, 632.00 0 0 facilities I have ever found. Unadjusted debits ______414,099.67 482, 760.70 399,184. 30 These private power interests overcharged the people of TotaL ____ ------______- ____ 25, 747, 628. 39 26, 345, 546. 11 26, 953, 292. 51

Washington, outside of Tacoma, last year $14,273,945. LB.BILITIES . If you turn all this power over to these private utilities Capital liabilities ______6, 018, 000. 00 5, 307,000. 00 4, 563, 000. 00 without regulating the resale rates you might as well dyna­ Current and accrued liabilities: mite Grand Coulee as far as the benefits to the electric con­ Warrants payable __ ------48,350.02 37,594. 61 33, 660.86 Consumers' deposits ______82,669.18 85, 421.75 90,289.46 sumers of that great northwestern section are concerned. Other accounts payable ______13, 155.76 19, 073. 26 18,061.36 Let us see about Tacoma. I brought all these figures here. Other accruals ______25,984.59 22, 625. 8'4 21, 252.28 Deferred liabilities ______7, i.23. 09 5, 990.33 18, 209.50 I thought perhaps some gentlemen might want to ask about Depreciation reserve ______4, 599, 702. 21 5, 054, 196. &6 5, 487, 000. 41 their home States. I want to give you all the inr"ormation Other reserves ______648,370.03 656,099. 28 634,559.23 Sinking funds_------370, 333.34 371, 666.66 373,500. 00 you want on this subject, and I am prepared for every one Surplus ______------__ -----___ . 13, 933, 640. 17 - 14, 785,878. 02 15, 713, 759. 41 of you, from Maine to Mexico. I have the information before me. I will show that in every State in this Union the people TotaL ____ ------___ _ 25, 747, 628. 39 26, 345, 546. 11 26, 953, 292. 51 are being overcharged approximately 100 percent or more Current assets_------1, 414, 941. 38 1, 568, 342. 69 1, 724, 427. 93 for electric light and power, as the tables which I am inserting Current liabilities __------170, 159.55 164, 715. 46 163,263.96 will show. Net current assets ______1, 244, 781. 83 1, 403, 627. 23 1, 561, 163. 97 Tacoma is a city of 112,000 people. They have an in­ vestment of $24,429,242. They have amortized it down to System' load data $4,563,000. Last year they sold all told $2,473,735 worth of electricity; paid in taxes, free services, and cash donations 1936 1937 1938 the sum of $413,047; and then made a net profit of $816,- 145.05. This happened right in the very shadow of Bonne- Generated kilowatt-hours: Nisqually power plant, gross_------104, 199, 000 128, 465, 000 107, 104, 000 . ville. Yet while that was going on in Tacoma the private Ni~ qually power plant, self-consumed __ 1, 357,942 1, 414, 708 760, 703 power companies were overcharging the people of the rest of Nisqually power plant, net______102, 841, 058 127, 050, 292 the State of Washington $14,273,945, according to the Tacoma 106, 343, 297 rates. Cushman No. 1 power plant, gross ___-- 85,154,000 93,985,000 111, 110, 000 Cushmansumed ______No. 1 power plant,______self-con- At this point I am inserting the 1938 complete financial 1, 377,330 1, 418,007 1, 063,728 & statement of the Tacoma Electric Light Power System. C.ushman No. 1 power plant, net_ ____ 83,776,670 112,566,993 I hope every one of you will read and study it carefully. It 110 .. 046, 272 answers completely all the arguments that have ever been Cushman No. 2 power plant, gross ___ -- 126, 929, 000 151, 778, 000 129, 900, 000 Cushmansumed _No.______2 power plant, self-con- made against- municipal ownership of light and power 1, 299,560 1, 328,166 1, 179, 061 facilities. Cushman No.2 power plant, net_ ____ The matter referred to follows: 125, 629, 440 150, 449, 834 128, 720, 939 Steam plant No.1, gross ______610,400 ------Annual income, profit and loss, year ending Dec. 31 Steam plant No.1, self-consumed ______96,770 ------41:766- 36, 949 (41, 766) 1936 1937 1938 Steam plant No. 1, net_------513,630 (36. 949) Steam plant No.2, gross ______5, 714,000 Steam plant No.2, self-consumed ______------Current annual income: -----3i9:ooo- 928,000 261,000 Oper'lting revenues ______$2, 359, 964. 91 $2, 546, 314. 88 $2, 4i3, 734. 27 Steam plant No.2, net______(319, 000) Less operating expenses_------494,075.76 605,248.70 706,401.09 4, 786,000 (261. 000) System energy transactions: Gross operating income ______1, 865, 8..119. 15 1, 941, 066. 18 1, 767, 333. 18 Net hydro-generated kilowatt-hours ____ 312, 247, 168 370, 067, 119 345, 110, 508 Less depreciation ______460,352.68 467,604.87 474,084.63 Net steam-generated kilowatt-hours ____ 194,630 4, 744,234 (297, 949) Received from Seattle kilowatt-hours ___ 221,000 27,000 5,000 Operating income ______1, 405, 536.47 1, 473,461. 31 1, 293, 248. 55 Miscellaneous revenues and ex- Total generated and received ______312, 662, 798 374, 838, 353 344,817, 559 pense ______(8,' 788. 27) (7, 665. 9i) 31,266.06 Delivered to Seattle, kilowatt-hours ___ _ 19,654,000 2, 692,000 53,000 Gross income-----~------1, 395, 748. 20 1, 465, 795. 37 1, 324, 514. 61 Net system requirements ______293, 008, 798 372, 146, 353 344, 764, 559 Self-consumed, line and transformer D eductions from gross income: lossPs ______48,456, 645 58,521, 046 56, 956,926 Interest______319, 791.87 284,597. 30 248,610.31 Total energy sales excluding Seattle___ 244, 552, 153 313, 625, 307 Amortization of debt discount_ 13, 259.41 11,616.32 11,368.20 287, 807, 633 Taxes ______236,411. 42 256,833.54 248, 391.05 Generating plant peak (kilowatts): Nisqually power plant ______25, 000 24, 000 22,000 Total deductions_------569,462. 70 553,047. 16 508,369.56 Cushman No. 1 power plant______40,000 40, 000 40,000 Cushman No. 2 power plant ______48,000 !i.2,000 45,000 Net annual income ______827,285.50 912,748.21 816, 145.05 Steam plant No. !______4,000 ------Profit and loss: Steam plant No.2------·------12,000 Current annual period ______(1, 571. 16) (19, 860. 58) 2, 621.47 Maximum loads (kilowatts): ---.------Prior periods __ ------794,718.88 3, 067.11 110,948.21 Total generation_____ ------____ 71,000 78,000 76,000 System peak______62,000 69,000 73,000 Inc{)me profit and loss, totaL ___ 1, 620, 433. 22 895,954.74 929,714.73 672 CONGRESSION-AL RECORD-HOUSE 0CTOBE.R 20

System load data-=-Continued Taxes-Direct and indirect

1936 1937 1938 1936 1937 1938

Yearly load factors: Gross earnings tax: Total generation ______percent__ 50.1 54.85 51.8 State______$64,824.63 $71,313.87 $68,229.06 System ______do____ 53.8 61.56 53.9 CitY------171,586.79 185,519.67 180,161.99 Gratuitous work______1, 226.85 1, 667.58 442.12 Hydro, gas, and miscellaneous taxes____ 35,296.89 21,064.70 31,585.53 Segregation of energy billed 1------1------1------272. 935. 16 279, 565. 82 280, 418. 70 1936 (kilo- 1937 (kilo- 1938 (kilo- watt-hours) watt-hours) watt-hours) Percentage to gross operating revenues ______11.57 10.98 11.34

