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German Free Relative Clauses and Clefts

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German Free Relative Clauses and Clefts Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Letterari SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN : Scienze Linguistiche, Filologiche e Letterarie INDIRIZZO: Linguistica, Lingue classiche e moderne CICLO XXVI On relatives with a null head: German free relative clauses and clefts Direttore della Scuola : Ch.ma Prof. ssa Rosanna Benacchio Coordinatore d’indirizzo: Ch.ma Prof. ssa Carmen Castillo Peña Supervisore :Ch.ma Prof. ssa Cecilia Poletto Dottoranda: Sabrina Bertollo ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Il ringraziamento più grande per questo traguardo raggiunto va alla mia famiglia: mia mamma e mia sorella, Anna. Grazie mamma, perché anche se tutta la situazione ti avrebbe suggerito di fare il contrario, mi hai sempre consentito di studiare, di laurearmi ed arrivare anche al conseguimento del dottorato. E’ stato grazie al tuo sudore della fronte, al tuo lavorare instancabile, e soprattutto al tuo amore sconfinato che sono potuta arrivare dove sono arrivata. Per me sei stata e sempre sarai un genitore speciale, un modello, che si è saputa fare carico di tutto e farmi arrivare anche dove altri non sarebbero arrivati. Grazie Anna, una sorella, ma molto di più: un punto di riferimento, un puntello su cui ho sempre saputo di poter contare, la mia fan numero uno, una delle persone più importanti della mia vita. Grazie per essermi sempre stata vicino, per aver sempre creduto in me, per avermi incoraggiata costantemente e sorretto con i tuoi sguardi, le tue parole, i tuoi silenzi. Il conforto profondo, che sana ogni incertezza, è sapere che tu ci sei sempre stata e ci sarai sempre. Grazie per essermi stata vicino, anche quando era difficile e sembrava che io non capissi o non apprezzassi abbastanza quello che facevi per me. Grazie di esserci! Infine una dedica speciale va al mio compagno di viaggio, Guido Cavallo. Un viaggio lungo, ma troppo breve, un viaggio che ci ha fatto sorridere, ridere, tremare, soffrire, trepidare, ma che rimarrà sempre nei nostri cuori e nelle nostre menti, come una delle esperienze più belle che la vita ci ha offerto. Ricordo i primi mesi, le lezioni di didattica comune, le prime chiacchierate al bar, in cui timidamente ci confidavamo le nostre fragilità teoriche e cercavamo di capire assieme quello che non ci era chiaro, i consigli bibliografici reciproci e i primi momenti di sconforto quando sembrava che nessuno dei due avesse capito. E poi le prime uscite domenicali insieme e la nascita di una grande amicizia dentro e fuori l’Università. Ricordo il primo convegno che siamo andati a sentire a Verona, d’estate, il viaggio in macchina, l’arrivo, i commenti sui vari talks. E poi Bruxelles, la prima missione, a cui ne sono seguite tante altre: Ginevra (lo SWIGG), il primo convegno da relatori a cui abbiamo partecipato insieme, e poi Poznan (YLMP), e poi Faro (ESGHT) e poi Vienna (OESKL) e poi ancora Palermo (Relations in Language) e Cambridge (CIDSM). Il nostro workshop: “Linguistica e Didattica”. La soddisfazione di organizzare un convegno tutto nostro, parlando di didattica, di scuola, di come trasporre le nostre conoscenze teoriche in qualcosa di concreto, spendibile. Di tutte queste cose serbo un ricordo splendido, sia a livello personale che a livello professionale. E poi questo ultimo anno, dedicato alla tesi: le intere giornate passate nella sala dottorandi a discutere di Linguistica, mentre i colleghi chiudevano la porta con la maniglia per salvarsi dalle nostre conversazioni pazze. Le lunghe chiacchierate al telefono, gli sms, le chat skype, il bisogno continuo di confrontarci e sorreggerci. Grazie! Senza di te questa esperienza non sarebbe stata la stessa. Un grazie va inoltre a tutto il dipartimento di Linguistica nel quale mi sono sentita accolta fin dal primo istante. Un ringraziamento particolare va a Paola Benincà, la persona che mi ha fatto innamorare da subito della Linguistica, il primo anno d’università, docente con la quale ho fatto la mia tesi di laurea magistrale e che mi ha consigliato di fare questo dottorato. Un grazie a Cecilia Poletto, il mio supervisore, che pur tra mille impegni accademici ha sempre trovato un po’ di tempo per me e mi ha fatto percepire la sua stima. Grazie a Davide Bertocci, nel difficile compito di reperire le risorse per finanziare le missioni. Grazie ad Alberto Mioni per avermi consentito di tenere lezioni per il suo corso di “Istituzioni di Linguistica”. Grazie a Laura Vanelli per averci sempre supportato in tutte le nostre iniziative, in particolare per le due edizioni di “Linguistica e Didattica”. Grazie a Diego Pescarini per avermi fatto collaborare al progetto ASIt. Grazie a Silvia Rossi