ResidentiaL ______----______•• ------_-__ 48,522,830 52,367,632 57,291,532 · CommerciaL ___ -----~------30,142,964 31,922,528 33,622,719 The light division also pays to the city of Tacoma general fund IndustriaL ______------141, 256,809 203, 014, 370 170, 095, 544 for services rendered 30 percent of all salaries in the following city Municipal Street Railway------1, 134,395 1, 116,460 716,000 offices: Treasurer, controller, attorney, city clerk, civil se:rvice, and Municipal street lighting ______7, 138, 946 7, 158,538 7, 086,987 city purchasing agent, as well as rental for quarters occupied. This Municipal and other public sales ______10,013,798 10,982,066 11,093,397 Sales to other utilities except Seattle ______6, 342,411 7, 063,713 7, 901,454 expense for last 3 years amounted to: 1------1------1------1936 ______$18,004.97 SubtotaL______244, 052, 153 313, 625, 307 287, 807, 633 1937 ______19,665.01 Sales to Seattle______19,654,000 2, 692, 000 53, 000 1938------~------21,554.26 Total energy billed ______264,206, 153 316,317,307 287,860,633 See further explanation under "Revenue dollar." Fixed assets--plant-Dec. 31, 1938 Average number of billings .. Ratings 1036 I 1037 1938 Horsepower Kilowatts 1938 -R-e-s1-.d-en_t_i-al _____ -_- __-_-_- __-_- __-_-_- __-_- __-_-_- __-_- __-_-_- __-_- __-_-_- __-_- __-l--30- ,-068-- 30, 848 ~ CommerciaL______3, 756 3, 773 3, 797 Unit No. 1, Nisqually power plant__ ___ 32,000 24,000 $2, 107,893.49 IndustriaL ______1,130 1. 099 11,045 Unit No.2, Cushman power plant No. L 50,000 36,000 4, 363, 486. 83 Municipal street railway------1 1 1 Unit No.3, Cushman power plant No.2. 75,000 54,000 6, 360, 346. 27 Municipal street lighting______1 1 1 . Unit No.4, steam plant No. L______12,000 9, 000 397,970.32 Municipal and other public sales______251 258 256 Unit N~. ~.steam plant No.2______33,500 25,000 1, 935, 271. 79 Sales to other utilities except Seattle______11 11 11 TransmissiOn system_------1, 762, 822. 61 Subtotal ______Distribution plant. _____ ~------____ ------___ _ 6, 907,192. 57 35,218 35,991 36,874 General plant _____ ------____ ------___ _ 594,258.05 Sales to Seattle.------1 1 1 - 1------To tal. ______202,500 148,000 24,429, 241.93 Total energy billed.------35,219 35,992 36,875 Percent 1 Decline due to combining of meters. Residential service data for 193-8 -Operating expense------47. 1 Depreciation------18. 9 Production ______:..._.:. ______· ------7. 4 National 'I':ransmission ______· 4. 9 Tacoma average Distribution______6. 0 (E. E. I: Commercial utilization and generaL______9. 9 report) Deductions from. gross income______20. 3 Interest------· 10.4 Average revenue per kilowatt-hour------______cents .• 1.56 4. 23 Direct taxes ______:______1 9. 9 Kilowatt-hours per customer __------­ 1,804 853 Appropriated for bond redemption ______29. 7 .Average revenue per customer------$28.22 $36.08 ~etincome------32.6 Operating revenues 1938 revenue dollar Direct taxes include gross revenue taxes paid to State and to city 1938, average only. The total taxes amount tG 11.34 percent of the total revenue, 1936 1937 1938 (~.nts per and are detailed below: 1 kilowatt- hour) State of Washington: Public utility, tax 3 percent ______$69, 965. 10 Business activities, ·sales and ·campensat- ResidentiaL_------$804, 871. 77 $848, 651.96 $896, 295. 01 1.56 ing taxes______6,~8.13 CommerciaL ______507,503.03 498,088.36 515, 428.95 1.53 IndustriaL ___ ------740,227.31 971,100.27 852,566.08 . 50 Auto licenses aiid gas tax______3, 514. 55 Municipal street railway_ 6, 541. 19 6, 487.38 5, 252.60 . 73 Power license fees______2, 966. 66 Municipal street lighting_ 72,141.05 72,416.34 71,574.23 1. 01 Municipal and other Total, State of Washington ______public sales ______83,798.41 84,817.94 84,243.82 . 76 $82,494.44 Sales to other utilities . Mason and Pierce Counties: except Seattle ______40,539.78 4.'~, 999.41 48,403.98 . 61 Mason County schools ______4,442.98 Pierce County schools ______3,500.00 SubtotaL ______2, 255, 622. 54 2, 525, 561. 66 2, 473,764.67 .86 Sales to Seattle______98,270.00 15,327. 50 265.00 ------Total counties ______7,942.98 Total energy hillP-d. 2, 353, 892. 54 2, 540, 889. 16 2, 474, 029. 67 ______, __ __ City of Tacoma: Miscellaneous revenue Gross Earnings tax (712 percent)------180, 161. 99 and adjustments______6, 072.37 5,425. 72 (295. 40) ------Inspection services ______9,377.11 Gratuitous work ______Total operating 442.12 revenue ______2, 359, 964. 91 2; 546,314.88 2, 473,734.27 ------City of Tacoma ______189,981.22 Operattng expenses TotaL------·------280, 418. 64 1936 1937 1938 Additional contributions and services to the Production ______------city of Tacoma: $127, 277. 14 $185,781.39 $184, 346. is St_reet-lighting energy (1938) unpaid__ 69,613.04 Transmission and transformation______72,705.27 91,211.38 124, 122.55 Distribution______----__ 96,679.57 129,080.27 149, 736.10 Street-lighting operation and mainte- Utilization _____ ------_ 23,184.96 26,973.47 59,930.25 nance (1938) unpaid)------41, 460.40 CommerciaL ___ ------83,~.10 93,477.46 110,216.08 30-percent general :fund office expense 1_ 21, 554.26 GeneraL ___ ------90,940.72 78,724.73 78,049.93 t------1 Operating expense; ______494,075.76 605,248.70 706,401.09 Additional to city of Tacpma______132,627.70 Depreciation ___ ------~ :. ------· 460, 352.68 467,604.87 474,084.63 1 ------1------1------· Contributions to offices of city controller, department of public l'otal operating expenses. ___ ----- 954, 428. 44 . finance, city .clerk, board of contracts an

NOTE.-Plant investment, $24,~29,241.93; bonded debt, $4,563,000; balance of Mr. RANKIN. Yes. cost of plant paid for from earnings of system; final bond payment on present indebt­ Mr. MARTIN J. KENNEDY. Does the gentlemftn say that. edness will be paid on Apr. 1, 1951. he is going to put into the RECORD these figures, the compara­ Mr. PIERCE of Oregon. Will the gentleman yield? tive rates of T. V. A. and the rates of the various munici-· Mr. RANKIN. I yield to the gentleman from Oregon. palities? Mr. PIERCE of Oregon. It seems to me that the important Mr. RANKIN. I have the figures broken down by States,· question right now is, Will the power companies be able to but to put them in for every municipality I fear would be a secure contracts for the so-called excess power at Bonne­ very great order. ville and T. V. A.? Will the gentleman speak particularly · Mr. MARTIN J. KENNEDY. Has the gentleman the fig-­ along that line as to whether or not such contracts should ures for the city of New York? be made even with a provision in them that they can be Mr. RANKIN. I can give the gentleman the figures for the canceled? State of New York. According to the T. V. A. rates, the Mr. RANKIN. Does the gentleman mean with private people in th~ State of New York last year were overcharged­ power companies? $157,872,433. According to the Ontario rates, which Province, Mr. PIERCE of Oregon. Yes; with private power com­ of course, is just across the Niagara River from them, the panies. people of the State of New York last year were overcharged Mr. RANKIN. Absolutely no! There should never be a $176,683,032. . kilowatt-hour of electricity sold by the Tennessee Valley Mr. MARTIN J. KENNEDY. My inquiry is a friendly one. Authority or by the Bonneville project or by any other public I am anxious to know whether or not the gentleman compared power project to any private power company unless it is ·the matter of salaries and things of that sort in making this written into the contract that the private power company comparison. I am asking this to anticipate their criticism in must sell all the power sold by it in that area at the yard­ respect to higher wages and taxes. stick rates, or rates fixed by the Government or the T.V. A. · Mr. RANKIN. The taxes paid by private power interests in or the Bonneville project, as the case may be, and based the State of New York do not begin to absorb these over­ upon the cost of generation, transmission, and distribution. charges. The resale rates should be written into the contract. Unless In the Tennessee Valley Authority we have three Directors. that is done I am not in favor of selling them a kilowatt-hour All three of them together only receive $30,000 a year salary, of public power; and I shall fight from now on every contract 'or $10,000 each. Some of these "highbinders" in the utility proposed that does not contai~ such salutary provisions. holding companies draw salaries ranging as high as $200,000 Mr. PATRICK. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? and $250,000 a year. I will say that the administrator at Mr. RANKIN. Yes. Bonneville and all three of the Directors of the T.V. A. com­ Mr. PATRICK. I agree with the gentleman 100 percent, bined do not draw as ml)ch salary as the president of the but will the gentleman please develop that and state why Commonwealth or the president of the Electric Bond & Share. that should be done? Mr. MARTIN J. KENNEDY. Mr. Speaker, will the gentle­ Mr. RANKIN. In order to supply the people electricity at man yield? reasonable rates. These yardstick rates laid down by Mr. Mr. RANKIN. I yield. Ross at Bonneville and by the T.V. A. are reasonable rates. Mr. MARTIN J. KENNEDY. I wish the gentleman would They are not too low; if anything they are too high and will put those figures in the RECORD if they are available. be reduced later. Private power company rates should be held down to them, Mr. RANKIN. I will try to do so. and no private company should be sold even a part of that Mr. PIERCE of Oregon. Will the gentleman yield? power unless they bring their rates down to those levels. Mr. RANKIN. I yield. Otherwise, they would simply "ground" the T. V. A. and Mr. PIERCE of Oregon. I make the point that these old­ the Bonneville project by taking that power and using· their line companies, private utilities, cannot reduce their rates to influence, as they have always done, to kill off public power the T. V. A. yardstick without cutting their capitalization in districts, to kill off rural electrification, to kill off municipal half. · Therefore a contract that attempts to carry yardstick ownership, and to prevent the people from getting any of this rates will not be enforced by the private utilities. power at all at the yardstick rates. Mr. RANKIN. Let me say to the gentleman from Oregon They are now boasting that if they can get these contracts that I reluctantly arrived at my present convictions in favor through, then they are safe. They can then continue to of public ownership of. power facilities. I did so because I overcharge the American people $1,000,000,000 a year or found it is the only way-let me repeat-it ·is absolutely the LXXXV---43 :674 _CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 20 . only way the people can ever get electricity at what it is Mr. RANKIN. I went into that grid-system proposition worth. It must be through some method of public generation, some years ago. They advocated one for the Tennessee Val­ transmission, and distribution. There is not a single munici­ ley area. The Tennessee Valley Authority directors were not pality in the United States-and if anybody doubts this, just in favor of it--or at least some of them were not-but I found mention the municipality and I will read his rates into the that there was a movement on to have it adopted, and Senator RECORD-there is not a single municipality in which the people NoRRIS and I got after it and broke it up and saved the are "served" by a private power company of any kind where people of the Tennessee Valley Authority from it. the consumers are not overcharged all the way from 50 to 350 Whenever you form· a grid system and mix private power percent every month for their electricity. with public power you are simply losing the benefits of public Mr. Speaker, I rose to discuss this Bonneville project, to power and turning it over to the Power Trust. No; we are sound a warning that those of us in this House who believe in not going to appropriate money for any grid system or for public power have long since made our program known. We any public power to be turned over to the Power Trust for believe the Government should hold in perpetuity the dams it them to rob the American people with it. We might as well now owns or has under construction or in contemplation, and understand that now. should build the transmission lines to convey the electrical Mr. Speaker, I am inserting four tables showing the energy generated at those dams throughout the distribution amount of electricity used and the overcharges in every radius of each one and sell at wholesale to cities, towns, State in the Union, according to the T. V. A. rates, the cooperative associations, or other public agencies at the Tacoma rates, and the Ontario rates. minimum rates necessary to amortize that part of the invest­ The first table shows the number of residential consumers, ment charged to power in 40 or 50 years, with the distinct the amount of electricity used, and the overcharges in each and specific requirement that it be distributed to the ulti­ State. mate consumers at the yardstick rates, or rates based upon The second table shows the same thing for the commercial the cost of its purchase and distribution. Or, in other words, consumers. rates based upon the cost of generation, transmission, and The third one shows the same thing for the industrial distribution. consumers, and the fourth one shows the total for all con­ In addition to that, if any of it is sold at all through pri­ sumers in each State. vate power companies they must reduce their rates to those These are the exorbi-tant overcharges that the private levels or they cannot get public power without a fight from power interests in this country would perpetuate if they now on as long as the friends of public power occupy seats in couid only get their hands on the power generated at every this House. public-power project in the United States, from Bonneville Mr. PIERCE of Oregon. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman to the T.V. A. yield? I trust that every Member of the House, and everyone else Mr. RANKIN. I yield. who reads this record, will take the time to read these tables Mr. PIERCE of Oregon. There is now a proposition in carefully, especially that part of them that applies to his the Northwest to provide a grid system by which companies own State, and then join us friends of public power in lifting Will feed their power in, both private and public. this enormous burden from the shoulders· of the unpro­ Mr. RANKIN. Yes. tected power consumers throughout the whole country.. Mr. PIERCE of·Oregon. Tell us what you know about the [Applause.] 1 grid system. The matter referred to follows:

TABLE 1.-ResidentiaZ electric sales, 1938

Estimated sales data for 1938 Estimated revenues and consumer savings under rates in effect in-

State Tennessee Valley Tacoma, Wash. Province of Ontario, Number of Total kilowatt- Total Authority Canada customers hours revenues Revenues Overcharges Revenues Overcharges · Revenues Oven•harges