per essere sempre stata disponibile a discutere di linguistica e non solo, fin dal primo giorno in cui sono arrivata. Un grazie va poi a tutti i colleghi dottorandi e agli assegnisti, vecchi e nuovi, con i quali abbiamo sempre discusso piacevolmente, nell’ottica di una crescita reciproca: non ne cito nessuno, farei di certo un torto a qualcuno che potrei dimenticare di nominare. Ed anche questa esperienza è giunta al termine. Comunque vada è stata per me una meravigliosa palestra di vita, che mi ha fatto crescere e mi ha arricchito più di quanto mai potessi immaginare. Grazie a tutti! ENGLISH ABSTRACT One of the main aims of the present dissertation is investigating German free relative clauses and clefts and explaining whether the two constructions are related. On the basis of cross-linguistic evidence and of a robust amount of German data, it can be shown that free relative clauses as well as cleft sentences contain a silent head, whose nature has precise consequences on the syntax and semantics of these constructions. Free relative clause formation is ruled by specific constraints, which involve case-matching. These requirements are carefully considered and an account is provided to explain the reasons why certain bans apply. It is also illustrated how the grammaticality of free relative clauses can be rescued if the constraints on their formation are not respected. Some new light is shed also on German clefts. A discussion is devoted to the relationship between clefting and relativizing; in particular, the question whether cleft sentences can be considered relative clauses is addressed. The analysis provided for German clefts capitalizes both on the nature of the subordinate clause and on its relation with the main copular clause and its components. The German case prospectively contributes to theoretical research in that it synchronically evidences precise development patterns for cleft sentences and demonstrates that the different structures displayed by the languages correspond to different degrees of grammaticalization. ITALIAN ABSTRACT Uno degli scopi principali del presente lavoro è quello di indagare il rapporto tra le frasi relative libere e la costruzione scissa del tedesco e spiegare se le due strutture siano correlate. Sulla scorta di dati provenienti da diverse lingue e di una base empirica molto ampia per il tedesco, è possibile dimostrare che sia le frasi scisse che le frasi relative libere contengono una testa silente, la cui natura ha ricadute precise sulla semantica e sulla sintassi della costruzione. La formazione delle frasi relative libere è regolata da vincoli specifici che riguardano anche il matching di caso. Tali vincoli vengono discussi diffusamente e viene fornita una spiegazione del perché ci siano determinate limitazioni. Partendo dall’osservazione del dato agrammaticale, vengono esaminate le modalità attraverso le quali è possibile ripristinare la grammaticalità di frasi che violino le regole di formazione del costrutto. Grazie alla problematizzazione della relazione tra costruzione scissa e frase relativa, viene anche aperta una nuova prospettiva sulla costruzione scissa del tedesco. La proposta di analisi per tale costrutto pone al centro la natura della frase subordinata e il suo rapporto con la frase copulare e gli elementi che la compongono. Il caso del tedesco è particolarmente interessante e potrebbe contribuire al progresso della ricerca scientifica in linguistica perché mostra a livello sincronico ciò che in altre lingue accade in diacronia e chiarisce quale sia la direzione di sviluppo di questa costruzione, che va verso una progressiva grammaticalizzazione. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. p. 1 1. Motivations of the study .............................................................................. p. 1 2. Methodological remarks .............................................................................. p. 3 3. Some issues about relativization ................................................................. p. 8 3.1 Defining relative clauses and classifying them ............................................ p. 8 3.2 Formal accounts for the derivation of headed relative clauses ................... p. 9 3.3 Relativization strategies: possible introducers ............................................ p. 11 4. Overview of the internal articulation of the work .................................... p. 15 CHAPTER 1: German free relative clauses ..................................................... p. 17 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. p. 17 2. Some theoretical accounts for free relative clauses .................................. p. 20 2.1 The major approaches ................................................................................. p. 20 2.2
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