Alabama ______165, 236 189,972,000 $5,788,628 $4,063,617 $1,725,011 $3,351,616 $2,437,012 $2,894,314 $2,894,314 Arizona_------__ 41,973 38,192,000 1, 857,716 800,676 1, 057,040 659,489 1, 198,227 570,319 1, 21!.7, 397 ArkansasCalifornia ______------__ ------______92,587 65,458,000 3, 475,153 1, 633,322 1, 841,831 1, 344,884 2, 130,269 1, 160,701 2, 314,452 1, 403,075 1, 189, 108, 000 41, 152, 6(}7 28,683,367 12,469,240 23, 621,. 596 17, 531,011 20,411,693 20,740,914 Colorado __ ------______------'1.72, 159 120, 337, 000 6, 115.416 3, 100,516 3, 014,900 2, 556,244 3, 559,172 2, 207,665 3, 907, 751 Connecticut ______--______41'9, 438 382, 151, 000 16,457, 291 9, 331,284 7, 126,007 7, 685,555 8, 771,736 6, 632,288 9, 825,003 Delaware _____ ------44, 102 36,826,000 1, 792,819 891,031 901, 788 ·733, 263 1, 059,556 634,658 1, 158, 161 District of Columbia ______134, 726 142, 891, 000 3, 990,953 3, 480, 111 510,842 2, .865, 504 1, 125,449 2,478, 382 1, 512,571 Florida ______------____ ------______235,867 247, 973,000 12,034,778 5, 632,276 6, 402, 502 4, 645,424 7, 389,354 4, 007,581 8, 027,197 IdahoGeorgia ______------_.______219,654 289, 675, 000 8, 882,341 5, 551,463 3. 330,878 4, 574,406 4, 307,935 3, 952,642 4; 929,699 Illinois ______62,985 95,090,000 2, 685,657 1, 579,166 1, 106,491 1, 299,858 1, 385, 799 1, 125,290 1, 560,367 1, 737,790 1, 298, 790, 000 56, 123,586 34,179,264 21,944,322 28,174,040 27,949,546 24,357,636 31,765,950 Indiana_------___ ------_ 576, 192 442, 201, 000 19,368, 027 11,310,928 8, 057,099 9, 316,021 10,052,006 8, 057,099 11,310,928 Iowa ______------____ ------______Kansas ______:. ______372, 128 263, 017, 000 12,217, 167 6, 609,487 5, 607,680 5,448, 856 6, 768,311 4, 703,609 7, 513, 558 266, 194 204, 048, 000 9, 107,086 5, 008,897 4, 098, 189 4, 125,510 4, 981,576 3, 569,978 5, 537, 108 224,401 169, 457, 000 6, 881,952 4, 177, 345 2, 704,607 3, 440,976 3, 440,976 2, 973,003 3, 908,949 ======209,574 126, 737, 000 7, 027,338 3, 513,669 3, 513,669 2, 895,263 4, 132,075 2, 501,732 4, 525,606 MaryMaine~~~f~~~i~===land __ ------~------______140,584 98,142,000 4, 826,611 2, 413,306 2, 413,305 1, 988,564 2,838, 047 1, 718,274 3, 108,337 304,582 245, 677,000 10,288,792 6, 245, 297 · 4, 043,495 5, 144,396 5, 144,396 4, 444,758 5, 844,034 M assachusetts ___ ------______------__ 1; 064, 743 685, 200, 000 35, 124,729 18, 159,485 16,965,244 14,963, 135 20,161,594 12,890,776 22,233,953 Michigan __ ___ ------____ ------__ ------1, 090,584 1, 093, 070, 000 36,801,377 25, 135, 340 11, 666, 037 20,682,374 16, 119,003 17, R85, 469 18,915, 908 425, 161 397, 751, 000 14,427,547 8, 945,079 5; 482,468 7, 372,477 7, 055, 070 6, 376,976 8, 050,571 75,376 64,640,000 2, 924,631 1, 579,301 1, 34.~. 330 1, 298, 536 1, 626,095 1, 123,058 1, 801,573 588, 107 516, 812, 000 19,475,676 12,035,968 7, 439,708 9, 913, 119 9, 562,557 8, 559,297 10,906,379 Montana______----_------_-___ ---_-_-___ -_----- 87,043 82,370,000 3, 166,860 1, 649,934 1, 516,926 1, 358,583 1, 808,277 1, 174,905 1, 991,955 NebraskaHt~~~i~r~i~======___ ------176, 361 144, 288, 000 6, 317,862 3, 474,824 2, 843,038 2, 861,991 3, 455,871 2, 476,602 3, 841,260 Nevada ______------__ 14.940 16,403,000 661,961 301,192 360,769 247, !i73 414,388 214,475 447,486 New Hampshire __ ------102,877 69,805,000 3, 686,075 1, 736, 141 1, 949,934 1, 430, 197 2, 255,878 1, 234,835 2, 451,240 New Jersey __ ------1, 019,214 708, 495, 000 37,455,844 18,877,745 18, 578,099 15, 544, 175 21,911,669 13,446,648 24, 009, 196 New Mexico._------32,846 23,601,000 1, 348,452 556,91 1 791,541 458,474 889,978 396,445 952.007 New York ____ ------3, 214,644 2, 216, 954, 000 108, 405, 661 58,864,274 49, 541.·387 48,457,330 59,948,331 41,952,991 66,452,670 North Carolina ___ ------208, 478 208, 760, 000 7, 652,671 4, 530,381 3, 122,290 3, 734,503 3, 918,168 3, 229,427 4,423, 244 North Dakota______------__------____ ------57,063 50,018,000 2, 183, 358 1, 115,696 1, 067,662 917,010 1, 266,348 792,559 1, 390,799 . Ohio ______------1, 404,129 1, 230, 441, 000 45,748,718 30,239,903 15,508,815 24,933,051 20,815,667 21,547,646 24,201,072 214,260 157, 927, 000 OreOklgonahoma. ______------·------__ 8, 192,205 3, 948,643 4, 243,562 1, 267,305 6, 924,900 2, 809,926 5, 382,279 Pennsylvania ______182,009 249, 265, 000 6, 667,043 4, 306,910 2, 360, 133 3, 546,867 3, 120, 176 3, 066,840 3, 600,203 1, 925,887 1, 58.5, 247, 000 48,462, 484 27,817,466 20,645,018 22,922, 755 25,539,729 19,821,156 28,641,328 SouthRhode CarolinaIsland ______------__ 169,249 101, 1_76, 000 5, 971,517 2; 758, 841 3, 212,676 2, 269, 176 3, 702,341 1, 964,629 4, 006,888 South Dakota______89,057 100,288,000 3, 489,551 2, 173,990 1, 315,561 1, 790, 140 1, 699,411 1, 545,871 1, 943,680 63,719 52,537,000 2, 412,417 1, 157,960 1, 254,457 952,905 1, 459,512 825,047 1, 587,370 Tennessee ___ ------______------199,279 257, 165, 000 7, 943,631 6, 029,216 1, 914,415 4, 964,769 2, 978,862 4, 289,561 3, 654, 070 Texas_------652, 791l 513, 813, 000 24,017,173 12,801,153 11,216,020 5, 619,706 18,397,467 9,102,509 14,914,664 1939 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE . 675

TABLE I.-Residential electric sales; 1938-Continued

Estimated sales data for 1938 Estimated revenues and consumer savings under rates in effect in-

State Tennessee Valley Tacoma, Wash. Province of Ontario, Number of Total kilowatt- Total Authority Canada customers hours revenues Revenues Overcharges Revenues Overcharges Revenues Overcharges . -.----. J Utah ... _____ ------92,560 95,385,000 $3,518,470 $2,075,897 $1,442,573 $1,709,976 $1,808,494 $1,477,757 $2,040,713 61,168 47,491, 000 2, 3i6, 513 1, 142,752 1, 203,761 940,952 1, 405,561 884,635 1, 461,878 ~r~~~~~~ ======:::::::::::::: 268,692 269, 547,000 10,756, 171 6,055, 724 4, 700,447 4, 990,863 5, 765,308 ~353,325 6,402, 846 Washington. ______----______. ______366,641 532, 473, 000 12,993,159 9, 017,252 3, 975,907 7, 419,094 5, 574,065 6, 418, 621 6,574,538 201,572 159, 949, 000 6, 834,414 3, 950,291 2, 884,123 3,266, 850 3, 567,564 2, 822,613 ~011,801 ;r;;o~~r._~~-·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Wyoming ______-----______531,011 491, 884, 000 17,190,413 10,365,819 6, 824,594 8, 526,445 8, 663,968 7,374, 687 9, 815,726 ----29,554 20,804,000 1, 198,997 507,176 691,821 417,251 781,746 360,898 838,099 TotaL __ ------21,432,270 17,790,301,000 717,449,498 419, 516, 286 297, 933, 212 338,649,047 378, 800,451, 298, 831, 806 418,617, 692 !

TABLE 2.-Commercial electric sales, 1938

Estimated sales data for 1938 Estimated revenues and consumer savings under rates in effect In-

State Tennessee Valley Authority Tacoma, Wash. Province of Ontario, Canada Number of Total kilowatt- Total reve- custome-rs hours nucs Revenues Overcharges Revenues Overcharges Revenue~ Overcharges Alabama ______33,424 176,259,000 $5,175,315 $2,572,132 $2,603,183 $2,717,040 $2,458,275 $2,365, 119 $2,810,196 .Arizona. ___ -----______8, 314 58,638,000 1, 982,005 858,208 1, 123,797 897,848 1, 084, 157 790,820 1, 191, 185 Arkansas __ ------~ ______----______27,816 82,649,000 3, 629,179 1, 571,435 2, 057,744 1, 625,872 2, 003,307 1,448,042 2, 181,137 California._----______323,013 1, 950, 900, 000 47, 140,578 31,018,500 16, 122,078 31,914, 171 15,226,407 28,567,190 18,573,388 Colorado __ __ -----__. ___ --______36,522 132, 244, 000 5, 701,661 2, 565,747 3, 135,914 2, 588,554 3, 113, 107 2, 195; 139 3, 506, 522 Connecticut ______• ______61,635 257, 315, 000 10,784,892 4, 626,719 6, 158, 173 3,850, 206 6, 934,686 4, 260,032 6, 524, 86() Delaware ... ------7,248 40,637,000 1,185, 932 578,735 607,197 602,453 583,479 532,483 653,449 District of Columbia ______21,809 171,029,000 4, 182,607 3, 166,233 1, 016,374 3, 350,268 832,339 2, 915,277 1, ·267, 330 Florida ______._--____ --_----______53,976 219, 220, 000 10, 268,617 3, 943, 149 6, 325, iUS 4, 045,835 6,222, 782 3, 624,822 6, 643,795 Georgia._------______50,836 299, 373, 000 9, 259,805 ~ 500,265 4, 759,540 4, 657,682 4, 602,123 4, 148, 393 5, 111,412 Idaho. __ ------. 13,873 103, 456, 000 2,054,555 1,027, 278 1, 027,277 1, 047,823 1, 006,732 945,095 1,109, 460 Illinois ______:_ 339,421 1, 322,079,000 47,322,210 23,945,038 23,377, 172 25,412,027 21,910,183 22,099,472 25,222,738 Indiana.------__ 101, 160 572, 313, 000 17, 128,893 9, 266,731 7, 862,162 9, 694,953 7, 433,940 8, 547,318 8, 581,575 Iowa ______--__ --__ .. __ 83,098 276,014,000 10, 574,983 5, 467,266 5, 107,717 5, 689, 341 4,885.642 5,033,692 5, 541,291 Kansas.------55,762 208, 819, 000 7, 584,567 3,860, 545 3, 724,022 3, 9119,482 3, 595,085 3, 549,577 4, 034,990 44,369 182, 387. 000 6, 297,244 3, 362,728 2, 934,516 3, 520,159 2, 777,085 3,098,244 3,199,000 !-;~~~~=::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 42, 191 146,051,000 5, 491,083 2, 361,166 3, 129,917 2, 383,130 3, 107,953 2, 130,540 3, 360,543 l\1aine. ______------33,850 114, 550, 000 3, 944,001 1, 912, 840 2, 031, 161 1, 948, 336 1, 995,665 1, 762,968 2, 181, 033 Maryland. ______._ . 53,002 270, 207, 000 8, 875,260 4, 828, 141 4, 047,119 5,094, 399 3, 780,861 4, 446,505 4, 428,755 Massflchusetts. ___ ------200,548 929, 013, 000 32,221,239 13,081,823 19,139,416 13, 565,142 18,656,097 12,050,743 20, 170, 496 Michigan._. ------170, 451 980, !!69, ono 30,495,349 16, 101, 544 14, 393,805 16,863,928 13,631,421 14,820,740 15,674, 609 MMinne ississippLsota.______------______93, 135 334, 921, 000 12,596,273 6, 235, 155 6, 361, 118 6, 449,292 6, 146,931 5, 743,900 6, 852,373 Missouri. ______20,274 75,039,000 3, 119,326 1, 372,503 1, 746,823 1, 422,413 1, 696,913 1, 263,327 1,855, 999 107, 193 531, 581,000 17,472,698 9, 417, 784 8, 054, 914 9,889, 547 7, 583, 151 8, 666,458 8,806, 240 Montana .... ------__ ------____ . 23,419 76,086,000 3, 053,869 1, 447,534 1, 606,335 1, 456,696 1, 597, 173 1, 334, 541 1, 719,328 Nebraska . .. ------41,594 141, 636, 000 5, 633,208 2, 979,967 2, 653, 241 3, 120, 797 2, 512,411 2, 743, 372 2, 889,836 Nevada. ____ ------3, 770 26,478, 000 829,411 408,900 420,511 424, f\58 404,753 376,553 452,858 New Hampshire_------19,697 67,790,000 2, 750, 135 1, 105,554 1, 644,581 1, 127, 555 1, 622,580 1, 017,550 1, 732,585 New Jersey_ .. ------194,601 715, 735, 000 32,572,004 12,833,370 19,738,634 13,289,378 19,282,626 11,823,637 20, 74S, 367 New Mexico.------9,615 35,863,000 1,683, 663 643, 159 1, 040,504 663,363 1, 020,300 587,598 l, 096, 065 New York. _------622,842 3, 640, 615, 000 132,257,427 55,151,347 77,106,080 58,061,010 74,196,417 50,786,852 81,470,575 North Carolina ___ ------47,826 255, 618, 000 7,494,539 4,077,029 3, 417,510 4, 181,953 3, 312,586 3, 754,764 3, 739, 77fi North Dakota ______------____ 19,389 51,000,000 2,325, 888 1, 030,368 1, 295,520 1, 072,234 1, 253,654 951,288 1,374, 600 Ohio ______------__ 206,491 983, 258, 000 -31, 763, 967 17,883,113 13,880,854 18,772,504 12,991,463 16,485,499 15,278,468 Oklahoma. __ ------58,076 284, 248,000 9, 137,254 4, 175,725 4, 961,529 4, 303,647 4, 833,607 3, 846,784 5, 290,470 Oregon ______------__ --______39,912 257, 588, 000 6, 579,577 2, 980,548 3, 671,404 2, 908,173 3, 316,107 3, 263,470 Pennsylvania._------305,411 1, 117,013,000 25,815,479 1~;g~~:~~~ 12,727,031 13,733,835 12,081,644 12,055,829 13,759,650 Rhode Island._------24, 819 73,205,000 3, 525,327 1,424, 232 .2, 101,095 1,020, 232 2, 505,095 1, 307,896 2, 217,431 South Carolina ______25,366 103, 424, 000 3,408, 602 1, 775,882 1, 632,720 1, 833,828 1, 574,774 1, 636,129 1, 772,473 South Dakota______18,006 57,282,000 2,588,436 1, 149,266 1, 439,170 1, 182,915 1, 405,521 1, 058,670 1, 529,766 Tennessee ______--__ ------____ 41,382 213. 166, 000 7, 241,728 4, 352,279 2, 889,449 4, 540,563 2, 701, 165 4, 004,676 3, 237,052 Texas __ .. ___ ------143,674 761, 772, 000 23,905.982 11,785,649 12, 120,333 12,263, 769 11,642,213 10, 85.'!, 316 13,052.666 Utah ____ ------__ 10, 799 68,070,000 2. 428,641 1, 126, R89 1,301 , 752 1, 160,890 1, 267, 751 1, 037,030 1, 391,611 12, 516 29,543,000 1, 253,901 564,255 689,646 576.794 677, 107 520,369 733,532 ~r:~~i~~~====~=====:::::::::::::::::::: 48,298 243, 575, 000 7, 963,585 3, 902,157 4, 061, 42.q 4. 069,392 3, 894, 193 3, 623,431 4, 340, 154 55,196 479, 841, 000 9, 993,570 5, 826,251 4, 167, 319 6, 545,788 3, 447,782 5,806, 264 4, 187,306 33,858 178, 710, 000 5, 821.205 3, 096,881 2, 724,324 3,236, 590 2, 534, 615 2, 858, 212 2, 962,993 Wyoming ______!17, 682 370, 992, 000 13,398,701 6; 752,945 6, 645,756 7, 141,508 6, 257,193 6, 216,997 7, 181,704 ;f:!~!r£~~~======::::::::::::::::::: 7,977 25,930,000 1,294,687 477,740 816,947 488,097 806,590 440,194 854,493 • TotaL_------__ 4, 095,136 19, 694, 001, 000 649, 209, 058 318, 299, 634 330, 909, 424 331, 159, 301 318, 049, 757 293, 449, 454 355, 759, 604

TABLE a.-Industrial and other electric sales for ultimate consumption, 1938

Estimated sales data for 1938 Est¥uated revenues and consumer savings under rates in etiect in-

State Tennessee Valley Tacoma, Wash. Province of Ontario, Number of Total kilowatt- Total reve- Authority Canada · - customers hours nues Revenues Overcharges Revenues Overcharges Revenues Overcharges

Alabama .• ------28,857 987, 181, OO:J $10, 540, 109 $7,567, 7P8 $2,972,311 $5,048, 712 $5,491,397 $7,989,403 $2,550,706 Arizona_------· • 14,073 320, 346, coo . 4, 144, 239 2, 005, 812 2, J38, 427 1, 338,589 2,805, 650 2, 117,706 2,026, 533 Arkansas ...• ------.. 16,119 324, 021, 000 4, 764,619 2, 982,651 1, 781,968 1, 9il1, 611 2, 773,008 1, 991,611 2, 773,008 California.------314,378 5, 037,846,000 63,980,725 59,630,036 4, 350,689 39,796,011 2·1, 184, 714 62, 957,033 1, 023,692 Colorado .. ------17,864 329, 310, 000 5, 985,229 3, 603,108 2, 382,121 2, 400,077 3, 585,152 a, 800,620 2, 184, 609 Connrcticut ...------10,681 644, 906, 000 11,743,908 7, 422,150 4, 321, 758 4, 9S5, 929 6, 787,979 7, 833, 187 3, 910,721 DelawRro. __ ------872 112, 030, 000 I, 473,197 976,730 496,467 651, 15'! 822,044 1, 031,238 4-11,959 District of Columbia------790 396,957,000 4, 786, 775 3, 288, (.14 1, 498,261 2, 192,343 2, 594,432 3, 470,412 1, 316,363 Florida ..•. ------14,677 355, 045, 000 6, 044,056 3, 275,878 2, 768,178 2, 181,904 3, 862, 152 3, 457,200 2, 586,856 Georgis.------3, 435 928, "683, 000 10,054,772 7, 118,779 2,935, 993 4, 745,852 5, 308,920 7, 520,969 2, 533,803 Idaho.------~------.._ __ 23,798 386, 781, 000 3, 734, 90~ 2,371.666 1,363, 241 1,579,866 2, 155,041 2, 502,388 1,232,~19 .676 _CONGRESSIONAL .. RECORD-. HOUSE OCTOBER 20

TABLE 3.-Industrial and other electric sales for ultimate consumption, 1938-Continued

Estimated sales data for 1938 Estimated reve.u.ues and consumer savings under rates in effect in-

Tennessee Valley Tacoma, ·wash. Province -or Ontario, State Authority Canada Number of Total kilowatt- Total customers hours revenues Overcharges Over- Revenues . Overcharges Revenues Revenues charges illinois ______118,379 4, 315,917,000 $57, 731, 838 $33, 138, 075 $24, 593, 763 $22, 111, 294 $35, 620, 544 $34, 985, 494 $22, 746, 344 Indiana.---·-·--·------•• ___ ----·--______. ---. 80,691 1, 461, 835, 000 22,137,883 13,946,866 8, 191, 017 9, .297, 911 12,839,972 14,721,692 7, 416, 191 Iowa. ___ -····---·-___ ._------··-·-·· •••• -----.- 32,497 673, 561, 000 9, 884,696 6,138, 396 3, 746,300 4, 092,264 5, 792,432 6, 484,361 3,400, 335 Kansas-----·--·------20,338 539, 133, 000 8, 001,313 5, 048,829 2, 952,484 3, 368,553 4, 632,760 5, 328,874 2, 672, 439 ' 28,746 582, 314, 000 9, 384,778 6,109, 490 3, 275, 288 4, 082,378 5, 302,400 6, 456,727 2, 928,051 f;~Y~!i~:::::::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6, 935 666, 789, 000 8, 198,504 5, 378,219 2,820, 265 3, 582,746 4, 615,758 5, 673,365 2, 525,139 Maine. __ ------···------28,273 605, 911, 000 5, 255,876 3, 421,575 1, 834,301 2, 281,050 2, 974,826 3, 610,787 1, 645,089 Maryland.. __ --·-····-······· ____ ••••••.. ______19,449 1, 044, 309, 000 12,848,348 7, 747,554 5, 100,794 5, 165,036 7, 683,312 8, 171,549 4, 676,799 Massachusetts ••••••••••.•••••••••••• ------____ 3, 633 1, 129, 238, 000 20,595,653 12,213,222 8, 382,431 8,135, 283 12,460,370 12,892,879 7, 702,774 Michigan. __ --··············-··------48,466 2, 260, 304, 000 31,114,872 17,144,294 13,970,578 11,450,273 19,664,599 18, 108,856 13,006,016 Minnesota •• ------··------·-····-····-·-- 26, 134 742, 586, 000 12,236,586 7, 647,866 4, 588,720 5, 102,656 7, 133,930 8, 076, 147 4, 160,439 13,178 226, 453, 000 3, 932,540 2,375, 254 1, 557,286 1, 573,016 2,359, 524 2, 508,961 1, 423,579 ~~~~~f~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 29,834 1, 401, 824, 000 17,329,524 11,818,735 5, 510,789 7, 884,933 9, 444,591 12,477,257 4,852, 267 Montana____ ····-·-· ___ ----______• ___ .••• __ •• __ 10,723 1, 125, 225, 000 6,162,425 5, 170,275 992,150 3, 444,796 2, 717,629 5, 453,746 708,679 Nebraska •• ··-········--··------11, 174 318, 169, 000 4, 977,919 3,375,029 1, 602,890 2, 250,019 2, 727,900 3, 564,190 1, 413,729 Nevada. ____ .: _____ ·-·--·-•• __ ••• ------·--___ 2, 451 57,413,000 885,661 725,356 160,305 483,571 402,090 765,211 120,450 New Hampshire .• --····-··---··------17,781 146, 680, 000 2, 991,633 2,028, 327 963,306 1, 352,218 1, 639,415 2,142,009 849,624 New Jersey._·····-·--·--·------3, 548 1, 470, 169, 000 23,690,799 13,930, 190 9, 760,609 9, 310,484 14,380,315 14,711,986 8, 978,813 New Mexico .• ·---·--·---..:.•.. ------2,565 26,763,000 676,378 335,483 340,895 223,881 452,497 353,746 322,632 New York .. ------111, 507 6, 675, 913, 000 74,700,875 43,475,909 31,224,966 28,983,940 45,716,935 45,941,038 28,759,837 North Carolina ______73,538 1, 465,749,000 I7, 694,429 12,651, 517 5, 042,912 8, 440,243 9, 254,186 I3, 359,294 4, 335,135 North Dakota•• __ ·------___ ------. __ 2, 410 32,023,000 825,663 451, 638 374,025 301,367 524,296 476,408 349,255 Ohio. ___ ------···-----·------_------__ 119,777 3, 813, 40I, 000 53,571,937 35,089,619 IS, 482,318 23,410,936 30, I61, 001 37,018,208 16,553,729 Oklahoma ______• ___ • ______I7, 422 492, 470, 000 6, 630, 02I 4, 382,444 2, 247,577 2, 923,839 3, 706, 182 4, 627,755 2, 002,266 Oregon ______.•• ·-· ______• __ • _____ • ______57,044 523, 264, 000 6, 839,446 5, 765,653 I, 073,793 3, 850,608 2, 988,838 6, 087,107 752,339 Pennsylvania._ •• -·-···-__ .•••.• ··--_____ -----__ I34, 470 6, 985, 114, 000 I23, 865, 572 84, 724, 051 39, 141,521 56,482,701 67,382,871 89,430,943 34,434,629 Rhode Island. __ ------5,398 354, 154, 000 6, 071,464 3, 849,308 2, 222,156 2, 568,229 3, 503,235 4, 06I, 809 2, 009,655 South Carolina ______------______21,913 833, 698, 000 9, I77, 668 6, 406,012 2, 771,656 4, 276,793 4, 900,875 6, 763, 94I 2, 413,727 South Dakota•.•••.•••••••.••••••••• ------5, 626 47,679,000 1, 317,277 679,715 637,562 453, I43 864, 134 717,916 599,361 Tennessee. __ ._-----·-·-· ___ .---· ______• ____ 47,639 824, 027, 000 10, 557,365 8, 086,942 2, 470, 423 5, 394,814 . 5, I62, 551 8, 540,908 2, 016,457 Texas ..• _··------•• ---__ -----.• ---••• _•.•....• _ 44, 154 1, 613, 587, 000 21,320,354 I3, 559,745 7, 760,609 9, 039,830 12, 280, 524 I4, 305, 958 7, OI4, 396 u tab .. ------·------15,278 516, 816, 000 5, 706,063 4, 022,774 1, 683,289 2, 681,850 3, 024,213 4, 245,311 1, 460,752 I5, 038 115, 33I, 000 2, 824,598 1, 926,376 898,222 1, 285,192 1, 539,406 2,033, 711 790,887 ~T:'~i~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: I5, 459 681, 971, 000 9, 068,635 6, 728,927 2, 339, 70& 4, 488,974 4, 579,661 7, 100,741 I, 967,894 Washington. __ .------. ______F.2, 634 1, 330, 385, 000 11,080,375 8, 731,336 2, 349,039 5, 828,277 5, 252,098 9, 218,872 1, 861,503 10, 180 1, 100, 344, 000 13, 183,459 8, 674,716 4, 508,743 5, 787,539 . 7, 395,920 9, 149,321 4, 034, 138 ;~Jo~~f~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::~======61,701 1, 264, 672, 000 18,894, 864 11,506,972 7, 387,892 7, 671,315 11,223,549 12, 149, 39& 6, 745,466 Wyoming ____ ••••• ______••• _•• __ ••• ______1, 469 60,262,000 1, 164,850 584,755 580,095 390,225 774,625 617,371 547,479 TotaL_. __ ------______I, 763,026 57, 348, 565,000 779, 784, 677 519, 234, 566 260, 550, Ill 346, 334, 224 433, 450, 453 54 7, 005, 614 232, 779, 063

TABLE 4.-Total electric sales for ultimate consumption, 1938

Estimated sales data for 1938 Estimated revenues and consumer savings under rates in effect in-

State Tennessee Valley Authority Tacoma, Wash. Province of Ontario, Canada Number of Total kilowatt- customers hours Total revenues Revenues Overcharges Revenues Overcharges Revenues Overcharges

Alabama.. ••• ·-·-··-···-·---·-·---- 227,517 1, 353, 415, 000 $21, 504, 052 $14, 203, 547 $7,300,505 $11, 117,368 $10, 386, 684 $13, 248, 836 $8,255,216 Arizona.----·--···--·-·-·-·----- 64,360 417, 176, 000 7, 983,960 3, 664,696 4, 319,264 2,895, 926 5, 088,034 3, 478,845 4, 505, 115 Arkansas------·-··---~------136,552 4 72, 128, 000 11,868,951 6, 187,408 5, 681,543 4, 962,367 6, 906,584 4, 600,354 7, 268,597 California.---·-·-··-··-._._ •.• ---.-- 2, 040,466 8, 177,854,000 152, 273, 910 119, 331, 903 32,942,007 95,331,778 56,942,132 111, 935, 916 40,337,994 Colorado ___ .------· ••.• ___ •.• __ -- 226,545 581, 891, 000 17,802,306 9, 269,371 8, 532,935 7, 544,875 10,257,431 8, 203,424 9, 598,882 Connecticut ______------·.----·_._. __ 491,754 1, 284, 372, 000 38,986,091 21,380, 153 17,605,938 16,491,690 22,494,401 18,725,507 20,260,584 Delaware.------·-···------52,222 189, 493, 000 4, 451,948 2, 446,496 2, 005,452 1, 986,869 2,465, 079 2, 198,379 2, 253,569 District of Columbia ______157,325 710, 877, 000 12,960,335 9, 934,858 3, 025,477 8, 408,115 4, 552,220 8, 864,071 4, 096,264 Florida ______------·-·-· .•.. 304,520 822, 238, 000 28,347,451 12,851,303 15,496, 148 10,873, 163 17,474,288 11,089,603 17,257,848 Georgia.-----·------·---·------273,925 1, 517,731,000 28,196,918 17, 170,507 11,026,411 13,977,940 14, 218; 978 15,622,004 12,574,914 100,656 585, 330, 000 8,475,119 4, 978,110 3, 497,009 3, 927,547 4, 547,572 4, 572,773 3, 902,346 M~~s:::::=:::::::::::::::::::::: 2, 195,590 6, 936, 786, 000 161, 177, 634 91,262,377 69,915,257 75,697,361 85,480,273 81,442,602 79,735,032 Indiana.------•.• __ •.•• ___ ••• ------758,043 2, 476, 349, ouo 58,634,803 34,524,525 24, 110,27.8 28,308,885 30,325,918 31,326,109 27,308,694 lowa ___ ---····-···-· •••••••••• ----.. 487,723 1, 212, 592, ouo 32,676,846 18,215, 149 14,461, 697 15,230,461 I7, 446,385 16,221,662 16,455,184 KansAs------342,294 952, 000, ouo 24,692,966 13,918, 271 10,774,695 11,483,545 13,209,421 12,448,429 12,244,537 297,516 934, 158, 000 22, 56:J, 974 13,649,563 8, 914,411 11, 043,513 11,520,461 · 12, 527, 974 10,036,000 f;;;~y~~~~======258,700 939,577,000 20,716,925 11,253,054 9, 4.63,871 8, 861,139 11,855,786 IO, 305,637 10,411,288 MarylandMaine._~------·--·---· ______;. ______202,707 818, 603,000 14,026,488 7, 747,721 6, 278,767 6, 217,950 7,808, 538 7,092,029 6, 934,459 377,033 1, 560, 193, 000 32, 012,400 18,820,992 13,191,408 15,403,831 16,608,569 17,062,812 14,949,588 Massachusetts __ ------1, 268,924 2, 744,451,000 87,941,621 43,454,530 44,487,091 36,663,560 51,278,061 37, 834, 398 . 50, 107,223 Michigan ___ ------_ I, 309,501 4, 334, 243, 000 98,411, -598 58,381, 178 40,030,420 48,996,575 49,415,023 50, 815, 065· 47,596,533 544,430 1, 475, 258,000 39,260,406 22,828,100 I6, 432,306 18, 924,4.25 20,335,981 20,197,023 I9, 063,383 108,828 366, 132, 000 9, 976,497 5, 327,058 4, 619,439 4, 293,965 5, 682,532 4, 895,346 5, 081, 151 725,134 2, 450, 217' 000 54,277,898 33,272,487 21,005,411 27,687,599 26,590,299 29,713, OI2 24,564,886 ~iiri~V~~:======Montana·------121, 185 1, 283, 681, 000 I2, 383, I54 8, 267,743 4, 115,411 6, 260,075 6,123,079 7, 963, 192 4, 419,962 Nebraska._------229, I29 604, 093, 000 I6,928, 989 9,829,820 7, 099, I69 8, 232,807 8, 696, 182 8, 7R4, 164 8, 144,825 Nevada ______------21, 161 100, 294, 000 2, 377,033 I, 435,4.48 941,585 1, 155,802 1, ·221, 23I 1, 356,239 1,020, 794 New Hampshire ______140, 355 284,275,000 9,427,843 4, 870,022 4, 557,821 3, 909,970 5, 517,873 4, 394,394 .5, 033,449 NewNew JerseyMexico ______------1, 217, 363 2, 894, 399, 000 93,718,647 45,641,305 48,077,342 38, 144,037 55,574, 610 39,982,271 53,736,376 45,026 86,227,000 3, 708,493 1, 535, 553 2, 172,940 1, 345,718 2, 362,775 1, 337,789 2, 370,701 New York __ ------3, 948,993 12, 533, 482, 000 . 31."i, 363, 963 157, 491, 530 157, 872, 433 135, 502, 280 179, 861, 683 138, 630, 881 I76, 081, OR2 NorthN ortll Dakota.Carolina.------·---- ______329,842 1, 930, 127, 000 32,841, 639 21, 258,927 11,582,712 I6, 356,699 I6, 484,940 20,343,485 I2, 498, 154 78,862 133, 041, 000 5, 334,909 2, 597,702 2, 737,207 2, 290,611 3, 044,298 2, 220,255 3, 114,654 0 hio ______------I, 730,397 6, 027, 100, 000 131, 084, 622 83, 212,635 47,871,987 67,116,491 63,968, 131 75, 051, 353 56,033, 269 Oklahoma _____ .••• __ ----•• _--.------289,758 934, 645, 000 23,959,480 12, 506, 812 11,452,668 8, 494, 791 15,464,689 11,284,465 12,675,015 Oregon ____ . _____ •• __ ---___ . ______• 278,965 1, 030, 117, 000 20,086,066 13,671,592 6, 414,474 11,068,879 9, 017, 187 12,470,054 7, 616, 012 Pennsylvania. __ ------2, 365,768 9, 687, 37-4, 000 198, 143, 535 125, 629, 965 72,513,570 93, 139, 291 105, 004, 244 121, 307, 928 76,835,607 Rhode Island. __ ------I99, 466 528, 535, 000 15, 568,308 8, 032,381 7, 535,927 5, 857,637 9, 710,671 7, 334,334 8, 233, 974 South Carolina.------I36, 336 1, 037, 410, 000 I6, 075, 821 10,355,884 5, 719,937 7, 900,761 8, 175, 060 9, 945,941 6, 129,880 South Dakota______87,351 157, 498, 000 6, 318, 130 2, 986,941 3, 331, 189 2, 588,963 3, 729, 167 2, 601,633 3, 716,497 Tennessee ... _••••• ----•••••• ------__ 288,300 1, 294, 358, 000 25,742,724 18,468,437 7, 274,287 14,900, I46 10,842,578 16, 835, 145 8, 907,579 UtahTexas. ______------840,627 2, 889, 172,000 69,243,509 38,146,547 31,096,962 26,923,305 42,320,204 34,261, 783 34,981,726 118,637 680, 271, 000 11,653, 174 7, 225,560 4,427, 614 5, 552,716 6, 100,458 6, 760, 098 4, 893,076 88,722 192, 365, 000 6,425, 012 3, 633,383 2, 791,629 2,802, 938 3, 622,07-4 3,438, 715 2, 986,297 Washington ______1, 195, 093, 000 27,788,391 16,686,808 11, 101,583 13,549,229 I4, 239,162 15,077,497 I2, 710,894 ~~~i~~======::::::::: ~~~:!i~ . 2, 342, 699, 000 34,067, 104 23,574,839 10,492,265 19,793,159 14,273,945 21,443,757 12,623,347 245,610 1, 439, 003, 000 25,839,078 . I5, 721, 888 10, 117, 190 12,290,979 13,548,099 14,830,146 11,008, 932 Wyoming:r:Jo~~~:~::::::::::::::::::::::: ______690,394 2, 127,548,000 49,483,978 28, 6~5. 736 20,858,242 23,339,268 26,144,710 25,741,082 23,742,896 39,000 106, 996, 000 3, 658,534 I, 569,671 2,088,863 1, 295,573 2, 362,961 1, 418,463 2, 240,071 TotaL------···------27,290,432 94, 832,867, 000 2, 146,443,233 1, 257,050,486 889,392,747 1, OI6, 142, 572 1, 130, 300, 661 1, 139,286,874 1, 007, 156,359 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 677 EXTENSION OF REMARKS "It is a· curious thing how much we desire to be kept out of war and yet, as soon as staying out entails a loss in some financial line, Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. Speaker, I desire to extend my own we immediately have to make concessions because whatever else remarks in the RECORD and include a letter written to the happens some people are always sure to feel that their pockets New York Times by Mr. Cloyd Laporte, an eminent New York must be saved." The word "curious" bears repetition, and so does Mr. PITTMAN'S lawyer and student of international law, dealing with certain contrasting comment about "cargoes" and "lives." of the legal questions involved in the neutrality legislation It is a curious thing that the legitimate facts should be wholly now pending. As Mr. Laporte takes issue with Professors ignored in such comment and emphasis be laid on what was inci­ dental and-so far as the analyses of the Pittman bill in this Jessup and Hyde, whose views have been inserted in the space are concerned-not even considered. And it is a curious CONGRESSIONAL RECORD heretofore, I think that Mr. Laporte's thing that pride of authorship (and self-admiration for a strategy letter will be of material interest and benefit to Members of which needlessly imperiled American economy and security by a Congress. political device to isolate the isolationists) should produce talk · The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection it is so about cargoes versus lives when this was not the issue at all. ordered. THE CASE OF THE REVISIONISTS The points on the side of the critics of the cash-and-carry section There was no objection. are these: PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE 1. They agreed with the authors of the bill that our traditional insistence on freedom of the seas should be abandoned in an effort Mr. MARTIN J. KENNEDY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ to prevent incidents which might involve the United States in war. mous consent to address the House for 1 minute at this time. 2. They granted that certain European waters are perilous for The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection it is so American ships and should be barred by statute; also that further precaution be taken by giving the President the right to add "combat ordered. zones" in his discretion. . There was no objection. 3. They accepted cash and carry, transfer of cargo title to the for­ Mr. MARTIN J. KENNEDY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ eign purchaser, and foreign transport for the very reason that they are more interested in lives than in cargoes. mous consent to revise and extend my remarks and to in­ 4. They contended, however, without serious dispute that the clude therein an editorial. Pacific and the Southern Hemisphere are not danger areas for Amer­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection it is so ican shipping, can be restricted by the President when he deems it ordered. necessary, and should not be barred, since vital commodities are produced in· these areas for the supply of which we cannot safely There was no objection. depend on a foreign merchant marine. Mr. MARTIN J. KENNEDY. Mr. Speaker and Members 5. They contended further that it was murderous nonsense to require an air pilot to make nonstop :flights from and to the Azores of the House, I address you today for the purpose of directing on the ground that Bermuda was a "belligerent" port; and unneces­ your attention to an article which appeared in today's edi­ sary to lay up the Pan American Airways by forbidding stops in tion of the New York Times. This article was written by Trinidad and British Guiana. Mr. Arthur Krock, its Washington correspondent, and is This was the case of the critics, and it carried. It had nothing to entitled "National Safety and Economy Forc'ed Cash-Carry do with disregard of "lives" in the interest of cash and cargoes. Revisions.'' EXTENSION OF REMARKS In my opinion, this article should be read by every Mem­ Mr. PIERCE of Oregon. Mr. Speaker,· I ask unanimom~ ber of the House and the Senate, because it presents in a consent that in the extension of remarks, permission for which clear and concise fashion important facts concerning a most was granted me earlier in the day, I may include excerpts controversial subject. It also demonstrates that clear-cut from Portland and other Oregon papers. issues may be made most confusing by heated and faulty The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so reasoning. ordered. I wish to congratulate Mr. Krock upon this splendid article There was no objection. and to recommend it to the earnest and thoughtful consid­ Mr. MARTIN of Iowa. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ eration of the entire membership of the Congress. sent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include WASHINGTON, October 19.-When it is recalled that the original therein a memorandum from the War Department describing cash-and-carry section of the Pittman bill would have shut off from the policy of the War Department relative to the establish­ this country supplies essential to its economy and to national de­ ment of permanent American cemeteries in Europe. fense, required transoceanic air pilots to violate all passenger safety rules and collided with the administration's own Maritime Commis­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so sion policy, the amendments agreed on by the Senate committee ordered. today can be classified as wholly in the national interest. When it There was no objection. is further noted that the administration had to apply common sense to this section in order to hold votes for the arms-embargo repeal, ADJOURNMENT its political compulsions are also plain. These things are well known in Washington. And it is also well Mr. COOPER. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do now known that risks to our shipping are negligible in the Pacific and adjourn. the Southern Hemisphere in comparison with the need for bring­ The motion was agreed to; accordingly